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Pfann M, Ben-Tal Cohen E, Sela-Donenfeld D, Cinnamon Y. Application of the Magnet-Cre optogenetic system in the chicken model. Dev Biol 2025; 523:68-81. [PMID: 40187475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025]
Abstract
Chickens serve as an excellent model organism for developmental biology, offering unique opportunities for precise spatiotemporal access to embryos within eggs. Optogenes are light-activated proteins that regulate gene expression, offering a non-invasive method to activate genes at specific locations and developmental stages, advancing developmental biology research. This study employed the Magnet-Cre optogenetic system to control gene expression in developing chicken embryos. Magnet-Cre consists of two light-sensitive protein domains that dimerize upon light activation, each attached to an inactive half of the Cre recombinase enzyme, which becomes active upon dimerization. We developed an all-in-one plasmid containing a green fluorescent protein marker, the Magnet-Cre system, and a light-activated red fluorescent protein gene. This plasmid was electroporated into the neural tube of Hamburger and Hamilton (H&H) stage 14 chicken embryos. Embryo samples were cleared using the CUBIC protocol and imaged with a light sheet microscope to analyze optogenetic activity via red-fluorescent cells. We established a pipeline for Magnet-Cre activation in chicken embryos, demonstrating that a single 3-min exposure to blue light following incubation at 28 °C was sufficient to trigger gene activity within the neural tube, with increased activity upon additional light exposure. Finally, we showed a spatiotemporal control of gene activity using a localized laser light induction. This research lays the groundwork for further advancements in avian developmental biology and poultry research, enabling spatiotemporal control of genes in both embryos and transgenic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pfann
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Enbal Ben-Tal Cohen
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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2
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Williams RM. Leveraging chicken embryos for studying human enhancers. Dev Biol 2025; 524:123-131. [PMID: 40368318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
The dynamic activity of complex gene regulatory networks stands at the core of all cellular functions that define cell identity and behaviour. Gene regulatory networks comprise transcriptional enhancers, acted upon by cell-specific transcription factors to control gene expression in a spatial and temporal specific manner. Enhancers are found in the non-coding genome; pathogenic variants can disrupt enhancer activity and lead to disease. Correlating non-coding variants with aberrant enhancer activity remains a significant challenge. Due to their clinical significance, there is a longstanding interest in understanding enhancer function during early embryogenesis. With the onset of the omics era, it is now feasible to identify putative tissue-specific enhancers from epigenome data. However, such predictions in vivo require validation. The early stages of chick embryogenesis closely parallel those of human, offering an accessible in vivo model in which to assess the activity of putative human enhancer sequences. This review explores the unique advantages and recent advancements in employing chicken embryos to elucidate the activity of human transcriptional enhancers and the potential implications of these findings in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Williams
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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3
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Zhu H, Bendall AJ. Measuring transcription factor function with cell type-specific somatic transgenesis in chicken embryos. Dev Biol 2024; 508:1-7. [PMID: 38218394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Retroviral-mediated misexpression in chicken embryos has been a powerful research tool for developmental biologists in the last two decades. In the RCASBP retroviral vectors that are widely used for in vivo somatic transgenesis, a coding sequence of interest is under the transcriptional control of a strong viral promoter in the long terminal repeat. While this has proven to be effective for studying secreted signalling proteins, interpretation of the mechanisms of action of nuclear factors is more difficult using this system since it is not clear whether phenotypic effects are cell-autonomous or not, and therefore whether they represent a function of the endogenous protein. Here, we report the consequences of retroviral expression using the RCANBP backbone, in which the transcription factor Dlx5 is expressed under the control of chondrocyte-specific regulatory sequences from the Col2a1 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a tissue-specific phenotype in the chicken embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bendall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Huang H, Chen Q, Xu Z, Liu F. FGF3 Directs the Pathfinding of Prethalamic GABAergic Axons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14998. [PMID: 37834446 PMCID: PMC10573444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamus plays a crucial role in ensuring the faithful transfer of sensory information, except olfactory signals, to corresponding cortical areas. However, thalamic function is not simply restricted to relaying information to and from the cerebral cortex. The ability to modulate the flow of sensory information is supported by a second abundant neuronal type in the prethalamus, the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons, which project inhibitory GABAergic axons to dorsal thalamic glutamatergic neurons. Interestingly, during the trajectory of pioneer prethalamic axons, morphogen fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-3 is expressed in the ventral chick hypothalamus. Using in vitro analyses in chick explants, we identify a chemorepellent effect of FGF3 on nearby prethalamic GABAergic axons. Furthermore, inhibition of FGF3 guidance functions indicates that FGF3 signaling is necessary to navigate prethalamic axons correctly. Gene expression analyses and loss of function studies demonstrate that FGF3 mediates prethalamic axonal guidance through the downstream pathway of the FGF receptor (FGFR)-1. Together, these results suggest that FGF3 expressed in the hypothalamus functions as a chemorepellent molecule to direct the pathway selection of neighboring GABAergic axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qingyi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhengang Xu
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Sanketi BD, Kurpios NA. In Ovo Gain- and Loss-of-Function Approaches to Study Gut Morphogenesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2438:163-181. [PMID: 35147942 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The polarity of cellular components is essential for cellular shape changes, oriented cell migration, and modulating intra- and intercellular mechanical forces. However, many aspects of polarized cell behavior-especially dynamic cell shape changes during the process of morphogenesis-are almost impossible to study in cells cultured in plastic dishes. Avian embryos have always been a treasured model system to study vertebrate morphogenesis for developmental biologists. Avian embryos recapitulate human biology particularly well in the early stages due to their flat disc gastruloids. Since avian embryos can be manipulated in ovo they present paramount opportunities for highly localized targeting of genetic mechanisms during cellular and developmental processes. Here, we review the application of these methods for both gain of function and loss of function of a gene of interest at a specific developmental stage during left-right (LR) asymmetric gut morphogenesis. These tools present a powerful premise to investigate various polarized cellular activities and molecular processes in vivo in a reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Identification of limb-specific Lmx1b auto-regulatory modules with Nail-patella syndrome pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5533. [PMID: 34545091 PMCID: PMC8452625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
LMX1B haploinsufficiency causes Nail-patella syndrome (NPS; MIM 161200), characterized by nail dysplasia, absent/hypoplastic patellae, chronic kidney disease, and glaucoma. Accordingly in mice, Lmx1b has been shown to play crucial roles in the development of the limb, kidney and eye. Although one functional allele of Lmx1b appears adequate for development, Lmx1b null mice display ventral-ventral distal limbs with abnormal kidney, eye and cerebellar development, more disruptive, but fully concordant with NPS. In Lmx1b functional knockouts (KOs), Lmx1b transcription in the limb is decreased nearly 6-fold, indicating autoregulation. Herein, we report on two conserved Lmx1b-associated cis-regulatory modules (LARM1 and LARM2) that are bound by Lmx1b, amplify Lmx1b expression with unique spatial modularity in the limb, and are necessary for Lmx1b-mediated limb dorsalization. These enhancers, being conserved across vertebrates (including coelacanth, but not other fish species), and required for normal locomotion, provide a unique opportunity to study the role of dorsalization in the fin to limb transition. We also report on two NPS patient families with normal LMX1B coding sequence, but with loss-of-function variations in the LARM1/2 region, stressing the role of regulatory modules in disease pathogenesis. Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is characterized by nail dysplasia, absent/hypoplastic patellae, chronic kidney disease, and glaucoma and can be caused by haploinsufficiency of LMX1B; however, not all patients harbor pathogenic LMX1B mutations. Here the authors show that loss-of-function variations in upstream enhancer sequences are responsible for a limb specific form of human NPS.
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Katsuyama T, Kadoya M, Shirai M, Sasai N. Sox14 is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:350-361. [PMID: 34181293 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural tube comprises several different types of progenitors and postmitotic neurons that co-ordinately act with each other to play integrated functions. Its development consists of two phases: proliferation of progenitor cells and differentiation into postmitotic neurons. How progenitor cells differentiate into each corresponding neuron is an important question for understanding the mechanisms of neuronal development. RESULTS Here we introduce one of the Sox transcription factors, Sox14, which plays an essential role in the promotion of neuronal differentiation. Sox14 belongs to the SoxB2 subclass and its expression starts in the progenitor regions before neuronal differentiation is initiated at the trunk level of the neural tube. After neuronal differentiation is initiated, Sox14 expression gradually becomes confined to the V2a region of the neural tube, where Chx10 is co-expressed. Overexpression of Sox14 restricts progenitor cell proliferation. Conversely, the blockade of Sox14 expression by the RNAi strategy inhibits V2a neuron differentiation and causes expansion of the progenitor domain. We further found that Sox14 acted as a transcriptional activator. CONCLUSIONS Sox14 acts as a modulator of cell proliferation and is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Katsuyama
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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8
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Liu K, Lv Z, Huang H, Yu S, Xiao L, Li X, Li G, Liu F. FGF3 from the Hypothalamus Regulates the Guidance of Thalamocortical Axons. Dev Neurosci 2021; 42:208-216. [PMID: 33684917 DOI: 10.1159/000513534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalamus is an important sensory relay station: afferent sensory information, except olfactory signals, is transmitted by thalamocortical axons (TCAs) to the cerebral cortex. The pathway choice of TCAs depends on diverse diffusible or substrate-bound guidance cues in the environment. Not only classical guidance cues (ephrins, slits, semaphorins, and netrins), morphogens, which exerts patterning effects during early embryonic development, can also help axons navigate to their targets at later development stages. Here, expression analyses reveal that morphogen Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-3 is expressed in the chick ventral diencephalon, hypothalamus, during the pathfinding of TCAs. Then, using in vitro analyses in chick explants, we identify a concentration-dependent effect of FGF3 on thalamic axons: attractant 100 ng/mL FGF3 transforms to a repellent at high concentration 500 ng/mL. Moreover, inhibition of FGF3 guidance functions indicates that FGF3 signaling is necessary for the correct navigation of thalamic axons. Together, these studies demonstrate a direct effect for the member of FGF7 subfamily, FGF3, in the axonal pathfinding of TCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhongsheng Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical college of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
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9
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Wilmerding A, Rinaldi L, Caruso N, Lo Re L, Bonzom E, Saurin AJ, Graba Y, Delfini MC. HoxB genes regulate neuronal delamination in the trunk neural tube by controlling the expression of Lzts1. Development 2021; 148:dev.195404. [PMID: 33472847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Differential Hox gene expression is central for specification of axial neuronal diversity in the spinal cord. Here, we uncover an additional function of Hox proteins in the developing spinal cord, restricted to B cluster Hox genes. We found that members of the HoxB cluster are expressed in the trunk neural tube of chicken embryo earlier than Hox from the other clusters, with poor antero-posterior axial specificity and with overlapping expression in the intermediate zone (IZ). Gain-of-function experiments of HoxB4, HoxB8 and HoxB9, respectively, representative of anterior, central and posterior HoxB genes, resulted in ectopic progenitor cells in the mantle zone. The search for HoxB8 downstream targets in the early neural tube identified the leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 gene (Lzts1), the expression of which is also activated by HoxB4 and HoxB9. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that Lzts1, which is expressed endogenously in the IZ, controls neuronal delamination. These data collectively indicate that HoxB genes have a generic function in the developing spinal cord, controlling the expression of Lzts1 and neuronal delamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalie Caruso
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laure Lo Re
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Bonzom
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Yacine Graba
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
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10
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Chu D, Nguyen A, Smith SS, Vavrušová Z, Schneider RA. Stable integration of an optimized inducible promoter system enables spatiotemporal control of gene expression throughout avian development. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055343. [PMID: 32917762 PMCID: PMC7561481 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely altering gene expression is critical for understanding molecular processes of embryogenesis. Although some tools exist for transgene misexpression in developing chick embryos, we have refined and advanced them by simplifying and optimizing constructs for spatiotemporal control. To maintain expression over the entire course of embryonic development we use an enhanced piggyBac transposon system that efficiently integrates sequences into the host genome. We also incorporate a DNA targeting sequence to direct plasmid translocation into the nucleus and a D4Z4 insulator sequence to prevent epigenetic silencing. We designed these constructs to minimize their size and maximize cellular uptake, and to simplify usage by placing all of the integrating sequences on a single plasmid. Following electroporation of stage HH8.5 embryos, our tetracycline-inducible promoter construct produces robust transgene expression in the presence of doxycycline at any point during embryonic development in ovo or in culture. Moreover, expression levels can be modulated by titrating doxycycline concentrations and spatial control can be achieved using beads or gels. Thus, we have generated a novel, sensitive, tunable, and stable inducible-promoter system for high-resolution gene manipulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Zuzana Vavrušová
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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11
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Arraf AA, Yelin R, Reshef I, Jadon J, Abboud M, Zaher M, Schneider J, Vladimirov FK, Schultheiss TM. Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Epithelial Morphogenesis to Position the Ventral Embryonic Midline. Dev Cell 2020; 53:589-602.e6. [PMID: 32437643 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite much progress toward understanding how epithelial morphogenesis is shaped by intra-epithelial processes including contractility, polarity, and adhesion, much less is known regarding how such cellular processes are coordinated by extra-epithelial signaling. During embryogenesis, the coelomic epithelia on the two sides of the chick embryo undergo symmetrical lengthening and thinning, converging medially to generate and position the dorsal mesentery (DM) in the embryonic midline. We find that Hedgehog signaling, acting through downstream effectors Sec5 (ExoC2), an exocyst complex component, and RhoU (Wrch-1), a small GTPase, regulates coelomic epithelium morphogenesis to guide DM midline positioning. These effects are accompanied by changes in epithelial cell-cell alignment and N-cadherin and laminin distribution, suggesting Hedgehog regulation of cell organization within the coelomic epithelium. These results indicate a role for Hedgehog signaling in regulating epithelial morphology and provide an example of how transcellular signaling can modulate specific cellular processes to shape tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Arraf
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ronit Yelin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Inbar Reshef
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Julian Jadon
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Manar Abboud
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Mira Zaher
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Jenny Schneider
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Fanny K Vladimirov
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Thomas M Schultheiss
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Toro-Tapia G, Das RM. Primary cilium remodeling mediates a cell signaling switch in differentiating neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb0601. [PMID: 32494754 PMCID: PMC7252506 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation leads to the formation of specialized cell types and complex morphological variations. Often, differentiating cells transition between states by switching how they respond to the signaling environment. However, the mechanisms regulating these transitions are poorly understood. Differentiating neurons delaminate from the neuroepithelium through the regulated process of apical abscission, which mediates an acute loss of polarity and primary cilium disassembly. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging in chick neural tube, we show that these cells retain an Arl13b+ particle, which elongates and initiates intraflagellar trafficking as it transits toward the cell body, indicating primary cilium remodeling. Notably, disrupting cilia during and after remodeling inhibits axon extension and leads to axon collapse, respectively. Furthermore, cilium remodeling corresponds to a switch from a canonical to noncanonical cellular response to Shh. This work transforms our understanding of how cells can rapidly reinterpret signals to produce qualitatively different responses within the same tissue context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toro-Tapia
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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13
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Follow Me! A Tale of Avian Heart Development with Comparisons to Mammal Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7010008. [PMID: 32156044 PMCID: PMC7151090 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can then be covered, and the embryo returned to the incubator for the desired amount of time, and observed during further development. Up to about 4 days of chicken development (out of 21 days of incubation), when the egg is opened the embryo is on top of the yolk, and its heart is on top of its body. This allows easy imaging of heart formation and heart development using non-invasive techniques, including regular optical microscopy. After day 4, the embryo starts sinking into the yolk, but still imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, can tomographically image the embryo and its heart in vivo. Importantly, because like the human heart the avian heart develops into a four-chambered heart with valves, heart malformations and pathologies that human babies suffer can be replicated in avian embryos, allowing a unique developmental window into human congenital heart disease. Here, we review avian heart formation and provide comparisons to the mammalian heart.
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14
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FGF10 regulates thalamocortical axon guidance in the developing thalamus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 716:134685. [PMID: 31836569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thalamocortical axons (TCAs) transmit sensory information to the neocortex by responding to a variety of guidance cues in the environment. Similar to classical guidance cues (ephrins, slits, semaphorins and netrins), morphogens of FGFs can also help axons navigate to their targets. Here, expression analyses reveal that FGF10 is expressed in the chick prethalamus during the navigation of TCAs. Then, using ex vivo analyses in chick explants, we demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of FGF10 on thalamic axons: low concentration of FGF10 attracts thalamic axons, while high concentration FGF10 repels thalamic axons. Moreover, inhibition of FGF10 function indicates that FGF10 exerts a direct effect on thalamic axons. Together, these studies reveal a direct role for the member of FGF7 subfamily, FGF10, in the axonal navigation of TCAs.
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15
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Lee BR, Rengaraj D, Choi HJ, Han JY. A novel F-box domain containing cyclin F like gene is required for maintaining the genome stability and survival of chicken primordial germ cells. FASEB J 2019; 34:1001-1017. [PMID: 31914591 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901294r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stability and survival of germ cells are controlled by the germline-specific genes, however, such genes are less known in the avian species. Using a microarray-based the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus dataset, we found an unigene (Gga.9721) that upregulated in the chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). The unigene showed 97% identities with an uncharacterized chicken cyclin F like gene. The predicted chicken cyclin F like gene was further characterized through expression and regulation in the chicken PGCs. The sequence analysis revealed that the gene shows identities with cyclin F gene and contains an F-box domain. The expression of chicken cyclin F like was detected specifically in the gonads, PGCs, and germline cells. The knockdown of cyclin F like gene resulted in DNA damage and apoptosis in the PGCs. The genes related to stemness and germness were downregulated, whereas, genes related to apoptosis and DNA damage response were increased in the PGCs after the knockdown of chicken cyclin F like. We further observed that the Nanog homeobox controlled the transcriptional activity of chicken cyclin F like gene in PGCs. Collectively, the chicken cyclin F like gene, which is not reported in any other species, is required for maintaining the genome stability of germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Abstract
Differentiated neurons can undergo cell cycle re-entry during pathological conditions, but it remains largely accepted that M-phase is prohibited in these cells. Here we show that primary neurons at post-synaptogenesis stages of development can enter M-phase. We induced cell cycle re-entry by overexpressing a truncated Cyclin E isoform fused to Cdk2. Cyclin E/Cdk2 expression elicits canonical cell cycle checkpoints, which arrest cell cycle progression and trigger apoptosis. As in mitotic cells, checkpoint abrogation enables cell cycle progression through S and G2-phases into M-phase. Although most neurons enter M-phase, only a small subset undergo cell division. Alternatively, neurons can exit M-phase without cell division and recover the axon initial segment, a structural determinant of neuronal viability. We conclude that neurons and mitotic cells share S, G2 and M-phase regulation.
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17
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Ueda S, Cordeiro IR, Moriyama Y, Nishimori C, Kai KI, Yu R, Nakato R, Shirahige K, Tanaka M. Cux2 refines the forelimb field by controlling expression of Raldh2 and Hox genes. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040584. [PMID: 30651234 PMCID: PMC6398465 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, two pairs of buds that give rise to the fore- and hindlimbs form at discrete positions along the rostral-caudal axis of the body. The mechanism responsible for the positioning of the limb buds is still largely unknown. Here we show a novel function for Cut homeobox transcription factor 2 (Cux2), the ortholog of Drosophila cut, in refining the forelimb field during chick development. Cux2 is expressed in the forelimb field before the emergence of the limb buds. Knocking down the expression of Cux2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in a caudal shift of the forelimb bud, whereas misexpression of Cux2 or the constitutively active Cux2-VP16 caused a rostral shift of the forelimb bud or reduction of the forelimb field along the anterior-posterior axis. Further functional analyses revealed that expression of Hoxb genes and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2), which are involved in limb positioning, are directly activated by Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm. Our data suggest that Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm refines the forelimb field via regulation of Raldh2 and Hoxb genes in chicken embryos. Summary: Cux2 in the lateral plate mesoderm refines the forelimb field via regulation of Raldh2 and Hoxb genes in chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ueda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuuta Moriyama
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Kai
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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18
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Gammill LS, Jacques-Fricke B, Roffers-Agarwal J. Embryological and Genetic Manipulation of Chick Development. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1920:75-97. [PMID: 30737687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9009-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to combine embryological manipulations with gene function analysis in an amniote embryo makes the chick a valuable system for the vertebrate developmental biologist. This chapter describes methods for those unfamiliar with the chick system wishing to initiate experiments in their lab. After outlining methods to prepare chick embryos, protocols are provided for introducing beads or cells expressing secreted factors, and for culturing tissue explants as a means of assessing development in vitro. Approaches to achieve gain of function and loss of function (morpholino oligonucleotides) in chick are outlined, and methods for introducing these reagents by electroporation are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Gammill
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Bridget Jacques-Fricke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Biology, Hamline University, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Julaine Roffers-Agarwal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Darras VM. The Role of Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Avian Embryonic Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800099 PMCID: PMC6375826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During avian embryonic development, thyroid hormones (THs) coordinate the expression of a multitude of genes thereby ensuring that the correct sequence of cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation is followed in each tissue and organ. Although THs are needed from the start of development, the embryonic thyroid gland only matures around mid-incubation in precocial birds and around hatching in altricial species. Therefore, maternal THs deposited in the egg yolk play an essential role in embryonic development. They are taken up by the embryo throughout its development, from the first day till hatching, and expression of TH regulators such as distributor proteins, transporters, and deiodinases in the yolk sac membrane provide the tools for selective metabolism and transport starting from this level. TH receptors and regulators of local TH availability are expressed in avian embryos in a dynamic and tissue/cell-specific pattern from the first stages studied, as shown in detail in chicken. Maternal hyperthyroidism via TH supplementation as well as injection of THs into the egg yolk increase TH content in embryonic tissues while induction of maternal hypothyroidism by goitrogen treatment results in a decrease. Both increase and decrease of maternal TH availability were shown to alter gene expression in early chicken embryos. Knockdown of the specific TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 at early stages in chicken cerebellum, optic tectum, or retina allowed to reduce local TH availability, interfering with gene expression and confirming that development of the central nervous system (CNS) is highly dependent on maternal THs. While some of the effects on cell proliferation, migration and differentiation seem to be transient, others result in persistent defects in CNS structure. In addition, a number of studies in both precocial and altricial birds showed that injection of THs into the yolk at the start of incubation influences a number of parameters in posthatch performance and fitness. In conclusion, the data presently available clearly indicate that maternal THs play an important role in avian embryonic development, but how exactly their influence on cellular and molecular processes in the embryo is linked to posthatch fitness needs to be further explored.
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20
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Aduma N, Izumi H, Mizushima S, Kuroiwa A. Knockdown of DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4) decreases the number of germ cells in male and female chicken embryonic gonads. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:847-854. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4; also known as vasa) is essential for the proper formation and maintenance of germ cells. Although DDX4 is conserved in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates, its roles differ between species. This study investigated the function of DDX4 in chicken embryos by knocking down its expression using retroviral vectors that encoded DDX4-targeting microRNAs. DDX4 was effectively depleted invitro and invivo via this approach. Male and female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos contained a decreased number of primordial germ cells, indicating that DDX4 is essential to maintain a normal level of these cells in chicken embryos of both sexes. Expression of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) and sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), which are involved in testis determination and differentiation, was normal in male gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. In contrast, expression of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), which encodes aromatase and is essential for ovary development, was significantly decreased in female gonads of DDX4-knockdown embryos. Expression of forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), which plays an important role in ovary differentiation, was also slightly reduced in DDX4-knockdown embryos, but not significantly. Based on several pieces of evidence FOXL2 was hypothesised to regulate aromatase expression. The results of this study indicate that aromatase expression is also regulated by several additional pathways.
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21
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Discs large 1 controls daughter-cell polarity after cytokinesis in vertebrate morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10859-E10868. [PMID: 30377270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713959115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate embryogenesis and organogenesis are driven by cell biological processes, ranging from mitosis and migration to changes in cell size and polarity, but their control and causal relationships are not fully defined. Here, we use the developing limb skeleton to better define the relationships between mitosis and cell polarity. We combine protein-tagging and -perturbation reagents with advanced in vivo imaging to assess the role of Discs large 1 (Dlg1), a membrane-associated scaffolding protein, in mediating the spatiotemporal relationship between cytokinesis and cell polarity. Our results reveal that Dlg1 is enriched at the midbody during cytokinesis and that its multimerization is essential for the normal polarity of daughter cells. Defects in this process alter tissue dimensions without impacting other cellular processes. Our results extend the conventional view that division orientation is established at metaphase and anaphase and suggest that multiple mechanisms act at distinct phases of the cell cycle to transmit cell polarity. The approach employed can be used in other systems, as it offers a robust means to follow and to eliminate protein function and extends the Phasor approach for studying in vivo protein interactions by frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) to organotypic explant culture.
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22
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Vancamp P, Bourgeois NMA, Houbrechts AM, Darras VM. Knockdown of the thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 in chicken retinal precursor cells hampers early retinal development and results in a shift towards more UV/blue cones at the expense of green/red cones. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:135-147. [PMID: 30273578 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in coordinating brain development in vertebrates. They fine-tune processes like cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation mainly by regulating the transcriptional activity of many essential genes. Regulators of TH availability thereby define the cellular concentration of the bioactive 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, which binds to nuclear TH receptors. One important regulator, the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), facilitates cellular TH uptake and is known to be necessary for correct brain development, but data on its potential role during retinal development is lacking. The retinal cyto-architecture has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, and we used the chicken embryo to study the need for MCT8 during retinal development. Its external development allows easy manipulation, and MCT8 is abundantly expressed in the retina from early stages onwards. We induced MCT8 knockdown by electroporating a pRFP-MCT8-RNAi vector into the retinal precursor cells (RPCs) at embryonic day 4 (E4), and studied the consequences for early (E6) and late (E18) retinal development. The empty pRFP-RNAi vector was used as a control. RPC proliferation was reduced at E6. This resulted in cellular hypoplasia and a thinner retina at E18 where mainly photoreceptors and horizontal cells were lost, the two predominant cell types that are born around the stage of electroporation. At E6, differentiation into retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells was delayed. However, since the proportion of a given cell type within the transfected cell population at E18 was similar in knockdown and controls, the partial loss of some cell types was most-likely due to reduced RPC proliferation and not impaired cell differentiation. Photoreceptors displayed delayed migration at first, but had successfully reached the outer nuclear layer at E18. However, they increasingly differentiated into short wavelength-sensitive cones at the expense of medium/long wavelength-sensitive cones, while the proportion of rods was unaltered. Improperly formed sublaminae in the inner plexiform layer additionally suggested defects in synaptogenesis. Altogether, our data echoes effects of hypothyroidism and the loss of some other regulators of TH availability in the developing zebrafish and rodent retina. Therefore, the expression of MCT8 in RPCs is crucial for adequate TH uptake during cell type-specific events in retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele M A Bourgeois
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne M Houbrechts
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Barrio-Alonso E, Hernández-Vivanco A, Walton CC, Perea G, Frade JM. Cell cycle reentry triggers hyperploidization and synaptic dysfunction followed by delayed cell death in differentiated cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14316. [PMID: 30254284 PMCID: PMC6156334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle reentry followed by neuronal hyperploidy and synaptic failure are two early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however their functional connection remains unexplored. To address this question, we induced cell cycle reentry in cultured cortical neurons by expressing SV40 large T antigen. Cell cycle reentry was followed by hyperploidy in ~70% of cortical neurons, and led to progressive axon initial segment loss and reduced density of dendritic PSD-95 puncta, which correlated with diminished spike generation and reduced spontaneous synaptic activity. This manipulation also resulted in delayed cell death, as previously observed in AD-affected hyperploid neurons. Membrane depolarization by high extracellular potassium maintained PSD-95 puncta density and partially rescued both spontaneous synaptic activity and cell death, while spike generation remained blocked. This suggests that AD-associated hyperploid neurons can be sustained in vivo if integrated in active neuronal circuits whilst promoting synaptic dysfunction. Thus, cell cycle reentry might contribute to cognitive impairment in early stages of AD and neuronal death susceptibility at late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barrio-Alonso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Hernández-Vivanco
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - C C Walton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Frade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Koszinowski S, La Padula V, Edlich F, Krieglstein K, Busch H, Boerries M. Bid Expression Network Controls Neuronal Cell Fate During Avian Ciliary Ganglion Development. Front Physiol 2018; 9:797. [PMID: 30008673 PMCID: PMC6034111 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian ciliary ganglion (CG) development involves a transient execution phase of apoptosis controlling the final number of neurons, but the time-dependent molecular mechanisms for neuronal cell fate are largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular networks regulating important aspects of parasympathetic neuronal development, a genome-wide expression analysis was performed during multiple stages of avian CG development between embryonic days E6 and E14. The transcriptome data showed a well-defined sequence of events, starting from neuronal migration via neuronal fate cell determination, synaptic transmission, and regulation of synaptic plasticity to growth factor associated signaling. In particular, we extracted a neuronal apoptosis network that characterized the cell death execution phase at E8/E9 and apoptotic cell clearance at E14 by combining the gene time series analysis with network synthesis from the chicken interactome. Network analysis identified TP53 as key regulator and predicted involvement of the BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID). A virus-based RNAi knockdown approach in vivo showed a crucial impact of BID expression on the execution of ontogenetic programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, Bcl-XL expression did not impact PCD. Therefore, BID-mediated apoptosis represents a novel cue essential for timing within CG maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica La Padula
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Luebeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Chicken Interferon-induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 5 Antagonizes Replication of RNA Viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6794. [PMID: 29717152 PMCID: PMC5931624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular actions of interferon (IFN)-regulated proteins, including IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs), attribute a major component of the protective antiviral host defense. Here we applied genomics approaches to annotate the chicken IFIT locus and currently identified a single IFIT (chIFIT5) gene. The profound transcriptional level of this effector of innate immunity was mapped within its unique cis-acting elements. This highly virus- and IFN-responsive chIFIT5 protein interacted with negative sense viral RNA structures that carried a triphosphate group on its 5' terminus (ppp-RNA). This interaction reduced the replication of RNA viruses in lentivirus-mediated IFIT5-stable chicken fibroblasts whereas CRISPR/Cas9-edited chIFIT5 gene knockout fibroblasts supported the replication of RNA viruses. Finally, we generated mosaic transgenic chicken embryos stably expressing chIFIT5 protein or knocked-down for endogenous chIFIT5 gene. Replication kinetics of RNA viruses in these transgenic chicken embryos demonstrated the antiviral potential of chIFIT5 in ovo. Taken together, these findings propose that IFIT5 specifically antagonize RNA viruses by sequestering viral nucleic acids in chickens, which are unique in innate immune sensing and responses to viruses of both poultry and human health significance.
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26
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Mib1 prevents Notch Cis-inhibition to defer differentiation and preserve neuroepithelial integrity during neural delamination. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004162. [PMID: 29708962 PMCID: PMC5945229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate neuroepithelium is composed of elongated progenitors whose reciprocal attachments ensure the continuity of the ventricular wall. As progenitors commit to differentiation, they translocate their nucleus basally and eventually withdraw their apical endfoot from the ventricular surface. However, the mechanisms allowing this delamination process to take place while preserving the integrity of the neuroepithelial tissue are still unclear. Here, we show that Notch signaling, which is classically associated with an undifferentiated state, remains active in prospective neurons until they delaminate. During this transition period, prospective neurons rapidly reduce their apical surface and only later down-regulate N-Cadherin levels. Upon Notch blockade, nascent neurons disassemble their junctions but fail to reduce their apical surface. This disrupted sequence weakens the junctional network and eventually leads to breaches in the ventricular wall. We also provide evidence that the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1) promotes differentiation by reducing Notch signaling through a Cis-inhibition mechanism. However, during the delamination process, the ubiquitin ligase Mindbomb1 (Mib1) transiently blocks this Cis-inhibition and sustains Notch activity to defer differentiation. We propose that the fine-tuned balance between Notch Trans-activation and Cis-inhibition allows neuroepithelial cells to seamlessly delaminate from the ventricular wall as they commit to differentiation.
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27
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Vancamp P, Darras VM. Dissecting the role of regulators of thyroid hormone availability in early brain development: Merits and potential of the chicken embryo model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:71-78. [PMID: 28153797 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are important mediators of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) development, thereby regulating the expression of a wide variety of genes by binding to nuclear TH receptors. TH transporters and deiodinases are both needed to ensure appropriate intracellular TH availability, but the precise function of each of these regulators and their coaction during brain development is only partially understood. Rodent knockout models already provided some crucial insights, but their in utero development severely hampers research regarding the role of TH regulators during early embryonic stages. The establishment of novel gain- and loss-of-function techniques has boosted the position of externally developing non-mammalian vertebrates as research models in developmental endocrinology. Here, we elaborate on the chicken as a model organism to elucidate the function of TH regulators during embryonic CNS development. The fast-developing, relatively big and accessible embryo allows easy experimental manipulation, especially at early stages of brain development. Recent data on the characterisation and spatiotemporal expression pattern of different TH regulators in embryonic chicken CNS have provided the necessary background to dissect the function of each of them in more detail. We highlight some recent advances and important strategies to investigate the role of TH transporters and deiodinases in various CNS structures like the brain barriers, the cerebellum, the retina and the hypothalamus. Exploiting the advantages of this non-classical model can greatly contribute to complete our understanding of the regulation of TH bioavailability throughout embryonic CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Deficiency of the Thyroid Hormone Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 in Neural Progenitors Impairs Cellular Processes Crucial for Early Corticogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11616-11631. [PMID: 29109240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1917-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for establishing layered brain structures, a process called corticogenesis, by acting on transcriptional activity of numerous genes. In humans, deficiency of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), involved in cellular uptake of THs before their action, results in severe neurological abnormalities, known as the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. While the brain lesions predominantly originate prenatally, it remains unclear how and when exactly MCT8 dysfunction affects cellular processes crucial for corticogenesis. We investigated this by inducing in vivo RNAi vector-based knockdown of MCT8 in neural progenitors of the chicken optic tectum, a layered structure that shares many developmental features with the mammalian cerebral cortex. MCT8 knockdown resulted in cellular hypoplasia and a thinner optic tectum. This could be traced back to disrupted cell-cycle kinetics and a premature shift to asymmetric cell divisions impairing progenitor cell pool expansion. Birth-dating experiments confirmed diminished neurogenesis in the MCT8-deficient cell population as well as aberrant migration of both early-born and late-born neuroblasts, which could be linked to reduced reelin signaling and disorganized radial glial cell fibers. Impaired neurogenesis resulted in a reduced number of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, but the latter additionally showed decreased differentiation. Moreover, an accompanying reduction in untransfected GABAergic neurons suggests hampered intercellular communication. These results indicate that MCT8-dependent TH uptake in the neural progenitors is essential for early events in corticogenesis, and help to understand the origin of the problems in cortical development and function in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential to establish the stereotypical layered structure of the human forebrain during embryonic development. Before their action on gene expression, THs require cellular uptake, a process facilitated by the TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). We investigated how and when dysfunctional MCT8 can induce brain lesions associated with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, characterized by psychomotor retardation. We used the layered chicken optic tectum to model cortical development, and induced MCT8 deficiency in neural progenitors. Impaired cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation resulted in an underdeveloped optic tectum and a severe reduction in nerve cells. Our data underline the need for MCT8-dependent TH uptake in neural progenitors and stress the importance of local TH action in early development.
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Sato Y, Nagatoshi K, Hamano A, Imamura Y, Huss D, Uchida S, Lansford R. Basal filopodia and vascular mechanical stress organize fibronectin into pillars bridging the mesoderm-endoderm gap. Development 2017; 144:281-291. [PMID: 28096216 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells may exchange information with other cells and tissues by exerting forces on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibronectin (FN) is an important ECM component that forms fibrils through cell contacts and creates directionally biased geometry. Here, we demonstrate that FN is deposited as pillars between widely separated germ layers, namely the somitic mesoderm and the endoderm, in quail embryos. Alongside the FN pillars, long filopodia protrude from the basal surfaces of somite epithelial cells. Loss-of-function of Ena/VASP, α5β1-integrins or talin in the somitic cells abolished the FN pillars, indicating that FN pillar formation is dependent on the basal filopodia through these molecules. The basal filopodia and FN pillars are also necessary for proper somite morphogenesis. We identified a new mechanism contributing to FN pillar formation by focusing on cyclic expansion of adjacent dorsal aorta. Maintenance of the directional alignment of the FN pillars depends on pulsatile blood flow through the dorsal aortae. These results suggest that the FN pillars are specifically established through filopodia-mediated and pulsating force-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan .,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kei Nagatoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hamano
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Yuko Imamura
- Graduate School of Science, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - David Huss
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Paces J, Nic M, Novotny T, Svoboda P. Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMCID: PMC7163844 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paces
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IMG)
| | | | | | - Petr Svoboda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IMG)
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31
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Li CC, Dong HJ, Wang P, Meng W, Chi XJ, Han SC, Ning S, Wang C, Wang XJ. Cellular protein GLTSCR2: A valuable target for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:1-11. [PMID: 28286234 PMCID: PMC7113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection induces translocation of the nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, resulting in attenuation of the type I interferon IFN-β. Addressing the role of GLTSCR2 in viral replication, we detect that knocking down GLTSCR2 by shRNAs results in significant suppression of viral replication in mammalian and chicken cells. Injection of chicken embryo with the GLTSCR2-specific shRNA-1370 simultaneously or 24 h prior to infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) substantially reduces viral replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Injection of shRNA-1370 into chicken embryo also reduces the replication of avian influenza virus (AIV). In contrast, GLTSCR2-derived protein G4-T, forming α-helical dimers, increases replication of seven various DNA and RNA viruses in cells. Our studies reveal that alteration of the function of cellular GLTSCR2 plays a role in supporting viral replication. GLTSCR2 should be seriously considered as a therapeutic target for developing broad spectrum antiviral agents to effectively control viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Chong Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Ning
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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32
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Tanaka R, Izumi H, Kuroiwa A. Androgens and androgen receptor signaling contribute to ovarian development in the chicken embryo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:114-120. [PMID: 28087386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling play important roles throughout development. In the chicken, AR signaling is involved in reproduction; however, its specific role is unclear. We show that AR signaling is involved in the normal development of the female embryonic gonads. The AR mRNA level was detected in male and female embryonic gonads by quantitative RT-PCR, and its expression was higher in females than in males at all developmental stages examined. In female embryos, the AR localized to nuclei of cells in the left gonad. Although AR expression was low in the majority of the medulla, high expression was detected in cells of lacunae within the medulla. In addition, AR expression increased in cells of cortical cords within the cortex with the progression of development. AR expression in the right gonad was lower than that in left gonad throughout development. In the male gonad, the AR localized to the cytoplasm of cells in seminiferous tubules at all stages. Female AR knockdown (ARKD) embryos infected with a retrovirus expressing micro RNAs targeting the AR showed normal asymmetric gonads (development of the left and depression of the right gonads), whereas the number of lacunae decreased. Furthermore, there was a disruption in the structure of cortical cords. By contrast, the gonads of ARKD males developed normally during embryogenesis. These results indicate that androgens and AR signaling are essential for the development of lacunae and cortical cords in gonads of female embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroe Izumi
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
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33
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Delbaere J, Vancamp P, Van Herck SLJ, Bourgeois NMA, Green MJ, Wingate RJT, Darras VM. MCT8 deficiency in Purkinje cells disrupts embryonic chicken cerebellar development. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:259-272. [PMID: 27879339 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the human SLC16A2 gene encoding the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome accompanied by severe locomotor deficits. The underlying mechanisms of the associated cerebellar maldevelopment were studied using the chicken as a model. Electroporation of an MCT8-RNAi vector into the cerebellar anlage of a 3-day-old embryo allowed knockdown of MCT8 in Purkinje cell precursors. This resulted in the downregulation of the thyroid hormone-responsive gene RORα and the Purkinje cell-specific differentiation marker LHX1/5 at day 6. MCT8 knockdown also results in a smaller and less complex dendritic tree at day 18 suggesting a pivotal role of MCT8 for cell-autonomous Purkinje cell maturation. Early administration of the thyroid hormone analogue 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid partially rescued early Purkinje cell differentiation. MCT8-deficient Purkinje cells also induced non-autonomous effects as they led to a reduced granule cell precursor proliferation, a thinner external germinal layer and a loss of PAX6 expression. By contrast, at day 18, the external germinal layer thickness was increased, with an increase in presence of Axonin-1-positive post-mitotic granule cells in the initial stage of radial migration. The concomitant accumulation of presumptive migrating granule cells in the molecular layer, suggests that inward radial migration to the internal granular layer is stalled. In conclusion, early MCT8 deficiency in Purkinje cells results in both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous effects on cerebellar development and indicates that MCT8 expression is essential from very early stages of development, providing a novel insight into the ontogenesis of the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Delbaere
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn L J Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele M A Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary J Green
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College London, London, UK
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chal J, Guillot C, Pourquié O. PAPC couples the segmentation clock to somite morphogenesis by regulating N-cadherin-dependent adhesion. Development 2017; 144:664-676. [PMID: 28087631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation is characterized by the periodic formation of epithelial somites from the mesenchymal presomitic mesoderm (PSM). How the rhythmic signaling pulse delivered by the segmentation clock is translated into the periodic morphogenesis of somites remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of paraxial protocadherin (PAPC/Pcdh8) in this process. We showed that in chicken and mouse embryos, PAPC expression is tightly regulated by the clock and wavefront system in the posterior PSM. We observed that PAPC exhibits a striking complementary pattern to N-cadherin (CDH2), marking the interface of the future somite boundary in the anterior PSM. Gain and loss of function of PAPC in chicken embryos disrupted somite segmentation by altering the CDH2-dependent epithelialization of PSM cells. Our data suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is increased in PAPC-expressing cells, subsequently affecting CDH2 internalization in the anterior compartment of the future somite. This in turn generates a differential adhesion interface, allowing formation of the acellular fissure that defines the somite boundary. Thus, periodic expression of PAPC in the anterior PSM triggers rhythmic endocytosis of CDH2, allowing for segmental de-adhesion and individualization of somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA .,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Abstract
To elucidate a gene function, in vivo analysis is indispensable. We can carry out gain and loss of function experiment of a gene of interest by electroporation in ovo and ex ovo culture system on early-stage and advanced-stage chick embryos, respectively. In this section, we introduce in/ex ovo electroporation methods for the development of the chick central nervous system and visual system investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard St., Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Minoru Omi
- Department of Anatomy I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Genome editing is driving a revolution in the biomedical sciences that carries the promise for future treatments of genetic diseases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system of RNA-guided genome editing has been successfully applied to modify the genome of a wide spectrum of organisms. We recently showed that this technique can be combined with in vivo electroporation to inhibit the function of genes of interest in somatic cells of the developing chicken embryo. We present here a simplified version of the previously described technique that leads to effective gene loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Morin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, INMG, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec, University Lyon1, Bâtiment B, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Nadège Véron
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christophe Marcelle
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, INMG, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec, University Lyon1, Bâtiment B, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69008, Lyon, France. .,EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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In Vivo and In Vitro Knockdown Approaches in the Avian Embryo as a Means to Study Semaphorin Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1493:403-416. [PMID: 27787867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6448-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A combination of both in vivo and in vitro techniques is invaluable for studying semaphorin signaling in the avian central nervous system. Here we describe how both types of approaches can be used to compliment each other in order to unravel the role that semaphorins play during embryonic development and elucidate the functional consequences of semaphorin knockdown using RNA interference vectors. We describe and discuss specifically the use of in ovo electroporation and primary oculomotor neuron culture to identify the role of semaphorins in oculomotor neuron migration and assess functional consequences of semaphorin disruption in this system.
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38
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JunD/AP-1 Antagonizes the Induction of DAPK1 To Promote the Survival of v-Src-Transformed Cells. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01925-16. [PMID: 27795443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01925-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in AP-1 activity is a hallmark of cell transformation by tyrosine kinases. Previously, we reported that blocking AP-1 using the c-Jun dominant negative mutant TAM67 induced senescence, adipogenesis, or apoptosis in v-Src-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) whereas inhibition of JunD by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) specifically induced apoptosis. To investigate the role of AP-1 in Src-mediated transformation, we undertook a gene profiling study to characterize the transcriptomes of v-Src-transformed CEFs expressing either TAM67 or the JunD shRNA. Our study revealed a cluster of 18 probe sets upregulated exclusively in response to AP-1/JunD impairment and v-Src transformation. Four of these probe sets correspond to genes involved in the interferon pathway. One gene in particular, death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), is a C/EBPβ-regulated mediator of apoptosis in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced cell death. Here, we show that inhibition of DAPK1 abrogates cell death in v-Src-transformed cells expressing the JunD shRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation data indicated that C/EBPβ was recruited to the DAPK1 promoter while the expression of a dominant negative mutant of C/EBPβ abrogated the induction of DAPK1 in response to the inhibition of AP-1. In contrast, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, JunD was not detected on the DAPK1 promoter under any conditions, suggesting that JunD promotes survival by indirectly antagonizing the expression of DAPK1 in v-Src transformed cells. IMPORTANCE Transformation by the v-Src oncoprotein causes extensive changes in gene expression in primary cells such as chicken embryo fibroblasts. These changes, determining the properties of transformed cells, are controlled in part at the transcriptional level. Much attention has been devoted to transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-κB and the control of genes associated with a more aggressive phenotype. In this report, we describe a novel mechanism of action determined by the JunD component of AP-1, a factor enhancing cell survival in v-Src-transformed cells. We show that the loss of JunD results in the aberrant activation of a genetic program leading to cell death. This program requires the activation of the tumor suppressor death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). Since DAPK1 is phosphorylated and inhibited by v-Src, these results highlight the importance of this kinase and the multiple mechanisms controlled by v-Src to antagonize the tumor suppressor function of DAPK1.
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McKinney MC, McLennan R, Kulesa PM. Angiopoietin 2 signaling plays a critical role in neural crest cell migration. BMC Biol 2016; 14:111. [PMID: 27978830 PMCID: PMC5159958 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collective neural crest cell migration is critical to the form and function of the vertebrate face and neck, distributing bone, cartilage, and nerve cells into peripheral targets that are intimately linked with head vasculature. The vasculature and neural crest structures are ultimately linked, but when and how these patterns develop in the early embryo are not well understood. RESULTS Using in vivo imaging and sophisticated cell behavior analyses, we show that quail cranial neural crest and endothelial cells share common migratory paths, sort out in a dynamic multistep process, and display multiple types of motion. To better understand the underlying molecular signals, we examined the role of angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), which we found expressed in migrating cranial neural crest cells. Overexpression of Ang2 causes neural crest cells to be more exploratory as displayed by invasion of off-target locations, the widening of migratory streams into prohibitive zones, and differences in cell motility type. The enhanced exploratory phenotype correlates with increased phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase activity in migrating neural crest cells. In contrast, loss of Ang2 function reduces neural crest cell exploration. In both gain and loss of function of Ang2, we found disruptions to the timing and interplay between cranial neural crest and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate a role for Ang2 in maintaining collective cranial neural crest cell migration and suggest interdependence with endothelial cell migration during vertebrate head patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, 64157, USA.
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Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 2 and CHOP Restrict the Expression of the Growth Arrest-Specific p20K Lipocalin Gene to G0. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2890-2902. [PMID: 27601586 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00338-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the growth arrest-specific (gas) p20K gene depends on the interaction of C/EBPβ with two elements of a 48-bp promoter region termed the quiescence-responsive unit (QRU). Here we identify extracellular signal-related kinase 2 (ERK2) as a transcriptional repressor of the p20K QRU in cycling chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). ERK2 binds to repeated GAAAG sequences overlapping the C/EBPβ sites of the QRU. The recruitment of ERK2 and C/EBPβ is mutually exclusive and dictates the expression of p20K. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was associated with C/EBPβ under conditions promoting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and, to a lesser extent, in cycling CEF but was not detectable when C/EBPβ was immunoprecipitated from contact-inhibited cells. During ER stress, overexpression of CHOP inhibited p20K, while its downregulation promoted p20K, indicating that CHOP is also a potent inhibitor of p20K. Transcriptome analyses revealed that hypoxia-responsive genes are strongly induced in contact-inhibited but not serum-starved CEF, and elevated levels of nitroreductase activity, a marker of hypoxia, were detected at confluence. Conditions of hypoxia (2% O2) induced growth arrest in subconfluent CEF and markedly stimulated p20K expression, suggesting that the control of proliferation and gas gene expression is closely linked to limiting oxygen concentrations associated with high cell densities.
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41
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Heanue TA, Shepherd IT, Burns AJ. Enteric nervous system development in avian and zebrafish models. Dev Biol 2016; 417:129-38. [PMID: 27235814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the developmental biology of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the genesis of ENS diseases is founded almost entirely on studies using model systems. Although genetic studies in the mouse have been at the forefront of this field over the last 20 years or so, historically it was the easy accessibility of the chick embryo for experimental manipulations that allowed the first descriptions of the neural crest origins of the ENS in the 1950s. More recently, studies in the chick and other non-mammalian model systems, notably zebrafish, have continued to advance our understanding of the basic biology of ENS development, with each animal model providing unique experimental advantages. Here we review the basic biology of ENS development in chick and zebrafish, highlighting conserved and unique features, and emphasising novel contributions to our general understanding of ENS development due to technical or biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Evsen L, Doetzlhofer A. Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27167684 DOI: 10.3791/53864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Evsen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine
| | - Angelika Doetzlhofer
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine;
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43
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Long-term primary culture of neurons taken from chick embryo brain: A model to study neural cell biology, synaptogenesis and its dynamic properties. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 263:123-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yasumi T, Inoue M, Maruhashi M, Kamachi Y, Higashi Y, Kondoh H, Uchikawa M. Regulation of trunk neural crest delamination by δEF1 and Sip1 in the chicken embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:205-14. [PMID: 26691438 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate Zfhx1 transcription factor family comprises δEF1 and Sip1, which bind to CACCT-containing sequences and act as transcriptional repressors. It has been a longstanding question whether these transcription factors share the same regulatory functions in vivo. It has been shown that neural crest (NC) delamination depends on the Sip1 activity at the cranial level in mouse and chicken embryos, and it remained unclear how NC delamination is regulated at the trunk level. We observed that the expression of δEF1 and Sip1 overlaps in many tissues in chicken embryos, including NC cells at the trunk level. To clarify the above questions, we separately knocked down δEF1 and Sip1 or in combination in NC cells by electroporation of vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against respective mRNAs on the dorsal side of neural tubes that generate NC cells. In all cases, the migrating NC cell population was significantly reduced, paralleled by the decreased expression of δEF1 or Sip1 targeted by shRNAs. Expression of Sox10, the major transcription factor that regulates NC development, was also decreased by the shRNAs against δEF1 or Sip1. We conclude that the trunk NC delamination is regulated by both δEF1 and Sip1 in an analogous manner, and that these transcription factors can share equivalent regulatory functions in embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yasumi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Inoue
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuji Maruhashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-cho, Kami-shi, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Vergara MN, Gutierrez C, Canto-Soler MV. Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach. J Vis Exp 2015:e52002. [PMID: 26556302 DOI: 10.3791/52002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols(1). In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natalia Vergara
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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46
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Schock EN, Chang CF, Youngworth IA, Davey MG, Delany ME, Brugmann SA. Utilizing the chicken as an animal model for human craniofacial ciliopathies. Dev Biol 2015; 415:326-337. [PMID: 26597494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chicken has been a particularly useful model for the study of craniofacial development and disease for over a century due to their relatively large size, accessibility, and amenability for classical bead implantation and transplant experiments. Several naturally occurring mutant lines with craniofacial anomalies also exist and have been heavily utilized by developmental biologist for several decades. Two of the most well known lines, talpid(2) (ta(2)) and talpid(3) (ta(3)), represent the first spontaneous mutants to have the causative genes identified. Despite having distinct genetic causes, both mutants have recently been identified as ciliopathic. Excitingly, both of these mutants have been classified as models for human craniofacial ciliopathies: Oral-facial-digital syndrome (ta(2)) and Joubert syndrome (ta(3)). Herein, we review and compare these two models of craniofacial disease and highlight what they have revealed about the molecular and cellular etiology of ciliopathies. Furthermore, we outline how applying classical avian experiments and new technological advances (transgenics and genome editing) with naturally occurring avian mutants can add a tremendous amount to what we currently know about craniofacial ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ingrid A Youngworth
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan G Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mary E Delany
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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47
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Ellis PS, Burbridge S, Soubes S, Ohyama K, Ben-Haim N, Chen C, Dale K, Shen MM, Constam D, Placzek M. ProNodal acts via FGFR3 to govern duration of Shh expression in the prechordal mesoderm. Development 2015; 142:3821-32. [PMID: 26417042 PMCID: PMC4712875 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the prechordal mesoderm, where it plays a crucial role in induction and patterning of the ventral forebrain. Currently little is known about how Shh is regulated in prechordal tissue. Here we show that in the embryonic chick, Shh is expressed transiently in prechordal mesoderm, and is governed by unprocessed Nodal. Exposure of prechordal mesoderm microcultures to Nodal-conditioned medium, the Nodal inhibitor CerS, or to an ALK4/5/7 inhibitor reveals that Nodal is required to maintain both Shh and Gsc expression, but whereas Gsc is largely maintained through canonical signalling, Nodal signals through a non-canonical route to maintain Shh. Further, Shh expression can be maintained by a recombinant Nodal cleavage mutant, proNodal, but not by purified mature Nodal. A number of lines of evidence suggest that proNodal acts via FGFR3. ProNodal and FGFR3 co-immunoprecipitate and proNodal increases FGFR3 tyrosine phosphorylation. In microcultures, soluble FGFR3 abolishes Shh without affecting Gsc expression. Further, prechordal mesoderm cells in which Fgfr3 expression is reduced by Fgfr3 siRNA fail to bind to proNodal. Finally, targeted electroporation of Fgfr3 siRNA to prechordal mesoderm in vivo results in premature Shh downregulation without affecting Gsc. We report an inverse correlation between proNodal-FGFR3 signalling and pSmad1/5/8, and show that proNodal-FGFR3 signalling antagonises BMP-mediated pSmad1/5/8 signalling, which is poised to downregulate Shh. Our studies suggest that proNodal/FGFR3 signalling governs Shh duration by repressing canonical BMP signalling, and that local BMPs rapidly silence Shh once endogenous Nodal-FGFR3 signalling is downregulated. Highlighted article: In the chick prechordal mesoderm, the Nodal precursor proNodal acts via a non-canonical route to inhibit BMP signalling and thus maintain Shh expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Ellis
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sarah Burbridge
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sandrine Soubes
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kyoji Ohyama
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nadav Ben-Haim
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Canhe Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kim Dale
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Constam
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Marysia Placzek
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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48
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Stephen LA, Tawamie H, Davis GM, Tebbe L, Nürnberg P, Nürnberg G, Thiele H, Thoenes M, Boltshauser E, Uebe S, Rompel O, Reis A, Ekici AB, McTeir L, Fraser AM, Hall EA, Mill P, Daudet N, Cross C, Wolfrum U, Jamra RA, Davey MG, Bolz HJ. TALPID3 controls centrosome and cell polarity and the human ortholog KIAA0586 is mutated in Joubert syndrome (JBTS23). eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26386247 PMCID: PMC4641851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a severe recessive neurodevelopmental ciliopathy which can affect several organ systems. Mutations in known JBTS genes account for approximately half of the cases. By homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel locus, JBTS23, with a homozygous splice site mutation in KIAA0586 (alias TALPID3), a known lethal ciliopathy locus in model organisms. Truncating KIAA0586 mutations were identified in two additional patients with JBTS. One mutation, c.428delG (p.Arg143Lysfs*4), is unexpectedly common in the general population and may be a major contributor to JBTS. We demonstrate KIAA0586 protein localization at the basal body in human and mouse photoreceptors, as is common for JBTS proteins, and also in pericentriolar locations. We show that loss of TALPID3 (KIAA0586) function in animal models causes abnormal tissue polarity, centrosome length and orientation, and centriolar satellites. We propose that JBTS and other ciliopathies may in part result from cell polarity defects. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08077.001 Joubert syndrome is a rare and severe neurodevelopmental disease in which two parts of the brain called the cerebellar vermis and brainstem do not develop properly. The disease is caused by defects in the formation of small projections from the surface of cells, called cilia, which are essential for signalling processes inside cells. Mutations in at least 25 genes are known to cause Joubert syndrome, and all encode proteins that create or maintain cilia. However, these mutations account for only half of the cases that have been studied, which indicates that mutations in other genes may also cause Joubert syndrome. Here, Stephen et al. used genetic techniques called ‘homozygosity mapping’ and ‘whole-exome sequencing’ to search for other mutations that might cause the disease. They found that mutations in a gene encoding a protein called KIAA0586 also cause Joubert syndrome in humans. One of these mutations (c.428delG) is unexpectedly common in the healthy human population. It might be a major contributor to Joubert syndrome, and the manifestation of Joubert syndrome in individuals with this mutation might depend on the presence and nature of other mutations in KIAA0586 and in other genes. The TALPID3 protein in chickens and other ‘model’ animals is the equivalent of human KIAA0586. A loss of TALPID3 protein in animals has been shown to stop cilia from forming. This protein is found in a structure called the basal body, which is part of a larger structure called the centrosome that anchors cilia to the cell. Here, Stephen et al. show that this is also true in mouse and human eye cells. Further experiments using chicken embryos show that a loss of the TALPID3 protein alters the location of centrosomes inside cells. TALPID3 is also required for cells and organs to develop the correct polarity, that is, directional differences in their structure and shape. The centrosomes of chicken brain cells that lacked TALPID3 were poorly positioned at the cell surface and abnormally long, which is likely responsible for the cilia failing to form. Stephen et al.'s findings suggest that KIAA0586 is also important for human development through its ability to control the centrosome. Defects in TALPID3 have a more severe effect on animal models than many of the identified KIAA0586 mutations have on humans. Therefore, the next step in this research is to find a more suitable animal in which to study the role of this protein, which may inform efforts to develop treatments for Joubert syndrome. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08077.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Stephen
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Tawamie
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gemma M Davis
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Tebbe
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Thoenes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rompel
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lynn McTeir
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy M Fraser
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma A Hall
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Daudet
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney Cross
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Mesa, United States
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Centogene, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Megan G Davey
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hanno J Bolz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Bioscientia Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia International Business, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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49
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Véron N, Qu Z, Kipen PAS, Hirst CE, Marcelle C. CRISPR mediated somatic cell genome engineering in the chicken. Dev Biol 2015; 407:68-74. [PMID: 26277216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene-targeted knockout technologies are invaluable tools for understanding the functions of genes in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 system of RNA-guided genome editing is revolutionizing genetics research in a wide spectrum of organisms. Here, we combined CRISPR with in vivo electroporation in the chicken embryo to efficiently target the transcription factor PAX7 in tissues of the developing embryo. This approach generated mosaic genetic mutations within a wild-type cellular background. This series of proof-of-principle experiments indicate that in vivo CRISPR-mediated cell genome engineering is an effective method to achieve gene loss-of-function in the tissues of the chicken embryo and it completes the growing genetic toolbox to study the molecular mechanisms regulating development in this important animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Véron
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zhengdong Qu
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Phoebe A S Kipen
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Claire E Hirst
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christophe Marcelle
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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50
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Koszinowski S, Boerries M, Busch H, Krieglstein K. RARβ regulates neuronal cell death and differentiation in the avian ciliary ganglion. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1204-18. [PMID: 25663354 PMCID: PMC4832352 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death during chicken ciliary ganglion (CG) development is mostly discussed as an extrinsically regulated process, guided either by the establishment of a functional balance between preganglionic and postganglionic activity or the availability of target‐derived neurotrophic factors. We found that the expression of the gene coding for the nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARB) is transiently upregulated prior to and during the execution phase of cell death in the CG. Using retroviral vectors, the expression of RARB was knocked down during embryonic development in ovo. The knockdown led to a significant increase in CG neuron number after the cell death phase. BrdU injections and active caspase‐3 staining revealed that this increase in neuron number was due to an inhibition of apoptosis during the normal cell death phase. Furthermore, apoptotic neuron numbers were significantly increased at a stage when cell death is normally completed. While the cholinergic phenotype of the neurons remained unchanged after RARB knockdown, the expression of the proneural gene Cash1 was increased, but somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity, a hallmark of the mature choroid neuron population, was decreased. Taken together, these results point toward a delay in neuronal differentiation as well as cell death. The availability of nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) and RARβ‐induced transcription of genes could therefore be a new intrinsic cue for the maturation of CG neurons and their predisposition to undergo cell death. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1204–1218, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany
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