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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Dock A, Linders J, David M, Gollasch S, David J, Ziegler G. Are workers on board vessels involved with chemicals from treated ballast water sufficiently protected? - A decadal perspective and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125824. [PMID: 31927228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ballast Water Managements Systems (BWMS) installed on vessels may use Active Substances (AS) to inactivate organisms. This paper provides new insights in the global issue of noxious Disinfection By-Products (DBP) produced with primarily oxidant-based BWMS, and the risk assessment for workers, including port State control officers, while performing tasks on a vessel that involve exposure to treated ballast water. The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection - Ballast Water Working Group (GESAMP-BWWG) plays a role in the certification process of BWMS that make use of AS evaluating potential negative effects. All BWMS that passed GESAMP-BWWG Final Approval until mid 2019 were analyzed providing an overview of chemicals in the treated ballast water before and after neutralization. The ballast tank cleaning scenario, the sampling scenario, and the ballast tank inspection scenario all showed elevated human health risks using the Derived Minimal Effect Levels approach. The most critical exposure occurs in the ballast tank cleaning scenario through the inhalation of volatile DBP, such as tribromomethane. This substance may cause acute effects such as headache, dizziness and also has carcinogenic properties. The two risk reducing options available in the GESAMP-BWWG Tier 2 calculations were compared, one being mitigation measures such as protective gloves and coveralls, the other option is taking into account a time correction factor. The results showed that the trihalomethanes in air are most problematic, however, there is a possibility that the calculated values may be overestimated as generally worst case assumptions were used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Linders
- De Waag 24, 3823, GE Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Studentska 4, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | | | - Jan David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland, WREC, Queenstown, Maryland, 21658, United States.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou C, Ding G, Chen M, Zou J, Wang G, Kang Y, Pan X. A Microfluidic Prototype System towards Microalgae Cell Separation, Treatment and Viability Characterization. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19224940. [PMID: 31766178 PMCID: PMC6891504 DOI: 10.3390/s19224940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are a huge number, and abundant types, of microalgae in the ocean; and most of them have various values in many fields, such as food, medicine, energy, feed, etc. Therefore, how to identify and separation of microalgae cells quickly and effectively is a prerequisite for the microalgae research and utilization. Herein, we propose a microfluidic system that comprised microalgae cell separation, treatment and viability characterization. Specifically, the microfluidic separation function is based on the principle of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), which can separate various microalgae species rapidly by their different sizes. Moreover, a concentration gradient generator is designed in this system to automatically produce gradient concentrations of chemical reagents to optimize the chemical treatment of samples. Finally, a single photon counter was used to evaluate the viability of treated microalgae based on laser-induced fluorescence from the intracellular chlorophyll of microalgae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first laboratory prototype system combining DLD separation, concentration gradient generator and chlorophyll fluorescence detection technology for fast analysis and treatment of microalgae using marine samples. This study may inspire other novel applications of micro-analytical devices for utilization of microalgae resources, marine ecological environment protection and ship ballast water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Wang
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Software Technology Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Navigation College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Chen Zhou
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Gege Ding
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jiang Zou
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Center of Microfluidic and Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (G.D.); (M.C.); (J.Z.); (G.W.)
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yuejun Kang
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
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Dock A, Linders J, David M, Gollasch S, David J. Is human health sufficiently protected from chemicals discharged with treated ballast water from vessels worldwide? - A decadal perspective and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:194-204. [PMID: 31255760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water managements systems (BWMS) installed on vessels may use active substances to inactivate organisms. This paper provides new insights in the global issue of noxious disinfection by-products (DBP) discharge with ballast water, and the related risk assessment for human health. The GESAMP ballast water working group plays a role in the certification process of BWMS that make use of active substances evaluating potential negative effects. We analyzed all BWMS that passed GESAMP final approval over a decade until 2017 providing an overview of chemicals in the discharged ballast water generated by BWMS. We used these data to calculate the chemical load humans may be exposed to for two different commercial ports (Koper, Slovenia and Hamburg, Germany). None of the chemicals in this study reached levels of concern that would indicate a risk for humans after exposure to chemicals present in the discharged ballast water. Nevertheless, although this exposure only adds to a lesser degree to the overall exposure to disinfection by-products, some chemicals, such as tribromomethane, have carcinogenic properties. In case studies we show which chemicals have the largest contribution to the aggregated exposure of humans. We note that tribromomethane, despite its low bio-concentration factor (BCF), may accumulate in fat, when fish are continuously exposed to DBPs during low-level chlorination. Since this figure would give a higher value for the internal dose for tribromomethane from seafood consumption than the current BCF in the GISIS database, the calculated value may underestimate the contribution of tribromomethane, and possibly also other DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Linders
- De Waag 24, 3823, GE Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
| | | | - Jan David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
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5
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Wang J, Wang G, Chen M, Wang Y, Ding G, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Pan X. An integrated microfluidic chip for treatment and detection of microalgae cells. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Baek JT, Hong JH, Tayyab M, Kim DW, Jeon PR, Lee CH. Continuous bubble reactor using carbon dioxide and its mixtures for ballast water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:316-326. [PMID: 30807884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of ballast water is indispensable for preventing ecological and economic damage from the spread of invasive species. In this study, a continuous gas bubble reactor (CBR) system was developed for the efficient disinfection of microorganisms in ballast water. Ballast water treatment (BWT) in the CBR was experimentally performed to disinfect Artemia salina in seawater by using 1) pure CO2 and 2) mixtures with CO2, N2, and/or SO2 as a simulated flue gas (CO2/N2: 20%/80% and CO2/N2/SO2: 19.2%/77.0%/3.8%). The BWT efficiency was improved with an increase in gas flowrate, residence time, gas pressure, and CO2 concentration in the gas. The toxicity of SO2 in the CO2 mixture significantly improved the mortality of microorganisms. Since good dispersion of bubbles and effective contact between bubbles and liquid were important factors in the BWT, a 100% mortality rate of microorganisms could be achieved by controlling the operating conditions in the vertical-type CBR with a counter-current flow between the gas bubbles and seawater. The CO2 gas distribution, CO2 solubility, and gas bubble size distribution in the CBR were determined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally confirmed using a high-speed camera. Since excess gas can be recovered from a gas-liquid separator before a ballast tank, the CBR system can be operated without using any toxic or explosive gases in an eco-friendly and energy saving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tae Baek
- Department of Integrated Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Materials & Chemicals R&D Center, LG Chem, Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Rip Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ha Lee
- Department of Integrated Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hess-Erga OK, Moreno-Andrés J, Enger Ø, Vadstein O. Microorganisms in ballast water: Disinfection, community dynamics, and implications for management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:704-716. [PMID: 30677936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have accelerated the development of international regulations and methods for ballast water management to limit the introduction of non-indigenous species. The transport of microorganisms with ballast water has received scientific attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the importance of organisms smaller than 10 μm in diameter. In this work, we review the effects of ballast water transport, disinfection, and the release of microorganisms on ecosystem processes with a special focus on heterotrophic bacteria. It is important to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of ballast water treatment systems, such as the generation of easily degradable substrates and the subsequent regrowth of heterotrophic microorganisms in ballast tanks. Disinfection of water can alter the composition of bacterial communities through selective recolonization in the ballast water or the recipient water, and thereby affects bacterial driven functions that are important for the marine food web. Dissolved organic matter quality and quantity and the ecosystem status of the treated water can also be affected by the disinfection method used. These side effects of disinfection should be further investigated in a broader context and in different scales (laboratory studies, large-scale facilities, and on the ships).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Kristian Hess-Erga
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cádiz, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Camepus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Øivind Enger
- Sarsia Seed AS, Postboks 7150, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Zhou S, Wei Z, Chu T, Yu H, Li S, Zhang W, Gui W. Transcriptomic analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess integrated biotoxicity of Xitiaoxi River waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:42-53. [PMID: 29958174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the toxicity posed by mixtures of unknown chemicals to aquatic organisms is challenging. In this study, water samples from six cross-sections along the Xitiaoxi River Basin (XRB) were monthly or bimonthly collected in 2014. The year-period physiochemical parameters as well as one-month-water sample based acute biotoxicity tests showed that the river water quality of the year was generally in a good status. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) screening based on one-month-water samples suggested that the organic pollutants might be non-to-moderately-polar chemicals in very low concentrations. One-month-water sample based RNA-seq was performed to measure the mRNA differential expression profile of zebrafish larvae to furtherly explore the potential bioeffect and the spatial water quality change of the river. Result indicated that the number of deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) tended to increase along the downstream direction of the river. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis implied that the key pollutants might mainly be the function disruptors of biological processes. Principle components analysis (PCA) combining with transcripts and one-month-water sample based physiochemical parameters indicated that the pollution might be similar at TP, DP and CTB sites while pollution homology existed on some extent between YBQ and JW sites. Although the water quality of the river had a complex time-space alternation during the year, and the one-month-data based RNA-seq could not reflex the whole year-water quality of a watershed, the gene expression profile via RNA-seq provided an alternative way for assessing integrated biotoxicity of surface water, and it was relatively fit for early-warning of water quality of a watershed with unobservable acute toxicity. However, the identification of detail toxicants and the links between DEGs and pollution level as well as physiological-biochemical toxicity needed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Tianyi Chu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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David M, Linders J, Gollasch S, David J. Is the aquatic environment sufficiently protected from chemicals discharged with treated ballast water from vessels worldwide? - A decadal environmental perspective and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:590-600. [PMID: 29843036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water managements systems (BWMS) installed on vessels may use active substances to inactivate or kill organisms in the ballast water. This paper provides new insights in this global issue - discharge of hazardous disinfection by-products with ballast water and related risk assessment for the environment. Considering the possible extent of this issue, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) engaged the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)-Ballast Water Working Group (BWWG) to oversee the evaluation process of BWMS that make use of active substances to prevent negative effects. We analysed all BWMS that received IMO final approval over a decade until 2017 and provide an overview of active substances used for ballast water treatment and disinfection by-products in the discharged ballast water. A risk assessment was conducted using the GESAMP-BWWG methodology for two very different commercial ports (Koper, Slovenia and Hamburg, Germany). Some relevant chemicals (chloropicrin, monochloroacetic acid, and dibromoacetonitrile) and other chemicals (isocyanuric acid and sodium thiosulphate) reached levels of concern, indicating a risk for aquatic organisms after discharge of that ballast water. From this analysis, it became clear GESAMP-BWWG worst-case scenario assumptions do not fully account for the potential environmental risks. We provide recommendations how to make this risk assessment more robust, recommend further research, and urge for policy as well as regulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Jan Linders
- De Waag 24, Amersfoort, 3823 GE, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Jan David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
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