microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors

Micro-RNAs targeting the estrogen receptor alpha involved in endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer

Endocrine therapy resistance (ETR) in breast cancer (BC) is a multicausal phenomenon with diverse alterations in the tumor cell interactome. Within these alterations, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as micro-RNAs (miRNAs) modulate the expression of tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, such as the ESR1 gene encoding estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). This work aims to review the effects of miRNAs targeting ERα mRNA and their mechanisms related to ETR in BC. A thorough review of the literature and an in silico study were carried out to elucidate the involvement of each miRNA, thus contributing to the understanding of ETR in BC.

Epigenetic Silencing of miR-218-5p Modulates BIRC5 and DDX21 Expression to Promote Colorectal Cancer Progression

Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Non-protein coding RNAs, including microRNAs, have emerged as crucial regulators in cancer progression. Herein, we analyzed publicly available datasets for miRNA expression in healthy controls, adenomatous polyps, and colorectal cancer and identified their regulatory networks using HCT116 and HT-29 CRC models. Differentially expressed miRNAs in adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer were identified, highlighting their role in colorectal cancer initiation and progression. Notably, miR-218-5p was significantly downregulated in adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer, suggesting a role in colorectal cancer initiation. Functional investigations revealed a tumor suppressive role for miR-218-5p in HCT116 and HT-29 CRC cell models, affecting cell proliferation and three-dimensional organoid formation and promoting cell death. RNA-Seq and bioinformatics identified BIRC5 and DDX21 as bona fide gene targets for miR-218-5p, validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Further investigation into the genomic location of miR-218-5p, embedded within the SLIT2 and SLIT3 introns on chromosome 4 and chromosome 5, respectively, revealed epigenetic silencing through promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer cell models. These findings highlight epigenetic silencing of miR-218-5p in colorectal cancer, suggesting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for early detection and intervention.

Discovery and therapeutic exploitation of Master Regulatory miRNAs in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor. Despite therapies involving surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, the average survival for glioblastoma patients remains at approximately 15 months. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of the majority of human genes. Numerous genes are concurrently deregulated in glioblastoma. Consequently, molecular monotherapies have failed to achieve improvements in clinical outcomes. Several lines of evidence suggest that simultaneous targeting of several deregulated molecules is required to achieve better therapies. However, the simultaneous targeting of several deregulated oncogenic drivers is severely limited by the fact that the drugs needed to target many deregulated molecules do not currently exist, and because combining several drugs in a clinical setting leads to an exponential increase in toxicity. We hypothesized that we can develop and use miRNA to simultaneously inhibit multiple deregulated genes for more efficacious glioblastoma therapies. The goal of this study was therefore to identify master regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) and use them to simultaneously target multiple deregulated molecules for GBM therapy. We defined master regulatory miRNAs as those that target several deregulated genes in glioblastoma. To find master regulatory miRNAs, we first used PAR-CLIP screenings to identify all targets of all miRNAs in glioblastoma cells. We then analyzed TCGA tumor data to determine which of these targets are deregulated in human tumors. We developed and used an algorithm to rank these targets for significance in glioblastoma malignancy based on their magnitude of deregulation, frequency of deregulation, and correlation with patient survival. We then ranked the miRNAs for their capacity of targeting multiple glioblastoma-deregulated genes and therefore the potential to exhibit strong anti-tumor effects when delivered as therapy. Using this strategy, we selected two tumor suppressor master regulatory miRNAs, miR-340, miR-382 and an oncogenic master regulatory miRNA, miR-17. We validated the target genes of the miRNAs and showed that they form part of important glioblastoma regulatory pathways. We then showed that the miRNAs (miR-340 and miR-582) or the miR-17 inhibitor have strong inhibitory effects on glioblastoma cell growth, survival, invasion, stemness and in vivo tumor growth. Ultimately, we developed and successfully tested a new therapeutic approach to delivery miR-340 using MRI guided focused ultrasound and microbubbles (FUS-MB) and special brain penetrating nanoparticles (BPN). This approach resulted in a substantial reduction in tumor volume and prolongation of the survival of glioblastoma-bearing mice and can be translated into clinical trials. We therefore developed and successfully tested a novel strategy to discover and deliver miRNAs for glioblastoma and cancer therapy.

Direct Fluorescence Anisotropy Detection of miRNA Based on Duplex-Specific Nuclease Signal Amplification

The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with various diseases, including cancer, so miRNAs are considered a potential biomarker candidate for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, the direct, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of miRNAs remains quite challenging due to their short length, sequence homology, and low abundance. Herein, we propose a simple and homogeneous fluorescence anisotropy (FA) strategy for the direct and rapid (∼35 min) quantification of miRNA-21 based on duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted signal amplification. In the presence of target miRNA-21, the complementary single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes labeled with a single fluorophore, tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), are specifically hydrolyzed into small fragments by endonuclease DSN upon formation of the DNA/RNA hybrid, which leads to a reduction in FA due to the decrease in molecular size. However, the target miRNA remains intact during the enzymatic digestion process and is released in solution for the next round of binding, hydrolysis, and release for recycling. It is observed that the ssDNA probe labeled with TMR at the 5'-end, in which the fluorophore is nine nucleotides away from the nearest dG base to eliminate/reduce photoinduced electron transfer interaction between TMR and the dG base, exhibits the maximum FA change in response to the target miRNA-21. The change in FA enables the sensitive detection of miRNA-21 ranging from 0.050 to 2.0 nM, with a detection limit of 40 pM. In addition, this amplification strategy exhibits high selectivity and can even discriminate single-base mutations between miRNA family members. We further applied this method to detect miRNA-21 in the extract of various cancer cell lines. Therefore, this method holds great potential for miRNA analysis in tissues or cells, providing valuable information for biomedical research, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications.

miR-335-5p Inhibits EMT and PI3K/AKT Pathways via MARCH8

Ubiquitination is a highly conserved process that regulates protein stability by post-translational modification. Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) proteins belong to a family of transmembrane E3 ligases which are responsible for the degradation of their target proteins. Recently, several MARCH family members, including MARCH8, have been reported to be deregulated in cancers. However, the nuances of the exact mechanism remain unexplored. Herein, we investigated regulation of PI3K/AKT and EMT pathways in esophageal cancer via miR-335-5p/MARCH8 axis. Putative miRNAs regulating MARCH8 expression were predicted using in-silico tools. Correlation between expression of miR-335-5p and MARCH8 in esophageal cancer and distant matched non-malignant tissues was evaluated using Real-time PCR. Further, luciferase assay and western blot analysis were carried out to study the direct regulation of MARCH8 via miR-335-5p in esophageal cancer cells. Expression of MARCH8 and miR-335-5p was modulated in esophageal cancer cells and its effect on PI3K/AKT and EMT pathways was evaluated using western blot analysis. Prediction tools revealed miR-335-5p to be the most promising miRNA that might regulate MARCH8 expression. Next, expression analysis of miR-335-5p and MARCH8 in esophageal cancer and distant matched non-malignant tissues revealed an inverse correlation between miR-335-5p and MARCH8 expression (r= - 0.293; p = 0.139). A significant decrease in MARCH8 expression was observed post-miR-335-5p transfection in esophageal cancer cells (p < 0.05). The direct regulation of MARCH8 via miR-335-5p was established using luciferase assay. Further, forced expression of miR-335-5p and silencing of MARCH8 in esophageal cancer cells resulted in the inhibition of PI3/AKT and EMT pathways. Our findings for the first time, demonstrate miR-335-5p mediated regulation of PI3K/AKT and EMT pathways via MARCH8.

Non-coding RNAs, a double-edged sword in breast cancer prognosis

Cancer is a rising issue worldwide, and numerous studies have focused on understanding the underlying reasons for its occurrence and finding proper ways to defeat it. By applying technological advances, researchers are continuously uncovering and updating treatments in cancer therapy. Their vast functions in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation and their significant role in the progression of diseases, including cancer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ncRNAs in breast cancer, focusing on long non-coding RNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and NEAT1, as well as microRNAs such as miR-21, miR-221/222, and miR-155. These ncRNAs are pivotal in regulating cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and apoptosis. Additionally, we discuss experimental approaches that are useful for studying them and highlight the advantages and challenges of each method. We then explain the results of these clinical trials and offer insights for future studies by discussing major existing gaps. On the basis of an extensive number of studies, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of ncRNAs in cancer therapy. Key findings show that even though the functions of ncRNAs are vast and undeniable in cancer, there are still complications associated with their therapeutic use. Moreover, there is an absence of sufficient experiments regarding their application in mouse models, which is an area to work on. By emphasizing the crucial role of ncRNAs, this review underscores the need for innovative approaches and further studies to explore their potential in cancer therapy.

Circulating MicroRNAs: functional biomarkers for melanoma prognosis and treatment

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) hold significant promise as circulating cancer biomarkers and unlike many other molecular markers, they can provide valuable insights that extend beyond tumour biology. The expression of circulating miRNAs may parallel the cellular composition and dynamic activity within the tumour microenvironment and reveal systemic immune responses. The functional complexity of miRNAs-where a single miRNA can regulate multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to fine tune fundamental processes, and a single mRNA can be targeted by multiple miRNAs-underscores their broad significance and impact. However, this complexity poses significant challenges for translating miRNA research into clinical practice. In melanoma, specific miRNA signatures have shown notable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value, with lineage-specific and immune-related miRNAs frequently identified as valuable markers. In this review, we explore the role of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in melanoma, and highlight the current status and advances required to translate miRNA research into therapeutic opportunities.

A bioinformatics analysis of the target role of miRNA-431-5p on KLK6 in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Although increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play different roles in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), investigations on miRNA-targeted regulation in CRC are sparse. However, the high morbidity and mortality of CRC necessitates exploring this area of research for potential alternative therapeutic approaches to CRC.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was used to obtain the key Hub genes related to CRC, and survival analysis was performed to screen out the core genes. Meanwhile, verification was performed using CCK-8, Transwell, qPCR, WB, immunohistochemistry and dual luciferase assays at a cellular level.

RESULTS

This study identified the hub gene KLK6 associated with CRC based on the GEO and TCGA databases. Survival analysis revealed a significant decrease in the survival rate of CRC patients with increasing expression levels of KLK6. Target gene prediction confirmed that miR-431-5p can target KLK6. Cell experimental results demonstrated that the miR-431-5p inhibitor enhanced cell viability and promoted cell migration and invasion while miR-431-5p mimics reduced cell viability and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Both the inhibitor and mimics of miR-431-5p suppressed and promoted the expression of miR-431-5p, as well as promoted and inhibited the KLK6 mRNA and protein expression. Dual luciferase results showed that miR-431-5p targeted KLK6, and cell recovery experiments further verified that miR-431-5p regulated cell viability, migration and invasion by targeting KLK6.

CONCLUSIONS

Through target gene prediction, miR-431-5p was found to target KLK6, suggesting its therapeutic potential in CRC. As such, therapies that can inhibit KLK6 via miR-431-5p offer a promising approach to CRC.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

The Clinical Role of miRNAs in the Development and Treatment of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and one of the most aggressive, with a median overall survival (OS) of only 15-18 months. These characteristics make it necessary to identify new targets for the improvement of prognosis and better prediction of response to therapies currently available for GBM patients. One possible candidate target could be the evaluation of miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Due to their functions, miRNAs also control biological processes underlying the development of GBM and may be considered possible targets with a clinical role. This narrative review introduces the concept of miRNAs in GBM from a clinical and a molecular perspective and then addresses the specific miRNAs that are most described in the literature as relevant for the development, the prognosis, and the response to therapies for patients affected by GBM.

A miRNA Signature for Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in Morocco: miR-21, miR-29a and miR-92a

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Morocco, often detected at late stages. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers for CRC detection, with miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-92a showing significant diagnostic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of these miRNAs in a Moroccan population and their efficacy as diagnostic biomarkers.

METHODS

A prospective study was conducted using blood samples from 50 CRC patients and 50 healthy controls. Circulating miRNA expression levels were quantified through reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), with normalization to miR-1228-3p. Statistical analyses, including the Mann-Whitney U test, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, sensitivity (Sen), and specificity (Spe) evaluations, were performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of individual miRNAs and their combined performance as panels.

RESULTS

The expression levels of miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-92a were significantly elevated in CRC patients compared to healthy controls (all p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated that miR-92a exhibited the highest individual diagnostic performance (AUC: 0.938), followed by miR-21 (AUC: 0.907) and miR-29a (AUC: 0.898). Sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 90%, 92% and 56%, and 76% and 94%, respectively. Combinatorial analysis revealed that the miR-29a and miR-92a panel achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.976), surpassing individual miRNAs and other combinations, highlighting its potential as a robust, non-invasive biomarker panel for CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the potential of the miR-29a and miR-92a combination, which achieved excellent diagnostic efficiency (AUC: 0.976). These findings underscore miRNA utility in enhancing early detection and reducing CRC-related mortality in Morocco.

Plasma miR-122-5p and miR-142-5p and their role in chemoresistance of patients with colon cancer

Chemoresistance represents a major issue affecting cancer therapy efficacy. Because microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression on multiple levels, their role in chemoresistance development is reasonably certain. In our previous study, miR-122-5p and miR-142-5p were identified as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for primary and metastatic rectal cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these miRNAs can also reflect the disease course of patients with colon cancer (CC). Further, we focused on a deeper understanding of their involvement in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance development.

The epigenetic mechanisms involved in the treatment resistance of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignant brain tumor with almost inevitable recurrence despite multimodal management with surgical resection and radio-chemotherapy. While several genetic, proteomic, cellular, and anatomic factors interplay to drive recurrence and promote treatment resistance, the epigenetic component remains among the most versatile and heterogeneous of these factors. Herein, the epigenetic landscape of GBM refers to a myriad of modifications and processes that can alter gene expression without altering the genetic code of cancer cells. These processes encompass DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA molecules, all of which have been found to be implicated in augmenting the tumor's aggressive behavior and driving its resistance to therapeutics. This review aims to delve into the underlying interactions that mediate this role for each of these epigenetic components. Further, it discusses the two-way relationship between epigenetic modifications and tumor heterogeneity and plasticity, which are crucial to effectively treat GBM. Finally, we build on the previous characterization of epigenetic modifications and interactions to explore specific targets that have been investigated for the development of promising therapeutic agents.

HOXA10-AS Enhances Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion via the p38 MAPK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Gastric cancer (GC) represents a major global health concern, with over 1 million new cases diagnosed annually worldwide. Emerging studies have highlighted the significant correlation between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the progression of GC. The objective of the current study is to investigate the roles and mechanism of lncRNA homeobox A10 antisense RNA (HOXA10-AS) in modulating malignant properties of GC cells. RT-qPCR was employed to detect HOXA10-AS expression in GC cells or human normal gastric epithelium cells. The cellular localization of HOXA10-AS and mRNA HOXA10 were detected using RNA fractionation assays. Colony forming assays and Transwell assays were performed to assess the proliferative, invasive, and migratory capabilities of GC cells. Western blot analysis was used to determine protein levels of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in GC cells. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pulldown assays and luciferase assays were conducted to explore gene interaction. As shown by experimental results, HOXA10-AS showed high expression in GC cells. The silencing of HOXA10-AS led to weakened proliferative, invasive, and migratory abilities of GC cells, as well as inhibition of the EMT process. Moreover, HOXA10-AS positively regulated HOXA10 expression by interacting with miR-29a/b/c-3p. Additionally, overexpression of HOXA10 counteracted the repressive impacts on malignant cellular process caused by the knockdown of HOXA10-AS. Furthermore, HOXA10-AS activated the p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway via upregulation of HOXA10. In conclusion, HOXA10-AS upregulates HOXA10 expression through interaction with miR-29a/b/c-3p. The resultant increase in HOXA10 expression activates the p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling, thereby promoting GC cell growth, migration, invasion, and EMT process.

The role of molecular biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment stratification of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comprehensive review

One of the most common cancers targeting the area of the head and neck is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), carrying a heavy global health cost. With a high incidence of metastasis and recurrence, the outlook for OSCC remains dismal despite advancements in treatment. This has sparked an investigation into molecular biomarkers, which have the potential to improve early diagnosis, forecast patient outcomes, and direct therapeutic approaches. An extensive summary of the function of molecular biomarkers in OSCC diagnosis, prognosis, and medical care stratification is given in this article. Complex genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and dysregulated signalling pathways are all part of the aetiology of OSCC. Tumor protein p53 (Tp53), Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-targeted), Cyclin D1 (CCND1), and Human papilloma virus (HPV) status are examples of molecular biomarkers that have demonstrated potential in recognising disease at an early stage and identifying malignant changes. The non-invasive detection capabilities of diagnostic biomarkers such as salivary proteins, circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), and microRNAs are being explored more and more because they may provide early intervention and better patient outcomes. Prognostically, tumour aggressiveness, recurrence risk, and overall survival have all been linked to biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), E-cadherin, and different cytokines. Furthermore, immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are becoming recognised as important markers of the tumour microenvironment's function in the course of the disease and its reaction to immunotherapy. The significance of biomarkers in personalised medicine has been further highlighted by the recognition of subgroups with elevated risk that might gain benefit from more aggressive treatment options thanks to the genetic profiling of OSCC. Predictive biomarkers are essential for therapy classification because they allow therapeutic regimens to be tailored. For example, (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologous) KRAS mutations and EGFR expression influence the effectiveness of targeted therapies, and the existence of specific epigenetic markers influences choices about radiation or chemotherapy. It is expected that the incorporation of multi-omics techniques, which integrate transcriptome, proteome, and genomic data, will improve these tactics and increase accuracy in OSCC treatment. Molecular indicators have the potential to significantly improve the medical treatment of ovarian cancer. Better patient outcomes will eventually result from earlier identification, more precise prognostication, and individualised therapy regimens made possible by advancements in biomarker research. For these biomarkers to be widely used, further research must be done on verifying them and incorporating them into standard clinical practice.

OncomiR mdv1-miR-M7-5p promotes avian lymphomatosis by modulating the BCL2/Bax mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects poultry and causes fatal lymphomas in infected chickens. Notably, the mdv1-miR-M7-5p, a pivotal oncomiR encoded by MDV, is closely associated with viral replication and latency. Here, mdv1-miR-M7-5p was transfected into the chicken lymphoma cell line MSB1, which resulted in the inhibition of lymphoma cell apoptosis and an increase in lymphoma cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, the expression of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and ARRDC3 were significantly downregulated, while the MDV latency-associated genes such as ICP4 and ICP27 were significantly upregulated. The BCL2/Bax ratio was increased while the expression of genes involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway were decreased. Furthermore, our mitochondrial function experiments in MSB1 cells demonstrated that mdv1-miR-M7-5p enhanced mitochondrial ATP release and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby affecting mitochondrial function and inhibiting lymphoma cell apoptosis. Dual-luciferase assays revealed that mdv1-miR-M7-5p binds to caspase-6. For the in vivo study, a cholesterol-modified inhibitor of mdv1-miR-M7-5p was administered to chickens. Inhibition of mdv1-miR-M7-5p resulted in a lower mortality rate than that in the control groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17 in the plasma of MDV-infected chickens were significantly increased. A marked increase was observed in apoptosis in the spleen tissues, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes including caspase-3 and tumor suppressor gene PTEN in immune organs, including the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus, were markedly upregulated. In summary, the oncogenic miRNA mdv1-miR-M7-5p promotes MDV latency and may facilitate lymphoma formation by mediating the BCL2/CytC signaling pathway. This mediation enhances mitochondrial function and inhibits lymphoma cell apoptosis, thereby contributing to lymphoma development.

Unleashing the power of urine‑based biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of bladder cancer (Review)

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a prevalent malignant neoplasm of the urinary tract with high incidence rate, frequent recurrence and rapid disease progression. Conventional approaches for diagnosing, prognosticating and monitoring BCa often rely on invasive procedures such as cystoscopy and tissue biopsy, which are associated with high costs and low patient compliance for follow‑up. Liquid biopsies have advantages, such as being non‑invasive, real‑time, and reproducible, in obtaining diverse biomarkers derived from cellular, molecular, proteomic and genetic signatures in urine or plasma samples. Although plasma‑based biomarkers have been clinically validated, urine provides greater specificity for directly assessing biological materials from urological sources. The present review summarizes advancements and current limitations in urinary protein, genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for disease progression and treatment response of BC, compares performance and application scenarios of urine and blood biomarkers and explores how urinary biomarkers may serve as an alternative or complementary tool to traditional diagnostic methods. The integration of urine‑based or plasma‑based biomarkers into existing diagnostic workflows offers promising avenues for improving accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis in the management of BCa. Notably, the emergence of synthetic biomarkers and urine metabolites, combined with artificial intelligence or bioinformatic technologies, has promise in the screening of potential targets. Continued research and validation efforts are needed to translate these findings into routine clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes and decreasing the burden of BCa.

Strategies for discovering novel hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a significant global health challenge due to its high mortality rate and late-stage diagnosis. The discovery of reliable biomarkers is crucial for improving early detection and patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging biomarkers for HCC, including alpha-fetoprotein, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, glypican-3, Golgi protein 73, osteopontin, and microRNAs. Despite advancements, the diagnostic limitations of existing biomarkers underscore the urgent need for novel markers that can detect HCC in its early stages. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating multi-omics approaches, combining genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, to develop more robust biomarker panels. Such integrative methods have the potential to capture the complex molecular landscape of HCC, offering insights into disease mechanisms and identifying targets for personalized therapies. The significance of large-scale validation studies, collaboration between research institutions and clinical settings, and consideration of regulatory pathways for clinical implementation is also discussed. In conclusion, while substantial progress has been made in biomarker discovery, continued research and innovation are essential to address the remaining challenges. The successful translation of these discoveries into clinical practice will require rigorous validation, standardization of protocols, and cross-disciplinary collaboration. By advancing the development and application of novel biomarkers, we can improve the early detection and management of HCC, ultimately enhancing patient survival and quality of life.

Could let-7f, miR-10b, miR-34a, miR-181b, and miR-181d Be Useful Tools as a Target Therapy for Uterine Leiomyosarcoma?

Background/Objectives: We have previously identified let-7f-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-181b-5p, and miR-181d-5p as differentially expressed between uterine leiomyoma (LM) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS) tissue samples. The present study aimed to characterize these miRNA expression profiles and to assess the functional role of miR-34a and miR-181b in uterine LM and LMS cells. Methods: All the selected miRNAs showed downregulation in LMS cells compared to LM cells, but only miR-34a and miR-181b expression patterns matched those of patient samples. Therefore, these two miRs were selected for further analyses. Results: Loss of function analysis demonstrated that miR-34a and miR-181b silencing inhibited LM cell proliferation and migration. MiR-34a silencing induced CCND1 and MDM4 expression and inhibited KMT2D, BCL2, and NOTCH2 in LM. Silencing of miR-181b promotes TIMP3 and FGFR1 expression in LM and diminishes BCL2, NOTCH2, ATM, IRS1, and PRLR. Gain of function analysis revealed that the introduction of miR-34a and miR-181b mimics suppressed proliferation and migration in malignant LMS cells. Additionally, transfection with a miR-34a mimic downregulated NOTCH2 and BCL2 expression and enhanced the expression of CCND1, KMT2D, and TP53 in LMS cells. Moreover, miR-181b overexpression decreased TIMP3, NOTCH2, ATM, and IRS1 expression and increased the expression of FGFR1 in this cell. Importantly, the single introduction of either a miR-34a or miR-181b mimic was able to decrease the invasion capacity of LMS cells. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrated that miR-34a or miR-181b may play an anti-oncogenic role in uterine tumors; further studies are needed to better understand the role and regulatory mechanism of these miRNAs in LMS cancer development, which will help provide prognostic and therapeutic options for patients with LMS.

miRNA-503 inhibition exerts anticancer effects and reduces tumor growth in mesothelioma

BACKGROUND

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the mesothelial surfaces, associated with exposure to asbestos fibres. To date, no cure is available for MM and therapeutically approved treatments are based on the use of platinum compounds often used in combination with other drugs. We have previously analysed the efficacy of a cisplatin/piroxicam (CDDP/P) combined treatment showing that this treatment was able to reduce in vivo tumor growth. Several studies reported that platinum-drug sensitivity in cancer is connected to modulation of the expression of non-coding RNAs. In this study we analysed if the CDDP/P treatment was able to modulate miRNAs expression in MM.

METHODS

miRNA sequencing performed on MSTO-211 H cells treated with CDDP with CDDP/P led us to identify miRNA-503 - downregulated by CDDP/P - as a novel miRNA that acts as an oncomiR in MM. The effect of miRNA-503 inhibition was evaluated in vitro in mesothelioma cells analysing apoptosis induction and reduction of cancer properties. Inhibition of miR-503 expression in vivo, was analysed in ectopic mouse model of MM by using LNP encapsulating anti-mir-503 and miR-503 expression was evaluated in human MM samples.

RESULTS

In vitro and in vivo analysis confirmed miR-503 acts as oncogene in MM since its inhibition was able to reduce cell cancer properties and tumor growth in ectopic mouse model of MM. Its expression was found upregulated in human MM patients compared to normal pleura. Bioinformatic analysis indicated BTG1, CCNG1, EDG1, and TIMP2 as putative target genes of miRNA-503. These genes showed an opposite expression compared to miR-503 levels both in cells and in MM samples. Finally, microarray analysis indicated that miR-503 inhibition affected the expression of the well-known MM biomarkers: CXCL8, SERPINE1 and Osteopontin.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study is the first reporting an oncomiR role for miR-503 in MM and suggests that its inactivation could have a clinical value in MM patients. This study reveals that miRNA-503 acts as an oncomiR in MM suggesting that its inhibition, through LNP delivery, has the potential to be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy in MM.

Nimbolide attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating miRNAs 21, 145 and 221 and their target gene expression

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are becoming progressively emerging in cancer research from an etiologic and curative point of view. Several miRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, which are dysregulated in numerous cancers. Our previous studies have established that nimbolide (a bioactive terpenoid from neem) attenuated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through various mechanisms in mice. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effect of nimbolide in modulating specific miRNAs (21, 145, and 221) and their target genes involved in promoting inflammation and cancer cell proliferation in HCC mice.

METHODS

Following the induction of HCC in mice at 28 weeks, nimbolide (6 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered orally for four consecutive weeks.

RESULTS

We found significantly increased hepatic expression of miR-21a-3p, miR-21a-5p, miR-221-5p and miR-221-3p whilst significantly decreased miR-145a-5p in HCC mice. Nimbolide treatment to HCC mice substantially reduced the miR-21a-5p and miR-221-3p and improved miR-145a-5p gene expression. Our in-silico study also supports these findings. Moreover, hepatic tight junction (TJ) associated proteins such as claudins 1&5 mRNA and protein were increased considerably, whilst significantly decreased hepatic claudin 2 mRNA and protein expression noted in HCC mice. Nimbolide also regulates cadherins, ROCK 1, MMP 9, cyclin D1, CDK4, NF κB and TNFα mRNA expression in HCC mice.

CONCLUSION

We identified for the first time that nibmolide treatment to HCC mice significantly attenuated hepatic miRNAs 21 & 221 expressions and sheltered miR-145 expression. These findings were further confirmed with in-silico studies. Moreover, nibmolide treatment in HCC mice regulates miRNA target genes involved in cancer cell proliferation and inflammation, thereby attenuating HCC progression in mice.

Enhancing RECK Expression Through miR-21 Inhibition: A Promising Strategy for Bladder Carcinoma Control

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the tenth most frequent malignancy worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite recent treatment advances, high-grade BC and muscle-invasive BC present with significant progression and recurrence rates, urging the need for alternative treatments. The microRNA-21 (miR-21) has superexpression in many malignancies and is associated with cellular invasion and progression. One of its mechanisms of action is the regulation of RECK, a tumor suppressor gene responsible for inhibiting metalloproteinases, including MMP9. In a high-grade urothelial cancer cell line, we aimed to assess if miR-21 downregulation would promote RECK expression and decrease MMP9 expression. We also evaluated cellular migration and proliferation potential by inhibition of this pathway. In a T24 cell line, we inhibited miR-21 expression by transfection of a specific microRNA inhibitor (anti-miR-21). There were also control and scramble groups, the last with a negative microRNA transfected. After the procedure, we performed a genetic expression analysis of miR-21, RECK, and MMP9 through qPCR. Migration, proliferation, and protein expression were evaluated via wound healing assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence.After anti-miR-21 transfection, miR-21 expression decreased with RECK upregulation and MMP9 downregulation. The immunofluorescence assay showed a significant increase in RECK protein expression (p < 0.0001) and a decrease in MMP9 protein expression (p = 0.0101). The anti-miR-21 transfection significantly reduced cellular migration in the wound healing assay (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, in the colony formation assay, the anti-miR-21 group demonstrated reduced cellular proliferation (p = 0.0008), also revealed in the cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry (p = 0.0038). Our results corroborate the hypothesis that miR-21 is associated with BC cellular migration and proliferation, revealing its potential as a new effective treatment for this pathology.

Advances in research on malignant tumors and targeted agents for TOP2A (Review)

The DNA topoisomerase isoform topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is essential for the condensation and segregation of cellular mitotic chromosomes and the structural maintenance. It has been demonstrated that TOP2A is highly expressed in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer (BC), associating with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior. Additionally, TOP2A has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy, with widespread clinical application of associated chemotherapeutic agents. The present study explored the impact of TOP2A on malignant tumor growth and the advancements in research on its targeted drugs. The fundamental mechanisms of TOP2A have been detailed, its specific roles in tumor cells are analyzed, and its potential as a biomarker for tumor prognosis and therapeutic targeting is highlighted. Additionally, the present review compiles findings from the latest clinical trials of relevant targeted agents, information on newly developed inhibitors, and discusses future research directions and clinical application strategies in cancer therapy, aiming to propose novel ideas and methods.

JQ1 Treatment and miR-21 Silencing Activate Apoptosis of CD44+ Oral Cancer Cells

Oral cancer ranks in the top 10 most prevalent malignancies worldwide. It is an aggressive tumor with frequent relapses and metastases and relatively modest survival rates that do not improve in spite of constantly evolving treatment modalities. Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells considered to be responsible not only for tumor initiation but also its aggressive behavior. Many efforts are directed at targeting those cells specifically. A class of small molecules, inhibitors of BET proteins (iBET), is emerging as a novel anticancer tool. Modulating the expression of microRNAs could also be a valid approach in cancer therapy. We aimed to study the effect of the iBET JQ1 combined with miR-21 silencing on oral cancer stem cells (CD44+ cells). CD44+ cells were sorted by flow cytometry and treated with JQ1 alone or in combination with miRNA-21 silencing. Following treatment, MTT, spheroid formation, invasion, and annexin V assays were performed, along with cell cycle and gene expression analyses. JQ1 in conjunction with miR-21 silencing showed considerable cytotoxicity led to a significant downregulation of cyclin D1, consistent with G1 cell cycle arrest, a significant caspase 3 upregulation in accordance with activation of apoptosis. The combined treatment approach also reduced CD44+ cell invasion capacity. Modulating chromatin structure with iBETs and silencing miRNA could be suitable epigenetic adjuncts to oral cancer treatment.

MicroRNA-200c in Cancer Generation, Invasion, and Metastasis

MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c) is increasingly recognized as a crucial small RNA molecule that plays a significant and multifaceted role in the complex processes of tumor development, invasion, and metastasis across various types of cancers. Recent studies have compellingly demonstrated that miR-200c exerts its influence on tumor biology by meticulously regulating a range of critical processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell migration, all of which are essential for the progression and aggressiveness of tumors. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the expression characteristics and functional implications of miR-200c across a diverse array of tumor types, delving into its potential utility as both a biomarker for early detection and a therapeutic target in the realm of cancer treatment. By synthesizing current research findings and insights, we aspire to provide valuable information that could significantly enhance early diagnostic capabilities and inform the strategic development of targeted therapy approaches in oncology.

Increasing prostate cancer radiosensitivity by miR-7-5p knockdown of anti-apoptotic genes

Despite the success of radiotherapy for prostate cancer treatment, the recent discovery of radiation resistance prevents it from reaching its full potential. This study aims to use hsa-miR-7-5p for the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. The search for anti-apoptotic genes was carried out through databases. The selected genes included XIAP, MCL1, REL, and BIRC3. Our selection was based on the best miRNA because it has a greater impact on genes. The second step involved transfecting the miRNA into a prostate cancer cell line. Subsequently, radiosensitivity was tested using real-time PCR, clonogenic assay, and annexin V flow cytometry. The highest apoptosis rate in the transfected cells was at 0 Gy in hsa-miR-7-5p (28.88 ± 0.80), plenti III (18.81 ± 0.59), and the control group (4.10 ± 1.52) (P<0.001). Also, its rate was at 4 Gy in hsa-miR-7-5p (36.11 ± 1.93), plenti III (26.42 ± 0.42), and the control group (8.79 ± 2.29) (P<0.001). This study showed a decreasing trend in survival with increasing doses. Suppression of anti-apoptotic genes, including XIAP, MCL1, Birc3, and REL, enhanced radiosensitivity by increasing the expression of hsa-miR-7-5p in the PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. Hsa-miR-7-5p is a miRNA that can suppress the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and thus plays an essential role in the process of cell apoptosis. Targeting genes that are associated with apoptosis could potentially enhance the efficacy of treatments for patients with prostate cancer.

MicroRNA-21 as a Regulator of Cancer Stem Cell Properties in Oral Cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, mainly due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of cells that contribute to therapy resistance and tumor progression. The principal objective of this study was to investigate the role of miRNA-21 in the maintenance of cancer cell stemness and the possibility of altering it. The CD44 antigen was used as a marker for CSC isolation from oral cancer cell cultures. CD44+ and CD44- populations were sorted via magnetic separation. miRNA-21 inhibition was performed in CD44+ cells via transfection. CD44+ cells possessed a significantly higher migration and invasion potential compared to CD44- cells, higher levels of miRNA-21 (p = 0.004) and β-catenin (p = 0.005), and lower levels of BAX (p = 0.015). miRNA-21 inhibition in CD44+ cells reduced migration, invasion, and colony formation while increasing apoptosis. Stemness markers were significantly downregulated following miRNA-21 inhibition: OCT4 (p = 0.013), SOX2 (p = 0.008), and NANOG (p = 0.0001), as well as β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) (p < 0.05), an important member of WNT signaling pathway. Apoptotic activity was enhanced, with a significant downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 (p = 0.008) gene. In conclusion, miRNA-21 plays a critical role in the regulation of oral cancer CD44+ cells properties. Targeting and inhibiting miRNA-21 in CD44+ cells could represent a promising novel strategy in OSCC treatment.

Potential Regulation of ARID1A by miR-129-5p and miR-3613-3p and Their Prognostic Value in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) remains the most common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of GC and, therefore, may be potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Our work was aimed at investigating the predicted regulation of ARID1A by miR-129-5p and miR-3613-3p and the clinical value of their aberrant expression in GC. The study included tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 110 GC patients, 38 sectional normal gastric tissue samples, as well as 65 plasma samples of GC patients and 49 plasma samples of healthy donors. Expression levels of ARID1A and both miRNAs were quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We have identified significant associations of their expression with the clinical and pathological characteristics of GC patients both in tissues and plasma. To validate predicted target pairs miR-129-5p/ARID1A and miR-3613-3p/ARID1A, in vitro experiments on cancer cell lines were conducted. The obtained results suggest a complex role of ARID1A, miR-129-5p and miR-3613-3p in GC and potential regulation of ARID1A expression by both miRNAs.

Quercetin and microRNA Interplay in Apoptosis Regulation: A New Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer?

Cancer is known as a global problem for the health and economy. Following cancer onset, apoptosis is the primary mechanism countering the tumor cells' growth. Most anticancer agents initiate apoptosis to remove tumor cells. Phytochemicals have appeared as a beneficial treatment option according to their less adverse effects. In recent decades, quercetin has been highlighted due to its high pharmacological benefits, and various literature has suggested it as a potential anti-proliferative agent against different kinds of cancers. The microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in cancer treatment, progression, and apoptosis. This review reviewed the effect of quercetin on miRNAs contributing to the induction or inhibition of apoptosis in cancers.

The miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Transcriptomic Analysis From GEO

BACKGROUND

Bioinformatics analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expression profiles can aid in understanding its molecular mechanisms and identifying new targets for diagnosis and treatment.

AIM

In this study, we analyzed expression profile datasets and miRNA expression profiles related to HCC from the GEO using R software to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Common DEGs were identified, and a PPI network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software to identify hub genes. The reduced levels of tumor suppressor miRNAs or down regulated DEmiRs may be increased levels of oncogenes, the oncomirs or up regulated DEmiRs may be decreased levels of tumor suppressor genes in cancerous cells. According to this strategy, increased and decreased DEGs, also increased and decreased DEmiRs were selected. The multimir package was employed to predict target genes for DEmiRs then DEmiRs-hub gene network created. We identified approximately 1000 overlapping DEGs and 60 DEmiRs. Hub genes included RRM2, MELK, KIF11, KIF23, NCAPG, DLGAP5, BUB1B, AURKB, CCNB1, KIF20A, CCNA2, TTK, PBK, TOP2A, CDK1, MAD2L1, BIRC5, ASPM, CDCA8, and CENPF, all associated with significantly worse survival in HCC. miR-224, miR-24, miR-182, miRNA-1-3p, miR-30a, miR-27a, and miR-214 were identified as important DEmiRs with targeting more than six hub genes.

CONCLUSION

Generally, our findings offer insight into the interaction of hub genes and miRNAs in the development of HCC by bioinformatics analysis, information that may prove useful in identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC.

Predicting human miRNA disease association with minimize matrix nuclear norm

microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules that influence the development and progression of many diseases. Research have documented that miRNAs have a significant role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of complex human diseases. Recently, scientists have devoted extensive resources to attempting to find the connections between miRNAs and diseases. Since the experimental methods used to discover that new miRNA-disease associations are time-consuming and expensive, many computational methods have been developed. In this research, a novel computational method based on matrix decomposition was proposed to predict new associations between miRNAs and diseases. Furthermore, the nuclear norm minimization method was employed to acquire breast cancer-associated miRNAs. We then evaluated the effectiveness of our method by utilizing two different cross-validation techniques and the results were compared to seven different methods. Moreover, a case study on breast cancer further validated our technique, confirming its predictive accuracy. These experimental results demonstrate that our method is a reliable computational model for uncovering potential miRNA-disease relationships.

Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer globally, and has recently become the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. BC is a heterogeneous disease comprising various histopathological and molecular subtypes with differing levels of malignancy, and each patient has an individual prognosis. Etiology and pathogenesis are complex and involve a considerable number of genetic alterations and dozens of alterations in non-coding RNA expression. Non-coding RNAs are part of an abundant family of single-stranded RNA molecules acting as key regulators in DNA replication, mRNA processing and translation, cell differentiation, growth, and overall genomic stability. In the context of breast cancer, non-coding RNAs are involved in cell cycle control and tumor cell migration and invasion, as well as treatment resistance. Alterations in non-coding RNA expression may contribute to the development and progression of breast cancer, making them promising biomarkers and targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Currently, the use of non-coding RNAs has not yet been applied to routine practice; however, their potential has been very well studied. The present review is a literature overview of current knowledge and its objective is to delineate the function of diverse classes of non-coding RNAs in breast cancer, with a particular emphasis on their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic markers or as therapeutic targets and tools.

Enhancing oncolytic virotherapy by extracellular vesicle mediated microRNA reprograming of the tumour microenvironment

Background

There has been limited success of cancer immunotherapies in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OvCa) to date, largely due to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of both the primary tumour and malignant ascites, promoting tumour growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance and immunosuppression. Differential microRNA (miRNA) profiles have been implicated in the plasticity of TAMs. Therefore, delivering miRNA to TAMs to promote an anti-tumour phenotype is a novel approach to reverse their pro-tumour activity and enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially replicate in tumour cells making them ideal vehicles to deliver miRNA mimetics to the TME. Importantly, miRNA expressed by OVs get packaged within tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs), and release of TDEV is augmented by OV infection, thus enhancing the dissemination of miRNA throughout the TME.

Method

Small RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNA during TAM generation and following LPS/IFNγ stimulation to induce an anti-tumour phenotype. Two differentially expressed miRNA identified, miR-155 and miR-19a, were cloned into oncolytic rhabdovirus (ORV), and anti-tumour efficacy was investigated using both in vitro and in vivo models of OvCa.

Results

This study demonstrates that ORV infection enhances TDEV production in OvCa cell lines both in vitro and in vivo and that TDEV are preferentially taken up by myeloid cells, including TAMs. Small RNA sequencing identified 23 miRNAs that were significantly upregulated in anti-tumour TAMs, including miR-155-5p. While 101 miRNAs were downregulated during pro-tumour TAM differentiation, including miR-19a-3p. Culturing TDEV expressing miR-155 or miR-19a with TAMs reversed their immunosuppressive activity, as measured by T cell proliferation. While ORV-miR-155 enhanced the generation of anti-tumour T cells, only ORV-miR19a significantly improved survival of mice bearing ovarian tumours.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates (i) that arming ORVs with immunomodulatory miRNA is an effective approach to deliver miRNA to myeloid cells within the TME and (ii) that miRNA have the capacity to reverse the tumour promoting properties of TAMs and improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, such as OV.

miR-3191 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating PAK6

BACKGROUND/AIMS

microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to tumorigenesis, progression and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-3191 is a newly discovered miRNA, and its function and mechanism of action in biological processes and diseases are not completely understood.

METHODS

miR-3191 expression is determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Knockdown and overexpression of miR-3191 influence the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells, which is measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Colony Formation assay and Cell metastasis assay. Protein expression is estimated by Western blot. The interplay between miR-3191 and target is validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Here, we show that miR-3191 is upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. Mechanistically, p21-activated protein kinase 6 (PAK6) was identified as a direct target of miR‑3191 in HCC. PAK6 knockdown partially recovered interference of miR‑3191‑induced decrease in cell proliferation and invasion. The accuracy of HCC patient prognosis could be improved by employing a combination of miR-3191 and PAK6 values.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-3191 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells via targeting PAK6 and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.

Evaluation of the simultaneous effects of KRAS G12V and LCS6 alterations on the behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are the seventh most common cancer accounting for 90 % of malignant neoplasia of the upper respiratory system. KRAS is a very important oncogene, leading to the suppression of apoptosis, and promoting the pathogenesis and development of tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small noncoding RNA molecules aberrantly expressed in various pathologies including regulation of tumor and metastasis-associated genes. Variant (rs61764370) of the let-7 miRNA complementary site of KRAS 3'-untranslated region (KRAS-LCS6) has been shown to disrupt the ability of miRNAs to target genes resulting in differential target mRNA and protein expression.

METHODS

In this study, the effects of variant complementary site LCS6 of the let-7 miRNA in head and neck cancer were investigated in vitro using laryngeal carcinoma HEp-2 carrying G12V and LCS6 alterations in the KRAS gene. Non-cancer HEK-293 cells were also used as control cells.

RESULTS

G12V mutation in the KRAS gene increases invasion capacity and is specifically active on the ERK pathway associated with metastasis. Alteration in the LCS6 region of the KRAS gene did not show additional effects compared to cells only carrying G12V mutation. Our results also showed that the coexistence of G12V and LCS6 alterations is lethal to specific cell types, UM-SCC-17A laryngeal cancer cells in our case.

CONCLUSIONS

The LCS6 region alteration of the KRAS may play a key role in further cancer progression, and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the LCS6 alterations promote cancer progression.

miR-198 targets TOPORS: implications for oral squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis

Background

miRNAs play a critical role in the progression of various diseases, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which represents a major health concern and is one of the leading causes for new cancer cases worldwide. The miRNA dysregulation causes havoc and could be attributed to various factors, with epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes being a major contributor to tumorigenesis. In this study, we have explored the tumor suppressive role of miR-198 in OSCC.

Methods

The tumor suppressive effect of miR-198 is established using miRNA analysis in OSCC cell lines, patient samples and xenograft nude mice model. The relationship between the miR-198 and TOPORS is explored using bioinformatics analyses, qRT-PCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting and cancer hall marks assays. The hypermethylation of the MIR198 promoter is confirmed using bisulfite sequencing PCR.

Results

We have found miR-198 to be upregulated in OSCC cells treated with 5-Azacytidine, a known DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Upregulation of miR-198 in 5-Azacytidine treated OSCC cells appears to be due to methylation of the MIR198 promoter. Using bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay, we have identified TOPORS (TOP1 binding arginine/serine rich protein, E3 ubiquitin ligase) as a novel gene target for miR-198. miR-198-mediated repression of TOPORS decreases cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and enhances apoptosis of OSCC cells, which is dependent on the presence of the 3'UTR in TOPORS. An inverse correlation between the expression levels of miR-198 and TOPORS is observed in OSCC patient samples, highlighting the biological relevance of their interaction. Delivery of a synthetic miR-198 mimic to OSCC cells results in a significant decrease in xenograft size in nude mice, potentiating its use in therapeutics.

Conclusions

These results suggest that miR-198 is epigenetically silenced in OSCC, which promotes tumor growth, in part, by upregulating the levels of TOPORS.

The prospective roles of exosomes in pituitary tumors

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are common, typically benign intracranial neoplasms arising from well-differentiated anterior pituitary cells with prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary tumor of 89 in 100 000 people. Despite the growing number of published studies, there is still a need for diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of pituitary adenomas. Prompt determination of tendency of the tumor for invasive growth and aggressive behavior would allow for earlier and more effective treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are particles released by cells containing cell-specific cargo including a variety of bioactive molecules, such as DNA, messenger RNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, proteins, and lipids surrounded by lipid membranes, which act as mediators of cell to cell communication. The ability of exosomes to reflect the functional state of the tumor, transport informative molecules, and accessibility in body fluids make them promising candidates in the search for biomarkers and new therapeutic methods. This study aims to investigate the involvement of exosomes in the pathology of pituitary adenoma and their potential clinical applications.

Micro-RNAs in breast cancer progression and metastasis: A chromatin and metabolic perspective

Breast cancer is a highly complex disease with multiple subtypes. While many of the breast cancer cases are sporadic some can be familial or hereditary. Genomic integrity is closely monitored by several mechanisms, such as DNA damage machinery and mitotic checkpoints. Any defect in the key genes involved in the regulation of these mechanisms often results in genomic instability, predisposing the cells to malignancy. This results in altered expression of many coding and noncoding genes. The noncoding RNAs especially the long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) act as key regulators of cancer gene networks. Some miRNAs repress the expression of the heterochromatin-associated proteins, inducing the formation of open chromatin, and promoting the expression of genes required for oncogenesis. Additionally, specific miRNAs may also favour cancer progression and metastasis by regulating the expression of genes that support the metabolic microenvironment essential for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Understanding how these noncoding RNAs contribute to breast cancer development opens potential avenues for therapeutic intervention, targeting their dysregulated activity.

Role of exosomal non‑coding RNAs in ovarian cancer (Review)

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common gynecological disease with a high mortality rate worldwide due to its insidious nature and undetectability at an early stage. The standard treatment, combining platinum‑based chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery, has suboptimal results. Therefore, early diagnosis of OC is crucial. All cell types secrete extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes. Exosomes, which contain lipids, proteins, DNA and non‑coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are novel methods of intercellular communication that participate in tumor development and progression. ncRNAs are categorized by size into long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and small ncRNAs (sncRNAs). sncRNAs further include transfer RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, PIWI‑interacting RNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs inhibit protein translation and promote messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage to suppress gene expression. By sponging downstream miRNAs, lncRNAs and circular RNAs can regulate target gene expression, thereby weakening the interactions between miRNAs and mRNAs. Exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs, commonly present in human biological fluids, are promising biomarkers for OC. The present article aimed to review the potential role of exosomal ncRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of OC by summarizing the characteristics, processes, roles and isolation methods of exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs.

The emerging role of miRNAs in pituitary adenomas: From molecular signatures to diagnostic potential

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are an array of tumors originating from the pituitary gland. PAs are sorted as functional or nonfunctional according to their hormonal activity and classified according to size into microadenomas and macroadenomas. Still, the cellular events that trigger the transformations in pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, and the current classification methods do not precisely predict clinical behavior. A rising number of researches have emphasized the role of miRNAs, that drawn more attention as oncogenic molecules or tumor suppressors. The etiopathological mechanisms of PAs include multiple molecular cascades that are influenced by different miRNAs. miRNAs control the cell cycle control, pro- or antiapoptotic processes, and tumor invasion and metastasis. miRNAs offer a novel perspective on tumor features and behaviors and might be valuable in prognostication and therapeutic plans. In pituitary adenomas, miRNAs showed a specific expression pattern depending on their size, cell origin, remission, and treatments. Screening miRNA expression patterns is promising to monitor and evaluate recurrence, as well as to investigate the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy for PAs exhibiting aggressive behavior. Thus, the current review investigated the interplay of the miRNAs' pivotal role in offering new opportunities to translate these innovative epigenetic tools into healthcare applications.

Molecular landscape of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma: A comprehensive review

Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is an aggressive skin cancer characterized by a heightened risk of recurrence and metastasis. While surgical excision is the primary treatment, unraveling the molecular intricacies of SGC is imperative for advancing targeted therapeutic interventions and enhancing patient outcomes. This comprehensive review delves into the molecular landscape of eyelid SGC, emphasizing key genetic alterations, signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and potential therapeutic targets. Significant findings include aberrations in critical signaling pathways (β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer binding factor, hedgehog, epidermal growth factor receptor, P53, and P21WAF1) associated with SGC progression and poor prognosis. Notably, eyelid SGC manifests a distinctive mutational profile, lacking ultraviolet signature mutations in tumor protein 53 (TP53), indicating alternative mutagenic mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing identifies actionable mutations in genes such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), facilitating the emergence of personalized medicine approaches. Molecular chaperones, specifically X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and BAG3, emerge as pivotal players in promoting tumor survival and proliferation. The review underscores the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, where regulators like E-cadherin, vimentin, and ZEB2 contribute to SGC aggressiveness. Epigenetic modifications, encompassing DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation, further elucidate the molecular landscape. This review consolidates a comprehensive understanding of the molecular drivers of eyelid SGC, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets and providing a foundation for future investigations in diagnostic, prognostic, and personalized treatment strategies for this formidable malignancy.

Cancer cell-derived exosomes promote NSCLC progression via the miR-199b-5p/HIF1AN axis

BACKGROUND

Exosomes are mediators of intercellular communication. Cancer cell-secreted exosomes allow exosome donor cells to promote cancer growth, as well as metastasis.

METHODS

Here, exosomes were isolated from the serum of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blot analysis. NSCLC cell proliferation and migration were assessed using CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and Transwell assays. H1299 tumor formation and pulmonary metastasis were examined in a xenograft model in nude mice.

RESULTS

We found that exosomes derived from NSCLC (NSCLC-Exos) promoted NSCLC cell migration and proliferation, and that NSCLC-Exo-mediated malignant progression of NSCLC was mediated by miR-199b-5p. Inhibition of miR-199b-5p decreased the effects of NSCLC-Exos on NSCLC malignant progression. HIF1AN was identified as a downstream target of miR-199b-5p. Furthermore, overexpression of HIF1AN reversed the effects of miR-199b-5p on NSCLC malignant progression.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our findings demonstrated that exosomal-specific miR-199b-5p promoted proliferation in distant or neighboring cells via the miR-199b-5p/HIF1AN axis, resulting in enhanced tumor growth.

Exosomal miR-155-5p drives ibrutinib resistance in B-cell lymphoma

Ibrutinib, a Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor, has shown effectiveness against various B-cell lymphoid malignancies. However, prolonged usage can induce resistance, affecting treatment outcomes. The oncogenic microRNA, miR-155-5p, is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell lymphomas, prompting our investigation into the mechanism of acquired ibrutinib resistance in these cells. We generated ibrutinib-resistant OCI-Ly1 cells (OCI-Ly1-IbtR) through continuous exposure to 1 μM and 2 μM of ibrutinib. We conducted microRNA profiling of OCI-Ly1-IbtR and isolated exosomes via ultracentrifugation. Comparative studies of microRNA levels in cells and exosomes, as well as exploration of targets of up-regulated microRNAs in OCI-Ly1-IbtR, were performed. Target validation involved transfection of candidate microRNAs, and co-culture experiments utilized OCI-Ly1 cells with exosomes from OCI-Ly1-IbtR. Elevated levels of miR-155-5p were observed in OCI-Ly1-IbtR and its exosomes, correlating with AKT and NF-κB activation. Transfection of miR-155-5p induced AKT/NF-κB pathway activation in OCI-Ly1, resulting in ibrutinib resistance, enhanced colony formation, and sustained BTK activity. Primary cell lines from ibrutinib-refractory B-cell lymphoma patients exhibited similar signaling protein activation. Target evaluation identified KDM5B and DEPTOR as miR-155-5p targets, confirmed by downregulation after transfection. We observed KDM5B and DEPTOR enrichment in Ago2 during ibrutinib resistance and miR-155-5p transfection. Co-culture experiments demonstrated exosome-mediated transfer of miR-155-5p, inducing ibrutinib resistance and KDM5B/DEPTOR downregulation in OCI-Ly1. Our findings suggest that miR-155-5p overexpression is associated with AKT and NF-κB pathway activation in ibrutinib-resistant cells, proposing a potential role for acquired miR-155-5p upregulation in B-cell lymphoma ibrutinib resistance.

Non-coding RNA and its network in the pathogenesis of Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness in patients with this condition. Previous studies have identified several dysfunctions in thymus and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), such as the formation of ectopic germinal centers in the thymus and an imbalance of peripheral T helper cells and regulatory T cells, that contribute to the initiation and development of MG. Recent evidences suggest that noncoding RNA, including miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA may play a significant role in MG progression. Additionally, the network between these noncoding RNAs, such as the competing endogenous RNA regulatory network, has been found to be involved in MG progression. In this review, we summarized the roles of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA, highlighted their potential application as biomarkers in diagnosing MG, and discussed their potential regulatory networks in the abnormal thymus and PBMCs during MG development.

MicroRNAs in metabolism for precision treatment of lung cancer

The dysregulation of miRNAs in lung cancer has been extensively documented, with specific miRNAs acting as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes, depending on their target genes. Recent research has unveiled the regulatory roles of miRNAs in key metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and autophagy, which collectively contribute to the aberrant energy metabolism characteristic of cancer cells. Furthermore, miRNAs are increasingly recognized as critical modulators of the tumor microenvironment, impacting immune response and angiogenesis. This review embarks on a comprehensive journey into the world of miRNAs, unraveling their multifaceted roles, and more notably, their emerging significance in the context of cancer, with a particular focus on lung cancer. As we navigate this extensive terrain, we will explore the fascinating realm of miRNA-mediated metabolic rewiring, a phenomenon that plays a pivotal role in the progression of lung cancer and holds promise in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Circ_TMCO3 Inhibits the Progression of Cervical Cancer by Activating FRMD6 Expression by Restraining miR-1291

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers that threaten the life of women. More and more circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to be maladjusted in tumor tissues. However, the mechanism of circ_TMCO3 in CC needs to be studied. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expressions of circ_TMCO3, miR-1291, and FERM domain-containing protein 6 (FRMD6). Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and protein level were detected via 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell and western blot, respectively. The glycolysis level was detected via specific kits. Dual-luciferase activity assay was used to analyze the targeted relationship between miR-1291 and circ_TMCO3 or FRMD6. Xenograft models were used to analyze the effect of circ_TMCO3 on the growth of CC tumors in vivo. Circ_TMCO3 and FRMD6 were low expressed in tumor tissues, and miR-1291 was conspicuously upregulated in tumor tissues. Upregulation of circ_TMCO3 dramatically curbed cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced cell apoptosis, while those effects were attenuated after the overexpression of miR-1291. MiR-1291 could directly target FRMD6, and knockdown of FRMD6 could restore the inhibitory effect of miR-1291 silencing on tumor cell growth. In terms of mechanism, circ_TMCO3 was confirmed as a miR-1291 sponge to regulate the expression of FRMD6. Tumor growth was markedly retarded with the overexpression of circ_TMCO3. In conclusion, circ_TMCO3 inhibited tumorigenicity of CC via miR-1291/FRMD6 axis, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for CC patients.

miRNAs that regulate apoptosis in breast cancer and cervical cancer

In today's world, one of the main problems is cancer, which still has a long way to go to cure it, and it brings a lot of financial and emotional costs to the people of society and governments. Breast cancer (BC) and cervical cancer (CC), two of the most common cancers, are caused by several genetic and environmental factors in women. These two cancers' involvement rate is higher than other cancers in women. microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with a length of 18 to 24 nucleotides, which play an important role in post-translational changes. miRNAs themselves are divided into two categories, oncomiRs and tumor suppressors. OncomiRs have a part in tumor expansion and tumor suppressors prevent tumor development and progress. miRNAs can control cellular processes by regulating various pathways including autophagy, apoptosis, and signaling. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that includes intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and is different from other cell death pathways such as necrosis and ferroptosis. Apoptosis controls the growth, differentiation, and death of cells by regulating the death of damaged and old cells, and since miRNAs are one of the factors that regulate apoptosis, and divided into two categories: pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic. We decided in this study to investigate the relationship between miRNAs and apoptosis in the most common women's cancers, BC and CC.

MicroRNA dysregulation and its impact on apoptosis-related signaling pathways in myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) holds a unique position among blood cancers, encompassing a spectrum of blood-related disorders marked by impaired maturation of blood cell precursors, bone marrow abnormalities, genetic instability, and a higher likelihood of progressing to acute myeloid leukemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNA molecules typically 18-24 nucleotides in length, are known to regulate gene expression and contribute to various biological processes, including cellular differentiation and programmed cell death. Additionally, miRNAs are involved in many aspects of cancer development, influencing cell growth, transformation, and apoptosis. In this study, we explore the impact of microRNAs on cellular apoptosis in MDS.

Oxaliplatin activates P53/miR-34a/survivin axis in inhibiting the progression of gastric cancer cells

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this research was to determine how the P53/microRNA-34a (miR-34a)/survivin pathway contributes to oxaliplatin-induced (L-OHP) cell inhibition in gastric cancer.

METHODS

The BGC-823 gastric cancer cells were selected, and we examined their viability following treatment with L-OHP at different concentrations and time periods. The expression levels of miR-34a, P53, and survivin in the cells were determined.

RESULTS

In the 12- and 24-h groups, drug concentration of 15 μg/cm² (p < .005 in both) significantly lowered cell viability. In comparison to the control group, miR-34a mRNA expression, P53 mRNA expression, and protein expression were all significantly greater in the 24-h group (p = .0324, p = .0069, p = .0260, respectively), but survivin mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower than those in the control group (p = .0338, p = .0032, respectively). There was a significant decrease in gastric cancer cells in the miR-34a overexpression group (p = .0020), a significant increase in P53 mRNA and protein expression compared to the control group (p = .0080, p = .0121, respectively), and a significant decrease in survivin mRNA and protein expression compared to the control group. (p = .0213, p = .0069, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Oxaliplatin inhibits tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by upregulating miR-34a, activating the expression of the upstream P53 gene, and driving the downregulation of survivin (P53/miR-34a/survivin axis) in BGC-823 gastric cancer cells.

MRDPDA: A multi-Laplacian regularized deepFM model for predicting piRNA-disease associations

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a typical class of small non-coding RNAs, which are essential for gene regulation, genome stability and so on. Accumulating studies have revealed that piRNAs have significant potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. However current computational methods face the challenge in effectively capturing piRNA-disease associations (PDAs) from limited data. In this study, we propose a novel method, MRDPDA, for predicting PDAs based on limited data from multiple sources. Specifically, MRDPDA integrates a deep factorization machine (deepFM) model with regularizations derived from multiple yet limited datasets, utilizing separate Laplacians instead of a simple average similarity network. Moreover, a unified objective function to combine embedding loss about similarities is proposed to ensure that the embedding is suitable for the prediction task. In addition, a balanced benchmark dataset based on piRPheno is constructed and a deep autoencoder is applied for creating reliable negative set from the unlabeled dataset. Compared with three latest methods, MRDPDA achieves the best performance on the pirpheno dataset in terms of the five-fold cross validation test and independent test set, and case studies further demonstrate the effectiveness of MRDPDA.