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Causeret F, Fayon M, Moreau MX, Ne E, Oleari R, Parras C, Cariboni A, Pierani A. Diversity within olfactory sensory derivatives revealed by the contribution of Dbx1 lineages. J Comp Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37125418 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the embryonic olfactory epithelium contains progenitors that will give rise to distinct classes of neurons, including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs; involved in odor detection), vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs; responsible for pheromone sensing), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Currently, these three neuronal lineages are usually believed to emerge from uniform pools of progenitors. Here, we found that the homeodomain transcription factor Dbx1 is expressed by neurogenic progenitors in the developing and adult mouse olfactory epithelium. We demonstrate that Dbx1 itself is dispensable for neuronal fate specification and global organization of the olfactory sensory system. Using lineage tracing, we characterize the contribution of Dbx1 lineages to OSN, VSN, and GnRH neuron populations and reveal an unexpected degree of diversity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dbx1-expressing progenitors remain neurogenic in the absence of the proneural gene Ascl1. Our work therefore points to the existence of distinct neurogenic programs in Dbx1-derived and other olfactory lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Fayon
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu X Moreau
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Ne
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos Parras
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
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2
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Mercurio S. SOX2-Sensing: Insights into the Role of SOX2 in the Generation of Sensory Cell Types in Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087637. [PMID: 37108798 PMCID: PMC10141063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX2 transcription factor is a key regulator of nervous system development, and its mutation in humans leads to a rare disease characterized by severe eye defects, cognitive defects, hearing defects, abnormalities of the CNS and motor control problems. SOX2 has an essential role in neural stem cell maintenance in specific regions of the brain, and it is one of the master genes required for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sox2 is expressed in sensory organs, and this review will illustrate how it regulates the differentiation of sensory cell types required for hearing, touching, tasting and smelling in vertebrates and, in particular, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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3
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Blommers M, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Retinal neuroblast migration and ganglion cell layer organization require the cytoskeletal-interacting protein Mllt11. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:305-319. [PMID: 36131367 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate retina is an organized laminar structure comprised of distinct cell types populating three nuclear layers. During development, each retinal cell type follows a stereotypical temporal order of genesis, differentiation, and migration, giving rise to its stratified organization. Once born, the precise positioning of cells along the apico-basal (radial) axis of the retina is critical for subsequent connections to form, relying on highly orchestrated migratory processes. While these processes are critical for visual function to arise, the regulators of cellular migration and retinal lamination remain largely unexplored. RESULTS We report a role for a microtubule-interacting protein, Mllt11 (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia; translocated to chromosome 11/All1 fused gene from chromosome 1q) in mammalian retinal cell migration during retinogenesis. We show that Mllt11 loss-of-function in mouse retinal neuroblasts affected the migration of ganglion and amacrine cells into the ganglion cell layer and led to their aberrant accumulation in the inner nuclear and plexiform layers. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a role for Mllt11 in neuroblast migration and formation of the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley Blommers
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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4
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CUX2 prevents the malignant progression of gliomas by enhancing ADCY1 transcription. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3153-3165. [PMID: 36242624 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are one of the most prevalent brain tumors. This study sought to elucidate the mechanism of CUX2 in glioma development via ADCY1. CUX2 and ADCY1 expression in glioma predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Subsequent to gain- and loss-of-function experiments in glioma cells, cell proliferation was tested by CCK8 and plate clone formation assays, and cell migration and invasion by Transwell assay. The binding between CUX2 and ADCY1 was examined with dual-luciferase gene reporter and ChIP assays. The xenograft mouse model was established to verify the effect of the CUX2/ADCY1 axis on glioma cell growth in vivo. CUX2 and ADCY1 expression was low in glioma. The overexpression of CUX2 repressed the proliferative, migrating, and invasive abilities of glioma cells. Moreover, CUX2 was enriched in the ADCY1 promoter to enhance ADCY1 expression. ADCY1 upregulation diminished glioma cell proliferative, migrating, and invasive properties. Silencing of ADCY1 abrogated and upregulation of ADCY1 promoted the inhibitory influence of CUX2 upregulation on the malignant behaviors of glioma cells in vitro and gliomas cell growth in vivo. Collectively, CUX2 promoted ADCY1 transcription to delay glioma cell migration, proliferation, and invasion.
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5
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Li L, Zhu G, Tan K, Jiang L, Li Y, Zhu X, Lin Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Ma C. CUX2/KDM5B/SOX17 Axis Affects the Occurrence and Development of Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6650308. [PMID: 35881915 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal expression of CUT-like homeobox 2 gene (CUX2) has been highlighted as potential clinical biomarkers in human cancers. Notably, the function of CUX2 has been less elucidated in breast cancer (BC). We focused on the role of the CUX2 in tumorigenesis and progression of BC with the involvement of the lysine demethylase 5B (KDM5B)/sex determining region Y-box 17 (SOX17) axis. METHODS CUX2, KDM5B, and SOX17 expression levels in BC tissues and cells were tested by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Later, the effects of CUX2, KDM5B, and SOX17 on the malignant behaviors of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were analyzed by CCK-8, colony formation, and Transwell assays in vitro. The interactions of CUX2, KDM5B, and SOX17 were validated by online website prediction, ChIP assay, and dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice was conducted to observe the roles of CUX2, KDM5B, and SOX17 in BC tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS CUX2 and KDM5B were highly expressed while SOX17 had low expression in BC. Inhibition of CUX2 suppressed BC cell malignant phenotypes. CUX2 promoted KDM5B expression through transcriptional activation, enabling its high expression in BC. KDM5B inhibited SOX17 expression through histone demethylation. Overexpression of KDM5B or downregulation of SOX17 reversed the inhibitory effect of CUX2 downregulation on the malignant behaviors of BC cells. Inhibition of CUX2 impeded BC cell growth in vivo through the KDM5B/SOX17 axis. CONCLUSION This study highlights that suppression of CUX2 inhibits KDM5B to repress tumorigenesis and progression of BC through overexpressing SOX17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Genbao Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Kemeng Tan
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - La Jiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Yafen Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Zongwu Lin
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Chengquan Ma
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Anhui Wanbei Electricity Group General Hospital, Suzhou 234000, China
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de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Álvarez-Hernán G, Gañán Y, Santos-Almeida A, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Endogenous pH 6.0 β-Galactosidase Activity Is Linked to Neuronal Differentiation in the Olfactory Epithelium. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020298. [PMID: 35053414 PMCID: PMC8774403 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histochemical detection of β-galactosidase enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 (β-gal-pH6) is a widely used biomarker of cellular senescence in aging tissues. This histochemical assay also detects the presence of programmed cell senescence during specific time windows in degenerating structures of vertebrate embryos. However, it has recently been shown that this enzymatic activity is also enhanced in subpopulations of differentiating neurons in the developing central nervous system in vertebrates. The present study addressed the histochemical detection of β-gal-pH6 enzymatic activity in the developing postnatal olfactory epithelium in the mouse. This activity was detected in the intermediate layer of the olfactory epithelium. As development progressed, the band of β-gal-pH6 labeling in this layer increased in width. Immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry showed the β-gal-pH6 staining to be strongly correlated with the immunolabeling of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) that identifies mature olfactory sensory neurons. The cell somata of a subpopulation of differentiated olfactory neurons that were recognized with the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were always located inside this band of β-gal-pH6 staining. However, the β-gal-pH6 histochemical signal was always absent from the apical region where the cytokeratin-8 positive supporting cells were located. Furthermore, no β-gal-pH6 staining was found in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium where PCNA/pHisH3 immunoreactive proliferating progenitor cells, GAP43 positive immature neurons, and cytokeratin-5 positive horizontal basal cells were located. Therefore, β-gal-pH6 seems to be linked to neuronal differentiation and cannot be regarded as a biomarker of cellular senescence during olfactory epithelium development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ana Santos-Almeida
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
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7
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Dakhel S, Davies WIL, Joseph JV, Tomar T, Remeseiro S, Gunhaga L. Chick fetal organ spheroids as a model to study development and disease. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:37. [PMID: 34225662 PMCID: PMC8256237 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ culture models have been used over the past few decades to study development and disease. The in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture system of organoids is well known, however, these 3D systems are both costly and difficult to culture and maintain. As such, less expensive, faster and less complex methods to maintain 3D cell culture models would complement the use of organoids. Chick embryos have been used as a model to study human biology for centuries, with many fundamental discoveries as a result. These include cell type induction, cell competence, plasticity and contact inhibition, which indicates the relevance of using chick embryos when studying developmental biology and disease mechanisms. RESULTS Here, we present an updated protocol that enables time efficient, cost effective and long-term expansion of fetal organ spheroids (FOSs) from chick embryos. Utilizing this protocol, we generated FOSs in an anchorage-independent growth pattern from seven different organs, including brain, lung, heart, liver, stomach, intestine and epidermis. These three-dimensional (3D) structures recapitulate many cellular and structural aspects of their in vivo counterpart organs and serve as a useful developmental model. In addition, we show a functional application of FOSs to analyze cell-cell interaction and cell invasion patterns as observed in cancer. CONCLUSION The establishment of a broad ranging and highly effective method to generate FOSs from different organs was successful in terms of the formation of healthy, proliferating 3D organ spheroids that exhibited organ-like characteristics. Potential applications of chick FOSs are their use in studies of cell-to-cell contact, cell fusion and tumor invasion under defined conditions. Future studies will reveal whether chick FOSs also can be applicable in scientific areas such as viral infections, drug screening, cancer diagnostics and/or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soran Dakhel
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wayne I L Davies
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justin V Joseph
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tushar Tomar
- PamGene International B.V, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Remeseiro
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Palaniappan TK, Šlekienė L, Jonasson AK, Gilthorpe J, Gunhaga L. CAM-Delam: an in vivo approach to visualize and quantify the delamination and invasion capacity of human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10472. [PMID: 32591581 PMCID: PMC7320147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of metastases is the major cause of cancer related death. To develop a standardized method that define the ability of human cancer cells to degrade the basement membrane, e.g. the delamination capacity, is of importance to assess metastatic aggressiveness. We now present the in vivo CAM-Delam assay to visualize and quantify the ability of human cancer cells to delaminate and invade. The method includes seeding cancer cells on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), followed by the evaluation of cancer-induced delamination and potential invasion within hours to a few days. By testing a range of human cancer cell lines in the CAM-Delam assay, our results show that the delamination capacity can be divided into four categories and used to quantify metastatic aggressiveness. Our results emphasize the usefulness of this assay for quantifying delamination capacity as a measurement of metastatic aggressiveness, and in unraveling the molecular mechanisms that regulate delamination, invasion, formation of micro-metastases and modulations of the tumor microenvironment. This method will be useful in both the preclinical and clinical characterization of tumor biopsies, and in the validation of compounds that may improve survival in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Šlekienė
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Jonasson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Gilthorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Palaniappan TK, Slekiene L, Gunhaga L, Patthey C. Extensive apoptosis during the formation of the terminal nerve ganglion by olfactory placode-derived cells with distinct molecular markers. Differentiation 2019; 110:8-16. [PMID: 31539705 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The terminal nerve ganglion (TNG) is a well-known structure of the peripheral nervous system in cartilaginous and teleost fishes. It derives from the olfactory placode during embryonic development. While the differentiation and migration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons from the olfactory placode has been well documented, the TNG has been neglected in birds and mammals, and its development is less well described. Here we describe the formation of a ganglion-like structure from migratory olfactory placodal cells in chicken. The TNG is surrounded by neural crest cells, but in contrast to other cranial sensory ganglia, we observed no neural crest corridor, and olfactory unsheathing cells appear only after the onset of neuronal migration. We identified Isl1 and Lhx2 as two transcription factors that label neuronal subpopulations in the forming TNG, distinct from GnRH1+ cells, thereby revealing a diversity of cell types during the formation of the TNG. We also provide evidence for extensive apoptosis in the terminal nerve ganglion shortly after its formation, but not in other cranial sensory ganglia. Moreover, at later stages placode-derived neurons expressing GnRH1, Isl1 and/or Lhx2 become incorporated in the telencephalon. The integration of TNG neurons into the telencephalon together with the earlier widespread apoptosis in the TNG might be an explanation why the TNG in mammals and birds is much smaller compared to other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Slekiene
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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10
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Fregoso SP, Dwyer BE, Franco SJ. Lmx1a drives Cux2 expression in the cortical hem through activation of a conserved intronic enhancer. Development 2019; 146:dev.170068. [PMID: 30770393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During neocortical development, neurons are produced by a diverse pool of neural progenitors. A subset of progenitors express the Cux2 gene and are fate restricted to produce certain neuronal subtypes; however, the upstream pathways that specify these progenitor fates remain unknown. To uncover the transcriptional networks that regulate Cux2 expression in the forebrain, we characterized a conserved Cux2 enhancer that recapitulates Cux2 expression specifically in the cortical hem. Using a bioinformatic approach, we identified putative transcription factor (TF)-binding sites for cortical hem-patterning TFs. We found that the homeobox TF Lmx1a can activate the Cux2 enhancer in vitro Furthermore, we showed that Lmx1a-binding sites were required for enhancer activity in the cortical hem in vivo Mis-expression of Lmx1a in hippocampal progenitors caused an increase in Cux2 enhancer activity outside the cortical hem. Finally, we compared several human enhancers with cortical hem-restricted activity and found that recurrent Lmx1a-binding sites are a top shared feature. Uncovering the network of TFs involved in regulating Cux2 expression will increase our understanding of the mechanisms pivotal in establishing Cux2 lineage fates in the developing forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago P Fregoso
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado Graduate School - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett E Dwyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado Graduate School - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Kim JS, Kim BG. Neurogenesis and Regulation of Olfactory Epithelium. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2019.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eunpyeong St. Mar's, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Guk Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eunpyeong St. Mar's, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Sun Y, Ye D, Li Y, Chen E, Hao R, Cai Y, Wang Q, Wang O, Zhang X. CUX2 functions as an oncogene in papillary thyroid cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:217-224. [PMID: 30636884 PMCID: PMC6309779 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s185710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), the most common endocrine malignancy, has been increasing. Emerging evidence indicates that the CUT/CUX/CDP family of proteins can play an important role in tumor development and progression by regulating many cancer-related functions. However, the molecular functions of CUX2 in TC remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we used a series of loss-of-function experiments and Western blot analysis to investigate the function of CUX2 in TC and the mechanisms involved. RESULTS Our data revealed that CUX2 expression levels were upregulated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Functionally, CUX2 silencing significantly inhibited PTC cell line (KTC-1 and BCPAP) proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Furthermore, CUX2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and influenced the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways. CONCLUSION In summary, CUX2 may function as a tumor promoter in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Sun
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Danrong Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Endong Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Rutian Hao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China,
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13
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Sokpor G, Abbas E, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Control of Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium Development. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29532253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) represents a major aspect of the peripheral olfactory system. It is a pseudostratified tissue that originates from the olfactory placode and is composed of diverse cells, some of which are specialized receptor neurons capable of transducing odorant stimuli to afford the perception of smell (olfaction). The OE is known to offer a tractable miniature model for studying the systematic generation of neurons and glia that typify neural tissue development. During OE development, stem/progenitor cells that will become olfactory sensory neurons and/or non-neuronal cell types display fine spatiotemporal expression of neuronal and non-neuronal genes that ensures their proper proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. Many factors, including transcription and epigenetic factors, have been identified as key regulators of the expression of such requisite genes to permit normal OE morphogenesis. Typically, specific interactive regulatory networks established between transcription and epigenetic factors/cofactors orchestrate histogenesis in the embryonic and adult OE. Hence, investigation of these regulatory networks critical for OE development promises to disclose strategies that may be employed in manipulating the stepwise transition of olfactory precursor cells to become fully differentiated and functional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Such strategies potentially offer formidable means of replacing injured or degenerated neural cells as therapeutics for nervous system perturbations. This review recapitulates the developmental cellular diversity of the olfactory neuroepithelium and discusses findings on how the precise and cooperative molecular control by transcriptional and epigenetic machinery is indispensable for OE ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Cux1 and Cux2 are the vertebrate members of a family of homeodomain transcription factors (TF) containing Cut repeat DNA-binding sequences. Perturbation of their expression has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases and disorders, ranging from cancer to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Within the nervous system, both genes are expressed during neurogenesis and in specific neuronal subpopulations. Their role during development and circuit specification is discussed here, with a particular focus on the cortex where their restricted expression in pyramidal neurons of the upper layers appears to be responsible for many of the specialized functions of these cells, and where their functions have been extensively investigated. Finally, we discuss how Cux TF represent a promising avenue for manipulating neuronal function and for reprogramming.
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15
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Panaliappan TK, Wittmann W, Jidigam VK, Mercurio S, Bertolini JA, Sghari S, Bose R, Patthey C, Nicolis SK, Gunhaga L. Sox2 is required for olfactory pit formation and olfactory neurogenesis through BMP restriction and Hes5 upregulation. Development 2018; 145:145/2/dev153791. [PMID: 29352015 PMCID: PMC5825848 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is necessary to maintain pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and to regulate neural development. Neurogenesis in the vertebrate olfactory epithelium persists from embryonic stages through adulthood. The role Sox2 plays for the development of the olfactory epithelium and neurogenesis within has, however, not been determined. Here, by analysing Sox2 conditional knockout mouse embryos and chick embryos deprived of Sox2 in the olfactory epithelium using CRISPR-Cas9, we show that Sox2 activity is crucial for the induction of the neural progenitor gene Hes5 and for subsequent differentiation of the neuronal lineage. Our results also suggest that Sox2 activity promotes the neurogenic domain in the nasal epithelium by restricting Bmp4 expression. The Sox2-deficient olfactory epithelium displays diminished cell cycle progression and proliferation, a dramatic increase in apoptosis and finally olfactory pit atrophy. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation data show that Sox2 directly binds to the Hes5 promoter in both the PNS and CNS. Taken together, our results indicate that Sox2 is essential to establish, maintain and expand the neuronal progenitor pool by suppressing Bmp4 and upregulating Hes5 expression. Summary: Analysis of Sox2 mutant mouse and Sox2 CRISPR-targeted chick embryos reveals that Sox2 controls the establishment of sensory progenitors in the olfactory epithelium by suppressing Bmp4 and upregulating Hes5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Wittmann
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica A Bertolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Soufien Sghari
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raj Bose
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Liu L, Ebana Y, Nitta JI, Takahashi Y, Miyazaki S, Tanaka T, Komura M, Isobe M, Furukawa T. Genetic Variants Associated With Susceptibility to Atrial Fibrillation in a Japanese Population. Can J Cardiol 2016; 33:443-449. [PMID: 28129963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects millions of individuals worldwide. The genome-wide association studies have identified robust genetic associations with AF. METHODS We genotyped 5461 participants of Japanese ancestry for 11 AF-related loci and determined the effects of carrying different numbers of risk alleles on disease development and age at disease onset. The weighted genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated, and its ability to predict AF was determined. RESULTS Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms-rs593479 (1q24 in PRRX1), rs1906617 (4q25 near PITX2), rs11773845 (7q31 in CAV1), rs6584555 (10q25 in NEURL), rs6490029 (12q24 in CUX2), and rs12932445 (16q22 in ZFHX3) (P < 1.9 × 10-5)-were confirmed as being associated with AF. Patients with a high total number of risk alleles (9-12) had a younger median age at onset of AF (58 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 55-60 years) than those with a low total number (1-4) (63 years; 95% CI, 61-64 years) (P = 0.0015). We observed a 4.38-fold (95% CI, 3.69-5.19) difference in risk of AF between individuals with scores in the top and bottom quartiles of the GRS. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.641 (95% CI, 0.628-0.653; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Six loci were validated as associated with AF in a Japanese population. This study suggests that a combination of common genetic markers modestly facilitates discrimination of AF. This is the first report, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that the age of onset of AF is affected by common risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ebana
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nitta
- Cardiovascular Division, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Bio-resource Research Center, Research and Industry-University Alliance Organization, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Furukawa
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Capaldo E, Iulianella A. Cux2 serves as a novel lineage marker of granule cell layer neurons from the rhombic lip in mouse and chick embryos. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:881-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Capaldo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
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18
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Jidigam VK, Srinivasan RC, Patthey C, Gunhaga L. Apical constriction and epithelial invagination are regulated by BMP activity. Biol Open 2015; 4:1782-91. [PMID: 26621830 PMCID: PMC4736041 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial invagination is a morphological process in which flat cell sheets transform into three-dimensional structures through bending of the tissue. It is accompanied by apical constriction, in which the apical cell surface is reduced in relation to the basal cell surface. Although much is known about the intra-cellular molecular machinery driving apical constriction and epithelial invagination, information of how extra-cellular signals affect these processes remains insufficient. In this study we have established several in vivo assays of placodal invagination to explore whether the external signal BMP regulates processes connected to epithelial invagination. By inhibiting BMP activity in prospective cranial placodes, we provide evidence that BMP signals are required for RhoA and F-actin rearrangements, apical constriction, cell elongation and epithelial invagination. The failure of placode invagination after BMP inhibition appears to be a direct consequence of disrupted apical accumulation of RhoA and F-actin, rather than changes in cell death or proliferation. In addition, our results show that epithelial invagination and acquisition of placode-specific identities are two distinct and separable developmental processes. In summary, our results provide evidence that BMP signals promote epithelial invagination by acting upstream of the intracellular molecular machinery that drives apical constriction and cell elongation. Summary: We describe a novel role for BMP activity in promoting a direct and cell type-independent mechanism for apical constriction, cell elongation and epithelial invagination, separate from acquisition of placode-specific identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
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19
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Pandit T, Jidigam VK, Patthey C, Gunhaga L. Neural retina identity is specified by lens-derived BMP signals. Development 2015; 142:1850-9. [PMID: 25968316 PMCID: PMC4440930 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The eye has served as a classical model to study cell specification and tissue induction for over a century. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the induction and maintenance of eye-field cells, and the specification of neural retina cells are poorly understood. Moreover, within the developing anterior forebrain, how prospective eye and telencephalic cells are differentially specified is not well defined. In the present study, we have analyzed these issues by manipulating signaling pathways in intact chick embryo and explant assays. Our results provide evidence that at blastula stages, BMP signals inhibit the acquisition of eye-field character, but from neural tube/optic vesicle stages, BMP signals from the lens are crucial for the maintenance of eye-field character, inhibition of dorsal telencephalic cell identity and specification of neural retina cells. Subsequently, our results provide evidence that a Rax2-positive eye-field state is not sufficient for the progress to a neural retina identity, but requires BMP signals. In addition, our results argue against any essential role of Wnt or FGF signals during the specification of neural retina cells, but provide evidence that Wnt signals together with BMP activity are sufficient to induce cells of retinal pigment epithelial character. We conclude that BMP activity emanating from the lens ectoderm maintains eye-field identity, inhibits telencephalic character and induces neural retina cells. Our findings link the requirement of the lens ectoderm for neural retina specification with the molecular mechanism by which cells in the forebrain become specified as neural retina by BMP activity. SUMMARY: BMP signals from the lens are crucial to maintain eye-field character, inhibit dorsal telencephalic cell identity, and specificy neural retina cells in chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Pandit
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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20
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Pal R, Ramdzan ZM, Kaur S, Duquette PM, Marcotte R, Leduy L, Davoudi S, Lamarche-Vane N, Iulianella A, Nepveu A. CUX2 protein functions as an accessory factor in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26221032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CUX1 and CUX2 proteins are characterized by the presence of three highly similar regions called Cut repeats 1, 2, and 3. Although CUX1 is ubiquitously expressed, CUX2 plays an important role in the specification of neuronal cells and continues to be expressed in postmitotic neurons. Cut repeats from the CUX1 protein were recently shown to stimulate 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that removes oxidized purines from DNA and introduces a single strand break through its apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity to initiate base excision repair. Here, we investigated whether CUX2 plays a similar role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Cux2 knockdown in embryonic cortical neurons increased levels of oxidative DNA damage. In vitro, Cut repeats from CUX2 increased the binding of OGG1 to 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-containing DNA and stimulated both the glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activities of OGG1. Genetic inactivation in mouse embryo fibroblasts or CUX2 knockdown in HCC38 cells delayed DNA repair and increased DNA damage. Conversely, ectopic expression of Cut repeats from CUX2 accelerated DNA repair and reduced levels of oxidative DNA damage. These results demonstrate that CUX2 functions as an accessory factor that stimulates the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Neurons produce a high level of reactive oxygen species because of their dependence on aerobic oxidation of glucose as their source of energy. Our results suggest that the persistent expression of CUX2 in postmitotic neurons contributes to the maintenance of genome integrity through its stimulation of oxidative DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simran Kaur
- From the Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Departments of Biochemistry
| | - Philippe M Duquette
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Richard Marcotte
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada, and
| | - Lam Leduy
- From the Goodman Cancer Research Centre and
| | | | | | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alain Nepveu
- From the Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, Oncology, and
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21
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Li Q, Yang D, Wang J, Liu L, Feng G, Li J, Liao J, Wei Y, Li Z. Reduced amount of olfactory receptor neurons in the rat model of depression. Neurosci Lett 2015; 603:48-54. [PMID: 26170245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced olfactory sensitivity has been reported in depressive disorder. However, the pathological mechanism is still unclear. The reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis has been unraveled in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, changes in olfactory epithelium (OE) have not been reported, which might contribute to olfactory deficits in MDD. In the context, we investigated the thickness of OE in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Simultaneously, the basal cells (labeled by nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR)), immature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) (marked by growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43)) and mature ORNs (labeled by olfactory marker protein (OMP)) in OE were detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the thickness of OE, the number of basal cells, immature ORNs as well as mature ORNs decreased dramatically in the OE of CUMS rats. Those findings indicate that the reduced number of ORNs might induce OE atrophy in CUMS rats and the abnormalities of the OE may be partially responsible for the reduced olfactory sensitivity in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlu Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Health Management, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guibo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youdong Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Yamada M, Clark J, McClelland C, Capaldo E, Ray A, Iulianella A. Cux2 activity defines a subpopulation of perinatal neurogenic progenitors in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:253-67. [PMID: 25252086 PMCID: PMC4312975 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus arises from the medial region of the subventricular (SVZ) within the telencephalon. It is one of two regions in the postnatal brain that harbors neural progenitors (NPs) capable of giving rise to new neurons. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is restricted to the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) where it contributes to the generation of granule cell layer (gcl) neurons. It is thought that SGZ progenitors are heterogeneous, differing in their morphology, expression profiles, and developmental potential, however it is currently unknown whether they display differences in their developmental origins and cell fate-restriction in the DG. Here we demonstrate that Cux2 is a marker for SGZ progenitors and nascent granule cell neurons in the perinatal brain. Cux2 was expressed in the presumptive hippocampal forming region of the embryonic forebrain from E14.5 onwards. At fetal stages, Cux2 was expressed in early-forming Prox1+ granule cell neurons as well as the SVZ of the DG germinal matrix. In the postnatal brain, Cux2 was expressed in several types of progenitors in the SGZ of the DG, including Nestin/Sox2 double-positive radial glia, Sox2+ cells that lacked a radial glial process, DCX+ neuroblasts, and Calretinin-expressing nascent neurons. Another domain characterized by a low level of Cux2 expression emerged in Calbindin+ neurons of the developing DG blades. We used Cux2-Cre mice in genetic fate-mapping studies and showed almost exclusive labeling of Calbindin-positive gcl neurons, but not in any progenitor cell types or astroglia. This suggests that Cux2+ progenitors directly differentiate into gcl neurons and do not self-renew. Interestingly, developmental profiling of cell fate revealed an outside-in formation of gcl neurons in the DG, likely reflecting the activity of Cux2 in the germinative matrices during DG formation and maturation. However, DG morphogenesis proceeded largely normally in hypomorphic Cux2 mutants lacking Cux2 expression. Taken together we conclude that Cux2 expression reflects hippocampal neurogenesis and identifies non-self-renewing NPs in the SGZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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23
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Scerbo MJ, Freire-Regatillo A, Cisternas CD, Brunotto M, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Cambiasso MJ. Neurogenin 3 mediates sex chromosome effects on the generation of sex differences in hypothalamic neuronal development. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:188. [PMID: 25071448 PMCID: PMC4086225 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The organizational action of testosterone during critical periods of development is the cause of numerous sex differences in the brain. However, sex differences in neuritogenesis have been detected in primary neuronal hypothalamic cultures prepared before the peak of testosterone production by fetal testis. In the present study we assessed the hypothesis of that cell-autonomous action of sex chromosomes can differentially regulate the expression of the neuritogenic gene neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) in male and female hypothalamic neurons, generating sex differences in neuronal development. Neuronal cultures were prepared from male and female E14 mouse hypothalami, before the fetal peak of testosterone. Female neurons showed enhanced neuritogenesis and higher expression of Ngn3 than male neurons. The silencing of Ngn3 abolished sex differences in neuritogenesis, decreasing the differentiation of female neurons. The sex difference in Ngn3 expression was determined by sex chromosomes, as demonstrated using the four core genotypes mouse model, in which a spontaneous deletion of the testis-determining gene Sry from the Y chromosome was combined with the insertion of the Sry gene onto an autosome. In addition, the expression of Ngn3, which is also known to mediate the neuritogenic actions of estradiol, was increased in the cultures treated with the hormone, but only in those from male embryos. Furthermore, the hormone reversed the sex differences in neuritogenesis promoting the differentiation of male neurons. These findings indicate that Ngn3 mediates both cell-autonomous actions of sex chromosomes and hormonal effects on neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Scerbo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Carla D Cisternas
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina ; Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mabel Brunotto
- Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria A Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María J Cambiasso
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina ; Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba, Argentina
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