1
|
Güleray Lafcı N, Karaosmanoglu B, Taskiran EZ, Simsek-Kiper PO, Utine GE. Mutated Transcripts of ZEB2 Do Not Undergo Nonsense-Mediated Decay in Mowat-Wilson Syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:258-265. [PMID: 37323203 PMCID: PMC10267494 DOI: 10.1159/000528769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is an autosomal-dominant complex developmental disorder characterized by distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and various clinically heterogeneous abnormalities reminiscent of neurocristopathies. MWS is caused by haploinsufficiency of ZEB2 due to heterozygous point mutations and copy number variations. Case Presentation We report on two unrelated affected individuals with novel ZEB2indel mutations, molecularly confirming the diagnosis of MWS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the comparison of total transcript levels and allele-specific quantitative real-time PCR were also performed and demonstrated that the truncating mutations did not lead to nonsense-mediated decay as expected. Conclusion ZEB2 encodes a multifunctional pleiotropic protein. Novel mutations in ZEB2 should be reported in order that genotype-phenotype correlations might be established in this clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Further cDNA and protein studies may help elucidate the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of MWS since nonsense-mediated RNA decay was found to be absent in only a few studies including this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naz Güleray Lafcı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beren Karaosmanoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Z. Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Ozlem Simsek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hong M, Li X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Chi S, Cao G, Li S, Tang S. Hirschsprung's disease: key microRNAs and target genes. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:737-747. [PMID: 34880446 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify key microRNAs (miRNAs), pathways, and target genes mediating Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) pathogenesis and identify the diagnostic potential of miRNAs. METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus database and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to compare miRNA expression between ganglionic and aganglionic colon tissues of children with HSCR, and the TAM 2.0 database was used to identify colon tissue-specific miRNAs. The StarBase database, TargetScan database, luciferase reporter, and western blot assays were used to analyze miRNA-messenger RNA interactions. OmicShare was used to perform functional and pathway enrichment analyses of the target genes. Migration assays were performed to validate the functions of the miRNAs. RESULTS The TAM 2.0 database analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR showed that hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, and hsa-miR-200b-3p were colon tissue-specific and upregulated in aganglionic colon tissue compared to paired ganglionic colon tissue. These three miRNAs effectively reduced cell viability and migration. Luciferase reporter and western blot assays verified the direct interaction between these three miRNAs and the target genes of ZEB2 and FNDC3B. Furthermore, the plasma levels of these miRNAs were higher in HSCR patients than in non-HSCR patients. CONCLUSIONS Three plasma miRNAs (hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, and hsa-miR-200b-3p) are potential peripheral HSCR biomarkers. IMPACT The molecular mechanisms underlying HSCR are unclear. HSCR is most accurately diagnosed using rectal biopsy samples, and no consensus has been reached on the use of blood-based tests for HSCR diagnosis. Circulating miRNAs may be candidate diagnostic HSCR biomarkers because they are typically easily detectable, stable, and tissue-specific. Three plasma miRNAs (miR-200a-3p, miR-192-5p, and miR-200b-3p) are potential peripheral HSCR biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiqing Chi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaotao Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparative role of SOX10 gene in the gliogenesis of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. Differentiation 2022; 128:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Birkhoff JC, Brouwer RWW, Kolovos P, Korporaal AL, Bermejo-Santos A, Boltsis I, Nowosad K, van den Hout MCGN, Grosveld FG, van IJcken WFJ, Huylebroeck D, Conidi A. Targeted chromatin conformation analysis identifies novel distal neural enhancers of ZEB2 in pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2535-2550. [PMID: 32628253 PMCID: PMC7471508 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding protein 2 (ZEB2) controls embryonic and adult cell fate decisions and cellular maturation in many stem/progenitor cell types. Defects in these processes in specific cell types underlie several aspects of Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MOWS), which is caused by ZEB2 haplo-insufficiency. Human ZEB2, like mouse Zeb2, is located on chromosome 2 downstream of a ±3.5 Mb-long gene-desert, lacking any protein-coding gene. Using temporal targeted chromatin capture (T2C), we show major chromatin structural changes based on mapping in-cis proximities between the ZEB2 promoter and this gene desert during neural differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells, including at early neuroprogenitor cell (NPC)/rosette state, where ZEB2 mRNA levels increase significantly. Combining T2C with histone-3 acetylation mapping, we identified three novel candidate enhancers about 500 kb upstream of the ZEB2 transcription start site. Functional luciferase-based assays in heterologous cells and NPCs reveal co-operation between these three enhancers. This study is the first to document in-cis Regulatory Elements located in ZEB2’s gene desert. The results further show the usability of T2C for future studies of ZEB2 REs in differentiation and maturation of multiple cell types and the molecular characterization of newly identified MOWS patients that lack mutations in ZEB2 protein-coding exons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Birkhoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Anne L Korporaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Bermejo-Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Ilias Boltsis
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Nowosad
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Mirjam C G N van den Hout
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN 3015, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
ZEB2, the Mowat-Wilson Syndrome Transcription Factor: Confirmations, Novel Functions, and Continuing Surprises. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071037. [PMID: 34356053 PMCID: PMC8304685 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After its publication in 1999 as a DNA-binding and SMAD-binding transcription factor (TF) that co-determines cell fate in amphibian embryos, ZEB2 was from 2003 studied by embryologists mainly by documenting the consequences of conditional, cell-type specific Zeb2 knockout (cKO) in mice. In between, it was further identified as causal gene causing Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MOWS) and novel regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB2’s functions and action mechanisms in mouse embryos were first addressed in its main sites of expression, with focus on those that helped to explain neurodevelopmental and neural crest defects seen in MOWS patients. By doing so, ZEB2 was identified in the forebrain as the first TF that determined timing of neuro-/gliogenesis, and thereby also the extent of different layers of the cortex, in a cell non-autonomous fashion, i.e., by its cell-intrinsic control within neurons of neuron-to-progenitor paracrine signaling. Transcriptomics-based phenotyping of Zeb2 mutant mouse cells have identified large sets of intact-ZEB2 dependent genes, and the cKO approaches also moved to post-natal brain development and diverse other systems in adult mice, including hematopoiesis and various cell types of the immune system. These new studies start to highlight the important adult roles of ZEB2 in cell–cell communication, including after challenge, e.g., in the infarcted heart and fibrotic liver. Such studies may further evolve towards those documenting the roles of ZEB2 in cell-based repair of injured tissue and organs, downstream of actions of diverse growth factors, which recapitulate developmental signaling principles in the injured sites. Evident questions are about ZEB2’s direct target genes, its various partners, and ZEB2 as a candidate modifier gene, e.g., in other (neuro)developmental disorders, but also the accurate transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of its mRNA expression sites and levels. Other questions start to address ZEB2’s function as a niche-controlling regulatory TF of also other cell types, in part by its modulation of growth factor responses (e.g., TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, Notch). Furthermore, growing numbers of mapped missense as well as protein non-coding mutations in MOWS patients are becoming available and inspire the design of new animal model and pluripotent stem cell-based systems. This review attempts to summarize in detail, albeit without discussing ZEB2’s role in cancer, hematopoiesis, and its emerging roles in the immune system, how intense ZEB2 research has arrived at this exciting intersection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Epifanova E, Salina V, Lajkó D, Textoris-Taube K, Naumann T, Bormuth O, Bormuth I, Horan S, Schaub T, Borisova E, Ambrozkiewicz MC, Tarabykin V, Rosário M. Adhesion dynamics in the neocortex determine the start of migration and the post-migratory orientation of neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf1973. [PMID: 34215578 PMCID: PMC11060048 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neocortex is stereotypically organized into layers of excitatory neurons arranged in a precise parallel orientation. Here we show that dynamic adhesion both preceding and following radial migration is essential for this organization. Neuronal adhesion is regulated by the Mowat-Wilson syndrome-associated transcription factor Zeb2 (Sip1/Zfhx1b) through direct repression of independent adhesion pathways controlled by Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) and Cadherin-6 (Cdh6). We reveal that to initiate radial migration, neurons must first suppress adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Zeb2 regulates the multipolar stage by transcriptional repression of Nrp1 and thereby downstream inhibition of integrin signaling. Upon completion of migration, neurons undergo an orientation process that is independent of migration. The parallel organization of neurons within the neocortex is controlled by Cdh6 through atypical regulation of integrin signaling via its RGD motif. Our data shed light on the mechanisms that regulate initiation of radial migration and the postmigratory orientation of neurons during neocortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Epifanova
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Salina
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Lajkó
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Textoris-Taube
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Core Facility High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Functional Neuroanatomy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Bormuth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Bormuth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Horan
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theres Schaub
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Mateusz C Ambrozkiewicz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Marta Rosário
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diposarosa R, Bustam NA, Sahiratmadja E, Susanto PS, Sribudiani Y. Literature review: enteric nervous system development, genetic and epigenetic regulation in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07308. [PMID: 34195419 PMCID: PMC8237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), which affects their migration, proliferation, differentiation, or preservation in the digestive tract, resulting in aganglionosis in the distal intestine. The regulation of both NCCs and the surrounding environment involves various genes, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and morphogens. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the development of the ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSCR. This review discusses several mechanisms involved in the development of ENS, confirming that deviant genetic and epigenetic patterns, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, can contribute to the development of neurocristopathy. Specifically, the epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and its relationship to cellular interactions and gene activation through various major pathways in Hirschsprung's disease will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Diposarosa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - N A Bustam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P S Susanto
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Sribudiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wright CM, Garifallou JP, Schneider S, Mentch HL, Kothakapa DR, Maguire BA, Heuckeroth RO. Dlx1/2 mice have abnormal enteric nervous system function. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131494. [PMID: 32017713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, investigators reported that mice lacking DLX1 and DLX2, transcription factors expressed in the enteric nervous system (ENS), die with possible bowel motility problems. These problems were never fully elucidated. We found that mice lacking DLX1 and DLX2 (Dlx1/2-/- mice) had slower small bowel transit and reduced or absent neurally mediated contraction complexes. In contrast, small bowel motility seemed normal in adult mice lacking DLX1 (Dlx1-/-). Even with detailed anatomic studies, we found no defects in ENS precursor migration, or neuronal and glial density in Dlx1/2-/- or Dlx1-/- mice. However, RNA sequencing of Dlx1/2-/- ENS revealed dysregulation of many genes, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip). Using immunohistochemistry and reporter mice, we then found that Dlx1/2-/- mice have reduced VIP expression and fewer VIP-lineage neurons in their ENS. Our study reveals what we believe is a novel connection between Dlx genes and Vip and highlights the observation that dangerous bowel motility problems can occur in the absence of easily identifiable ENS structural defects. These findings may be relevant for disorders like chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Wright
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James P Garifallou
- Center for Applied Genomics, and.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather L Mentch
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepika R Kothakapa
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth A Maguire
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics.,Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Although morphologies are diverse, the common pattern in bilaterians is for passage of food in the gut to be controlled by nerves and endodermally derived neuron-like cells. In vertebrates, nitric oxide (NO) derived from enteric nerves controls relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Here, we show that in the larvae of sea urchins, there are endoderm-derived neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive cells expressing pan-neural marker, Synaptotagmin-B (SynB), in sphincters and that NO regulates the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Our results indicate that NO-dependent pylorus regulation is a shared feature within the deuterostomes, and we speculate that it was a characteristic of stem deuterostomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yaguchi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yaguchi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Epifanova E, Babaev A, Newman AG, Tarabykin V. Role of Zeb2/Sip1 in neuronal development. Brain Res 2018; 1705:24-31. [PMID: 30266271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zeb2 (Sip1, Zfhx1b) is a transcription factor that plays essential role in neuronal development. Sip1 mutation in humans was shown to cause Mowat-Wilson syndrome, a syndromic form of Hirschprung's disease. Affected individuals exhibit multiple severe neurodevelopmental defects. Zeb2 can act as both transcriptional repressor and activator. It controls expression of a wide number of genes that regulate various aspects of neuronal development. This review addresses the molecular pathways acting downstream of Zeb2 that cause brain development disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Epifanova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina ave 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Babaev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina ave 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina ave 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bondurand N, Dufour S, Pingault V. News from the endothelin-3/EDNRB signaling pathway: Role during enteric nervous system development and involvement in neural crest-associated disorders. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S156-S169. [PMID: 30171849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin system is a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles in regulating the cardiovascular system and renal and pulmonary processes, as well as the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. This system is comprised of three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors. In 1994, knockouts of the Edn3 and Ednrb genes revealed their crucial function during development of the enteric nervous system and melanocytes, two neural-crest derivatives. Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 06, Créteil 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Veronique Pingault
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S110-S143. [PMID: 29802835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent and migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies (NCP) are a class of pathologies occurring in vertebrates, especially in humans that result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells during embryonic development. Various pigment, skin, thyroid and hearing disorders, craniofacial and heart abnormalities, malfunctions of the digestive tract and tumors can also be considered as neurocristopathies. In this review we revisit the current classification and propose a new way to classify NCP based on the embryonic origin of the affected tissues, on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms that drive NC formation, and on the increased complexity of current molecular embryology techniques.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao W, Zhang SC, Huang WK, Li XL. Mutations in Smad-interacting protein 1 gene are responsible for absence of its expression in Hirschsprung's disease. Clin Exp Med 2018; 18:445-451. [PMID: 29600337 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a common congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system. The pathophysiological basis remains unclear. Recently, the SIP1 gene has been recognized as being involved in the pathogenesis of symptomatic HSCR patients with 2q22 chromosomal rearrangement. In this study, mutations in SIP1 were analyzed to explore the relationship between SIP1 and HSCR. All exons of SIP1 were amplified and then analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing. SIP1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. By PCR-RFLP, three different electrophoretic bands of 536, 428 and 257 bp representing different genotypes were demonstrated accordingly. DNA sequencing revealed a heterozygous absence of codon 157 GTG → GTA exchange at exon 7. Simultaneously, exchanges of GCC → ACC at codon 351 and ACC → GCC at codon 395 were also observed in exon 8. All the exchanges caused a missense mutation. By immunohistochemistry, SIP1 was ectopically expressed in the aganglionic segment of HSCR without mutation. For comparison, in HSCR with mutation either in exon 7 or exon 8, SIP1 immunoreactivity disappeared in all structures. The protein and mRNA levels determined by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were consistent with that of immunohistochemistry. In summary, mutations of the SIP1 gene were detected in HSCR. These mutations in SIP1 were responsible for the absence of its expression in HSCR and contributed to the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Chinese Health Ministry for Congenital Malformations, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Chinese Health Ministry for Congenital Malformations, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Kai Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Chinese Health Ministry for Congenital Malformations, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Chinese Health Ministry for Congenital Malformations, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watanabe Y, Stanchina L, Lecerf L, Gacem N, Conidi A, Baral V, Pingault V, Huylebroeck D, Bondurand N. Differentiation of Mouse Enteric Nervous System Progenitor Cells Is Controlled by Endothelin 3 and Requires Regulation of Ednrb by SOX10 and ZEB2. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1139-1150.e4. [PMID: 28063956 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Maintenance and differentiation of progenitor cells in the developing enteric nervous system are controlled by molecules such as the signaling protein endothelin 3 (EDN3), its receptor (the endothelin receptor type B [EDNRB]), and the transcription factors SRY-box 10 (SOX10) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2). We used enteric progenitor cell (EPC) cultures and mice to study the roles of these proteins in enteric neurogenesis and their cross regulation. METHODS We performed studies in mice with a Zeb2 loss-of-function mutation (Zeb2Δ) and mice carrying a spontaneous recessive mutation that prevents conversion of EDN3 to its active form (Edn3ls). EPC cultures issued from embryos that expressed only wild-type Zeb2 (Zeb2+/+ EPCs) or were heterozygous for the mutation (Zeb2Δ/+ EPCs) were exposed to EDN3; we analyzed the effects on cell differentiation using immunocytochemistry. In parallel, Edn3ls mice were crossed with Zeb2Δ/+mice; intestinal tissues were collected from embryos for immunohistochemical analyses. We investigated regulation of the EDNRB gene in transactivation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays; results were validated in functional rescue experiments using transgenes expression in EPCs from retroviral vectors. RESULTS Zeb2Δ/+ EPCs had increased neuronal differentiation compared to Zeb2+/+ cells. When exposed to EDN3, Zeb2+/+ EPCs continued expression of ZEB2 but did not undergo any neuronal differentiation. Incubation of Zeb2Δ/+ EPCs with EDN3, on the other hand, resulted in only partial inhibition of neuronal differentiation. This indicated that 2 copies of Zeb2 are required for EDN3 to prevent neuronal differentiation. Mice with combined mutations in Zeb2 and Edn3 (double mutants) had more severe enteric anomalies and increased neuronal differentiation compared to mice with mutations in either gene alone. The transcription factors SOX10 and ZEB2 directly activated the EDNRB promoter. Overexpression of EDNRB in Zeb2Δ/+ EPCs restored inhibition of neuronal differentiation, similar to incubation of Zeb2+/+ EPCs with EDN3. CONCLUSIONS In studies of cultured EPCs and mice, we found that control of differentiation of mouse enteric nervous system progenitor cells by EDN3 requires regulation of Ednrb expression by SOX10 and ZEB2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Watanabe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Laure Stanchina
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Laure Lecerf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Nadjet Gacem
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Andrea Conidi
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Viviane Baral
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Veronique Pingault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brinkmann BG, Quintes S. Zeb2: Inhibiting the inhibitors in Schwann cells. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1271495. [PMID: 28203609 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1271495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of Schwann cells is tightly regulated by concerted action of activating and inhibiting factors. Most of the regulatory feedback loops identified to date are transcriptional activators promoting induction of genes coding for integral myelin proteins and lipids. The mechanisms by which inhibitory factors are silenced during Schwann cell maturation are less well understood. We could recently show a pivotal function for the transcription factor zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) during Schwann cell development and myelination as a transcriptional repressor of maturation inhibitors. Zeb2 belongs to a family of highly conserved 2-handed zinc-finger proteins and represses gene transcription by binding to E-box sequences in the regulatory region of target genes. The protein is known to repress E-cadherin during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor malignancy and mediates its functions by interacting with multiple co-factors. During nervous system development, Zeb2 is expressed in neural crest cells, the precursors of Schwann cells, the myelinating glial cells of peripheral nerves. Schwann cells lacking Zeb2 fail to fully differentiate and are unable to sort and myelinate peripheral nerve axons. The maturation inhibitors Sox2, Ednrb and Hey2 emerge as targets for Zeb2-mediated transcriptional repression and show persistent aberrant expression in Zeb2-deficient Schwann cells. While dispensible for adult Schwann cells, re-activation of Zeb2 is essential after nerve injury to allow remyelination and functional recovery. In summary, Zeb2 emerges as an "inhibitor of inhibitors," a novel concept in Schwann cell development and nerve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian G Brinkmann
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Quintes
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Endothelin-3 stimulates cell adhesion and cooperates with β1-integrins during enteric nervous system ontogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37877. [PMID: 27905407 PMCID: PMC5131347 DOI: 10.1038/srep37877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-3 (EDN3) and β1-integrins are required for the colonization of the embryonic gut by enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) to form the enteric nervous system (ENS). β1-integrin-null ENCCs exhibit migratory defects in a region of the gut enriched in EDN3 and in specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. We investigated the putative role of EDN3 on ENCC adhesion properties and its functional interaction with β1-integrins during ENS development. We show that EDN3 stimulates ENCC adhesion to various ECM components in vitro. It induces rapid changes in ENCC shape and protrusion dynamics favouring sustained growth and stabilization of lamellipodia, a process coincident with the increase in the number of focal adhesions and activated β1-integrins. In vivo studies and ex-vivo live imaging revealed that double mutants for Itgb1 and Edn3 displayed a more severe enteric phenotype than either of the single mutants demonstrated by alteration of the ENS network due to severe migratory defects of mutant ENCCs taking place early during the ENS development. Altogether, our results highlight the interplay between the EDN3 and β1-integrin signalling pathways during ENS ontogenesis and the role of EDN3 in ENCC adhesion.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quintes S, Brinkmann BG, Ebert M, Fröb F, Kungl T, Arlt FA, Tarabykin V, Huylebroeck D, Meijer D, Suter U, Wegner M, Sereda MW, Nave KA. Zeb2 is essential for Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and nerve repair. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1050-1059. [PMID: 27294512 PMCID: PMC4964942 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell development and peripheral nerve myelination require the
serial expression of transcriptional activators, such as Sox10, Oct6/Scip/Pou3f1
and Egr2/Krox20. Here we show that also transcriptional repression, mediated by
the zinc-finger protein Zeb2, is essential for differentiation
and myelination. Mice lacking Zeb2 in Schwann cells develop a
severe peripheral neuropathy, caused by failure of axonal sorting and virtual
absence of myelin membranes. Zeb2-deficient Schwann cells
continuously express repressors of lineage progression. Moreover, negative
regulators of maturation, such as Sox2 and Ednrb, emerge as Zeb2 target genes,
supporting its function as an 'inhibitor of inhibitors' in
myelination control. When Zeb2 is deleted in adult mice,
Schwann cells readily dedifferentiate following peripheral nerve injury and
become 'repair cells'. However, nerve regeneration and
remyelination are both perturbed, demonstrating that Zeb2, although undetectable
in adult Schwann cells, has a latent function throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Quintes
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian G Brinkmann
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Madlen Ebert
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Fröb
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Friederike A Arlt
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeb2 recruits HDAC-NuRD to inhibit Notch and controls Schwann cell differentiation and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1060-72. [PMID: 27294509 PMCID: PMC4961522 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that coordinate and balance a complex network of opposing regulators to control Schwann cell (SC) differentiation remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that zinc-finger E-box binding-homeobox 2 (Zeb2/Sip1) transcription factor is a critical intrinsic timer that controls the onset of Schwann cell (SC) differentiation by recruiting HDAC1/2-NuRD co-repressor complexes. Zeb2 deletion arrests SCs at an undifferentiated state during peripheral nerve development and inhibits remyelination after injury. Zeb2 antagonizes inhibitory effectors including Notch and Sox2. Importantly, genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals a Zeb2 target gene, encoding the Notch effector Hey2, as a potent inhibitor for SC differentiation. Strikingly, a genetic Zeb2 variant, which is associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, disrupts the interaction with HDAC1/2-NuRD and abolishes Zeb2 activity for SC differentiation. Therefore, Zeb2 controls SC maturation by recruiting HDAC1/2-NuRD complexes and inhibiting a novel Notch-Hey2 signaling axis, pointing to the critical role of HDAC1/2-NuRD activity in peripheral neuropathies caused by ZEB2 mutations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Li S, Wang S, Guo Z, Wu H, Jin X, Wang Y, Li X, Liang S. miRNA Profiling Reveals Dysregulation of RET and RET-Regulating Pathways in Hirschsprung's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150222. [PMID: 26933947 PMCID: PMC4774952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), the most common congenital malformation of the gut, is regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. Several components of these pathways are important targets for microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple miRNAs have been associated with the pathophysiology of HSCR, and serum miRNAs profiles of HSCR patients have been reported, but miRNA expression in HSCR colon tissue is almost completely unexplored. Using microarray technology, we screened colon tissue to detect miRNAs whose expression profiles were altered in HSCR and identify targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. Following filtering of low-intensity signals, data normalization, and volcano plot filtering, we identified 168 differentially expressed miRNAs (104 up-regulated and 64 down-regulated). Fifty of these mRNAs represent major targets of dysegulated miRNAs and may thus important roles in the pathophysiology of HSCR. Pathway analysis revealed that 7 of the miRNA targets encode proteins involved in regulation of cell proliferation and migration via RET and related signaling pathways (MAPK and PI3K/AKT). Our results identify miRNAs that play key roles in the pathophysiology of the complex multi-factorial disease HSCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Xianqing Jin
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Shaoyan Liang
- Tumour laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moore SW, Fieggen K, Honey E, Zaahl M. Novel Zeb2 gene variation in the Mowat Wilson syndrome (MWS). J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:268-71. [PMID: 26852091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mowat Wilson syndrome (MWS) is an uncommon association of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Phenotypic features may develop with time, causing initial difficulties in diagnosis. MWS results from haploinsufficiency of the Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene, and molecular diagnosis of ZEB2 mutation is required to confirm the diagnosis. We report the first confirmed cases of MWS in three children with the typical facial features, mental retardation, absent corpus callosum, epilepsy, and HSCR and novel Zeb2 variations on DNA analysis. METHODOLOGY Clinical features were monitored. DNA extracted from peripheral blood was subjected to bidirectional sequencing analysis following PCR DNA amplification. ZEB2 gene results were compared to the ZEB2 reference sequence (ENS00000169554) for variation. Bioinformatic investigation of novel gene variants was via the "Blastx" program function available via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.bioinfo.org/NPInter/blast/blast_link.cgi). RESULTS Clinical follow-up showed that the phenotypic features were not all present at birth but developed with time in 2 surviving patients. Several Zeb2 variations were detected in the promoter region of the ZEB2 gene of which 2 were novel (-56A/T 1174 11A/12A). In addition, a novel heterozygous single nucleotide insertion in exon 2 of ZEB2 in one patient results in a frameshift causing deletion of the first 8 amino acids of the ZEB2 protein and an alteration of amino acids 9 (G9A), 11 (R11G), and 12 (C12A). In the third patient, a novel single nucleotide deletion exon 8 (1784delC Het) results in a frameshift at amino acid 595 of translated protein. This shortens protein from 1214 to 594 amino acids and affects the functionality of the critical ZEB2 protein. CONCLUSIONS MWS is an important link to recognise clinically. It underlines the functionality of the Zeb2 gene in certain syndromic Hirschsprung's disease. These variations probably contribute to the clinical features of the Mowat Wilson phenotype in Hirschsprung's disease but should be confirmed in further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Moore
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Western Cape Tygerberg.
| | - Karen Fieggen
- Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Cape Town, Western Cape Red Cross Children's
| | - Engela Honey
- Department Genetics, Division Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Gauteng
| | - Monique Zaahl
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Western Cape Tygerberg
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yasumi T, Inoue M, Maruhashi M, Kamachi Y, Higashi Y, Kondoh H, Uchikawa M. Regulation of trunk neural crest delamination by δEF1 and Sip1 in the chicken embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:205-14. [PMID: 26691438 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate Zfhx1 transcription factor family comprises δEF1 and Sip1, which bind to CACCT-containing sequences and act as transcriptional repressors. It has been a longstanding question whether these transcription factors share the same regulatory functions in vivo. It has been shown that neural crest (NC) delamination depends on the Sip1 activity at the cranial level in mouse and chicken embryos, and it remained unclear how NC delamination is regulated at the trunk level. We observed that the expression of δEF1 and Sip1 overlaps in many tissues in chicken embryos, including NC cells at the trunk level. To clarify the above questions, we separately knocked down δEF1 and Sip1 or in combination in NC cells by electroporation of vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against respective mRNAs on the dorsal side of neural tubes that generate NC cells. In all cases, the migrating NC cell population was significantly reduced, paralleled by the decreased expression of δEF1 or Sip1 targeted by shRNAs. Expression of Sox10, the major transcription factor that regulates NC development, was also decreased by the shRNAs against δEF1 or Sip1. We conclude that the trunk NC delamination is regulated by both δEF1 and Sip1 in an analogous manner, and that these transcription factors can share equivalent regulatory functions in embryonic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yasumi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Inoue
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuji Maruhashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-cho, Kami-shi, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2: A multifunctional regulator of nervous system development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:81-95. [PMID: 26193487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (Zeb) 2 is a transcription factor, identified due its ability to bind Smad proteins, and consists of multiple functional domains which interact with a variety of transcriptional co-effectors. The complex nature of the Zeb2, both at its genetic and protein levels, underlie its multifunctional properties, with Zeb2 capable of acting individually or as part of a transcriptional complex to repress, and occasionally activate, target gene expression. This review introduces Zeb2 as an essential regulator of nervous system development. Zeb2 is expressed in the nervous system throughout its development, indicating its importance in neurogenic and gliogenic processes. Indeed, mutation of Zeb2 has dramatic neurological consequences both in animal models, and in humans with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, which results from heterozygous ZEB2 mutations. The mechanisms by which Zeb2 regulates the induction of the neuroectoderm (CNS primordium) and the neural crest (PNS primordium) are reviewed herein. We then describe how Zeb2 acts to direct the formation, delamination, migration and specification of neural crest cells. Zeb2 regulation of the development of a number of cerebral regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, are then described. The diverse molecular mechanisms mediating Zeb2-directed development of various neuronal and glial populations are reviewed. The role of Zeb2 in spinal cord and enteric nervous system development is outlined, while its essential function in CNS myelination is also described. Finally, this review discusses how the neurodevelopmental defects of Zeb2 mutant mice delineate the developmental dysfunctions underpinning the multiple neurological defects observed in Mowat-Wilson syndrome patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang J, Dang R, Torigoe D, Lei C, Lan X, Chen H, Sasaki N, Wang J, Agui T. Identification of genetic loci affecting the severity of symptoms of Hirschsprung disease in rats carrying Ednrbsl mutations by quantitative trait locus analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122068. [PMID: 25790447 PMCID: PMC4366197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a congenital disease in neonates characterized by the absence of the enteric ganglia in a variable length of the distal colon. This disease results from multiple genetic interactions that modulate the ability of enteric neural crest cells to populate developing gut. We previously reported that three rat strains with different backgrounds (susceptible AGH-Ednrbsl/sl, resistant F344-Ednrbsl/sl, and LEH-Ednrbsl/sl) but the same null mutation of Ednrb show varying severity degrees of aganglionosis. This finding suggests that strain-specific genetic factors affect the severity of HSCR. Consistent with this finding, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the severity of HSCR on chromosome (Chr) 2 was identified using an F2 intercross between AGH and F344 strains. In the present study, we performed QTL analysis using an F2 intercross between the susceptible AGH and resistant LEH strains to identify the modifier/resistant loci for HSCR in Ednrb-deficient rats. A significant locus affecting the severity of HSCR was also detected within the Chr 2 region. These findings strongly suggest that a modifier gene of aganglionosis exists on Chr 2. In addition, two potentially causative SNPs (or mutations) were detected upstream of a known HSCR susceptibility gene, Gdnf. These SNPs were possibly responsible for the varied length of gut affected by aganglionosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (RD); (CL)
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (RD); (CL)
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bondurand N, Sham MH. The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 382:330-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
26
|
Lake JI, Heuckeroth RO. Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G1-24. [PMID: 23639815 PMCID: PMC3725693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) provides the intrinsic innervation of the bowel and is the most neurochemically diverse branch of the peripheral nervous system, consisting of two layers of ganglia and fibers encircling the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS is vital for life and is capable of autonomous regulation of motility and secretion. Developmental studies in model organisms and genetic studies of the most common congenital disease of the ENS, Hirschsprung disease, have provided a detailed understanding of ENS development. The ENS originates in the neural crest, mostly from the vagal levels of the neuraxis, which invades, proliferates, and migrates within the intestinal wall until the entire bowel is colonized with enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs). After initial migration, the ENS develops further by responding to guidance factors and morphogens that pattern the bowel concentrically, differentiating into glia and neuronal subtypes and wiring together to form a functional nervous system. Molecules controlling this process, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor RET, endothelin (ET)-3 and its receptor endothelin receptor type B, and transcription factors such as SOX10 and PHOX2B, are required for ENS development in humans. Important areas of active investigation include mechanisms that guide ENCDC migration, the role and signals downstream of endothelin receptor type B, and control of differentiation, neurochemical coding, and axonal targeting. Recent work also focuses on disease treatment by exploring the natural role of ENS stem cells and investigating potential therapeutic uses. Disease prevention may also be possible by modifying the fetal microenvironment to reduce the penetrance of Hirschsprung disease-causing mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Lake
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ,2Department of Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Watanabe Y, Broders-Bondon F, Baral V, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Pingault V, Dufour S, Bondurand N. Sox10 and Itgb1 interaction in enteric neural crest cell migration. Dev Biol 2013; 379:92-106. [PMID: 23608456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SOX10 involvement in syndromic form of Hirschsprung disease (intestinal aganglionosis, HSCR) in humans as well as developmental defects in animal models highlight the importance of this transcription factor in control of the pool of enteric progenitors and their differentiation. Here, we characterized the role of SOX10 in cell migration and its interactions with β1-integrins. To this end, we crossed the Sox10(lacZ/+) mice with the conditional Ht-PA::Cre; beta1(neo/+) and beta1(fl/fl) mice and compared the phenotype of embryos of different genotypes during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. The Sox10(lacZ/+); Ht-PA::Cre; beta1(neo/fl) double mutant embryos presented with increased intestinal aganglionosis length and more severe neuronal network disorganization compared to single mutants. These defects, detected by E11.5, are not compensated after birth, showing that a coordinated and balanced interaction between these two genes is required for normal ENS development. Use of video-microscopy revealed that defects observed result from reduced migration speed and altered directionality of enteric neural crest cells. Expression of β1-integrins upon SOX10 overexpression or in Sox10(lacZ/+) mice was also analyzed. The modulation of SOX10 expression altered β1-integrins, suggesting that SOX10 levels are critical for proper expression and function of this adhesion molecule. Together with previous studies, our results strongly indicate that SOX10 mediates ENCC adhesion and migration, and contribute to the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ENS defects observed both in mutant mouse models and in patients carrying SOX10 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Watanabe
- INSERM U955, Equipe 11, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barlow AJ, Dixon J, Dixon M, Trainor PA. Tcof1 acts as a modifier of Pax3 during enteric nervous system development and in the pathogenesis of colonic aganglionosis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1206-17. [PMID: 23283078 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a human congenital disorder, defined by the absence of ganglia from variable lengths of the colon. These ganglia comprise the enteric nervous system (ENS) and are derived from migratory neural crest cells (NCCs). The inheritance of HSCR is complex, often non-Mendelian and characterized by variable penetrance. Although extensive research has identified many key players in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease, a large number of cases remain genetically undefined. Therefore, additional unidentified genes or modifiers must contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. We have discovered that Tcof1 may be one such modifier. Haploinsufficiency of Tcof1 in mice results in a reduction of vagal NCCs and their delayed migration along the length of the gut during early development. This alone, however, is not sufficient to cause colonic aganglionosis as alterations in the balance of NCC proliferation and differentiation ensures NCC colonize the entire length of the gut of Tcof1(+/-) mice by E18.5. In contrast, Tcof1 haploinsufficiency is able to sensitize Pax3(+/-) mice to colonic aganglionosis. Although, Pax3 heterozygous mice do not show ENS defects, compound Pax3;Tcof1 heterozygous mice exhibit cumulative apoptosis which severely reduces the NCC population that migrates into the foregut. In addition, the proliferative capacity of these NCC is also diminished. Taken together with the opposing effects of Pax3 and Tcof1 on NCC differentiation, the synergistic haploinsufficiency of Tcof1 and Pax3 results in colonic aganglionosis in mice and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Barlow
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Obermayr F, Hotta R, Enomoto H, Young HM. Development and developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:43-57. [PMID: 23229326 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from neural crest-derived cells that migrate into and along the gut, leading to the formation of a complex network of neurons and glial cells that regulates motility, secretion and blood flow. This Review summarizes the progress made in the past 5 years in our understanding of ENS development, including the migratory pathways of neural crest-derived cells as they colonize the gut. The importance of interactions between neural crest-derived cells, between signalling pathways and between developmental processes (such as proliferation and migration) in ensuring the correct development of the ENS is also presented. The signalling pathways involved in ENS development that were determined using animal models are also described, as is the evidence for the involvement of the genes encoding these molecules in Hirschsprung disease-the best characterized paediatric enteric neuropathy. Finally, the aetiology and treatment of Hirschsprung disease in the clinic and the potential involvement of defects in ENS development in other paediatric motility disorders are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Straße 3, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moore SW. Chromosomal and related Mendelian syndromes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:1045-58. [PMID: 23001136 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a fairly frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in children. It is characterized as a sex-linked heterogonous disorder with variable severity and incomplete penetrance giving rise to a variable pattern of inheritance. Although Hirschsprung's disease occurs as an isolated phenotype in at least 70% of cases, it is not infrequently associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and associated syndromes, demonstrating a spectrum of congenital anomalies. Certain of these syndromic phenotypes have been linked to distinct genetic sites, indicating underlying genetic associations of the disease and probable gene-gene interaction, in its pathogenesis. These associations with HSCR include Down's syndrome and other chromosomal anomalies, Waardenburg syndrome and other Dominant sensorineural deafness, the Congenital Central Hypoventilation and Mowat-Wilson and other brain-related syndromes, as well as the MEN2 and other tumour associations. A number of other autosomal recessive syndromes include the Shah-Waardenburg, the Bardet-Biedl and Cartilage-hair hypoplasia, Goldberg-Shprintzen syndromes and other syndromes related to cholesterol and fat metabolism among others. The genetics of Hirschsprung's disease are highly complex with the majority of known genetic sites relating to the main susceptibility pathways (RET an EDNRB). Non-syndromic non-familial, short-segment HSCR appears to represent a non-Mendelian condition with variable expression and sex-dependent penetrance. Syndromic and familial forms, on the other hand, have complex patterns of inheritance and being reported as autosomal dominant, recessive and polygenic patterns of inheritance. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung's disease could also be explained by the involvement of modifier genes, especially in its syndromic forms. In this review, we look at the chromosomal and Mendelian associations and their underlying signalling pathways, to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in developing aganglionosis of the distal bowel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
McKeown SJ, Stamp L, Hao MM, Young HM. Hirschsprung disease: a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:113-29. [PMID: 23799632 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is also called congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis, is characterized by an absence of enteric (intrinsic) neurons from variable lengths of the most distal bowel. Because enteric neurons are essential for propulsive intestinal motility, infants with HSCR suffer from severe constipation and have a distended abdomen. Currently the only treatment is surgical removal of the affected bowel. HSCR has an incidence of around 1:5,000 live births, with a 4:1 male:female gender bias. Most enteric neurons arise from neural crest cells that emigrate from the caudal hindbrain and then migrate caudally along the entire gut. The absence of enteric neurons from variable lengths of the bowel in HSCR results from a failure of neural crest-derived cells to colonize the affected gut regions. HSCR is therefore regarded as a neurocristopathy. HSCR is a multigenic disorder and has become a paradigm for understanding complex factorial disorders. The major HSCR susceptibility gene is RET. The penetrance of several mutations in HSCR susceptibility genes is sex-dependent. HSCR can occur as an isolated disorder or as part of syndromes; for example, Type IV Waardenburg syndrome is characterized by deafness and pigmentation defects as well as intestinal aganglionosis. Studies using animal models have shown that HSCR genes regulate multiple processes including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Research into HSCR and the development of enteric neurons is an excellent example of the cross fertilization of ideas that can occur between human molecular geneticists and researchers using animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:113-129. doi: 10.1002/wdev.57 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barlow AJ, Dixon J, Dixon MJ, Trainor PA. Balancing neural crest cell intrinsic processes with those of the microenvironment in Tcof1 haploinsufficient mice enables complete enteric nervous system formation. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1782-93. [PMID: 22228097 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) comprises a complex neuronal network that regulates peristalsis of the gut wall and secretions into the lumen. The ENS is formed from a multipotent progenitor cell population called the neural crest, which is derived from the neuroepithelium. Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate over incredible distances to colonize the entire length of the gut and during their migration they must survive, proliferate and ultimately differentiate. The absence of an ENS from variable lengths of the colon results in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) or colonic aganglionosis. Mutations in about 12 different genes have been identified in HSCR patients but the complex pattern of inheritance and variable penetrance suggests that additional genes or modifiers must be involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. We discovered that Tcof1 haploinsufficiency in mice models many of the early features of HSCR. Neuroepithelial apoptosis diminished the size of the neural stem cell pool resulting in reduced NCC numbers and their delayed migration along the gut from E10.5 to E14.5. Surprisingly however, we observe continued and complete colonization of the entire colon throughout E14.5-E18.5, a period in which the gut is considered to be non- or less-permissive to NCC. Thus, we reveal for the first time that reduced NCC progenitor numbers and delayed migration do not unequivocally equate with a predisposition for the pathogenesis of HSCR. In fact, these deficiencies can be overcome by balancing NCC intrinsic processes of proliferation and differentiation with extrinsic influences of the gut microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Barlow
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wallace AS, Anderson RB. Genetic interactions and modifier genes in Hirschsprung's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4937-44. [PMID: 22174542 PMCID: PMC3236992 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i45.4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder that occurs in 1:5000 live births. It is characterised by an absence of enteric neurons along a variable region of the gastrointestinal tract. Hirschsprung’s disease is classified as a multigenic disorder, because the same phenotype is associated with mutations in multiple distinct genes. Furthermore, the genetics of Hirschsprung’s disease are highly complex and not strictly Mendelian. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung’s disease also suggests the involvement of modifier genes. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the genetics underlying Hirschsprung’s disease based on human and animal studies, focusing on the principal causative genes, their interactions, and the role of modifier genes.
Collapse
|
34
|
Conidi A, Cazzola S, Beets K, Coddens K, Collart C, Cornelis F, Cox L, Joke D, Dobreva MP, Dries R, Esguerra C, Francis A, Ibrahimi A, Kroes R, Lesage F, Maas E, Moya I, Pereira PNG, Stappers E, Stryjewska A, van den Berghe V, Vermeire L, Verstappen G, Seuntjens E, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D. Few Smad proteins and many Smad-interacting proteins yield multiple functions and action modes in TGFβ/BMP signaling in vivo. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:287-300. [PMID: 22119658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the many ligands of the TGFβ family strongly converges towards only five receptor-activated, intracellular Smad proteins, which fall into two classes i.e. Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8, respectively. These Smads bind to a surprisingly high number of Smad-interacting proteins (SIPs), many of which are transcription factors (TFs) that co-operate in Smad-controlled target gene transcription in a cell type and context specific manner. A combination of functional analyses in vivo as well as in cell cultures and biochemical studies has revealed the enormous versatility of the Smad proteins. Smads and their SIPs regulate diverse molecular and cellular processes and are also directly relevant to development and disease. In this survey, we selected appropriate examples on the BMP-Smads, with emphasis on Smad1 and Smad5, and on a number of SIPs, i.e. the CPSF subunit Smicl, Ttrap (Tdp2) and Sip1 (Zeb2, Zfhx1b) from our own research carried out in three different vertebrate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen) of Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
A link between factors governing brain development and the development of the ENS is not surprising as both processes are largely controlled by the same or similar neural growth factors which are expressed at more or less in the same spatio-temporal time frame. Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) occurs as an isolated phenotype in 70% of cases but is associated with other congenital abnormalities and syndromic phenotypes in the remainder, with CNS anomalies making up 6.78%. These associations may be underestimated and are possibly pathogenetically linked to genetic associations and probable gene-gene interaction. In this review we explore known syndromes and other ENS associations of HSCR, looking at possible pathogenetic associations. We point out that borderline cognitive abilities, attention-deficit disorders and possible epileptic seizures in Hirschsprung's patients should be fully investigated. We recognise that this group of patients remain a challenge from a clinical and functional management point of view, and suggest possible management guidelines.
Collapse
|