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Huang H, Chen Z, Su Y, Zeng H, Li H, Chen Y, Qi S, Chen W, Chen W, Zhang G. N-nitrosamines in electroplating and printing/dyeing industrial wastewater treatment plants: Removal efficiency, environmental emission, and the influence on drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121537. [PMID: 38555784 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of N-nitrosamines to the aquatic environment can impair downstream source waters and pose potential risks to human health. However, the transport and fate of N-nitrosamines in typical industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWWTPs) and the influence of these effluents on source water and drinking water are still unclear. This study investigated nine N-nitrosamines in four full-scale electroplating (E-) and printing/dyeing (PD-) IWWTPs, two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the lower reaches of these IWWTPs, and the corresponding tap water in South China. The total concentrations of N-nitrosamines (∑NAs) were 382-10,600, 480-1920, 494-789, and 27.9-427 ng/L in influents, effluents, source water, and tap water, respectively. The compositions of N-nitrosamine species in different influents varied a lot, while N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) dominated in most of the effluents, source water, and tap water. More than 70 % N-nitrosamines were removed by wastewater treatment processes used in E-IWWTPs such as ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis (Fe/C-ME), while only about 50 % of N-nitrosamines were removed in PD-IWWTPs due to the use of chlorine reagent or other inefficient conventional processes such as flocculation by cationic amine-based polymers or bio-contact oxidation. Therefore, the mass fluxes of N-nitrosamines discharged from these industrial wastewaters to the environment in the selected two industrial towns were up to 14,700 mg/day. The results based on correlation and principal component analysis significantly demonstrated correlations between E-and PD-effluents and source water and tap water, suggesting that these effluents can serve as sources of N-nitrosamines to local drinking water systems. This study suggests that N-nitrosamines are prevalent in typical IWWTPs, which may infect drinking water systems. The findings of this study provide a basis data for the scientific evaluation of environmental processes of N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, PR China
| | - Zifeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yuru Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Lin H, Zhou L, Lu S, Yang H, Li Y, Yang X. Occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of natural and synthetic steroid hormones in soil, water, and sediment systems in suburban agricultural area of Guangzhou City, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134288. [PMID: 38626685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are highly potent compounds that can disrupt the endocrine systems of aquatic organisms. This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution of 49 steroid hormones in agricultural soils, ditch water, and sediment from suburban areas of Guangzhou City, China. The average concentrations of Σsteroid hormones in the water, soils, and sediment were 97.7 ng/L, 4460 ng/kg, and 9140 ng/kg, respectively. Elevated hormone concentrations were notable in water during the flood season compared to the dry season, whereas an inverse trend was observed in soils and sediment. These observations were attributed to illegal wastewater discharge during the flood season, and sediment partitioning of hormones and manure fertilization during the dry season. Correlation analysis further showed that population, precipitation, and number of slaughtered animals significantly influenced the spatial distribution of steroid hormones across various districts. Moreover, there was substantial mass transfer among the three media, with steroid hormones predominantly distributed in the sediment (60.8 %) and soils (34.4 %). Risk quotients, calculated as the measured concentration and predicted no-effect concentration, exceeded 1 at certain sites for some hormones, indicating high risks. This study reveals that the risk assessment of steroid hormones requires consideration of their spatiotemporal variability and inter-media mass transfer dynamics in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Liangzhuo Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shudong Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Han Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Chen Y, Zeng H, Huang H, Qin L, Qi S, Li H, Shahab A, Zhang H, Chen W. Occurrence and fate of N-nitrosamines in full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters along the Lijiang River, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133870. [PMID: 38430594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Domestic wastewaters contaminated with N-nitrosamines pose a significant threat to river ecosystems worldwide, particularly in urban areas with riparian cities. Despite widespread concern, the precise impact of these contaminants on receiving river waters remains uncertain. This study investigated eight N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their adjacent receiving river, the Lijiang River in Guilin City, Southwest China. By analyzing thirty wastewater samples from five full-scale WWTPs and twenty-three river water samples from Guilin, we quantified the mass loads of N-nitrosamines discharged into the surrounding watershed via domestic effluents. The results revealed that N-nitrosodimethylamine (10-60 ng/L), N-nitrosodiethylamine (3.4-22 ng/L), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (not detected-4.5 ng/g) were predominant in influents, effluents, and sludge, respectively, with the overall removal efficiencies ranging from 17.7 to 65.6% during wastewater treatment. Cyclic activated sludge system and ultraviolet disinfection were effective in removing N-nitrosamines (rates of 59.6% and 24.3%), while chlorine dioxide disinfection promoted their formation. A total of 30.4 g/day of N-nitrosamine mass loads were observed in the Lijiang River water, with domestic effluents contributing about 31.3% (19.4 g/day), followed by livestock breeding wastewater (34.5%, 12.0 g/day), and unknown sources (24.7%, 7.5 g/day). These findings highlight the critical role of WWTPs in transporting N-nitrosamines to watersheds and emphasize the urgent need for further investigation into other potential sources of N-nitrosamine pollution within watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, the United Kingdom
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Litang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, the United Kingdom
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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Chen Y, Huang H, Chen W, Huang X, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zeng H, Zhang H, Qi S. Impact of agricultural activities on the occurrence of N-nitrosamines in an aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:470-482. [PMID: 38282562 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines, nitroso compounds with strong carcinogenic effects on humans, have been frequently detected in natural waters. In agricultural areas, there is typically a lack of drinking water treatment processes and distribution systems. As a result, residents often consume groundwater as drinking water which may contain N-nitrosamines, necessitating the investigation of the occurrence, sources, and carcinogenic risk of N-nitrosamines within the groundwater of agricultural areas. This study identified eight N-nitrosamines in groundwater and river water in the Jianghan Plain, a famous agricultural region in central China. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) were detected in groundwater, with NDMA being the main compound detected (up to 52 ng L-1). Comparable concentrations of these N-nitrosamines were also found in river water. From laboratory experiments, we found a tremendous potential for the formation of N-nitrosamines in groundwater. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the primary sources of N-nitrosamines in groundwater were the uses of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides carrying specific N-nitrosamines such as NPYR. The average total carcinogenic risk values of detected N-nitrosamines were higher than the acceptable risk level (10-5), suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk of groundwater. Further research is urgently needed to minimize N-nitrosamine levels in the groundwater of agricultural areas, particularly in those where pesticides and fertilizers are heavily used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xuelian Huang
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Yan X, Zhu B, Huang H, Chen W, Li H, Chen Y, Liang Y, Zeng H. Analysing N-nitrosamine occurrence and sources in karst reservoirs, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:112. [PMID: 38472659 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines in reservoir water have drawn significant attention because of their carcinogenic properties. Karst reservoirs containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) are important drinking water sources and are susceptible to contamination because of the fast flow of various contaminants. However, it remains unclear whether N-nitrosamines and their precursor, DOM, spread in karst reservoirs. Therefore, this study quantitatively investigated the occurrence and sources of N-nitrosamines based on DOM properties in three typical karst reservoirs and their corresponding tap water. The results showed that N-nitrosamines were widely spread, with detection frequencies > 85%. Similar dominant compounds, including N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, and N-nitrosodibutylamine, were observed in reservoirs and tap water, with average concentrations of 4.7-8.9 and 2.8-6.7 ng/L, respectively. The average carcinogenic risks caused by these N-nitrosamines were higher than the risk level of 10-6. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix modeling revealed that DOM was composed of humus-like component 1 (C1) and protein-like component 2 (C2). Fluorescence indicators showed that DOM in reservoir water was mainly affected by exogenous pollution and algal growth, whereas in tap water, DOM was mainly affected by microbial growth with strong autopoietic properties. In the reservoir water, N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine were significantly correlated with C2 and biological indicators, indicating their endogenously generated sources. Based on the principal component analysis and multiple linear regression methods, five sources of N-nitrosamines were identified: agricultural pollution, microbial sources, humus sources, degradation processes, and other factors, accounting for 46.8%, 36.1%, 7.82%, 8.26%, and 0.96%, respectively. For tap water, two sources, biological reaction processes, and water distribution systems, were identified, accounting for 75.7% and 24.3%, respectively. Overall, this study presents quantitative information on N-nitrosamines' sources based on DOM properties in typical karst reservoirs and tap water, providing a basis for the safety of drinking water for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Bingquan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Li J, Arnold WA, Hozalski RM. Animal Feedlots and Domestic Wastewater Discharges are Likely Sources of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Precursors in Midwestern Watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2973-2983. [PMID: 38290429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor concentrations along four major rivers in Minnesota, USA were quantified and correlated with watershed land cover types, anthropogenic activity, and organic matter characteristics. River water samples (36 in total) were chloraminated under uniform formation conditions (UFC) before and after lime-softening treatment, and the resulting NDMA concentrations were quantified (NDMAUFC). Regarding land cover, NDMAUFC in raw river water exhibited weak positive correlations with urban land (ρ = 0.33, p = 0.05) and cropland coverage (ρ = 0.35, p = 0.04). For anthropogenic activity, NDMAUFC in raw river water positively correlated with the number of feedlots (ρ = 0.57), total weight of animals (ρ = 0.68), and total number of domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs; ρ = 0.63) with p < 0.01. NDMAUFC positively correlated with region IV fluorescence intensity from fluorescence excitation-emission spectra (ρ = 0.70, p < 0.01). Lime softening of river water typically increased NDMAUFC and preferentially removed organic matter that fluoresces in region V, suggesting that the organic matter in this region decreases NDMAUFC by competing for available chloramines. Overall, animal feedlots, along with domestic WWTPs, are predominant sources of NDMA precursors in the studied watersheds, while croplands and urban runoff are of lesser importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Li J, Arnold WA, Hozalski RM. Spatiotemporal Variability in N-Nitrosodimethylamine Precursor Levels in a Watershed Impacted by Agricultural Activities and Municipal Wastewater Discharges and Effects of Lime Softening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13959-13969. [PMID: 37671798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The Crow River, a tributary of the Mississippi River in Minnesota, U.S.A., that is impacted by agricultural activities and municipal wastewater discharges, was sampled approximately monthly at 12 locations over 18 months to investigate temporal and spatial variations in N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor levels. NDMA precursors were quantified primarily by measuring NDMA formed under the low chloramine dose uniform formation conditions protocol (NDMAUFC) and occasionally using the high dose formation potential protocol (NDMAFP). Raw water NDMAUFC concentrations (2.2 to 128 ng/L) exhibited substantial temporal variation but relatively little spatial variation. An increase in NDMAUFC was observed for 126 of 169 water samples after lime-softening treatment. A kinetic model indicates that under chloramine-limited UFC test conditions, the increase in NDMAUFC can be attributed to a decrease in competition between precursors and natural organic matter (NOM) for chloramines and reduced interactions of precursors with NOM. NDMAUFC concentrations correlated positively with dissolved nitrogen concentration (ρ = 0.44, p < 0.01) when excluding the spring snowmelt period and negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon concentration (ρ = -0.47, p < 0.01). Overall, NDMA precursor levels were highly dynamic and strongly affected by lime-softening treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Farré MJ, Insa S, Gernjak W, Corominas L, Čelić M, Acuña V. N-Nitrosamines and their precursors in wastewater effluents from selected industries in Spain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131159. [PMID: 36905908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines (NAs), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in particular, are hazardous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) relevant when wastewater impacts drinking water sources and, in water reuse practices. Our study investigates the concentrations of NDMA and five additional NAs and their precursors in industrial wastewater effluents. Aiming to identify potential differences between industrial typologies, wastewaters from 38 industries belonging to 11 types of the UN International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities system (ISIC) were analysed. Results show that the presence of most NAs and their precursors cannot be linked to a specific industry type as these were in general very different within the classes. Nevertheless, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) as well as precursors for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), NPIP and N-nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) could be rank with different concentrations between ISIC classes (p-value < 0.05). Specific industrial wastewater with notable high concentrations of NAs and their precursors were identified too. The effluents with the highest concentration of NDMA belong to the ISIC C2011 class (Manufacture of basic chemical), while the effluents with the highest concentration of NDMA precursors were from the ISIC C1511 class (Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur). Other relevant NAs found were NDEA in ISIC class B0810 (Quarrying of stone, sand, and clay) and ISIC class C2029 (Manufacture of other chemical products).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
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Breider F, Gachet Aquillon C, von Gunten U. A survey of industrial N-nitrosamine discharges in Switzerland. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131094. [PMID: 36867906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are formed during different industrial processes and are of significant concern due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. This study reports concentrations of N-nitrosamines in eight different industrial wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland and the variability of their abundance. Only four N-nitrosamines species, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDPA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were above the limit of quantification in this campaign. Remarkably high concentrations (i.e. up to 975 μg NDMA/L, 90.7 μg NDEA/L, 1.6 μg NDPA/L and 710 μg NMOR/L) of these N-nitrosamines were detected at seven of eight sites. These concentrations are two to five orders of magnitude higher than those typically detected in municipal wastewater effluents. These results suggest that industrial effluents may be a major source of N-nitrosamines. Although very high concentrations of N-nitrosamine have been detected in industrial discharges, various processes in surface water can partially mitigate their concentrations (e.g. photolysis, biodegradation and volatilization) and hence the risk to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, there is little information on long-term effects on aquatic organisms and therefore the discharge of N-nitrosamines to the environment should be avoided until the impact on ecosystems is assessed. During winter a less efficient mitigation of N-nitrosamines can be expected (lower biological activity, less sunlight) and therefore, emphasis should be put on this season in future risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Breider
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC, IIE, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Urs von Gunten
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC, IIE, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Liu T, Liao X, Lin X, Yu J, Qi H, Jiang Z, Zou J, Li Q. Influencing pathways and toxicity changes of pre-ozonation on carcinogenic NDEA formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent DEAPA in subsequent disinfection processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162355. [PMID: 36822419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the feasibility of controlling carcinogenic nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent 3-diethylaminopropylamine (DEAPA) by pre-O3 in subsequent chlorination/chloramination processes. The result indicated that the NDEA yields (0.4 %) during chlorination was 1.3 times of that during chloramination (0.3 %); pre-oxidation with 4 mg/L O3 significantly cut down its formation; the reduction rates were up to 67.5 and 48.5 %, respectively. OH scavenger greatly augmented the final NDEA amount from 1.86 to 5.05 μg/L during ozonation, while its roles on subsequent processes differed with disinfection methods as well as O3(g) dosages. Most of co-existed substances inhibited NDEA generation, except NO2-, CO32- and SO42-, which slightly promoted during ozonation. Basing on Gaussian calculation, GC/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, the influencing mechanisms of pre-O3 on NDEA formation in subsequent disinfection processes were proposed. In addition, the calculated toxicity analysis as well as the whole toxicity was applied to evaluate the possibility of pre-O3 on risk control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Liu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Xinna Lin
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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11
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Liang X, Xie R, He Y, Li W, Du B, Zeng L. Broadening the lens on bisphenols in coastal waters: Occurrence, partitioning, and input fluxes of multiple novel bisphenol S derivatives along with BPA and BPA analogues in the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121194. [PMID: 36738885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S derivatives (BDs) are being widely used as novel substitutes for BPA and BPA analogues (BPAs), causing pollution in various environmental compartments. However, the occurrence and fate of BDs in coastal waters are currently unknown. To broaden the lens on bisphenols in coastal waters, this study measured a broad suite of 23 bisphenols, including 12 BDs along with BPA and 10 BPAs, in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment from eight major outlets of the Pearl River Delta, China (PRD). In addition to BPA and BPAs, all the 12 BDs were detected in the collected samples. The total concentration of 12 BDs ranged from 1.2 to 25 ng/L (median of 4.3 ng/L) in water samples, 0.80-13 ng/g dw (median of 3.0 ng/g dw) in SPM samples and 0.48-3.7 ng/g dw (median of 0.64 ng/g dw) in sediment samples. For most individual BDs, they had comparable concentrations to individual BPAs. In addition, logKd values of the frequently detected bisphenols, including BPA, BPS, BPF, 4-((4-Isopropoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)phenol (BPSIP), 2,4-bis(phenylsulfonyl)phenol (DBSP), and other 9 bisphenols, were significantly correlated with their logKow values (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.05), indicating that the partitioning of bisphenols between the aqueous and SPM phases were strongly influenced by hydrophobic interaction. Based on bisphenols' concentrations in water from the eight outlets of PRD, the estimated input fluxes of novel BDs (1900 kg/y) were found to be even higher than that of BPAs (550 kg/y). This indicates that the riverine input of BDs into the coastal environment is gradually increasing, which should be taken seriously in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruiman Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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12
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Xia J, Chen Y, Huang H, Li H, Huang D, Liang Y, Zeng H, Chen W. Occurrence and mass loads of N-nitrosamines discharged from different anthropogenic activities in Desheng River, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57975-57988. [PMID: 36973615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are widespread in various bodies of water, which is of great concern due to their carcinogenic risks and harmful mutagenic effects. Livestock rearing, domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters are the main sources of N-nitrosamines in environmental water. However, information on the amount of N-nitrosamines these different wastewaters contribute to environmental water is scarce. Here, we investigated eight N-nitrosamines and assessed their mass loadings in the Desheng River to quantify the contributions discharged from different anthropogenic activities. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (< 1.6-18 ng/L), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) (< 2.2 ng/L), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) (< 1.7-2.4 ng/L), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) (< 1.8-18 ng/L), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) (< 2.0-3.5 ng/L), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) (< 2.2-2.5 ng/L), and N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) (< 3.3-16 ng/L) were detected. NDMA and NDBA were the dominant compounds contributing 89% and 92% to the total N-nitrosamine concentrations. The mean cumulative concentrations of N-nitrosamines in the livestock rearing area (26 ± 11 ng/L) and industrial area (24 ± 4.8 ng/L) were higher than those in the residential area (16 ± 6.3 ng/L) and farmland area (15 ± 5.1 ng/L). The mean concentration of N-nitrosamines in the tributaries (22 ng/L) was slightly higher than that in the mainstem (17 ng/L), probably due to the dilution effect of the mainstem. However, the mass loading assessment based on the river's flow and water concentrations suggested the negligible mass emission of N-nitrosamines into the mainstem from tributaries, which could be due to the small water flow of tributaries. The average mass loads of N-nitrosamines discharged into the mainstem were ranked as the livestock rearing area (742.7 g/d), industrial area (558.6 g/d), farmland area (93.9 g/d), and residential areas (83.2 g/d). In the livestock rearing, residential, and industrial area, NDMA (60.9%, 53.6%, and 46.7%) and NDBA (34.6%, 33.3%, and 44.9%) contributed the most mass loads; NDMA (23.4%), NDEA (15.8%), NPYR (10.1%), NPIP (12.8%), and NDBA (37.8%) contributed almost all the mass loads in the farmland area. Photodegradation amounts of NDMA (0.65 ~ 5.25 µg/(m3·day)), NDBA (0.37 ~ 0.91 µg/(m3·day)), and NDEA (0 ~ 0.66 µg/(m3·day)) were also calculated according to the mass loading. Quantifying the contribution of different anthropogenic activities to the river will provide important information for regional river water quality protection. Risk quotient (RQ) values showed the negligible ecological risks for fish, daphnid, and green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Xia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, No.319 Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, No.319 Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabao Huang
- Guangxi Shangshanruoshui Development Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, No.319 Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, No.319 Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, No.319 Yanshan Street, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Cai H, Shen C, Xu H, Qian H, Pei S, Cai P, Song J, Zhang Y. Seasonal variability, predictive modeling and health risks of N-nitrosamines in drinking water of Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159530. [PMID: 36270378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in drinking water is of significant concern. In the present study, eight N-nitrosamines from three representative drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Shanghai, China were monitored for an entire year to evaluate their seasonal variability, probabilistic cancer risk and the resulting disease burden. The possibility of employing routinely monitored water quality parameters as predictors of N-nitrosamines was also examined. The results showed that the Taipu River-fed reservoir suffered more serious N-nitrosamine contamination than the Yangtze River-fed reservoirs. Winter witnessed higher levels of N-nitrosamines in both source and finished water. N-nitrosamine concentrations increased from source water to finished water in autumn or winter, but no spatial variations were observed in summer. The total lifetime cancer risk (LCR) posed by N-nitrosamines in finished water was within the acceptable range (1.00 × 10-6 to 1.00 × 10-4), with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) being the main contributors. Winter and autumn were found to have higher total LCR values. The average individual disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost was 4.43 × 10-6 per person-year (ppy), exceeding the reference risk level (1.00 × 10-6 ppy). Liver cancer accounted for 97.1 % of the total disease burden, while bladder and esophagus cancers made a little contribution (2.9 %). A multiple regression model was developed to estimate the total N-nitrosamines in finished water as a function of water quality parameters, and the R2 value was 0.735. This study not only provides fundamental data for public health policy development, but also reveals the necessity to incorporate a seasonal control strategy in DWTPs to minimize the associated health risks induced by N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Chaoye Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Hailei Qian
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Saifeng Pei
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jun Song
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Risk Monitoring Project for Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
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14
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Zhang H, Lu L, Zhao C, Liu Q, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Pu Y, Wang S, Liu R, Yin L. Lipid metabolism disorders contribute to hepatotoxicity of ICR mice induced by nitrosamines exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107423. [PMID: 35908391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risks caused by crucial environmental carcinogens N-nitrosamines triggered ubiquitous attention. As the liver exerted vital function through metabolic process, lipid metabolism disorders have been confirmed as potential drivers for toxicological effects, and the mechanisms of lipid regulation related to hepatotoxicity induced by N-nitrosamines remained largely unclear. In this study, we comprehensively explored the disturbance of hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice induced by nitrosamines. The results implied that nitrosamines exposure induced hepatotoxicity accompanied by liver injury, inflammatory infiltration, and hepatic edema. Lipidomics profiling analysis indicated the decreased levels of phosphatidic acids (PA), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LPC), lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPE), diacylglycerols (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG), the elevation of ceramides (Cer) and decomposition of free fatty acids (FFA) in high-dose nitrosamines exposure group. Importantly, nitrosamines exposure promoted fatty acid oxidation (FAO) by facilitating fatty acid uptake and decomposition, together with the upregulation of genes associated with FAO accompanied by the activation of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and NLRP3. Furthermore, fatty acid translocase CD36-mediated fatty acid oxidation was correlated with the enhancement of oxidative stress in the liver caused by nitrosamines exposure. Overall, our results contributed to the new strategies to interpret the early toxic effects of nitrosamines exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Wang H, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Zeng F, Zhang J, Dang Z. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and main source identification of ten bisphenol analogues in the dry season of the Pearl River, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27352-27365. [PMID: 34978033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) including bisphenol a (BPA) have been broadly utilized as industrial feedstocks and unavoidably discharged into water bodies. However, there is little published data on the occurrence, distribution, and environmental risks of other BPs in surface water. In this study, ten BPs besides BPA were analyzed in surface water from the Pearl River, South China. Among these detected BPs, BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected compounds. The median concentrations of the measured BPs were ranked in the order of BPA (34.9 ng/L) > BPS (24.8 ng/L) > BPAF (10.1 ng/L) > bisphenol F (BPF) (9.0 ng/L) > bisphenol B (BPB) (7.6 ng/L) > bisphenol C (BPC) (1.2 ng/L). Among them, BPA and BPS were predominant BPs, contributing 68% of the total ten BPs in surface water of the Pearl River. These results demonstrated that BPA and BPS were the most extensively utilized and manufactured BPs in this region. The source analysis of BPs suggested that the BPs may be originated from domestic wastewater, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and the leaching of microplastic in surface water of the Pearl River. The calculated BP-derived estrogenic activity exhibited low to medium risks in surface water, but their combined estrogenic effects with other endocrine disrupting compounds should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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16
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Luo K, Pu Y, Yin L. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism associated with esophageal inflammation of ICR mice induced by nitrosamines exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118680. [PMID: 34915095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, as ubiquitous environmental carcinogens with adverse impact on human health, were crucial inducers of esophageal cancer (EC). Esophageal inflammation (EI) was an important biological process and considered to be associated with the progression of EC. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of EI process caused by nitrosamines exposure remained largely unclear. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on mass spectrometry was utilized to explore the effect of nitrosamines exposure to ICR mice. Also, the changes of pivotal metabolic enzyme levels, urinary nitrosamines and histopathological analysis were evaluated. The results showed that nitrosamines exposure was intimately interrelated with EI process in mice. Metabolomics profiling analysis indicated that nitrosamines caused significant alterations of metabolic pathway predominantly enriched in fatty acid metabolism. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that nitrosamines promoted decomposition of fatty acids and facilitated fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) of mice. The significant increase of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and downregulation of acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) would promote FAO in EI process induced by nitrosamines. Additionally, the exposure levels of more than half of nitrosamines in urine were correlated with inflammatory fatty acid biomarkers. Overall, this study found that EI triggered by nitrosamines may be associated with the promotion of FAO, and provided novel insights for evaluating the underlying mechanism of environmental pollutant-caused toxicity based on metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhou J, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Wang S, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. Metabolomics-based molecular signatures reveal the toxic effect of co-exposure to nitrosamines in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111997. [PMID: 34506781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, a group of emerging nitrogenous pollutants, are ubiquitously found in the drinking water system. However, less is known about how systemic biological responses resist or tolerate nitrosamines, especially long-term co-exposure at low concentrations. In this study, untargeted metabolomics was used to investigate the metabolic perturbations in human esophageal epithelial Het-1A cells induced by a mixture of nine common nitrosamines in drinking water at environmentally relevant, human-internal-exposure, and genotoxic concentrations. Generally, the disrupted metabolic spectrum became complicated with nitrosamines dose increasing. Notably, two inflammation-associated pathways, namely, cysteine (Cys) and methionine (MET) metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, changed significantly under the action of nitrosamines, even at the environmentally relevant level. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics and molecular biology indicators in cells were identified in mice synchronously. For one thing, the up-regulated Cys and MET metabolism provided methyl donors for histone methylation in the context of pro-inflammatory response. For another, the down-regulated NAD+/NADH ratio inhibited the deacetylation of NF-кB p65 and eventually activated the NF-кB signaling pathway. Taken collectively, the metabolomics molecular signatures were important indicative markers for nitrosamines-induced inflammation. The potential crosstalk between the inflammatory cascade and metabolic regulation also requires further studies. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to long-term co-exposure at low concentrations in the control of nitrosamines pollution in drinking water. Additionally, this study also highlights a good prospect of the combined metabolomic-molecular biology approach in environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Zhao B, Wong Y, Ihara M, Nakada N, Yu Z, Sugie Y, Miao J, Tanaka H, Guan Y. Characterization of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors as non-point source pollutants during heavy rainfall events in an urban water environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127552. [PMID: 34736194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and their specific precursors (N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF] for NDMA and morpholine [MOR] for NMOR) were widely identified in runoff of urban area around the southern Lake Biwa basin, Japan. It was thought that this runoff might constitute a non-point source of the four compounds in rivers and sewage treatment plants (STPs) during heavy rainfall events. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of NDMA, NMOR, DMF and MOR in runoff and rivers in rainy days. NDMA and NMOR were detected in concentrations of up to 295 ng/L, while DMF and MOR were detected in concentrations of up to 33.7 µg/L. Continuous sequential sampling over periods of 24 or 48 h at the largest STP in the study area revealed that the four compounds in the primary effluent (PE) each had higher mass fluxes during heavy rainfall events than on dry days. This phenomenon might be contributed to non-point sources (e.g., runoff) from infiltration/inflow related to rainwater into sanitary sewers. Moreover, the four compounds were confirmed to have higher mass fluxes in the final effluent of the STP during periods of PE bypass (1.3-1.7 times for NDMA, NMOR, and MOR; over 200 times for DMF; on average) than that on dry days because of increasing inflow during heavy rain than during periods without PE bypass in dry weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Cooperative Research and Education Center for Environmental Technology of Kyoto University and Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yongjie Wong
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Norihide Nakada
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Zaizhi Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sugie
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Jia Miao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Cooperative Research and Education Center for Environmental Technology of Kyoto University and Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Cooperative Research and Education Center for Environmental Technology of Kyoto University and Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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19
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Maqbool T, Zhang J, Li Q, Qin Y, Chen L, Zhang Z. Occurrence and fate of N-nitrosamines in three full-scale drinking water treatment systems with different treatment trains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146982. [PMID: 33866170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in drinking water is of great concern. In this study, dynamics and removal of nine N-nitrosamines in three drinking water treatment systems of a southern city of China are monitored during one year of sampling. The impacts of physicochemical treatment units on the removal and generation of N-nitrosamines were evaluated. The O3 and KMnO4 based pre-oxidation units have caused an increase in N-nitrosamines concentration, with O3 showing the substantial generation of N-nitrosamines. The carbon filter and ultrafiltration membrane units were found effective in removing N-nitrosamine precursors. These drinking water treatment systems have been useful in removing N-nitrosamine precursors; meanwhile, a slight decrease was found in already formed N-nitrosamines concentration. However, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) were found resistant toward all kinds of physicochemical treatments, and negligible changes in concentration were noted in all drinking water treatment systems. The distribution networks in the city provided an effective contact period to residual chlorine and precursors, which caused an increase in N-nitrosamines concentration. Overall, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA) have been found near the cancer risk threshold (10-6) in all of the drinking water treatment systems, while the remaining seven N-nitrosamines were found below the risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Maqbool
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianye Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanling Qin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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20
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Qiu Y, Bei E, Li X, Xie S, Xiao H, Luo Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen C. Quantitative analysis of source and fate of N-nitrosamines and their precursors in an urban water system in East China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125700. [PMID: 34088188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The source and fate of N-nitrosamines and their precursors in terms of formation potential (FP) was investigated quantitatively in the city level for the first time. Different sources of nitrosamines and their precursors were investigated in one city in the Yangtze River delta, China. The source water located downstream of the city contained 8.4 ng/L of N-nitrosodimethyamine (NDMA) and 153 ng/L of NDMA FP. The contribution of each discharge source was evaluated based on the concentration, the river water flux, and the amount of wastewater discharges. Textile printing and dyeing wastewater, and electroplating industrial wastewater contained high concentration of nitrosamines and were important discharge sources. Taking NDMA and NDMA FP attenuation by photolysis and biodegradation into consideration, the mass load calculation showed upstream surface water brought about 13 ± 4% of NDMA and 21 ± 3% of NDMA FP to downstream source water. Local wastewater discharges contributed 30 ± 8% of NDMA and 17 ± 2% of NDMA FP to downstream source water. Endogenous formation via amino acids metabolism could contribute 36% of NDMA FP (maximum) to downstream source water. Overall, this study provides a protocol for quantitative evaluation of the nitrosamine contribution to urban water supply from different contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Xiao Li
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China, 215163
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Yihua Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; School of Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China, 215163
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China, 215163
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China, 215163.
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21
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Zhang J, Maqbool T, Qiu Y, Qin Y, Asif MB, Chen C, Zhang Z. Determining the leading sources of N-nitrosamines and dissolved organic matter in four reservoirs in Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145409. [PMID: 33548708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater is a significant concern from the perspective of public health and drinking water treatment plant operation. This study investigated the N-nitrosamines concentration and their precursors' distributions, and DOM composition in four reservoirs located in a southern city of China. A total of 22 renowned precursors were identified. Precursors from industrial and pharmaceutical origins were found to be dominant in all reservoirs; however, traces of pesticide-based precursors, i.e. pirimicarb and cycluron were also found. The distribution of nine N-nitrosamines was substantially different among the reservoirs. N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were abundantly present in all reservoirs. Most of N-nitrosamines except NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were far below the generally accepted cancer risk of 10-6, and NDMA/NDEA were found close to the risk level (10-6). Anthropogenic DOM was dominant in three reservoirs as depicted by a higher biological index (BIX) than the humification index (HIX). By the principle component analysis, BIX appeared as an indicator of N-nitrosamines (except NDEA and NPIP). A strong and direct relationship was observed between the NDMA-formation potential (FP) and concentration of total N-nitrosamines (∑NA), and BIX. These results confirmed that the anthropogenic activities were the leading source of DOM and N-nitrosamines in this city based on land-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tahir Maqbool
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanling Qin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Asif
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Chen Y, Chen W, Huang H, Zeng H, Tan L, Pang Y, Ghani J, Qi S. Occurrence of N-nitrosamines and their precursors in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110673. [PMID: 33508261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of some types of N-nitrosamines in water bodies is of great concern worldwide due to their carcinogenic risks and harmful mutagenic effects on human health. In the present study, eight N-nitrosamines and their formation potentials (FPs) were primarily investigated in Yangtze River surface water to evaluate their spatial distribution, mass loads, and ecological risks. The results showed that of the eight N-nitrosamines investigated, NDMA (<1.5-17 ng/L), NDEA (<1.4-9.5 ng/L), NDPA (1.0 ng/L), NMOR (<1.0-1.3 ng/L), NPIP (<2.1-3.7 ng/L), and NDBA (<3.6-30 ng/L) were detected. The FPs of NDMA (<27-130 ng/L), NDEA (<0.9-2.3 ng/L), NDPA (<1.2-1.9 ng/L), NPYR (<1.4-2.9 ng/L), NMOR (<1.0 ng/L), and NDBA (<1.1-14 ng/L) were significantly identified. NDBA was predominantly observed in surface water, while NDMA was noticeably detected in chloraminated water samples. It was estimated that approximately 5.4 t/y of N-nitrosamines were carried by the Yangtze River to the East China Sea, whereas the input flux of N-nitrosamine precursors was estimated to be approximately 69.5 t/y. Spatial variations were observed due to the input of N-nitrosamines from the upstream dams and lakes. The origin of N-nitrosamine precursors was not associated with the presence of sediment in river water. NDEA could be introduced into river water by the discharge of wastewater. NDBA and its precursors could originate from industrial and aquaculture activities. NDMA and its precursors could result from both of the aforementioned sources. Moreover, the wastewater discharge from small cities, pH value, wastewater treatment ratio, and dilution could be the key factors that influence the occurrence of N-nitrosamines along the Yangtze River. More attention should be paid to the cancer risks posed by N-nitrosamines. The ecological risks posed by N-nitrosamines in the Yangtze River can be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lingzhi Tan
- Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430012, China
| | - Yu Pang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Junaid Ghani
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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23
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Brienza M, Manasfi R, Sauvêtre A, Chiron S. Nitric oxide reactivity accounts for N-nitroso-ciprofloxacin formation under nitrate-reducing conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116293. [PMID: 32818734 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of N-nitroso-ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated both in wastewater treatment plants including nitrification/denitrification stages and in sludge slurry experiments under denitrifying conditions. The analysis of biological wastewater treatment plant effluents by Kendrick mass defect analysis and liquid chromatography - high resolution - mass spectrometry (LCHRMS) revealed the occurrence of N-nitroso-CIP and N-nitroso-hydrochlorothiazide at concentration levels of 34 ± 3 ng/L and 71 ± 6 ng/L, respectively. In laboratory experiments and dark conditions, produced N-nitroso-CIP concentrations reached a plateau during the course of biodegradation experiments. A mass balance was achieved after identification and quantification of several transformation products by LCHRMS. N-nitroso-CIP accounted for 14.3% of the initial CIP concentration (20 µg/L) and accumulated against time. The use of 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and superoxide dismutase as scavengers for in situ production of nitric oxide and superoxide radical anion respectively, revealed that the mechanisms of formation of N-nitroso-CIP likely involved a nitrosation pathway through the formation of peroxynitrite and another one through codenitrification processes, even though the former one appeared to be prevalent. This work extended the possible sources of N-nitrosamines by including a formation pathway relying on nitric oxide reactivity with secondary amines under activated sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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24
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Luo Q, Bei E, Liu C, Deng YL, Miao Y, Qiu Y, Lu WQ, Chen C, Zeng Q. Spatial, temporal variability and carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrosamines in a drinking water system in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139695. [PMID: 32497885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, as a class of emerging frequently detected nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) in drinking water, have gained increasing attention due to their potentially high health risk. Few studies focus on the occurrence variation and carcinogenic health risk of nitrosamines in drinking water systems. Our study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of nitrosamines in a drinking water system and to conduct a carcinogenic health risk assessment. Three types of water samples, including influent water, treated water and tap water, were collected monthly during an entire year in a drinking water system utilizing a combination of chlorine dioxide and chlorine in central China, and 9 nitrosamines were measured. The nitrosamine formation potentials (FPs) in influent water were also determined. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the most prevalent compound and was dominant in the water samples with average concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 67.4 ng/L, followed by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). Nitrosamine occurrence varied monthly, and significant seasonal differences were observed in tap water (p < .05). There were decreasing mean NDMA, NDEA and NPIP concentrations from influent water to treated water to tap water, but no significant spatial variability was observed within the water distribution system (p > .05). The average and 95th percentile total lifetime cancer risks for the three main nitrosamines were 4.83 × 10-5 and 4.48 × 10-4, respectively, exceeding the negligible risk level (10-6) proposed by the USEPA. Exposure to nitrosamines in drinking water posed a higher cancer risk for children than for adults, and children aged 0.75 to 1 years suffered the highest cancer risk. These results suggest that nitrosamine occurrence in tap water varied temporally but not spatially. Exposure to drinking water nitrosamines may pose a carcinogenic risk to human health, especially to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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25
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Maqbool T, Zhang J, Qin Y, Ly QV, Asif MB, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Seasonal occurrence of N-nitrosamines and their association with dissolved organic matter in full-scale drinking water systems: Determination by LC-MS and EEM-PARAFAC. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116096. [PMID: 32717651 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines have been identified as emerging contaminants with tremendous carcinogenic potential for human beings. This study examined the seasonal changes in the occurrence of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA-FP) in drinking water resources and potable water from 10 drinking water treatment plants in a southern city of China. The changes in N-nitrosamines are well correlated with dissolved organic matter (DOM), particularly fluorophores, which were measured and compared between traditional fluorescence indices and excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Four of N-nitrosamine species including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and N-Nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) are found to be abundant compounds with an average of 29.5% (26.7%), 20.0% (25.2%), 18.9% (16.0%), and 9.0% (9.9%) in the source (and treated) water, respectively. The sum of N-nitrosamines concentration is recorded to be low in the wet season (July-September), whereas the dry season (October-December) provided opposite impacts. EEM-PARAFAC modeling indicated the predominance of humic-like component (C1) in the wet season while in the dry season the water was dominant in protein-like component (C2). All the N-nitrosamines excluding NDPhA and N-Nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) showed a strong association with protein-like component (C2). In contrast, humic-like C1, which was directly influenced by rainfall, was found to be a suitable proxy for NMOR and NDPhA. The results of this study are valuable to understand the correlation between different N-nitrosamines and DOM through adopting fluorescence signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Maqbool
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanling Qin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quang Viet Ly
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Muhammad Bilal Asif
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Huang Z, Zhao JL, Yang YY, Jia YW, Zhang QQ, Chen CE, Liu YS, Yang B, Xie L, Ying GG. Occurrence, mass loads and risks of bisphenol analogues in the Pearl River Delta region, South China: Urban rainfall runoff as a potential source for receiving rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114361. [PMID: 32203855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol (BP) analogues are widely used as industrial materials and various product additives and are inevitably released into environment. However, knowledge on the sources of different BPs, especially those from urban rainfall runoff to the receiving rivers is very limited. In this study, 15 BPs were determined in surface water, sediments, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and rainfall runoff samples in the Pearl River region, South China. Eleven BPs were detected in surface water and sediments of the Pearl Rivers. BPA was the dominant compound up to 2080 ng/L in surface and 1970 ng/g in sediments, followed by BPF, BPS, BPTMC and BPAF. In WWTPs, 10, 9 and 8 BPs were detected in influents, effluents and excess sludges, respectively, with total BPs (ΣBPs) concentrations in effluents still at thousands ng/L, suggesting incompletely removal of BPs. Five BPs were detected in urban rainfall runoff samples, with the ΣBPs concentrations up to 7740 ng/L. Mass loads of ΣBPs from the rainfall runoff (5800 kg/y) were almost equivalent to the source from WWTPs (7370 kg/y) in the region, implying that the urban rainfall runoff was a potential source for BPs into the receiving river. The calculated estrogenic activity contributed by BPs showed low to median risks in sources and receiving rivers. But BPs are always as mixtures with other potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which probably pose high estrogenic activity risks. Hence, effective measures should be taken to decrease the input of EDCs from sources to receiving rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Wei Jia
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Hao
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (BUCEA), China.
| | - Guanghao Chen
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), China.
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia.
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