1
|
Meng Q, Zeng W, Zhang J, Liu H, Li S, Peng Y. Combined Phototrophic Simultaneous Nitrification-Endogenous Denitrification with Phosphorus Removal (P-SNDPR) System Treating Low Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio Wastewater for Potential Carbon Neutrality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2902-2911. [PMID: 38294202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Conventional biological nutrient removal processes rely on external aeration and produce significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study constructed a phototrophic simultaneous nitrification-denitrification phosphorus removal (P-SNDPR) system to treat low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios wastewater and investigated the impact of sludge retention time (SRT) on nutrient removal performance, nitrogen conversion pathway, and microbial structure. Results showed that the P-SNDPR system at SRT of 15 days had the highest nutrient removal capacity, achieving over 85% and 98% removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, meanwhile maintaining minimal CO2 emissions. Nitrogen removal was mainly through assimilation at SRTs of 5 and 10 days, and nitrification-denitrification at SRTs of 15 and 20 days. Stable partial nitrification was facilitated by photoinhibition and low DO levels. Flow cytometry sorting technique results revealed SRT drove community structural changes in translational activity (BONCAT+) microbes, where BONCAT+ microbes were mainly simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal bacteria (Candidatus Accumulibacter), denitrifying bacteria (Candidatus Competibacter and Plasticicumulans), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas), and microalgae (Chlorella and Dictyosphaerium). The P-SNDPR system represents a novel, carbon-neutral process for efficient nutrient removal from low C/N ratio wastewater without aeration and external carbon source additions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingan Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blifernez-Klassen O, Hassa J, Reinecke DL, Busche T, Klassen V, Kruse O. Microbial Diversity and Community Structure of Wastewater-Driven Microalgal Biofilms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2994. [PMID: 38138138 PMCID: PMC10745310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwindling water sources increase the need for efficient wastewater treatment. Solar-driven algal turf scrubber (ATS) system may remediate wastewater by supporting the development and growth of periphytic microbiomes that function and interact in a highly dynamic manner through symbiotic interactions. Using ITS and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we profiled the microbial communities of four microbial biofilms from ATS systems operated with municipal wastewater (mWW), diluted cattle and pig manure (CattleM and PigM), and biogas plant effluent supernatant (BGE) in comparison to the initial inocula and the respective wastewater substrates. The wastewater-driven biofilms differed significantly in their biodiversity and structure, exhibiting an inocula-independent but substrate-dependent establishment of the microbial communities. The prokaryotic communities were comparable among themselves and with other microbiomes of aquatic environments and were dominated by metabolically flexible prokaryotes such as nitrifiers, polyphosphate-accumulating and algicide-producing microorganisms, and anoxygenic photoautotrophs. Striking differences occurred in eukaryotic communities: While the mWW biofilm was characterized by high biodiversity and many filamentous (benthic) microalgae, the agricultural wastewater-fed biofilms consisted of less diverse communities with few benthic taxa mainly inhabited by unicellular chlorophytes and saprophytes/parasites. This study advances our understanding of the microbiome structure and function within the ATS-based wastewater treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blifernez-Klassen
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (O.B.-K.); (V.K.)
| | - Julia Hassa
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Diana L. Reinecke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Juelich, Germany;
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany (T.B.)
- Medical School East Westphalia-Lippe, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Viktor Klassen
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (O.B.-K.); (V.K.)
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (O.B.-K.); (V.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezvani F, Rostami K. Photobioreactors for utility-scale applications: effect of gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient and other critical parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27644-4. [PMID: 37247144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of microalgae and controlling its growth and performance in closed photobioreactors (PBRs) are easier than open pond systems for wastewater treatment. The performance of PBRs is influenced by geometry, hydrodynamic behavior, and mass transfer. Horizontal and vertical configurations as common designs of PBR are reviewed based on their features, advantages, and disadvantages. However, vertically operated PBRs like bubble columns are preferably used for utility-scale applications of microalgae-based processes. Moreover, an appropriate reactor design reduces the inhibitory effect of dissolved oxygen concentration produced by microalgae and consequently increases the level of available CO2 in the medium. Medium properties, superficial gas velocity, gas holdup, bubble sizes, shear stress, mixing time, sparger design, and the ratio of inner diameter to effective height are shown to influence the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and PBR's performance. The vertical PBRs like bubble columns provide a high mass transfer, a short liquid circulation time, and a long frequency of light/dark cycle for utility application of microalgae. Different flow regimes are obtained in PBRs based on the gas flow rate, inner diameter, and medium properties. Hydraulic retention time as the main operational parameter is determined in a batch mode for continuous wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rezvani
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 3353-5111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosrow Rostami
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 3353-5111, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou T, Zhang Z, Liu H, Dong S, Nghiem LD, Gao L, Chaves AV, Zamyadi A, Li X, Wang Q. A review on microalgae-mediated biotechnology for removing pharmaceutical contaminants in aqueous environments: Occurrence, fate, and removal mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130213. [PMID: 36283219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments have been considered as emerging contaminants due to their potential risks to living organisms. Microalgae-based technology showed the feasibility of removing pharmaceutical contaminants. This review summarizes the occurrence, classification, possible emission sources, and environmental risk of frequently detected pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous environments. The efficiency, mechanisms, and influencing factors for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds through microalgae-based technology are further discussed. Pharmaceutical compounds frequently detected in aqueous environments include antibiotics, hormones, analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cardiovascular agents, central nervous system drugs (CNS), antipsychotics, and antidepressants, with a concentration ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Microalgae-based technology majorly remove the pharmaceutical compounds through bioadsorption, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, and co-metabolism. This review identifies the opportunities and challenges for microalgae-based technology and proposed suggestions for future studies to tackle challenges. The findings of this review advance our understanding of the occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical contaminants in aqueous environments, highlighting the potential of microalgae-based technology for pharmaceutical contaminants removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zehao Zhang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shiman Dong
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- South East Water, 101 Wells Street, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia
| | - Alex V Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- Water Research Australia Limited, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Papadopoulos KP, Economou CN, Stefanidou N, Moustaka-Gouni M, Genitsaris S, Aggelis G, Tekerlekopoulou AG, Vayenas DV. A semi-continuous algal-bacterial wastewater treatment process coupled with bioethanol production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116717. [PMID: 36399810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the biomass energy potential through biofuel production offers new outlets for a circular economy. In this study an integrated system which combine brewery wastewater treatment using algal-bacterial aggregates instead of activated sludge was developed. The use of algal-bacterial aggregates can eliminate the aeration requirements and significantly reduce the high biomass harvesting costs associated with algal monocultures. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) setup operating with and without biomass recirculation was used to investigate pollutant removal rates, aggregation capacity and microbial community characteristics under a range of hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and solid retention times (SRTs). It was observed that biomass recirculation strategy significantly enhanced aggregation and pollutant removal (i.e., 78.7%, 94.2% and 75.2% for d-COD, TKN, and PO43--P, respectively). The microbial community established was highly diverse consisting of 161 Bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units (B-OTUs) and 16 unicellular Eukaryotic OTUs (E-OTUs). Escalation the optimal conditions (i.e., HRT = 4 d, SRT = 10 d) at pilot-scale resulted in nutrient starvation leading to 38-44% w/w carbohydrate accumulation. The harvested biomass was converted to bioethanol after acid hydrolysis followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae achieving a bioethanol production yield of 0.076 g bioethanol/g biomass. These data suggest that bioethanol production coupled with high-performance wastewater treatment using algal-bacterial aggregates is feasible, albeit less productive concerning bioethanol yields than systems exclusively designed for third and fourth-generation biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina N Economou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Rio, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Natassa Stefanidou
- School of Biology - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaka-Gouni
- School of Biology - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Savvas Genitsaris
- Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - George Aggelis
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rio, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris V Vayenas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Rio, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Talapatra N, Ghosh UK. New concept of biodiesel production using food waste digestate powder: Co-culturing algae-activated sludge symbiotic system in low N and P paper mill wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157207. [PMID: 35809734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to demonstrate an innovative process for the conversion of food waste digestate (FWD) powder into biofuel. The effects of different doses of FWD are investigated on microalgae-activated sludge (MAS) in treating pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPW) which generally contains insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus. FWD was added to adjust the initial N:P molar ratio in MAS at various levels (8:1 to 15:1). The highest Auxenochlorella protothecoides biomass achieved was 1.67 gL-1 at a 13.45:1 N/P molar ratio of PPW. After 10 days of cultivation, Auxenochlorella protothecoides-activated sludge system removed 91.7 %, 74.6 %, and 91.5 % of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sCOD respectively at D0.836 gL-1 DD. The highest lipid productivity was reported as 41.27 ± 2.43 mg L-1 day-1. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis showed the presence of an appreciable percentage of balanced saturated and unsaturated fatty acids i.e. palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid, rendering its potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Activated sludge induced flocculation of Auxenochlorella protothecoides was measured. The whole process establishes an effective means of circular economy, where the secondary source of recyclable nutrients i.e. FWD will be used as a source of N and P in PPW to obtain algal biodiesel from a negative value industrial wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Talapatra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
| | - Uttam Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mu R, Jia Y, Qi F, Guo Q, Qin X, Ma G, Meng Q, Yu G. Microalgal-bacterial consortia for efficient wastewater treatment: Optimization using response surface methodology. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10756. [PMID: 35918066 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance of microalgal-bacterial consortia in wastewater treatment and biomass production needs to be further optimized to meet increasingly stringent effluent standards and operating costs. Besides, due to uncontrollability of ambient conditions, it is generally believed that operating conditions (e.g., aeration) respond to ambient conditions (e.g., illumination). Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design was used in this study to analyze the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3 -N and TP, and algal biomass of the microalgal-bacterial consortia within 48 h. The results showed that under medium illumination intensity (5000 lx), photoperiod (12:12) and aeration rate (0.55 L min -1 ), the removal efficiency of COD, NH3 -N and TP was the highest, and the maximal biomass growth rates were 95.43%, 95.49%, 89.42% and 99.63%, respectively. However, as the limited critical removal requirements of TP, the effluent standards can only be achieved within the small illumination intensity and photoperiod available range, even under medium aeration conditions, which means that under fixed operating conditions, the effective operation range will be very limited. In addition, based on RSM and differential equation analysis, the further study indicated that the effective treatment range can be greatly expanded within aeration responding, which meets the discharge standard of pollutants in China. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Illumination was responded by aeration for optimizing performance of microalgal-bacterial consortium for wastewater treatment and biomass productivity. The strategy of optimization was based on response surface methodology. The maximum effect on wastewater treatment and biomass productivity was based on partial differential equations and quadratic inhomogeneous equations. Limited to critical TP-removal requirements, effluent standards can meet only in the small-usable range of illumination, under medium aeration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Mu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Yantian Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Qi
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingyang Guo
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowen Qin
- Shandong Institute of Metrology, Jinan, China
| | - Guixia Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianya Meng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Gejiang Yu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oruganti RK, Katam K, Show PL, Gadhamshetty V, Upadhyayula VKK, Bhattacharyya D. A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10412-10453. [PMID: 35441582 PMCID: PMC9161886 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of water resources and environmental pollution have highlighted the need for sustainable wastewater treatment. Existing conventional treatment systems are energy-intensive and not always able to meet stringent disposal standards. Recently, algal-bacterial systems have emerged as environmentally friendly sustainable processes for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The algal-bacterial systems work on the principle of the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. This paper comprehensively discusses the most recent studies on algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment, factors affecting the treatment, and aspects of resource recovery from the biomass. The algal-bacterial interaction includes cell-to-cell communication, substrate exchange, and horizontal gene transfer. The quorum sensing (QS) molecules and their effects on algal-bacterial interactions are briefly discussed. The effect of the factors such as pH, temperature, C/N/P ratio, light intensity, and external aeration on the algal-bacterial systems have been discussed. An overview of the modeling aspects of algal-bacterial systems has been provided. The algal-bacterial systems have the potential for removing micropollutants because of the diverse possible interactions between algae-bacteria. The removal mechanisms of micropollutants - sorption, biodegradation, and photodegradation, have been reviewed. The harvesting methods and resource recovery aspects have been presented. The major challenges associated with algal-bacterial systems for real scale implementation and future perspectives have been discussed. Integrating wastewater treatment with the algal biorefinery concept reduces the overall waste component in a wastewater treatment system by converting the biomass into a useful product, resulting in a sustainable system that contributes to the circular bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Oruganti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
| | - Keerthi Katam
- Department of Civil Engineering, École Centrale School of Engineering, Mahindra University, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Debraj Bhattacharyya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mojiri A, Zhou JL, Ratnaweera H, Rezania S, Nazari V M. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and their removal by algae-based systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132580. [PMID: 34687686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has been widely increasing, yet up to 90-95% of PPCPs consumed by human are excreted unmetabolized. Moreover, the most of PPCPs cannot be fully removed by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which release PPCPs to natural water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and potentially humans. This study sought to review the occurrence of PPCPs in natural water bodies globally, and assess the effects of important factors on the fluxes of pollutants into receiving waterways. The highest ibuprofen concentration (3738 ng/L) in tap water was reported in Nigeria, and the highest naproxen concentration (37,700 ng/L) was reported in groundwater wells in Penn State, USA. Moreover, the PPCPs have affected aquatic organisms such as fish. For instance, up to 24.4 × 103 ng/g of atenolol was detected in P. lineatus. Amongst different technologies to eliminate PPCPs, algae-based systems are environmentally friendly and effective because of the photosynthetic ability of algae to absorb CO2 and their flexibility to grow in different wastewater. Up to 99% of triclosan and less than 10% of trimethoprim were removed by Nannochloris sp., green algae. Moreover, variable concentrations of PPCPs might adversely affect the growth and production of algae. The exposure of algae to high concentrations of PPCPs can reduce the content of chlorophyll and protein due to producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and affecting expression of some genes in chlorophyll (rbcL, psbA, psaB and psbc).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mojiri
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Harsha Ratnaweera
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Mansoureh Nazari V
- School of Pharmacy, University of 17 August 1945, Jakarta, 14350, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu C, Wang L, Liu Z, Cai G, Zhan J. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency and algae viability in an immobilized algae and bacteria symbiosis system with pink luminescent filler. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:104-115. [PMID: 35050869 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an immobilized algae and bacteria symbiotic biofilm reactor (ABSBR) with pink luminescent filler (PLF) was constructed. The effects of PLF addition in the construction of an algae and bacteria symbiotic biofilm system on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies and algae viability were evaluated. Our results showed that for influent TN and TP concentrations of 40 ± 5 and 5 ± 0.8 mg/L, respectively, the pollutant removal rates (PRRs) of TN and TP by the ABSBR can reach up to 74.74% and 88.36%, respectively. The chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration on the PLF reaches approximately 5,500 μg/L with a specific oxygen generation rate (SOGR) of 65.48 μmolO2 mg-1Chl-a h-1. These results indicate that the adding PLF into algae and bacteria symbiosis systems can effectively improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies of the sewage as well as increase biomass and viability of the algae in the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liupeng Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zaohong Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guanjun Cai
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based protein production from wastewater for animal feed applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125723. [PMID: 34411939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) derived from microbial biomass represents a promising source of protein for animal feed additives. While microbial community-based approaches to SCP production using nutrient-rich wastewaters incur lower costs than traditional single organism-based approaches, they have received little attention. This review focuses on SCP production using wastewaters with an emphasis on food-processing wastewaters. An elemental carbon-to-nitrogen ratio ranging from 10 to 20 is recommended to promote a high microbial biomass protein yield. Proteobacteria was identified as the most prevalent phylum within SCP-producing microbial communities. More research is needed to determine the composition of the microbial community best suited for SCP production, as well as its relationship with the microbial community in influent food-processing wastewaters. Remaining challenges are target protein and essential amino acids content, protein quantification and biomass yield assessment. The review presents bioreactor design considerations towards defining suitable operating conditions for SCP production through microbial community-based fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao F, Yang ZY, Zhao QL, Chen DZ, Li C, Liu M, Yang JS, Liu JZ, Ge YM, Chen JM. Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae coupled with anaerobic hydrolysis for sustainable treatment of municipal wastewater in a hybrid system of anaerobic membrane bioreactor and membrane photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125457. [PMID: 34182348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility of coupling anaerobic hydrolysis in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) with mixotrophic microalgae cultivation in a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) for the sustainable treatment of municipal wastewater. Using the hydrolyzed wastewater discharged from AnMBR, Chlorella pyrenoidosa in MPBR grew in a mixotrophic mode and realized rapid growth. During the stable operation, MPBR achieved average carbon capture rate of 42.82 mg L-1 d-1 and algal lipid production rate of 19.66 mg L-1 d-1. The average reduction in TN, TP, and TOC during stable operation was 96.7%, 98.0%, and 95.9%, respectively. Mass balance analysis showed that the overall system captured 14.76 mg of carbon from the atmosphere per liter of wastewater treated. Therefore, this AnMBR-MPBR hybrid system simultaneously realized advanced treatment of municipal wastewater, efficient production of algal lipid, and carbon capture from atmosphere, and thus has a good potential in the sustainable treatment of municipal wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Zi-Yan Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Ya-Ming Ge
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jian-Meng Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bradley IM, Li Y, Guest JS. Solids Residence Time Impacts Carbon Dynamics and Bioenergy Feedstock Potential in Phototrophic Wastewater Treatment Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12574-12584. [PMID: 34478624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of wastewater-grown microalgae has the potential to reduce the cost of algae-derived biofuels while simultaneously advancing nutrient recovery at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). However, a significant barrier has been the low yield and high protein content of phototrophic biomass. Here, we examine the use of solids residence time (SRT) as a selective pressure in driving biochemical composition, yield, biofuel production, and WRRF nutrient management cost. We cultivated mixed phototrophic communities in controlled, laboratory-scale photobioreactors on the local WRRF secondary effluent to link SRT with biochemical composition and techno-economic analysis to yield insights into biomass composition and downstream processing effects on minimum fuel selling price. SRT significantly impacted biochemical composition, with total and dynamic carbohydrates the highest at low SRT (total carbohydrates being 0.60 and 0.32 mg-carbohydrate·mg-protein-1 at SRT 5 and 15 days, respectively). However, there were distinct differences between extant, steady-state performance and intrinsic potential, and longer SRT communities were able to accumulate significant fractions (51% on an ash-free dry weight basis, AFDW %) of carbohydrate reserves under nutrient starvation. Overall, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was found to be more suitable than lipid extraction for hydrotreating (LEH) and combined algal processing (CAP) for conversion of biomass to fuels, but LEH and CAP became more competitive when intrinsic carbon storage potential was realized. The results suggest that the use of algae for nutrient recovery could reduce the nutrient management cost at WRRFs through revenue from algal biofuels, with HTL resulting in a net revenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Bradley
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, 212 Ketter Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Research and Education in Energy, Environment and Water Institute, University at Buffalo, 112 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yalin Li
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Magalhães IB, Ferreira J, de Siqueira Castro J, Assis LRD, Calijuri ML. Technologies for improving microalgae biomass production coupled to effluent treatment: A life cycle approach. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
15
|
Fallahi A, Rezvani F, Asgharnejad H, Khorshidi Nazloo E, Hajinajaf N, Higgins B. Interactions of microalgae-bacteria consortia for nutrient removal from wastewater: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129878. [PMID: 35534965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution can cause eutrophication, resulting in ecosystem disruption. Wastewater treatment systems employing microalgae-bacteria consortia have the potential to enhance the nutrient removal efficiency from wastewater through mutual interaction and synergetic effects. The knowledge and control of the mechanisms involved in microalgae-bacteria interaction could improve the system's ability to transform and recover nutrients. In this review, a critical evaluation of recent literature was carried out to synthesize knowledge related to mechanisms of interaction between microalgae and bacteria consortia for nutrient removal from wastewater. It is now established that microalgae can produce oxygen through photosynthesis for bacteria and, in turn, bacteria supply the required metabolites and inorganic carbon source for algae growth. Here we highlight how the interaction between microalgae and bacteria is highly dependent on the nitrogen species in the wastewater. When the nitrogen source is ammonium, the generated oxygen by microalgae has a positive influence on nitrifying bacteria. When the nitrogen source is nitrate, the oxygen can have an inhibitory effect on denitrifying bacteria. However, some strains of microalgae have the capability to supply hydrogen gas for hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers as an energy source. Recent literature on biogranulation of microalgae and bacteria and its application for nutrient removal and biomass recovery is also discussed as a promising approach. Significant research challenges remain for the integration of microalgae-bacteria consortia into wastewater treatment processes including microbial community control and process stability over long time horizons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fallahi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Rezvani
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hashem Asgharnejad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Hajinajaf
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feng F, Li Y, Latimer B, Zhang C, Nair SS, Hu Z. Prediction of maximum algal productivity in membrane bioreactors with a light-dependent growth model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141922. [PMID: 32896732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algal productivity in steady-state cultivation systems depends on important factors such as biomass concentration, solids retention time (SRT), and light intensity. Current modeling of algal growth often ignores light distribution in algal cultivation systems and does not consider all these factors simultaneously. We developed a new algal growth model using a first principles approach to incorporate the effect of light intensity on algal growth while simultaneously considering biomass concentration and SRT. We first measured light attenuation (decay) with depth in an indoor algal membrane bioreactor (A-MBR) cultivating Chlorella sp. We then simulated the light decay using a multi-layer approach and correlated the decay with biomass concentration and SRT in model development. The model was calibrated by delineating specific light absorptivity and half-saturation constant to match the algal biomass concentration in the A-MBR operated at a target SRT. We finally applied the model to predict the maximum algal productivity in both indoor and outdoor A-MBRs. The predicted maximum algal productivities in indoor and outdoor A-MBRs were 6.7 g·m-2·d-1 (incident light intensity 5732 lx, SRT approximately 8 d) and 28 g·m-2·d-1 (sunlight intensity 28,660 lx, SRT approximately 4 d), respectively. The model can be extended to include other factors (e.g., water temperature and carbon dioxide bubbling) and such a modeling framework can be applied to full-scale, continuous flow outdoor systems to improve algal productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Benjamin Latimer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Satish S Nair
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mohsenpour SF, Hennige S, Willoughby N, Adeloye A, Gutierrez T. Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142168. [PMID: 33207512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving the ecological status of water sources is a growing focus for many developed and developing nations, in particular with reducing nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater effluent. In recent years, mixotrophic micro-algae have received increased interest in implementing them as part of wastewater treatment. This is based on their ability to utilise organic and inorganic carbon, as well as inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in wastewater for their growth, with the desired results of a reduction in the concentration of these substances in the water. The aim of this review is to provide a critical account of micro-algae as an important step in wastewater treatment for enhancing the reduction of N, P and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater, whilst utilising a fraction of the energy demand of conventional biological treatment systems. Here, we begin with an overview of the various steps in the treatment process, followed by a review of the cellular and metabolic mechanisms that micro-algae use to reduce N, P and COD of wastewater with identification of when the process may potentially be most effective. We also describe the various abiotic and biotic factors influencing micro-algae wastewater treatment, together with a review of bioreactor configuration and design. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the current state-of-the-art in the use of micro-algae in wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Fatemeh Mohsenpour
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Sebastian Hennige
- School of Geosciences, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Adebayo Adeloye
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evaluation of the effect of reaction time on nutrients removal from secondary effluent of wastewater: Field demonstrations using algal-bacterial photobioreactors. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:504-511. [PMID: 33424333 PMCID: PMC7783659 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Real field demonstrations to assess the removal efficiency of nutrients and organic matter from domestic wastewater were carried out using algal-bacterial photobioreactors. The reactors which consisted of three basins of 200 L were fed with secondary effluent of domestic wastewater and operated under natural day light/dark cycles. The results demonstrated that reaction time (RT) has a substantial role on the whole process performance. Whereas inoculation with nitrifiers affected the process only in some aspects. The enhancement in the dissolved oxygen production rate (1.15 mg O2. L-1.h-1) was in alignment with growing higher algal biomass concentrations due to the increase in RT. COD removal rates were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing the RT, and removal rates of 27%, 46% and 50% were obtained under RTs of 2, 3 and 4hrs. respectively. Meanwhile, 30%, 84% and 95% of the phosphorus was removed under the same studied RTs. No significant effect was recorded due to the addition of nitrifying bacteria on the removal of both COD and phosphorus. Ammonium (NH4 +-N) removal rates were also increased with increasing RT and by the addition of nitrifiers, such that removal rates of 13%, 21% and 31% were obtained in basins inoculated with nitrifiers, but 11%, 14% and 19.5% were obtained in non-inoculated basins under RT of 2, 3, and 4 hrs. respectively. These results provide some new insights into algal-bacterial symbiosis systems under real field conditions which could be helpful for further process development.
Collapse
|
19
|
Real Wastewater Treatment Using a Moving Bed and Wastewater-Borne Algal–Bacterial Consortia with a Short Hydraulic Retention Time. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Algal–bacterial consortium is a promising technology, combined with wastewater treatment plants, because algae produce molecular oxygen for nitrification and organic removal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However, algal–bacterial consortia based on suspended growth require a relatively long hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 d to 6 d for removal of organic matter and nutrients. For the algal–bacterial consortia in a photobioreactor (PBR) containing a moving bed, the organic matter and nutrient removal and the community structure of algal–bacterial consortia were investigated to determine the performance under a relatively short HRT of 2.5 d. Moving media containing algal–bacterial consortia enhanced the photosynthetic oxygen concentration (0.2 mg dissolved oxygen (DO)·L−1 to 5.9 mg DO·L−1), biochemical oxygen demand removal (88.0% to 97.2%), ammoniacal nitrogen removal (33.8% to 95.3%), total nitrogen removal (61.6% to 87.7%), total phosphate removal (66.4% to 88.7%), algal growth (149.3 mg algae·L−1 to 285.4 mg algae·L−1), and settleability (algae removal efficiency of 20.6% to 71.2%) compared with those of a PBR without moving media (SPBR). Although biomass uptake was the main mechanism for nutrient removal in the SPBR, both biomass uptake and denitrification were the main mechanisms in the PBR with moving media (MBPBR). The bacterial community also changed under the moving media condition. This study shows that moving media might be an essential parameter for PBRs with a short HRT to enhance nutrient removal and settleability.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rezvani F, Sarrafzadeh MH. Autotrophic granulation of hydrogen consumer denitrifiers and microalgae for nitrate removal from drinking water resources at different hydraulic retention times. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110674. [PMID: 32383647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To avoid hydrogen injection and to enhance the settleability of microbial biomass in biological treatment of nitrate-contaminated drinking water resources, a new method based on granulation of a mixture of hydrogen consumer denitrifiers (HCD) and microalgae is introduced. Decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) was applied as the selection pressure in an up-flow photobioreactor to increase the speed of granulation and nitrate removal under autotrophic condition during a 50-day operation. Formation of granules occurred at three phases including granule nucleation, growth of granule, and mature granule, with decreasing the values of ζ-potential from -19 mV to -4 mV. Enhancement of microbial attachment within granule formation could reduce the presence of total suspended solids in the effluent. Developed granules of HCD and microalgae could settle down with velocity of 40 ± 0.6 m/h when reaching the average size of 1.2 mm at day 40. Complete NO3--N removal from drinking water was achieved from the initial stage of granulation until the end of operation at all HRTs of 3 days-5 h. The clear treated water was obtained at the growth phase when the chemical oxygen demand and phosphate were undetectable. Therefore, the application of HCD-microalgae granule is a promising way for nitrate removal from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rezvani
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, Biotechnology Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, Biotechnology Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li ZH, Guo Y, Hang ZY, Zhang TY, Yu HQ. Simultaneous evaluation of bioactivity and settleability of activated sludge using fractal dimension as an intermediate variable. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115834. [PMID: 32339865 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity and settleability of activated sludge are essential for the operation of activated sludge systems in wastewater treatment. In this work, the fractal dimension of sludge image is proposed as a tool to evaluate these two factors. The specific endogenous respiration rate (SOURe) and the specific quasi-endogenous respiration rate (SOURq) are found to be more dependent on the 3D structure of sludge than the specific total respiration rate (SOURt). The relationship between the fractal structure and bioactivity suggests that the bioactivity governs the acceptable upper bound of the fractal dimension (Df), as at its theoretical maximum of 2.0, the non-porous compact flocs are predominant. The settleability or the biomass concentration determines the acceptable lower bound of Df, as at its theoretical minimum of 1.0, the free-swimming microbes are predominant. Our data reveal that the activated sludge has an acceptable fractal dimension Df in a range of 1.07-1.68. In practice, the fractal dimension should be controlled at a reasonable value as there is a trade-off between the bioactivity and physical structure to achieve better performance. A decrease or increase in the fractal dimension can serve as a signal for the change of the operational status, and this is further elucidated from the perspective of settling tanks using state point analysis. Compared with respirogram measurement, measuring fractal dimension is a complex process and its online implementation is challenging. Also, the measured value varies with the methods used. In addition, the difference in their theoretical values depends on the homogeneity of the sludge structure. Since the fractal dimension Df reflects both bioactivity and settleability of the sludge but is difficult to measure, in this work a relationship between Df and the easily measurable respirogram is established, and a method using the respirogram as a proxy of Df is proposed to control the bioactivity and settleability simultaneously. This respiration-based method is able to simultaneously control aeration and settling tanks, and could serve as an efficient tool for the management of wastewater treatment plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yao Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Hang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-2400, USA
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Couto E, Calijuri ML, Assemany P. Biomass production in high rate ponds and hydrothermal liquefaction: Wastewater treatment and bioenergy integration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138104. [PMID: 32408433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Against the worldwide energy crisis and climate change, new forms of energy generation have been investigated. Among the possibilities, microalgae are considered potential feedstock for biofuels production. However, there are still important challenges to overcome. In this context, the integration of biomass cultivation and the treatment of different types of wastewater can represent a source of nutrients and water, with the additional benefit of reducing the discharge of pollutant loads into water bodies. The wastewater grown biomass is composed by a microorganism consortium. These microorganisms can develop important symbiotic relationships for the optimization of biomass production. However, the success of algal biomass cultivation in effluents also involves the development of efficient reactors, which ranges from design criteria to operational parameters. High rate ponds are the most suitable reactors for such a purpose, within the context of a wastewater treatment plant. In this reactor, the addition of CO2 is an important parameter for pH control and, consequently, will influence nutrient assimilation. Another relevant operational parameter is the pond depth, which will have a major role in radiation availability along the water column. With respect to the energy use of the biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) represents an interesting alternative for wastewater grown biomass, since the process does not require complete drying of the biomass, its bio-oil production efficiency is not necessarily attached to the lipid content and may present a positive energy balance. In addition, the possibility of using the HTL by-products, especially the water soluble products, in the context of a biorefinery, represents a route for nutrient recycling, residue minimization, and cost reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Couto
- Federal Universityof Itajubá, Campus Itabira (Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Campus Itabira/Unifei), Intitute of Applied and Pure Sciences, Rua Irmã Ivone Drumond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Group - nPA, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Assemany
- Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA), Department of Water Resources and Sanitation, Campus Universitário, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Almomani F. Algal cells harvesting using cost-effective magnetic nano-particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137621. [PMID: 32146403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Innovative iron-based nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized and tested for the first time for harvesting single and mixed algal culture from real wastewater. The tailor-made magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs; Fe-MNP-I and Fe-MNP-II) achieved a percentage algae harvesting efficiency (%AHE) higher than 95% using a concentration of MNPs (CMNP) of 25 ± 0.3 (std. dev = 0.08) mg.L-1, mixing speed (Mspeed) of 120 ± 2 (std. dev = 0.10) rpm, short contact time (Ct) of 7 ± 0.1 (std. dev = 0.05) min and separation time (SPt) of 3 ± 0.1 (std. dev = 0.09) min. The optimum operational conditions for harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris (C.v) were determined at (CMNP = 40 ± 0.4 (std. dev = 0.5) gMNPs.L-1, SPt = 2.5 ± 0.4 (std. dev = 0.1) min, Mspeed = 145 ± 3 (std. dev = 1.50) rpm and Ct = 5 ± 0.3 (std. dev = 0.10) min using surface response methodology. Langmuir model describes better the adsorption behavior of algae-Fe-MNP-I system, while both Langmuir and Freundlich fit well the adsorption behavior of algae-Fe-MNP-II. The maximum adsorption capacity of Spirulina platensis (SP.PL) (18.27 ± 0.07 (std. dev = 0.19) mgDWC.mgparticles-1) was higher than that for Chlorella vulgaris (C.v) (11.52 ± 0.01 (std. dev = 0.34) mgDWC.mgparticles-1) and mixed algal culture (M.X) (17.20 ± 0.07 (std. dev = 0.54) mgDWC.mgparticles-1) over Fe-MNP-I. Zeta potential measurements revealed that the adsorption mechanism between MNPs and algal strains is controlled by electrostatic interaction. The synthesized MNPs were recycled 10 times using alkaline-ultrasonic regeneration procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu W, Asraful Alam M, Liu S, Xu J, Parra Saldivar R. Critical processes and variables in microalgae biomass production coupled with bioremediation of nutrients and CO 2 from livestock farms: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:135247. [PMID: 31839294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of renewable and clean energy as well as bio-based fine chemicals technologies are the keys to overcome the problems such as fossil depletion, global warming, and environment pollution. To date, cultivation of microalgae using wastewater is regarded as a promising approach for simultaneous nutrients bioremediation and biofuels production due to their high photosynthesis efficiency and environmental benefits. However, the efficiency of nutrients removal and biomass production strongly depends on wastewater properties and microalgae species. Moreover, the high production cost is still the largest limitation to the commercialization of microalgae biofuels. In this review paper, the state-of-the-art algae species employed in livestock farm wastes have been summarized. Further, microalgae cultivation systems and impact factors in livestock wastewater to microalgae growth have been thoroughly discussed. In addition, technologies reported for microalgal biomass harvesting and CO2 mass transfer enhancement in the coupling process were presented and discussed. Finally, this article discusses the potential benefits and challenges of coupling nutrient bioremediation, CO2 capture, and microalgal production. Possible engineering measures for cost-effective nutrients removal, carbon fixation, microalgal biofuels and bioproducts production are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Lu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Jinliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Roberto Parra Saldivar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Spiller M, Muys M, Papini G, Sakarika M, Buyle M, Vlaeminck SE. Environmental impact of microbial protein from potato wastewater as feed ingredient: Comparative consequential life cycle assessment of three production systems and soybean meal. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115406. [PMID: 31881500 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Livestock production is utilizing large amounts of protein-rich feed ingredients such as soybean meal. The proven negative environmental impacts of soybean meal production incentivize the search for alternative protein sources. One promising alternative is Microbial Protein (MP), i.e. dried microbial biomass. To date, only few life cycle assessments (LCAs) for MP have been carried out, none of which has used a consequential modelling approach nor has been investigating the production of MP on food and beverage wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental impact of MP production on a food and beverage effluent as a substitute for soybean meal using a consequential modelling approach. Three different types of MP production were analysed, namely consortia containing Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AHB), Microalgae and AHB (MaB), and Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria (PNSB). The production of MP was modelled for high-strength potato wastewater (COD = 10 kg/m3) at a flow rate of 1,000 m3/day. LCA results were compared against soybean meal production for the endpoint impact categories human health, ecosystems, and resources. Soybean meal showed up to 52% higher impact on human health and up to 87% higher impact on ecosystems than MP. However, energy-related aspects resulted in an 8-88% higher resource exploitation for MP. A comparison between the MP production systems showed that MaB performed best when considering ecosystems (between 13 and 14% better) and resource (between 71 and 80% better) impact categories, while AHB and PNSB had lower values for the impact category human health (8-12%). The sensitivity analysis suggests that the conclusions drawn are robust as in the majority of 1,000 Monte Carlo runs the initial results are confirmed. In conclusion, it is suggested that MP is an alternative protein source of comparatively low environmental impact that should play a role in the future protein transition, in particular when further process improvements can be implemented and more renewable or waste energy sources will be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Spiller
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Papini
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Myrsini Sakarika
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Matthias Buyle
- Energy and Materials in Infrastructure and Buildings EMIB, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium; Sustainable Materials Management, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Production of polymers by cyanobacteria grown in wastewater: Current status, challenges and future perspectives. N Biotechnol 2020; 55:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Growth performance and nutrient removal of a Chlorella vulgaris-Rhizobium sp. co-culture during mixotrophic feed-batch cultivation in synthetic wastewater. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
28
|
Abo Markeb A, Llimós-Turet J, Ferrer I, Blánquez P, Alonso A, Sánchez A, Moral-Vico J, Font X. The use of magnetic iron oxide based nanoparticles to improve microalgae harvesting in real wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:490-500. [PMID: 31128473 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for harvesting Scenedesmus sp. microalgae from real wastewater by using adsorbents of magnetite-based nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) was tested in this study for the first time for this microalgae. Using these NPs, the harvesting efficiency was even higher than 95%. The optimal conditions (0.14 gNPs/L, a short magnetic separation time of only 8 min and 27 min of contact time) were found using the response surface methodology. The best fitting of the adsorption equilibrium results was achieved by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity for Scenedesmus sp. reached 3.49 g dry cell weight (DCW)/g Fe3O4 NPs. Zeta potential measurements and the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model analysis pointed out that the main adsorption mechanism between Scenedesmus sp. cells and Fe3O4 NPs was electrostatic interaction. Finally, Fe3O4 NPs were six times successfully reused by combining an alkaline treatment with an ultrasonication process, which implies microalgae lysis. The results herein obtained highlight the potential for magnetic separation of microalgae from wastewater, which is capable of reaching a high harvesting efficiency in a very short time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abo Markeb
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jordi Llimós-Turet
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paqui Blánquez
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Amanda Alonso
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Moral-Vico
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Xavier Font
- Departament of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rada-Ariza A, Fredy D, Lopez-Vazquez C, Van der Steen N, Lens P. Ammonium removal mechanisms in a microalgal-bacterial sequencing-batch photobioreactor at different solids retention times. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Algal-Bacterial Symbiosis System Treating
High-Load Printing and Dyeing Wastewater in
Continuous-Flow Reactors under Natural Light. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the symbiotic structure relationship between mixed algae andactivated sludge while treating high-load printing and dyeing wastewater under natural light. Theeffects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (12 h, 16 h and 20 h) and aeration rate (0.1–0.15, 0.4–0.5and 0.7–0.8 L/min) on algal–bacterial symbiosis (ABS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS)systems. Experimental results showed that the ABS system exhibited the best removal performancefor chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total phosphorus (TP),which was increased by 12.5%, 23.1% and 10.5%, respectively, and reduced colour 80 timescompared with the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment plant. Algae growth could bepromoted under lower dissolved oxygen (DO), and the addition of algae could provide more DO tothe ABS system. The particle size distribution of sludge in the ABS system was stable, whichguaranteed a stable treatment effect. In addition, the COD and colour could be further degradedunder the conditions of no external carbon source and longer HRT. It is expected that the presentstudy will provide a foundation for the practical application of the ABS system, and new insightsfor the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bradley IM, Sevillano-Rivera MC, Pinto AJ, Guest JS. Impact of solids residence time on community structure and nutrient dynamics of mixed phototrophic wastewater treatment systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:271-282. [PMID: 30529592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Suspended growth, mixed community phototrophic wastewater treatment systems (including high-rate algal ponds and photobioreactors) have the potential to achieve biological nitrogen and phosphorus recovery with effluent nutrient concentrations below the current limit-of-technology. In order to achieve reliable and predictive performance, it is necessary to establish a thorough understanding of how design and operational decisions influence the complex community structure governing nutrient recovery in these systems. Solids residence time (SRT), a critical operational parameter governing growth rate, was leveraged as a selective pressure to shape microbial community structure in laboratory-scale photobioreactors fed secondary effluent from a local wastewater treatment plant. In order to decouple the effects of SRT and hydraulic retention time (HRT), nutrient loading was fixed across all experimental conditions and the effect of changing SRT on microbial community structure, diversity, and stability, as well as its impact on nutrient recovery, was characterized. Reactors were operated at distinct SRTs (5, 10, and 15 days) with diurnal lighting over long-term operation (>6 SRTs), and in-depth examination of the eukaryotic and bacterial community structure was performed using amplicon-based sequencing of the 18S and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. In order to better represent the microalgal community structure, this study leveraged improved 18S rRNA gene primers that have been shown to provide a more accurate representation of the wastewater process-relevant algal community members. Long-term operation resulted in distinct eukaryotic communities across SRTs, independent of the relative abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in the inoculum. The longest SRT (15 days, SRT 15) resulted in a more stable algal community along with stable bacterial nitrification, while the shortest SRT (5 days, SRT 5) resulted in a less stable, more dynamic community. Although SRT was not strongly associated with overall bacterial diversity, the eukaryotic community of SRT 15 was significantly less diverse and less even than SRT 5, with a few dominant OTUs making up a majority of the eukaryotic community structure in the former. Overall, although longer SRTs promote stable bacterial nitrification, short SRTs promote higher eukaryotic diversity, increased functional stability, and better total N removal via biomass assimilation. These results indicate that SRT may be a key factor in not only controlling microalgal community membership, but community diversity and functional stability as well. Ultimately, the efficacy and reliability of NH4+ removal may be in tension with TN removal in mixed phototrophic systems given that lower SRTs may achieve better total N removal (via biomass assimilation) through increased eukaryotic diversity, biomass productivity, and functional stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Bradley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | | | - Ameet J Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arias DM, Rueda E, García-Galán MJ, Uggetti E, García J. Selection of cyanobacteria over green algae in a photo-sequencing batch bioreactor fed with wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:485-495. [PMID: 30414578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a strategy based on photo-sequencing batch operation was used to select cyanobacteria over unsettled green algae in a wastewater treatment system, evaluating for the first time the effect of hydraulic regimes on nutritional dynamics and microorganisms' competition. During 30 days of operation, an initial microalgae mixed consortia dominated by the green microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was cultivated in two different photo-sequencing batch reactors operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 days (PSBR6) and 4 days (PSBR4) at a theoretical solids retention time (SRT) of 10 d. Both reactors were compared with a semi-continuous reactor (SC10) operated at 10 d of HRT and 10 days of SRT (used as a control). The results indicated that PSBR6 and PSBR4 decreased Scenedesmus sp. population by 88% and 48%, respectively. However, only PSBR6 provided suitable conditions to select cyanobacteria from an initial green algae dominated culture. These conditions included volumetric loads of 11.72 mg TN L-1 d-1, 2.04 mg TP L-1 d-1 and 53.31 mg TOC L-1 d-1. The remaining nutrients in the culture led also to a phosphorus limiting N:P ratio (34:1) that improved the increase of cyanobacteria from an initial 2% until 70% of the total population. In addition, PSBR6 reached a biomass production of 0.12 g L-1 d-1, while removing TN, TP and TOC by 58%, 83% and 85%, respectively. Conversely, the application of higher nutrients loads caused by lower HRT (PSBR4) led to an increase of only 13% of cyanobacteria while SC10 remained with the same biomass composition during all the experimental time. Thus, this study showed that the dominance of cyanobacteria in microalgal-based wastewater treatment systems can be controlled by the operational and nutritional conditions. This knowledge could contribute to control microalgae contamination from up-scaling cyanobacterial biomass production in wastewater treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulce María Arias
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estel Rueda
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J García-Galán
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun L, Zuo W, Tian Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Sun N, Li J. Performance and microbial community analysis of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system: Effect of activated sludge concentration. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:121-132. [PMID: 30528004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It was focused on the effect of different sludge concentrations on the performances of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system in terms of wastewater treatment, algal-activated sludge characteristics and community structure. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor R2 with soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and phosphate (PO43- -P) removal efficiencies of (90.6±2.3)%, (97.69±2.6)% and (83.81±2.3)%, respectively. Further investigation exhibited that sludge concentration has a great effect on the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, the pH, the growth of algae and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, which resulted in influencing the settleability and the performance of symbiotic system. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis demonstrated that the sludge concentration had a selective power for particular members of algae. Meantime, the stimulated algal population would selectively excite the members of bacteria benefited for the formation of algal-bacterial consortia. The variation of microbial compositions, which was influenced by the different sludge concentrations, might be ultimately responsible for the different treatment performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ni Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang CC, Tian Y, He ZW, Zuo W, Zhang J. Performance and mechanism of a novel algal-bacterial symbiosis system based on sequencing batch suspended biofilm reactor treating domestic wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 265:422-431. [PMID: 29933190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel algal-bacterial symbiosis system based on sequencing batch suspended biofilm reactor (A-SBSBR) was developed for simultaneously enhanced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal from domestic wastewater. Results showed that the total N (TN) and P (TP) removal efficiencies in A-SBSBR increased to 69.91% and 94.78%, respectively. The mechanism analysis indicated that TN removal mainly occurred at non-aeration stage, and TP removal happened during the whole cycle in A-SBSBR. Compared to control SBSBR, TN removal by denitrification and anabolism and TP removal by anabolism in A-SBSBR increased by 12.70%, 7.64% and 50.13%, respectively. The Chlorophyll a accumulation in biofilm increased to 4.80 ± 0.08 mg/g. Algae related to Chlorella and Scenedesmus and bacteria related to Flavobacterium, Micropruina and Comamonadaceae were enriched in A-SBSBR and responsible for the enhanced nutrients removal effect. This study may provide a new solution to achieve nutrients removal enhancement from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhang-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tang T, Wan P, Hu Z. CO₂ Bubbling to Improve Algal Growth, Nutrient Removal, and Membrane Performance in an Algal Membrane Bioreactor. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2018; 90:650-658. [PMID: 30188281 DOI: 10.2175/106143017x15131012153121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algae generally prefer CO2 through passive gas diffusion to HCO-3 or CO2-3, as uptake of carbonate species relies on active transport. In this study, the effects of CO2 bubbling on algal growth, nutrient uptake, lipid accumulation, and membrane fouling control were investigated in an algal membrane bioreactor (A-MBR). Bubbling with 10% CO2 in the A-MBR system increased algal specific oxygen production rate by 43 ± 5% and algal productivity by 39 ± 1%, even though there was abundant dissolved inorganic carbon available in the secondary wastewater effluent (about 3.6 mM). Meanwhile, nitrogen removal capacity increased from originally 2.6 ± 0.4 g/m3•d to 3.6 ± 0.4 g/m3•d through continuous CO2 bubbling. Furthermore, membrane fouling was significantly reduced in the A-MBR system with CO2 addition, likely because of reduced mineral precipitation on the membrane at lower pHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rada-Ariza AM, Lopez-Vazquez CM, van der Steen NP, Lens PNL. Nitrification by microalgal-bacterial consortia for ammonium removal in flat panel sequencing batch photo-bioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:81-89. [PMID: 28892709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium removal from artificial wastewater by microalgal-bacterial consortia in a flat-panel reactor (FPR1) was compared with a microalgae-only flat-panel reactor (FPR2). The microalgal-bacterial consortia removed ammonium at higher rates (100±18mgNH4+-NL-1d-1) than the microalgae (44±16mgNH4+-NL-1d-1), after the system achieved a stable performance at a 2days hydraulic retention time. Nitrifiers present in the microalgae-bacteria consortia increased the ammonium removal: the ammonium removal rate by nitrifiers and by algae in FPR1 was, respectively, 50(±18) and 49(±22)mgNH4+-NL-1d-1. Apparently ammonium removal by algae was not significantly different between FPR1 and FPR2. The activity of the nitrifiers did not negatively affect the nitrogen uptake by algae, but improved the total ammonium removal rate of FPR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Rada-Ariza
- IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - C M Lopez-Vazquez
- IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - N P van der Steen
- IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P N L Lens
- IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hu Y, Hao X, van Loosdrecht M, Chen H. Enrichment of highly settleable microalgal consortia in mixed cultures for effluent polishing and low-cost biomass production. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:11-22. [PMID: 28822815 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation is a promising technology for integrated effluent polishing and biofuel production, but poor separability of microalgal cells hinders its industrial application. This study intended to selectively enrich settleable microalgal consortia in mixed culture by applying "wash-out" pressure, which was realized by controlling settling time (ST) and volume exchange ratio (VER) in photo-SBRs. The results demonstrated that highly settleable microalgal consortia (settling efficiency>97%; SVI = 17-50 mL/g) could be enriched from indigenous algal cultures developed in WWTP's effluent. High VER was the key factor for the fast development of settleable microalgae. VER was also a controlling factor of the algal community structure. High VERs (0.5 and 0.7) resulted in the dominance of diatom, while low VER (0.2) facilitated the dominance of cyanobacteria. The settleable microalgal consortia were very efficient in phosphorus removal (effluent PO43--P<0.1 mg/L; removal efficiency>99%), which was largely attributed to intensive chemical precipitation of phosphate induced by high pH (8.5-10). However, the high pH decreased the bioavailable inorganic carbon, resulting in incomplete nitrate removal (effluent NO3--N = 2.2-4 mg/L; removal efficiency = 61-79%) under high VERs and low lipid content (up to 10%) in the settleable microalgae. This problem could be resolved by sparging CO2 or controlling pH. Overall, this study demonstrated a simple and effective method to overcome the separation challenge in scale-up of microalgae biotechnology for advanced wastewater purification and biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Hu
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Hao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Mark van Loosdrecht
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Quijano G, Arcila JS, Buitrón G. Microalgal-bacterial aggregates: Applications and perspectives for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:772-781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Arcila JS, Buitrón G. Influence of solar irradiance levels on the formation of microalgae-bacteria aggregates for municipal wastewater treatment. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
40
|
Luo Y, Le-Clech P, Henderson RK. Simultaneous microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment in submerged membrane photobioreactors: A review. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Posadas E, Marín D, Blanco S, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Simultaneous biogas upgrading and centrate treatment in an outdoors pilot scale high rate algal pond. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 232:133-141. [PMID: 28222383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bioconversion of biogas to biomethane coupled to centrate treatment was evaluated in an outdoors pilot scale high rate algal pond interconnected to an external CO2-H2S absorption column (AC) via settled broth recirculation. CO2-removal efficiencies ranged from 50 to 95% depending on the alkalinity of the cultivation broth and environmental conditions, while a complete H2S removal was achieved regardless of the operational conditions. A maximum CH4 concentration of 94% with a limited O2 and N2 stripping was recorded in the upgraded biogas at recycling liquid/biogas ratios in the AC of 1 and 2. Process operation at a constant biomass productivity of 15gm-2d-1 and the minimization of effluent generation supported high carbon and nutrient recoveries in the harvested biomass (C=66±8%, N=54±18%, P≈100% and S=16±3%). Finally, a low diversity in the structure of the microalgae population was promoted by the environmental and operational conditions imposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Posadas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Marín
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, Boulevard Centroamérica, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Saúl Blanco
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mehrabadi A, Farid MM, Craggs R. Potential of five different isolated colonial algal species for wastewater treatment and biomass energy production. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
43
|
Microalgal Cultivation in Secondary Effluent: Recent Developments and Future Work. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010079. [PMID: 28045437 PMCID: PMC5297713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication of water catchments and the greenhouse effect are major challenges in developing the global economy in the near future. Secondary effluents, containing high amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, need further treatment before being discharged into receiving water bodies. At the same time, new environmentally friendly energy sources need to be developed. Integrating microalgal cultivation for the production of biodiesel feedstock with the treatment of secondary effluent is one way of addressing both issues. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest progress in microalgal cultivation in secondary effluent to remove pollutants and accumulate lipids. Researchers have discovered that microalgae remove nitrogen and phosphorus effectively from secondary effluent, accumulating biomass and lipids in the process. Immobilization of appropriate microalgae, and establishing a consortium of microalgae and/or bacteria, were both found to be feasible ways to enhance pollutant removal and lipid production. Demonstrations of pilot-scale microalgal cultures in secondary effluent have also taken place. However there is still much work to be done in improving pollutants removal, biomass production, and lipid accumulation in secondary effluent. This includes screening microalgae, constructing the consortium, making use of flue gas and nitrogen, developing technologies related to microalgal harvesting, and using lipid-extracted algal residues (LEA).
Collapse
|
44
|
Tang CC, Zuo W, Tian Y, Sun N, Wang ZW, Zhang J. Effect of aeration rate on performance and stability of algal-bacterial symbiosis system to treat domestic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:156-164. [PMID: 27718398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated aeration rate (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0L/min) effects on algal-bacterial symbiosis (ABS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems while treating domestic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors. Experiment results showed that ABS system performed better on NH4+-N, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal than CAS system, especially under lower aeration rate condition (0.2Lair/min), with removal efficiencies improvements of 18.90%, 12.45% and 46.66%, respectively. The mechanism study demonstrated that a favorable aeration rate reduction (half of traditional value in CAS system) could enhance algae growth but weaken hydraulic shear force, which contributed to the interactions between algae and sludge flocs and further stability of ABS system. In addition, algae growth protected both ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria from optical damage. It is expected that the present study would provide some new insights into ABS system and be helpful for development of low-energy demand wastewater treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Ni Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gutiérrez R, Ferrer I, González-Molina A, Salvadó H, García J, Uggetti E. Microalgae recycling improves biomass recovery from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:539-549. [PMID: 27771604 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass harvesting by inducing spontaneous flocculation (bioflocculation) sets an attractive approach, since neither chemicals nor energy are needed. Indeed, bioflocculation may be promoted by recycling part of the harvested microalgal biomass to the photobioreactor in order to increase the predominance of rapidly settling microalgae species. The aim of the present study was to improve the recovery of microalgal biomass produced in wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) by recycling part of the harvested microalgal biomass. The recirculation of 2% and 10% (dry weight) of the HRAPs microalgal biomass was tested over one year in an experimental HRAP treating real urban wastewater. Results indicated that biomass recycling had a positive effect on the harvesting efficiency, obtaining higher biomass recovery in the HRAP with recycling (R-HRAP) (92-94%) than in the control HRAP without recycling (C-HRAP) (75-89%). Microalgal biomass production was similar in both systems, ranging between 3.3 and 25.8 g TSS/m2d, depending on the weather conditions. Concerning the microalgae species, Chlorella sp. was dominant overall the experimental period in both HRAPs (abundance >60%). However, when the recycling rate was increased to 10%, Chlorella sp. dominance decreased from 97.6 to 88.1%; while increasing the abundance of rapidly settling species such as Stigeoclonium sp. (16.8%, only present in the HRAP with biomass recycling) and diatoms (from 0.7 to 7.3%). Concerning the secondary treatment of the HRAPs, high removals of COD (80%) and N-NH4+ (97%) were found in both HRAPs. Moreover, by increasing the biomass recovery in the R-HRAP the effluent total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was decreased to less than 35 mg/L, meeting effluent quality requirements for discharge. This study shows that microalgal biomass recycling (10% dry weight) increases biomass recovery up to 94% by selecting the most rapidly settling microalgae species without compromising the biomass production and improving the wastewater treatment in terms of TSS removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gutiérrez
- GEMMA - Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés González-Molina
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humbert Salvadó
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Granulation, control of bacterial contamination, and enhanced lipid accumulation by driving nutrient starvation in coupled wastewater treatment and Chlorella regularis cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1531-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
47
|
Ali H, Cheema TA, Yoon HS, Do Y, Park CW. Numerical prediction of algae cell mixing feature in raceway ponds using particle tracing methods. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:297-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haider Ali
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Kyungpook National University; 1370 Sankyuk-Dong Buk-gu Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Taqi A. Cheema
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Kyungpook National University; 1370 Sankyuk-Dong Buk-gu Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Yoon
- Department of Biology and Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center; Kyungpook National University; Buk-gu Daegu Korea
| | - Younghae Do
- Department of Mathematics and KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics; Kyungpook National University; Buk-gu Daegu Korea
| | - Cheol W. Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Kyungpook National University; 1370 Sankyuk-Dong Buk-gu Daegu 702-701 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shoener BD, Bradley IM, Cusick RD, Guest JS. Energy positive domestic wastewater treatment: the roles of anaerobic and phototrophic technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1204-1222. [PMID: 24671159 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The negative energy balance of wastewater treatment could be reversed if anaerobic technologies were implemented for organic carbon oxidation and phototrophic technologies were utilized for nutrient recovery. To characterize the potential for energy positive wastewater treatment by anaerobic and phototrophic biotechnologies we performed a comprehensive literature review and analysis, focusing on energy production (as kJ per capita per day and as kJ m(-3) of wastewater treated), energy consumption, and treatment efficacy. Anaerobic technologies included in this review were the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFB), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), and microbial fuel cell (MFC). Phototrophic technologies included were the high rate algal pond (HRAP), photobioreactor (PBR), stirred tank reactor, waste stabilization pond (WSP), and algal turf scrubber (ATS). Average energy recovery efficiencies for anaerobic technologies ranged from 1.6% (MFC) to 47.5% (ABR). When including typical percent chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals by each technology, this range would equate to roughly 40-1200 kJ per capita per day or 110-3300 kJ m(-3) of treated wastewater. The average bioenergy feedstock production by phototrophic technologies ranged from 1200-4700 kJ per capita per day or 3400-13 000 kJ m(-3) (exceeding anaerobic technologies and, at times, the energetic content of the influent organic carbon), with usable energy production dependent upon downstream conversion to fuels. Energy consumption analysis showed that energy positive anaerobic wastewater treatment by emerging technologies would require significant reductions of parasitic losses from mechanical mixing and gas sparging. Technology targets and critical barriers for energy-producing technologies are identified, and the role of integrated anaerobic and phototrophic bioprocesses in energy positive wastewater management is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Shoener
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Civil & Environmental Engineering, 205 N. Mathews Avenue 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Lab, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nutrient Removal Efficiency and Physiological Responses of Desmodesmus communis at Different HRTs and Nutrient Stress Condition Using Different Sources of Urban Wastewater Effluents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:74-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Odinga C, Swalaha F, Otieno F, Ranjith KR, Bux F. Investigating the efficiency of constructed wetlands in the removal of heavy metals and enteric pathogens from wastewater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2013.865086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|