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Dekeyser A, Huart C, Hummel T, Hox V. Olfactory Loss in Rhinosinusitis: Mechanisms of Loss and Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4460. [PMID: 38674045 PMCID: PMC11050448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent disease and up to 83% of CRS patients suffer from olfactory dysfunction (OD). Because OD is specifically seen in those CRS patients that present with a type 2 eosinophilic inflammation, it is believed that type 2 inflammatory mediators at the level of the olfactory epithelium are involved in the development of this olfactory loss. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining tissue from the olfactory epithelium, little is known about the true mechanisms of inflammatory OD. Thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in olfaction has been growing rapidly and several studies have been focusing on disease mechanisms of OD in inflammatory conditions. In this paper, we summarize the most recent data exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OD in CRS. We also review what is known about the potential capacity of olfactory recovery of the currently available treatments in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Dekeyser
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
| | - Caroline Huart
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Valérie Hox
- Laboratory of Pneumology, ENT (Airways) and Dermatology (Skin) (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.D.); (C.H.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Power Guerra N, Bierkämper M, Pablik J, Hummel T, Witt M. Histochemical Evidence for Reduced Immune Response in Nasal Mucosa of Patients with COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4427. [PMID: 38674011 PMCID: PMC11050322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary entry point of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the nasal mucosa, where viral-induced inflammation occurs. When the immune response fails against SARS-CoV-2, understanding the altered response becomes crucial. This study aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2 immunological responses in the olfactory and respiratory mucosa by focusing on epithelia and nerves. Between 2020 and 2022, we obtained post mortem tissues from the olfactory cleft from 10 patients with histologically intact olfactory epithelia (OE) who died with or from COVID-19, along with four age-matched controls. These tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical reactions using antibodies against T cell antigens CD3, CD8, CD68, and SARS spike protein for viral evidence. Deceased patients with COVID-19 exhibited peripheral lymphopenia accompanied by a local decrease in CD3+ cells in the OE. However, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was sparsely detectable in the OE. With regard to the involvement of nerve fibers, the present analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 did not significantly alter the immune response in olfactory or trigeminal fibers. On the other hand, SARS spike protein was detectable in both nerves. In summary, the post mortem investigation demonstrated a decreased T cell response in patients with COVID-19 and signs of SARS-CoV-2 presence in olfactory and trigeminal fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Power Guerra
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (N.P.G.); (M.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Martin Bierkämper
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (N.P.G.); (M.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Jessica Pablik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (N.P.G.); (M.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biostructural Foundations of Medical Sciences, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-781 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01309 Dresden, Germany
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Shimizu S, Nakayama M, Nguyen CT, Ishigaki H, Kitagawa Y, Yasui F, Yagi Y, Kusayanagi T, Kohara M, Itoh Y, Tojima I, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. SARS-CoV-2 induces inflammation and intracranial infection through the olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb pathway in non-human primates. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578288. [PMID: 38237527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We examined the histopathological changes in the olfactory mucosa of cynomolgus and rhesus macaque models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced severe inflammatory changes in the olfactory mucosa. A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, HLA-DR was expressed in macrophage and supporting cells, and melanocytes were increased in olfactory mucosa. Supporting cells and olfactory neurons were infected, and SARS-CoV-2 N protein was detected in the axons of olfactory neurons and in olfactory bulbs. Viral RNA was detected in olfactory bulbs and brain tissues. The olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb pathway may be important as a route for intracranial infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yasui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Ikushima H, Suzuki J, Hemmi T, Ikeda R, Kobayashi Y, Ohta N, Katori Y. Effects of zinc deficiency on the regeneration of olfactory epithelium in mice. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad023. [PMID: 37527505 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium can regenerate after damage; however, the regeneration process is affected by various factors, such as viral infections, head trauma, and medications. Zinc is an essential trace element that has important roles in organ development, growth, and maturation. Zinc also helps regulate neurotransmission in the brain; nevertheless, its relationship with olfactory epithelium regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, we used a severe zinc deficiency mouse model to investigate the effects of zinc deficiency on olfactory epithelium regeneration. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into zinc-deficient and control diet groups at the age of 4 weeks, and methimazole was administered at the age of 8 weeks to induce severe olfactory epithelium damage. We evaluated the olfactory epithelium before and 7, 14, and 28 days after methimazole administration by histologically analyzing paraffin sections. RNA sequencing was also performed at the age of 8 weeks before methimazole administration to examine changes in gene expression caused by zinc deficiency. In the zinc-deficient group, the regenerated olfactory epithelium thickness was decreased at all time points, and the numbers of Ki-67-positive, GAP43-positive, and olfactory marker protein-positive cells (i.e. proliferating cells, immature olfactory neurons, and mature olfactory neurons, respectively) failed to increase at some time points. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed several changes in gene expression, such as a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes and an increase in that of inflammatory response-related genes, in the zinc-deficient group. Therefore, zinc deficiency delays olfactory epithelium regeneration after damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ikushima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Hemmi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryoukichi Ikeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8512, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Pipolo C, Bottai D, Fuccillo E, Aronica E, Bruschi F, Bulfamante AM, Castellani L, Canevini MP, Chiumello D, Ferrari S, Martinelli C, Muttini S, Priori A, Saibene AM, Spoldi C, Tosi D, Zanusso G, Bulfamante GP, Felisati G. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal brushings and olfactory mucosa biopsies of COVID-19 patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266740. [PMID: 35413071 PMCID: PMC9004784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 of patients affected by COVID-19 in olfactory mucosa (OM), sampled with nasal brushing (NB) and biopsy, and to assess whether a non-invasive procedure, such as NB, might be used as a large-scale procedure for demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 presence in olfactory neuroepithelium. Nasal brushings obtained from all the COVID-19 patients resulted positive to SARS-CoV-2 immunocytochemistry while controls were negative. Double immunofluorescence showed that SARS-CoV-2 positive cells included supporting cells as well as olfactory neurons and basal cells. OM biopsies showed an uneven distribution of SARS-CoV-2 positivity along the olfactory neuroepithelium, while OM from controls were negative. SARS-CoV-2 was distinctively found in sustentacular cells, olfactory neurons, and basal cells, supporting what was observed in NB. Ultrastructural analysis of OM biopsies showed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in the cytoplasm of sustentacular cells. This study shows the presence of SARS-CoV-2 at the level of the olfactory neuroepithelium in patients affected by COVID-19. For the first time, we used NB as a rapid non-invasive tool for assessing a potential neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pipolo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fuccillo
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Bruschi
- Epilepsy Centre, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Mario Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Castellani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Canevini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Epilepsy Centre, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Chiumello
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Martinelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetic, Cytogenetics and Molecular Pathology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Muttini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli”, Center for Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Saibene
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Spoldi
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Delfina Tosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetic, Cytogenetics and Molecular Pathology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pietro Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Human Pathology and Medical Genetic, Cytogenetics and Molecular Pathology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Felisati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: ,
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Jiang B, Shi Y, Abou MB, Xu L, Liang G, Wei H. Effects of chronic intranasal dantrolene on nasal mucosa morphology in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:198-203. [PMID: 35048995 PMCID: PMC9338757 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that the intranasal administration of dantrolene ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. This study examines the morphology of the nasal mucosa after 10 months of intranasal dantrolene in 5XFAD mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS 5XFAD mice were either treated with intranasal dantrolene (5 mg/kg, 3 times/wk) from 2 months to 12 months of age or given no treatment at all. The mice were euthanatized at 12 months of age and the snouts were processed for histological examination. The morphology of the nasal mucosa was assessed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the thickness of the olfactory epithelium or the proportion of the thickness of the glandular layer to the wall of mucosa and submucosa in the nasal passages. CONCLUSIONS Long-term intranasal administration of dantrolene did not significantly change the nasal mucosa morphology in 5XFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Garcia ECD, Luz LDA, Anzolin LK, Barbosa da Silva JL, Doty RL, Pinna FDR, Voegels RL, Fornazieri MA. Biopsy of the olfactory epithelium from the superior nasal septum: is it possible to obtain neurons without damaging olfaction? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88:787-793. [PMID: 34144902 PMCID: PMC9483995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory biopsies from the superior part of the nasal septum did not significantly affect smell capacity. These biopsies obtain high rates of olfactory neurons. The described procedure also provides olfactory epithelium proper for morphological analysis.
Introduction Olfactory epithelium biopsy has been useful for studying diverse otorhinolaryngological and neurological diseases, including the potential to better understand the pathophysiology behind COVID-19 olfactory manifestations. However, the safety and efficacy of the technique for obtaining human olfactory epithelium are still not fully established. Objective This study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of harvesting olfactory epithelium cells, nerve bundles, and olfactory epithelium proper for morphological analysis from the superior nasal septum. Methods During nasal surgery, 22 individuals without olfactory complaints underwent olfactory epithelium biopsies from the superior nasal septum. The efficacy of obtaining olfactory epithelium, verification of intact olfactory epithelium and the presence of nerve bundles in biopsies were assessed using immunofluorescence. Safety for the olfactory function was tested psychophysically using both unilateral and bilateral tests before and 1 month after the operative procedure. Results Olfactory epithelium was found in 59.1% of the subjects. Of the samples, 50% were of the quality necessary for morphological characterization and 90.9% had nerve bundles. There was no difference in the psychophysical scores obtained in the bilateral olfactory test (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT®]) between means before biopsy: 32.3 vs. postoperative: 32.5, p = 0.81. Also, no significant decrease occurred in unilateral testing (mean unilateral test scores 6 vs. 6.2, p = 0.46). None out of the 56 different odorant identification significantly diminished (p > 0.05). Conclusion The technique depicted for olfactory epithelium biopsy is highly effective in obtaining neuronal olfactory tissue, but it has moderate efficacy in achieving samples useful for morphological analysis. Olfactory sensitivity remained intact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas de Almeida Luz
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kanieski Anzolin
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Richard L Doty
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Medicine School, Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Richard Louis Voegels
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Departamento de Medicina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Levallois S, Hautefort C, Michel V, Larrous F, Verillaud B, Aparicio C, Wagner S, Gheusi G, Kergoat L, Kornobis E, Donati F, Cokelaer T, Hervochon R, Madec Y, Roze E, Salmon D, Bourhy H, Lecuit M, Lledo PM. COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf8396. [PMID: 33941622 PMCID: PMC8158965 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whereas recent investigations have revealed viral, inflammatory, and vascular factors involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lung pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly understood. Olfactory and taste dysfunction are common in COVID-19, especially in mildly symptomatic patients. Here, we conducted a virologic, molecular, and cellular study of the olfactory neuroepithelium of seven patients with COVID-19 presenting with acute loss of smell. We report evidence that the olfactory neuroepithelium is a major site of SARS-CoV2 infection with multiple cell types, including olfactory sensory neurons, support cells, and immune cells, becoming infected. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the olfactory neuroepithelium was associated with local inflammation. Furthermore, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 induced acute anosmia and ageusia in golden Syrian hamsters, lasting as long as the virus remained in the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. Last, olfactory mucosa sampling from patients showing long-term persistence of COVID-19-associated anosmia revealed the presence of virus transcripts and of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, together with protracted inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 persistence and associated inflammation in the olfactory neuroepithelium may account for prolonged or relapsing symptoms of COVID-19, such as loss of smell, which should be considered for optimal medical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Françoise Lazarini
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Hautefort
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, Hopital Lariboisiere, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1120, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Verillaud
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, Hopital Lariboisiere, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Aparicio
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Wagner
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gheusi
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Plateforme Technologique Biomics – Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique – Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR3569, University of Paris, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Plateforme Technologique Biomics – Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique – Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Hervochon
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Cochin Hotel Dieu Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
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Minkelyte K, Collins A, Liadi M, Ibrahim A, Li D, Li Y. High-Yield Mucosal Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Restore Loss of Function in Rat Dorsal Root Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051186. [PMID: 34066218 PMCID: PMC8150777 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that no axons were crossing from the severed dorsal roots to the spinal cord using the rat dorsal rhizotomy paradigm. The injury caused ipsilateral deficits of forepaw function. An attempt to restore the function by transplanting cells containing 5% olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) cultured from the olfactory mucosa did not succeed. However, obtaining OECs from the olfactory mucosa has an advantage for clinical application. In the present study, we used the same rhizotomy paradigm, but rats with an injury received cells from a modified mucosal culture containing around 20% OECs mixed in collagen. The forelimb proprioception assessment showed that 80% of the rats receiving the transplants had functional improvement over six weeks of the study. The adhesive removal test showed that the time taken for the rats to notice the adhesive label and remove it almost returned to the normal level after receiving the transplants. Transplanted cells were identified with the expression of green fluorescent protein (ZsGreen). Some regeneration fibres immunostained for neurofilament (NF) or traced by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in the injury area were associated with the transplanted cells. The evidence in this study improves the prospect of clinical application using OECs from the olfactory mucosa to treat CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Minkelyte
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Andrew Collins
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Modinat Liadi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals, London RM7 0AG, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (A.I.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-20-3448-4481
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10
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Lee JC, Nallani R, Cass L, Bhalla V, Chiu AG, Villwock JA. A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:323-333. [PMID: 32915650 PMCID: PMC10404900 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a common cause of both short- and long-term smell alteration. The coronavirus pandemic further highlights the importance of post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Currently, a comprehensive review of the neural mechanism underpinning post-viral olfactory dysfunction is lacking. OBJECTIVES To synthesize the existing primary literature related to olfactory dysfunction secondary to viral infection, detail the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlight relevance for the current COVID-19 pandemic, and identify high impact areas of future research. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies reporting primary scientific data on post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Results were supplemented by manual searches. Studies were categorized into animal and human studies for final analysis and summary. RESULTS A total of 38 animal studies and 7 human studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was significant variability in study design, experimental model, and outcome measured. Viral effects on the olfactory system varies significantly based on viral substrain but generally include damage or alteration in components of the olfactory epithelium and/or the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of post-viral olfactory dysfunction is highly complex, virus-dependent, and involves a combination of insults at multiple levels of the olfactory pathway. This will have important implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic developments for patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vidur Bhalla
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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11
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Urata S, Maruyama J, Kishimoto-Urata M, Sattler RA, Cook R, Lin N, Yamasoba T, Makishima T, Paessler S. Regeneration Profiles of Olfactory Epithelium after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:589-595. [PMID: 33522795 PMCID: PMC7874468 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most frequent and specific symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Information on the damage and repair of the neuroepithelium and its impact on olfactory function after COVID-19 is still incomplete. While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, little is known about the changes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in the olfactory epithelium (OE) at the cellular level. Here, we report profiles of the OE after SARS-CoV-2 infection in golden Syrian hamsters, which is a reliable animal model of COVID-19. We observed severe damage in the OE as early as 3 days postinoculation and regionally specific damage and regeneration of the OE within the nasal cavity; the nasal septal region demonstrated the fastest recovery compared to other regions in the nasal turbinates. These findings suggest that anosmia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fully reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Urata
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Megumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachel A. Sattler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nantian Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Makishima
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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12
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Boyles DA, Schwarz MM, Albe JR, McMillen CM, O'Malley KJ, Reed DS, Hartman AL. Development of Rift valley fever encephalitis in rats is mediated by early infection of olfactory epithelium and neuroinvasion across the cribriform plate. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001522. [PMID: 33231535 PMCID: PMC8116942 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic emerging Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes sporadic disease in livestock and humans throughout Africa and the Saudi Arabian peninsula. Infection of people with RVFV can occur through mosquito bite or mucosal exposure during butchering or milking of infected livestock. Disease typically presents as a self-limiting fever; however, in rare cases, hepatitis, encephalitis and ocular disease may occur. Recent studies have illuminated the neuropathogenic mechanisms of RVFV in a rat aerosol infection model. Neurological disease in rats is characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier late in infection, infiltration of leukocytes to the central nervous system (CNS) and massive viral replication in the brain. However, the route of RVFV entry into the CNS after inhalational exposure remains unknown. Here, we visualized the entire nasal olfactory route from snout to brain after RVFV infection using RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy. We found widespread RVFV-infected cells within the olfactory epithelium, across the cribriform plate, and in the glomerular region of the olfactory bulb within 2 days of infection. These results indicate that the olfactory tract is a major route of infection of the brain after inhalational exposure. A better understanding of potential neuroinvasion pathways can support the design of more effective therapeutic regiments for the treatment of neurological disease caused by RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin A. Boyles
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline M. Schwarz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph R. Albe
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Sandison A, Manca A, Machouchas N, Turilli D, Lechien JR, Barillari MR, Salzano G, Cossu A, Saussez S, De Riu G. Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1123-1127. [PMID: 33190655 PMCID: PMC7729153 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated. CASE REPORT This report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. CONCLUSION The biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
- Biomedical Science Department, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - C Hopkins
- Department of ENT, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Sandison
- Department of Histopathology, Charing Cross Hospital and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Manca
- Histopathology Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - N Machouchas
- Otorhinolaryngology Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
| | - D Turilli
- Radiology Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
| | - J R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (‘YO-IFOS’), Belgium
- Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (‘UMons’), Belgium
| | - M R Barillari
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples ‘Federico II’, Italy
| | - A Cossu
- Histopathology Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - S Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (‘YO-IFOS’), Belgium
- Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (‘UMons’), Belgium
| | - G De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
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14
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Parrie LE, Crowell JA, Moreno JA, Suinn SS, Telling GC, Bessen RA. The cellular prion protein promotes neuronal regeneration after acute nasotoxic injury. Prion 2020; 14:31-41. [PMID: 31950869 PMCID: PMC6984647 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1714373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, analogous to early development, is comprised of several, often concomitant, processes including proliferation, differentiation, and formation of synaptic connections. However, due to continual, asynchronous turn-over, newly-born adult olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) must integrate into existing circuitry. Additionally, OSNs express high levels of cellular prion protein (PrPC), particularly in the axon, which implies a role in this cell type. The cellular prion has been shown to be important for proper adult OSN neurogenesis primarily by stabilizing mature olfactory neurons within this circuitry. However, the role of PrPC on each specific adult neurogenic processes remains to be investigated in detail. To tease out the subtle effects of prion protein expression level, a large population of regenerating neurons must be investigated. The thyroid drug methimazole (MTZ) causes nearly complete OSN loss in rodents and is used as a model of acute olfactory injury, providing a mechanism to induce synchronized OSN regeneration. This study investigated the effect of PrPC on adult neurogenesis after acute nasotoxic injury. Altered PrPC levels affected olfactory sensory epithelial (OSE) regeneration, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Attempts to investigate the role of PrPC level on axon regeneration did not support previous studies, and glomerular targeting did not recover to vehicle-treated levels, even by 20 weeks. Together, these studies demonstrate that the cellular prion protein is critical for regeneration of neurons, whereby increased PrPC levels promote early neurogenesis, and that lack of PrPC delays the regeneration of this tissue after acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Parrie
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jenna A.E. Crowell
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie S. Suinn
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard A. Bessen
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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15
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Bryche B, St Albin A, Murri S, Lacôte S, Pulido C, Ar Gouilh M, Lesellier S, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Monchatre-Leroy E, Volmer R, Rampin O, Le Goffic R, Marianneau P, Meunier N. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:579-586. [PMID: 32629042 PMCID: PMC7332942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia is one of the most prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the cellular mechanism behind the sudden loss of smell has not yet been investigated. The initial step of odour detection takes place in the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) mainly composed of olfactory sensory neurons surrounded by supporting cells known as sustentacular cells. The olfactory neurons project their axons to the olfactory bulb in the central nervous system offering a potential pathway for pathogens to enter the central nervous system by bypassing the blood brain barrier. In the present study, we explored the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the olfactory system in golden Syrian hamsters. We observed massive damage of the OE as early as 2 days post nasal instillation of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in a major loss of cilia necessary for odour detection. These damages were associated with infection of a large proportion of sustentacular cells but not of olfactory neurons, and we did not detect any presence of the virus in the olfactory bulbs. We observed massive infiltration of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria of infected animals, which may contribute to the desquamation of the OE. The OE was partially restored 14 days post infection. Anosmia observed in COVID-19 patient is therefore likely to be linked to a massive and fast desquamation of the OE following sustentacular cells infection with SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent recruitment of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bryche
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Audrey St Albin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Severine Murri
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Lacôte
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Pulido
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Plateforme d'expérimentation animale, Lyon, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, UNICAEN-UNIROUEN, Université de Caen Normandie, 14 000 Caen, France; Service de Virologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Romain Volmer
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Rampin
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, PNCA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nicolas Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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16
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Kirschenbaum D, Imbach LL, Ulrich S, Rushing EJ, Keller E, Reimann RR, Frauenknecht KBM, Lichtblau M, Witt M, Hummel T, Steiger P, Aguzzi A, Frontzek K. Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19. Lancet 2020; 396:166. [PMID: 32659210 PMCID: PMC7351381 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kirschenbaum
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas L Imbach
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Keller
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina R Reimann
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mona Lichtblau
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy and Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Steiger
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Frontzek
- University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Chew S, Lampinen R, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Mikhailov N, Grubman A, Polo JM, Wilson T, Komppula M, Rönkkö T, Gu C, Mackay-Sim A, Malm T, White AR, Jalava P, Kanninen KM. Urban air particulate matter induces mitochondrial dysfunction in human olfactory mucosal cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:18. [PMID: 32487172 PMCID: PMC7268298 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse effects of air pollutants including particulate matter (PM) on the central nervous system is increasingly reported by epidemiological, animal and post-mortem studies in the last decade. Oxidative stress and inflammation are key consequences of exposure to PM although little is known of the exact mechanism. The association of PM exposure with deteriorating brain health is speculated to be driven by PM entry via the olfactory system. How air pollutants affect this key entry site remains elusive. In this study, we investigated effects of urban size-segregated PM on a novel cellular model: primary human olfactory mucosal (hOM) cells. RESULTS Metabolic activity was reduced following 24-h exposure to PM without evident signs of toxicity. Results from cytometric bead array suggested a mild inflammatory response to PM exposure. We observed increased oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 activity as well as perturbed mitochondrial membrane potential in PM-exposed cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction was further verified by a decrease in mitochondria-dependent respiration. Transient suppression of the mitochondria-targeted gene, neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1), was carried out, after being identified to be up-regulated in PM2.5-1 treated cells via RNA sequencing. Suppression of NPTX1 in cells exposed to PM did not restore mitochondrial defects resulting from PM exposure. In contrast, PM-induced adverse effects were magnified in the absence of NPTX1, indicating a critical role of this protein in protection against PM effects in hOM cells. CONCLUSION Key mitochondrial functions were perturbed by urban PM exposure in a physiologically relevant cellular model via a mechanism involving NPTX1. In addition, inflammatory response and early signs of apoptosis accompanied mitochondrial dysfunction during exposure to PM. Findings from this study contribute to increased understanding of harmful PM effects on human health and may provide information to support mitigation strategies targeted at air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweelin Chew
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nikita Mikhailov
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor Wilson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | | | - Teemu Rönkkö
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anthony R White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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18
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Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which was identified after a recent outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has kept the whole world in tenterhooks due to its severe life-threatening nature of the infection. The virus is unlike its previous counterparts, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, or anything the world has encountered before both in terms of virulence and severity of the infection. If scientific reports relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are noted, it can be seen that the virus owes much of its killer properties to its unique structure that has a stronger binding affinity with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) protein, which the viruses utilize as an entry point to gain accesses to its hosts. Recent reports suggest that it is not just the lung that the virus may be targeting; the human brain may soon emerge as the new abode of the virus. Already instances of patients with COVID-19 have been reported with mild (anosmia and ageusia) to severe (encephalopathy) neurological manifestations, and if that is so, then it gives us more reasons to be frightened of this killer virus. Keeping in mind that the situation does not worsen from here, immediate awareness and more thorough research regarding the neuroinvasive nature of the virus is the immediate need of the hour. Scientists globally also need to up their game to design more specific therapeutic strategies with the available information to counteract the pandemic. In this Viewpoint, we provide a brief outline of the currently known neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss some probable ways to design therapeutic strategies to overcome the present global crisis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Ageusia/virology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Autopsy
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain/virology
- Brain Diseases/immunology
- Brain Diseases/pathology
- Brain Diseases/virology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/virology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Olfaction Disorders/virology
- Olfactory Mucosa/pathology
- Olfactory Mucosa/physiopathology
- Olfactory Mucosa/virology
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Smoking/metabolism
- Smoking/pathology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and
Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur,
Kolkata, 700 032 WB India
- Academy of Scientific and
Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002,
India
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Bioscience &
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience &
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and
Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division,
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur,
Kolkata, 700 032 WB India
- Academy of Scientific and
Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002,
India
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19
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Abstract
Chemotherapy patients often experience chemosensory changes during and after drug therapy. The chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide (CYP), has known cytotoxic effects on sensory and proliferating cells of the taste system. Like the taste system, cells in the olfactory epithelia undergo continuous renewal. Therefore, we asked if a single injection of 75 mg/kg CYP would affect cell proliferation in the anterior dorsomedial region of the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) from 0 to 125 days after injection. Both epithelia showed a decrease in Ki67-labeled cells compared to controls at day 1 and no Ki67+ cells at day 2 postinjection. In the sensory layer of the MOE, cell proliferation began to recover 4 days after CYP injection and by 6 days, the rate of proliferation was significantly greater than controls. Ki67+ cells peaked 30 days postinjection, then declined to control levels at day 45. Similar temporal sequences of initial CYP-induced suppression of cell proliferation followed by elevated rates peaking 30-45 days postinjection were seen in the sustentacular layer of the MOE and all 3 areas (sensory, sustentacular, marginal) of the VNO. CYP affected proliferation in the sensory layer of the MOE more than the sustentacular layer and all 3 areas of the VNO. These findings suggest that chemotherapy involving CYP is capable of affecting cell renewal of the olfactory system and likely contributes to clinical loss of function during and after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Awadallah
- Neuroscience Program, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Kara Proctor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Kyle B Joseph
- Department of Biology, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Eugene R Delay
- Neuroscience Program, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
- Department of Biology, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Rona J Delay
- Neuroscience Program, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
- Department of Biology, Marsh Life Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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20
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Doostparast Torshizi A, Armoskus C, Zhang H, Forrest MP, Zhang S, Souaiaia T, Evgrafov OV, Knowles JA, Duan J, Wang K. Deconvolution of transcriptional networks identifies TCF4 as a master regulator in schizophrenia. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau4139. [PMID: 31535015 PMCID: PMC6739105 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Applying tissue-specific deconvolution of transcriptional networks to identify their master regulators (MRs) in neuropsychiatric disorders has been largely unexplored. Here, using two schizophrenia (SCZ) case-control RNA-seq datasets, one on postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and another on cultured olfactory neuroepithelium, we deconvolved the transcriptional networks and identified TCF4 as a top candidate MR that may be dysregulated in SCZ. We validated TCF4 as a MR through enrichment analysis of TCF4-binding sites in induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and in neuroblastoma cells. We further validated the predicted TCF4 targets by knocking down TCF4 in hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and glutamatergic neurons (Glut_Ns). The perturbed TCF4 gene network in NPCs was more enriched for pathways involved in neuronal activity and SCZ-associated risk genes, compared to Glut_Ns. Our results suggest that TCF4 may serve as a MR of a gene network dysregulated in SCZ at early stages of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Doostparast Torshizi
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chris Armoskus
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Zilkhe Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Marc P. Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60015, USA
| | - Tade Souaiaia
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Zilkhe Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Oleg V. Evgrafov
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Zilkhe Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Zilkhe Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60015, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Zilkhe Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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21
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Esvelt MA, Freeman ZT, Pearson AT, Harkema JR, Clines GA, Clines KL, Dyson MC, Hoenerhoff MJ. The Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonist Zibotentan Induces Damage to the Nasal Olfactory Epithelium Possibly Mediated in Part through Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:150-164. [PMID: 30595110 PMCID: PMC7357205 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318816295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zibotentan, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, has been used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders and neoplasia. Castrated athymic nude mice receiving zibotentan for a preclinical xenograft efficacy study experienced weight loss, gastrointestinal bloat, and the presence of an audible respiratory click. Human side effects have been reported in the nasal cavity, so we hypothesized that the nasal cavity is a target for toxicity in mice receiving zibotentan. Lesions in the nasal cavity predominantly targeted olfactory epithelium in treated mice and were more pronounced in castrated animals. Minimal lesions were present in vehicle control animals, which suggested possible gavage-related reflux injury. The incidence, distribution, and morphology of lesions suggested direct exposure to the nasal mucosa and a possible systemic effect targeting the olfactory epithelium, driven by a type 2 immune response, with group 2 innate lymphoid cell involvement. Severe nasal lesions may have resulted in recurrent upper airway obstruction, leading to aerophagia and associated clinical morbidity. These data show the nasal cavity is a target of zibotentan when given by gavage in athymic nude mice, and such unanticipated and off-target effects could impact interpretation of research results and animal health in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Esvelt
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Zachary T Freeman
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, 60637
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Gregory A Clines
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Endocrinology Section, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Katrina L Clines
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Melissa C Dyson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- In Vivo Animal Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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22
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Witt M, Thiemer R, Meyer A, Schmitt O, Wree A. Main Olfactory and Vomeronasal Epithelium Are Differently Affected in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113563. [PMID: 30424529 PMCID: PMC6274921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory impairment is one of the earliest symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders that has also been documented in Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1). NPC1 is a very rare, neurovisceral lipid storage disorder, characterized by a deficiency of Npc1 gene function that leads to progressive neurodegeneration. Here, we compared the pathologic effect of defective Npc1 gene on the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNE) with that of the olfactory epithelium (OE) in an NPC1 mouse model. METHODS Proliferation in the VNE and OE was assessed by applying a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) protocol. We further compared the immunoreactivities of anti-olfactory marker protein (OMP), and the lysosomal marker cathepsin-D in both epithelia. To investigate if degenerative effects of both olfactory systems can be prevented or reversed, some animals were treated with a combination of miglustat/allopregnanolone/2-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), or a monotherapy with HPβCD alone. RESULTS Using BrdU to label dividing cells of the VNE, we detected a proliferation increase of 215% ± 12% in Npc1-/- mice, and 270% ± 10% in combination- treated Npc1-/- animals. The monotherapy with HPβCD led to an increase of 261% ± 10.5% compared to sham-treated Npc1-/- mice. Similar to the OE, we assessed the high regenerative potential of vomeronasal progenitor cells. OMP reactivity in the VNE of Npc1-/- mice was not affected, in contrast to that observed in the OE. Concomitantly, cathepsin-D reactivity in the VNE was virtually absent. Conclusion: Vomeronasal receptor neurons are less susceptible against NPC1 pathology than olfactory receptor neurons. Compared to control mice, however, the VNE of Npc1-/- mice displays an increased neuroregenerative potential, indicating compensatory cell renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - René Thiemer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anja Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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23
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Sahin E, Ortug G, Ortug A. Does cigarette smoke exposure lead to histopathological alterations in the olfactory epithelium? An electron microscopic study on a rat model. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:440-447. [PMID: 30071177 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1499685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to examine the influence of smoke exposure of variable duration on the ultrastructure of and histopathologic and morphologic alterations in the olfactory epithelium. METHODS A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups and fed a standard rat chow and tap water. Experimental rats in groups I and II were exposed to cigarette smoke in a glass cabin over a period of 2 months for 5 or 15 min, respectively, four times daily; control rats (group III) were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After dissection, all tissue specimens were processed using routine procedures for TEM. RESULTS Groups I and II exhibited the presence of intraepithelial inflammatory cells and especially deep invaginations in the nuclear membrane of supporting cells. Extended intercellular spaces, cytoplasmic protrusions on the apical surface of supporting cells, atrophy of microvilli and olfactory neuron cilia as well as numerous electron-dense granular structures and lysosome-like structures were observed to an increasing degree from group I to group II. Particularly in group II, both supporting cells and olfactory neurons exhibited a cytoplasmic edema, mitochondrial degeneration, and numerous vacuolar structures, as well as apoptotic and minimal necrotic changes. In this group, hyperplasia of basal cells was also observed. CONCLUSION Our electron microscopic findings show that cigarette smoke leads to toxic degenerative changes in the rat olfactory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Sahin
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , Sakarya University , Korucuk , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Gursel Ortug
- b Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine , Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Alpen Ortug
- c Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey
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24
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Kim J, Choi Y, Ahn M, Jung K, Shin T. Olfactory Dysfunction in Autoimmune Central Nervous System Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8499-8508. [PMID: 29557516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early sign of neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Microgliosis and astrogliosis are representative pathological changes that develop during neuroinflammation of CNS tissues. Autoimmune CNS inflammation, including human multiple sclerosis, is an occasional cause of olfactory disorders. We evaluated whether gliosis and olfactory dysfunction developed in animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Neuroinflammatory lesions characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells and microglial cell activation were occasionally found in the olfactory bulbs of EAE-affected rats. Microglial activation, visualized by immunohistochemical staining of ionized calcium binding protein (Iba)-1, and astrogliosis in the olfactory bulb were also evident in the olfactory bulb of EAE rats. Inflammatory cells were found along the olfactory nerves and in the olfactory submucosa. Western blot analysis of olfactory marker protein (OMP) levels showed that OMP expression was significantly downregulated in the olfactory mucosa of EAE rats. On the buried food test, EAE-affected mice required significantly more time to find a bait pellet. Collectively, the results suggest that the olfactory dysfunction of EAE is closely linked to downregulation of OMP and the development of inflammatory foci in the olfactory system in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, 56212, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Rey NL, Wesson DW, Brundin P. The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:226-248. [PMID: 28011307 PMCID: PMC5972535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory disturbances appear early and are considered as prodromal symptoms of the disease. In addition, pathological protein aggregates affect olfactory regions prior to other regions, suggesting that the olfactory system might be particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. Exposed to the external environment, the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allow pathogen and toxin penetration into the brain, a process that has been proposed to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Determining whether the olfactory bulb could be a starting point of pathology and of pathology spread is crucial to understanding how neurodegenerative diseases evolve. We argue that pathological changes following environmental insults contribute to the initiation of protein aggregation in the olfactory bulb, which then triggers the spread of the pathology within the brain by a templating mechanism in a prion-like manner. We review the evidence for the early involvement of olfactory structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the relationship between neuropathology and olfactory function. We discuss the vulnerability and putative underlying mechanisms by which pathology could be initiated in the olfactory bulb, from the entry of pathogens (promoted by increased permeability of the olfactory epithelium with aging or inflammation) to the sensitivity of the olfactory system to oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we review changes in protein expression and neural excitability triggered by pathogenic proteins that can promote pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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26
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Imamura F, Cooper TK, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Sonobe T, Haouzi P. Hydrogen Sulfide Specifically Alters NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) Olfactory Neurons in the Rat. Neuroscience 2017; 366:105-112. [PMID: 29054567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regions of the olfactory epithelium affected by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) toxicity in the rat present a striking similarity with the developmental olfactory zone 1 described in the mouse. This zone which is the only region containing neurons expressing NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) is involved in complex behavioral responses in rodents, and other mammals, triggered by specific olfactory stimuli. We therefore sought to determine whether (1) olfactory neurons expressing NQO1 are located in the same regions in the rats and in the mice and (2) there is an overlap between olfactory neurons expressing this protein and those affected by the toxicity of H2S. Rats were exposed to H2S - 200 ppm during 3 h, three consecutive days- and displayed symmetric acute segmental necrosis of the neurons and sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium in the dorsomedial nasal cavity. We found that expression of NQO1 in Sprague-Dawley rats spatially recapitulated that of the mouse. The degree of agreement or overlap between these two populations of neurons (necrosis vs. NQO1 expression) reached 80.2%. Although the underlying mechanisms accounted for the high sensitivity for NQO1 neurons -or the relative protection of non NQO1 neurons- to sulfide toxicity remain to be established, this observation is offering an intriguing approach that could be used to acutely suppress the pool of neural cells in olfactory zone I and to understand the mechanisms of toxicity and protection of other populations of neurons exposed to sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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27
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Hasegawa-Ishii S, Shimada A, Imamura F. Lipopolysaccharide-initiated persistent rhinitis causes gliosis and synaptic loss in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11605. [PMID: 28912588 PMCID: PMC5599676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) is exposed to environmental agents and therefore vulnerable to inflammation. To examine the effects of environmental toxin-initiated OM inflammation on the olfactory bulb (OB), we induced persistent rhinitis in mice and analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of histopathological changes in the OM and OB. Mice received unilateral intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline three times per week, and were immunohistologically analyzed at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the first administration. LPS administration induced an inflammatory response in the OM, including the infiltration of Ly-6G-, CD11b-, Iba-1- and CD3-positive cells, the production of interleukin-1β by CD11b- and Iba-1-positive cells, and loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In the OB, we observed activation of microglia and astrocytes and decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in periglomerular cells, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, a presynaptic protein, in mitral and tufted projection neurons, and 5T4 in granule cells. Thus, the OM inflammation exerted a detrimental effect, not only on OSNs, but also on OB neurons, which might lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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28
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Meyer A, Wree A, Günther R, Holzmann C, Schmitt O, Rolfs A, Witt M. Increased Regenerative Capacity of the Olfactory Epithelium in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040777. [PMID: 28383485 PMCID: PMC5412361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal neurovisceral lysosomal lipid storage disorder. The mutation of the NPC1 protein affects the homeostasis and transport of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids from late endosomes/lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in progressive neurodegeneration. Since olfactory impairment is one of the earliest symptoms in many neurodegenerative disorders, we focused on alterations of the olfactory epithelium in an NPC1 mouse model. Previous findings revealed severe morphological and immunohistochemical alterations in the olfactory system of NPC1−/− mutant mice compared with healthy controls (NPC1+/+). Based on immunohistochemical evaluation of the olfactory epithelium, we analyzed the impact of neurodegeneration in the olfactory epithelium of NPC1−/− mice and observed considerable loss of mature olfactory receptor neurons as well as an increased number of proliferating and apoptotic cells. Additionally, after administration of two different therapy approaches using either a combination of miglustat, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and allopregnanolone or a monotherapy with HPβCD, we recorded a remarkable reduction of morphological damages in NPC1−/− mice and an up to four-fold increase of proliferating cells within the olfactory epithelium. Numbers of mature olfactory receptor neurons doubled after both therapy approaches. Interestingly, we also observed therapy-induced alterations in treated NPC1+/+ controls. Thus, olfactory testing may provide useful information to monitor pharmacologic treatment approaches in human NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - René Günther
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Carsten Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Ueha R, Ueha S, Sakamoto T, Kanaya K, Suzukawa K, Nishijima H, Kikuta S, Kondo K, Matsushima K, Yamasoba T. Cigarette Smoke Delays Regeneration of the Olfactory Epithelium in Mice. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:213-24. [PMID: 27003941 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system is a unique part of the mammalian nervous system due to its capacity for neurogenesis and the replacement of degenerating receptor neurons. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of olfactory dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which cigarette smoke impairs the regenerative olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the influence of cigarette smoke on ORN regeneration following methimazole-induced ORN injury. Administration of methimazole caused detachment of the olfactory epithelium from the basement membrane and induced olfactory dysfunction, thus enabling us to analyze the process of ORN regeneration. We found that intranasal administration of cigarette smoke solution (CSS) suppressed the recovery of ORNs and olfaction following ORN injury. Defective ORN recovery in CSS-treated mice was not associated with any change in the number of SOX2(+) ORN progenitor cells in the basal layer of the OE, but was associated with impaired recovery of GAP43(+) immature ORNs. In the nasal mucosa, mRNA expression levels of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-5, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were increased following OE injury, whereas CSS administration decreased the ORN injury-induced IGF-1 expression. Administration of recombinant human IGF-1 prevented the CSS-induced suppression of ORN recovery following injury. These results suggest that CSS impairs regeneration of ORNs by suppressing the development of immature ORNs from ORN progenitors, at least partly by reducing IGF-1 in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanaya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Tian J, Pinto JM, Cui X, Zhang H, Li L, Liu Y, Wu C, Wei Y. Sendai Virus Induces Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction in a Murine Model of PVOD via Effects on Apoptosis, Cell Proliferation, and Response to Odorants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159033. [PMID: 27428110 PMCID: PMC4948916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infection is a common cause of olfactory dysfunction. The complexities of studying post-viral olfactory loss in humans have impaired further progress in understanding the underlying mechanism. Recently, evidence from clinical studies has implicated Parainfluenza virus 3 as a causal agent. An animal model of post viral olfactory disorders (PVOD) would allow better understanding of disease pathogenesis and represent a major advance in the field. Objective To develop a mouse model of PVOD by evaluating the effects of Sendai virus (SeV), the murine counterpart of Parainfluenza virus, on olfactory function and regenerative ability of the olfactory epithelium. Methods C57BL/6 mice (6–8 months old) were inoculated intranasally with SeV or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus (UV-SeV). On days 3, 10, 15, 30 and 60 post-infection, olfactory epithelium was harvested and analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of S-phase nuclei. We also measured apoptosis by TUNEL assay and viral load by real-time PCR. The buried food test (BFT) was used to measure olfactory function of mice at day 60. In parallel, cultured murine olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) infected with SeV or UV-SeV were tested for odorant-mixture response by measuring changes in intracellular calcium concentrations indicated by fura-4 AM assay. Results Mice infected with SeV suffered from olfactory dysfunction, peaking on day 15, with no loss observed with UV-SeV. At 60 days, four out of 12 mice infected with SeV still had not recovered, with continued normal function in controls. Viral copies of SeV persisted in both the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (OB) for at least 60 days. At day 10 and after, both unit length labeling index (ULLI) of apoptosis and ULLI of proliferation in the SeV group was markedly less than the UV-SeV group. In primary cultured OSNs infected by SeV, the percentage of cells responding to mixed odors was markedly lower in the SeV group compared to UV-SeV (P = 0.007). Conclusion We demonstrate that SeV impairs olfaction, persists in OE and OB tissue, reduces their regenerative ability, and impairs the normal physiological function of OSNs without gross cytopathology. This mouse model shares key features of human post-viral olfactory loss, supporting its future use in studies of PVOD. Further testing and development of this model should allow us to clarify the pathophysiology of PVOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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McLean JN, Nunley SR, Klass C, Moore C, Müller S, Johnstone PAS. Combined modality therapy of esthesioneuroblastoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 136:998-1002. [PMID: 17547995 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare tumor of the olfactory epithelium. The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment modalities including surgery, IMRT, and chemotherapy and patient outcomes. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on a total of 21 patients. Therapy included craniofacial resection (CFR), radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. Results The median follow-up period was 47 months. Surgery was performed in 90.4% of cases; radiotherapy was performed adjuvantly in 15 (72.7%) patients. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were administered to 7 (33.3%) patients. Eight (38.3%) patients had local recurrence. The 5-year crude overall survival was 71.4% and actuarial 5-year overall survival was 58% with confidence interval (CI, 25 and 81, respectively). The 5-year crude disease-free survival rate was 59% and the 5-year actuarial disease-free survival rate was 62% (CI, 28 and 83, respectively). Conclusion Multidisciplinary therapy of ENB should be considered, especially for Kadish C and high-grade lesions. Craniofacial resection (CFR), Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and chemotherapy should be investigated in a multi-institution trial of ENB. © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicolas McLean
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Jo H, Jung M, Seo DJ, Park DJ. The effect of rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for restoration of olfactory disorder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:395-9. [PMID: 26427869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation on olfactory epithelium (OE) of morphologic and functional restoration following neural Sensorineural Disorder in rats. Except the Normal group, twenty-one rats underwent Triton X-100 (TX-100) irrigation to induce degeneration of OE, and then BMSCs and PBS were treated from the both medial canthus to the rear part of the both nasal cavity into the experimental group and then were observed for restoration according to time point. At two and four weeks after transplantation with BMSCs, restoration of OE was observed with olfactory marker protein (OMP) and behavioral test. And we observed the expression of OMP, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). After TX-100 irrigation, the OE almost disappeared in 3 days. At four weeks after transplantation with BMSCs, the thickness and cellular composition of OE was considerably restored to normal group and expression of OMP was markedly increased when compared with PBS group and reduced the searching time in the behavioral test. Furthermore at two weeks after treatment with BMSCs, expression of NGF and BDNF was greatly increased when compared with PBS group. However at four weeks after treatment with BMSCs, expression of NGF and BDNF was slightly decreased. Our results suggest the BMSCs transplantation affect restoration of OE and olfaction, most likely via regulation of the neurotrophic factor expression, especially the expression of NGF and BDNF and has a possibility of a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of olfactory disorder caused by the degeneration of OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogyeong Jo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 220-701, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 220-701, South Korea
| | - Dong Jin Seo
- Central Research Laboratory Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 220-701, South Korea
| | - Dong Joon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 220-701, South Korea.
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Li Q, Yang D, Wang J, Liu L, Feng G, Li J, Liao J, Wei Y, Li Z. Reduced amount of olfactory receptor neurons in the rat model of depression. Neurosci Lett 2015; 603:48-54. [PMID: 26170245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced olfactory sensitivity has been reported in depressive disorder. However, the pathological mechanism is still unclear. The reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis has been unraveled in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, changes in olfactory epithelium (OE) have not been reported, which might contribute to olfactory deficits in MDD. In the context, we investigated the thickness of OE in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Simultaneously, the basal cells (labeled by nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR)), immature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) (marked by growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43)) and mature ORNs (labeled by olfactory marker protein (OMP)) in OE were detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the thickness of OE, the number of basal cells, immature ORNs as well as mature ORNs decreased dramatically in the OE of CUMS rats. Those findings indicate that the reduced number of ORNs might induce OE atrophy in CUMS rats and the abnormalities of the OE may be partially responsible for the reduced olfactory sensitivity in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlu Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Health Management, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guibo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youdong Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Raynaud A, Meunier N, Acquistapace A, Bombail V. Chronic variable stress exposure in male Wistar rats affects the first step of olfactory detection. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:36-45. [PMID: 26003942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For most animal species, olfaction plays a paramount role in their perception of the environment. Odours are initially detected in neurons located in the olfactory mucosa. This tissue is regulated by several physiological signals and can be altered in pathology. A number of clinical studies suggest an association between depressive disorders and olfactory sensory loss. In rodents, depressive-like states can be observed in models of chronic stress. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory function might be altered in a rat model of depression, induced by chronic variable stress (CVS). While CVS rats exhibited several symptoms consistent with chronic stress exposure and depressive-like states (increased sucrose intake in sucrose preference test, increased immobility in forced swim test, hyperlocomotion), their odorant responses recorded at the olfactory mucosa level by electro-olfactogram were decreased. In addition we observed increased apoptosis markers in the olfactory mucosa using Western Blot. Our data are consistent with reduced olfactory capacities in a laboratory rat model of chronic stress and depression, in agreement with human clinical data; this warrants further mechanistic studies. Furthermore, this works raises the possibility that altered olfactory function might be a confounding factor in the behavioural testing of chronically stressed or depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Raynaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Adrien Acquistapace
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Cenedese V, Mezzavilla M, Morgan A, Marino R, Ettorre CP, Margaglione M, Gasparini P, Menini A. Assessment of the olfactory function in Italian patients with type 3 von Willebrand disease caused by a homozygous 253 Kb deletion involving VWF and TMEM16B/ANO2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116483. [PMID: 25635880 PMCID: PMC4312080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 3 Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the virtual absence of the von Willebrand factor (VWF). A rare 253 kb gene deletion on chromosome 12, identified only in Italian and German families, involves both the VWF gene and the N-terminus of the neighbouring TMEM16B/ANO2 gene, a member of the family named transmembrane 16 (TMEM16) or anoctamin (ANO). TMEM16B is a calcium-activated chloride channel expressed in the olfactory epithelium. As a patient homozygous for the 253 kb deletion has been reported to have an olfactory impairment possibly related to the partial deletion of TMEM16B, we assessed the olfactory function in other patients using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The average UPSIT score of 4 homozygous patients was significantly lower than that of 5 healthy subjects with similar sex, age and education. However, 4 other members of the same family, 3 heterozygous for the deletion and 1 wild type, had a slightly reduced olfactory function indicating that socio-cultural or other factors were likely to be responsible for the observed difference. These results show that the ability to identify odorants of the homozygous patients for the deletion was not significantly different from that of the other members of the family, showing that the 253 kb deletion does not affect the olfactory performance. As other genes may compensate for the lack of TMEM16B, we identified some predicted functional partners from in silico studies of the protein-protein network of TMEM16B. Calculation of diversity for the corresponding genes for individuals of the 1000 Genomes Project showed that TMEM16B has the highest level of diversity among all genes of the network, indicating that TMEM16B may not be under purifying selection and suggesting that other genes in the network could compensate for its function for olfactory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cenedese
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico “Burlo Garofolo” and Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Morgan
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico “Burlo Garofolo” and Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Marino
- Centro Emofilia e Trombosi, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedale Policlinico Consorziale “Giovanni XXIII”, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Pietro Ettorre
- Centro Emofilia e Trombosi, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedale Policlinico Consorziale “Giovanni XXIII”, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Margaglione
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico “Burlo Garofolo” and Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Holbrook EH, Iwema CL, Peluso CE, Schwob JE. The regeneration of P2 olfactory sensory neurons is selectively impaired following methyl bromide lesion. Chem Senses 2014; 39:601-16. [PMID: 25056730 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the peripheral olfactory system to recover after injury has not been thoroughly explored. P2-IRES-tauLacZ mice were exposed to methyl bromide, which causes epithelial damage and kills 90% of the P2 neurons. With subsequent neuronal regeneration, P2 neurons recover within their usual territory to equal control numbers by 1 month but then decline sharply to roughly 40% of control by 3 months. At this time, the P2 projection onto the olfactory bulb is erroneous in several respects. Instead of converging onto 1 or 2 glomeruli per surface, small collections of P2 axons innervate multiple glomeruli at roughly the same position in the bulb as in controls. Within these glomeruli, the P2 axons are aggregated near the edge, whereas the remainder of the glomerulus contains olfactory marker protein (+), non-P2 axons, violating the one receptor-one glomerulus rule normally observed. The aggregates are denser than found in control P2-innervated glomeruli, suggesting that the P2 axons may not be synaptically connected. Based on published literature and other data, we hypothesize that P2 neurons lose out in an activity-based competition for synaptic territory within the glomeruli and are not maintained at control numbers due to a lack of trophic support from the bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carrie L Iwema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and
| | - Carolyn E Peluso
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and
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Griffiths CF, Cutler AR, Duong HT, Bardo G, Karimi K, Barkhoudarian G, Carrau R, Kelly DF. Avoidance of postoperative epistaxis and anosmia in endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: a technical note. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:1393-401. [PMID: 24809531 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches jeopardize the sphenopalatine artery and septal olfactory strip (SOS), increasing the risk of postoperative anosmia and epistaxis while precluding the ability to raise pedicled nasoseptal flaps (NSF). We describe a bilateral "rescue flap" technique that preserves the mucosa containing the nasal-septal vascular pedicles and the SOS. This approach can reduce the risk of postoperative complications, including epistaxis and anosmia. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery with preservation of both sphenopalatine vascular pedicles and SOS. In a recent subset of patients, olfactory assessment was performed. RESULTS Of 174 consecutive operations performed in 161 patients, bilateral preservation of the sphenopalatine vascular pedicle and SOS was achieved in 139 (80 %) operations, including 31 (22 %) with prior transsphenoidal surgery. Of the remaining 35 operations, 18 had a planned formal NSF and 17 had prior surgery or extensive lesions precluding use of this technique. Of pituitary adenomas, RCCs or sellar arachnoid cysts, 118 (94 %) underwent this approach, including 91 % of patients who had prior surgery. Preoperative olfaction function was maintained in 97 % of patients that were tested. None of the patients had postoperative arterial epistaxis. CONCLUSION Preservation of bilateral sphenopalatine vascular pedicles and the SOS is feasible in over 90 % of patients undergoing endonasal endoscopic surgery for pituitary adenomas and RCCs. This approach, while not hindering exposure or limiting instrument maneuverability, preserves the nasoseptal vasculature for future NSF use if needed and appears to minimize the risks of postoperative arterial epistaxis and anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester F Griffiths
- Saint Johns Medical Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
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Moshkin MP, Petrovskiĭ DV, Akulov AE, Romashchenko AV, Gerlinskaia LA, Muchnaia MI, Ganimedov VL, Sadovskiĭ AS, Savelov AA, Koptiug IV, Troitskiĭ SI, Bukhtiiarov VI, Kolchanov NA, Sagdeev RZ, Fomin VM. [Aerosol deposition in nasal passages of burrowing and ground rodents when breathing dust-laden air]. Zh Obshch Biol 2014; 75:214-225. [PMID: 25771679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In subterranean rodents, which dig down the passages with frontal teeth, adaptation to the underground mode of life presumes forming of mechanisms that provide protection against inhaling dust particles of different size when digging. One of such mechanisms can be specific pattern of air flow organization in the nasal cavity. To test this assumption, comparative study of geometry and aerodynamics of nasal passages has been conducted with regard to typical representative of subterranean rodents, the mole vole, and a representative of ground rodents, the house mouse. Numerical modeling of air flows and deposition of micro- and nanoparticle aerosols indicates that sedimentation of model particles over the whole surface of nasal cavity is higher in mole vole than in house mouse. On the contrary, particles deposition on the surface of olfactory epithelium turns out to be substantially less in the burrowing rodent as compared to the ground one. Adaptive significance of the latter observation has been substantiated by experimental study on the uptake ofnanoparticles of hydrated manganese oxide MnO x (H2O)x and Mn ions from nasal cavity into brain. It has been shown with use of magnetic resonance tomography method that there is no difference between studied species with respect to intake of particles or ions by olfactory bulb when they are introduced intranasally. Meanwhile, when inhaling nanoparticle aerosol of MnCl2, deposition of Mn in mouse's olfactory bulbs surpasses markedly that in vole's bulbs. Thereby, the morphology of nasal passages as a factor determining the aerodynamics of upper respiratory tract ensures for burrowing rodents more efficient protection of both lungs and brain against inhaled aerosols than for ground ones.
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Hovakimyan M, Meyer A, Lukas J, Luo J, Gudziol V, Hummel T, Rolfs A, Wree A, Witt M. Olfactory deficits in Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82216. [PMID: 24391715 PMCID: PMC3877006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. As only a few studies have been conducted on the impact of NPC on sensory systems, we used a mutant mouse model (NPC1−/−) to examine the effects of this disorder to morphologically distinct regions of the olfactory system, namely the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). Methodology/Principal findings For structural and functional analysis immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, western blotting, and electrophysiology have been applied. For histochemistry and western blotting, we used antibodies against a series of neuronal and glia marker proteins, as well as macrophage markers. NPC1−/− animals present myelin-like lysosomal deposits in virtually all types of cells of the peripheral and central olfactory system. Especially supporting cells of the OE and central glia cells are affected, resulting in pronounced astrocytosis and microgliosis in the OB and other olfactory cortices. Up-regulation of Galectin-3, Cathepsin D and GFAP in the cortical layers of the OB underlines the critical role and location of the OB as a possible entrance gate for noxious substances. Unmyelinated olfactory afferents of the lamina propria seem less affected than ensheathing cells. Supporting the structural findings, electro-olfactometry of the olfactory mucosa suggests that NPC1−/− animals exhibit olfactory and trigeminal deficits. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate a pronounced neurodegeneration and glia activation in the olfactory system of NPC1−/−, which is accompanied by sensory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hovakimyan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Lukas
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Gudziol
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rygg AD, Cox JPL, Abel R, Webb AG, Smith NB, Craven BA. A computational study of the hydrodynamics in the nasal region of a hammerhead shark (Sphyrna tudes): implications for olfaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59783. [PMID: 23555780 PMCID: PMC3612105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hammerhead shark possesses a unique head morphology that is thought to facilitate enhanced olfactory performance. The olfactory chambers, located at the distal ends of the cephalofoil, contain numerous lamellae that increase the surface area for olfaction. Functionally, for the shark to detect chemical stimuli, water-borne odors must reach the olfactory sensory epithelium that lines these lamellae. Thus, odorant transport from the aquatic environment to the sensory epithelium is the first critical step in olfaction. Here we investigate the hydrodynamics of olfaction in Sphyrna tudes based on an anatomically-accurate reconstruction of the head and olfactory chamber from high-resolution micro-CT and MRI scans of a cadaver specimen. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of water flow in the reconstructed model reveal the external and internal hydrodynamics of olfaction during swimming. Computed external flow patterns elucidate the occurrence of flow phenomena that result in high and low pressures at the incurrent and excurrent nostrils, respectively, which induces flow through the olfactory chamber. The major (prenarial) nasal groove along the cephalofoil is shown to facilitate sampling of a large spatial extent (i.e., an extended hydrodynamic "reach") by directing oncoming flow towards the incurrent nostril. Further, both the major and minor nasal grooves redirect some flow away from the incurrent nostril, thereby limiting the amount of fluid that enters the olfactory chamber. Internal hydrodynamic flow patterns are also revealed, where we show that flow rates within the sensory channels between olfactory lamellae are passively regulated by the apical gap, which functions as a partial bypass for flow in the olfactory chamber. Consequently, the hammerhead shark appears to utilize external (major and minor nasal grooves) and internal (apical gap) flow regulation mechanisms to limit water flow between the olfactory lamellae, thus protecting these delicate structures from otherwise high flow rates incurred by sampling a larger area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Rygg
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADR); (BAC)
| | | | - Richard Abel
- Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Webb
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine B. Smith
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brent A. Craven
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADR); (BAC)
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Fukuiri T, Takumida M, Nakashimo Y, Hirakawa K. Expression of prostanoid receptors (EP1, 2, 3, and 4) in normal and methimazole-treated mouse olfactory epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133:70-6. [PMID: 22991925 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.712214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Prostanoid receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) are expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE), and the EP4 prostanoid receptor may play an important role in the OE. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression and localization of the four types of prostanoid receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) in the OE of normal and methimazole-treated mice to gain more complete knowledge about the functional significance of the prostanoid receptors in OE. METHODS CBA/J mice were used in this study. The localization of the prostanoid receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) in the OE was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The changes in expression of prostanoid receptors were studied in methimazole-treated mice. Furthermore, the effect of EP agonists on the methimazole-induced degeneration of OE was assessed by morphological analysis and by assessment of apoptosis. RESULTS All four types of EP receptors were recognized in mouse OE. Expression of EP4 in the OE was significantly reduced after methimazole treatment. In the methimazole-treated mice, an EP4 agonist reduced OE damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fukuiri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early 'pre-clinical' sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present review is a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of such dysfunction in PD and related disorders. The olfactory bulb is implicated in the dysfunction, since only those syndromes with olfactory bulb pathology exhibit significant smell loss. The role of dopamine in the production of olfactory system pathology is enigmatic, as overexpression of dopaminergic cells within the bulb's glomerular layer is a common feature of PD and most animal models of PD. Damage to cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems is likely involved, since such damage is most marked in those diseases with the most smell loss. When compromised, these systems, which regulate microglial activity, can influence the induction of localized brain inflammation, oxidative damage, and cytosolic disruption of cellular processes. In monogenetic forms of PD, olfactory dysfunction is rarely observed in asymptomatic gene carriers, but is present in many of those that exhibit the motor phenotype. This suggests that such gene-related influences on olfaction, when present, take time to develop and depend upon additional factors, such as those from aging, other genes, formation of α-synuclein- and tau-related pathology, or lowered thresholds to oxidative stress from toxic insults. The limited data available suggest that the physiological determinants of the early changes in PD-related olfactory function are likely multifactorial and may include the same determinants as those responsible for a number of other non-motor symptoms of PD, such as dysautonomia and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Watabe-Rudolph M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Lechel A, Rolyan H, Scheithauer MO, Rettinger G, Thal DR, Rudolph KL. Telomere shortening impairs regeneration of the olfactory epithelium in response to injury but not under homeostatic conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27801. [PMID: 22110763 PMCID: PMC3218037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrophy of the olfactory epithelium (OE) associated with impaired olfaction and dry nose represents one of the most common phenotypes of human aging. Impairment in regeneration of a functional olfactory epithelium can also occur in response to injury due to infection or nasal surgery. These complications occur more frequently in aged patients. Although age is the most unifying risk factor for atrophic changes and functional decline of the olfactory epithelium, little is known about molecular mechanisms that could influence maintenance and repair of the olfactory epithelium. Here, we analyzed the influence of telomere shortening (a basic mechanism of cellular aging) on homeostasis and regenerative reserve in response to chemical induced injury of the OE in late generation telomere knockout mice (G3 mTerc(-/-)) with short telomeres compared to wild type mice (mTerc(+/+)) with long telomeres. The study revealed no significant influence of telomere shortening on homeostatic maintenance of the OE during mouse aging. In contrast, the regenerative response to chemical induced injury of the OE was significantly impaired in G3 mTerc(-/-) mice compared to mTerc(+/+) mice. Seven days after chemical induced damage, G3 mTerc(-/-) mice exhibited significantly enlarged areas of persisting atrophy compared to mTerc(+/+) mice (p = 0.031). Telomere dysfunction was associated with impairments in cell proliferation in the regenerating epithelium. Deletion of the cell cycle inhibitor, Cdkn1a (p21) rescued defects in OE regeneration in telomere dysfunctional mice. Together, these data indicate that telomere shortening impairs the regenerative capacity of the OE by impairing cell cycle progression in a p21-dependent manner. These findings could be relevant for the impairment in OE function in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Begus-Nahrmann
- Max-Planck-Research Department of Stem Cell Aging and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Max-Planck-Research Department of Stem Cell Aging and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harshvardhan Rolyan
- Max-Planck-Research Department of Stem Cell Aging and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Karl Lenhard Rudolph
- Max-Planck-Research Department of Stem Cell Aging and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Vogelweid CM, Zapien KA, Honigford MJ, Li L, Li H, Marshall H. Effects of a 28-day cage-change interval on intracage ammonia levels, nasal histology, and perceived welfare of CD1 mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2011; 50:868-878. [PMID: 22330779 PMCID: PMC3228923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We measured daily intracage ammonia levels and performed weekly assessments of CD1 male, female, and breeder mice housed within disposable, ventilated cages that remained unchanged for 28 d. We tested housing groups comprising 1, 3, or 5 sex-matched mice per cage and breeder pairs with litters. Mice housed in cages with higher concentrations of ammonia developed degeneration and inflammatory lesions in the nasal passages. Mean ammonia exposure levels that caused rhinitis were 181 ppm for 18 d. Ammonia exposures of 93 ppm for 16 d caused necrosis of the olfactory epithelium, whereas 52 ppm for 13 d caused epithelial degeneration. Observers could not detect visible signs of rhinitis or identify cages with elevated ammonia levels, nor did they identify any sick or distressed mice. Observers consistently assigned poorer welfare scores as cages became dirtier. We conclude that we can extend the cage-change interval to at least 28 d for disposable, ventilated caging housing a single CD1 mouse. Cages containing 3 CD1 mice of either sex should be changed biweekly, and cages containing 5 CD1 mice or breeder pairs should be changed at least once weekly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Vogelweid
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kathleen A Zapien
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew J Honigford
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Linghui Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Heather Marshall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane (CAS No. 111-91-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (dermal studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 2011;:1-203. [PMID: 21921961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane is used as a solvent and the starting agent in the production of fungicides and polysulfide polymers. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was nominated for study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences because of its widespread use as a starting material to produce polysulfide elastomers, and because there were no 2-year carcinogenicity studies reported in the literature. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice received dermal applications of bis(2-chloroethoxy)-methane in ethanol (greater than 98% pure) for 2 weeks, 3 months, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, rat bone marrow cells, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 2-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female rats were dermally administered 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 16 days. All rats survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of dosed rats were similar to those of the vehicle control groups. There were no histopathologic lesions related to bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane administration. 2-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female mice were dermally administered 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 17 days. All mice survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of dosed mice were similar to those of the vehicle control groups. There were no histopathologic lesions related to bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane administration. 3-MONTH STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were dermally administered 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 14 weeks. Additional clinical pathology groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered the same doses for 23 days. All core study 600 mg/kg males and females and two 400 mg/kg females died before the end of the study. The cause of death was considered to be related to the cardiotoxic effect of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane. There were no significant differences between final mean body weights of dosed rats and those of the vehicle control groups; the mean body weight gain of 400 mg/kg males was significantly less than that of the vehicle controls. Clinical findings included prostration and ataxia in 600 mg/kg rats during the first week of the study and nasal/eye discharge, lethargy, ataxia, and abnormal breathing in 400 and 600 mg/kg females beginning week 5. An enlarged heart was noted in one 100 mg/kg female rat. Relative kidney weights of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg males were significantly greater than that of the vehicle control group. Increased incidences and severities of myofiber cytoplasmic vacuolization and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in the heart occurred in 400 and 600 mg/kg male and female rats and in 200 mg/kg females. Increased incidences and severities of myofiber necrosis occurred in 600 mg/kg males and females; one female each in the 200 and 400 mg/kg groups also had this lesion. Three 600 mg/kg males had atrial thrombosis. 3-MONTH STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were dermally administered 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 14 weeks. Except for three 600 mg/kg females, all mice survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of dosed and vehicle control mice were similar. One 600 mg/kg female that died early exhibited lethargy, abnormal breathing, and tremors, and one animal had clonic seizures. One 600 mg/kg female that died early had focal erosion of the glandular stomach and a focus in the duodenum found to consist of acute suppurative inflammation and thrombosis. Absolute and relative kidney weights of 400 and 600 mg/kg males and 600 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those of the vehicle control groups. Absolute liver weights of 400 and 600 mg/kg females were also significantly increased. Significantly increased incidences of myofiber cytoplasmic vacuolization occurred in 400 and 600 mg/kg females. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were dermally administered 0, 75, 150, or 300 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. Survival of all dosed groups of rats was generally similar to that of the vehicle controls. Mean body weights of dosed rats were similar to those of the vehicle controls throughout the study. Clinical findings in 300 mg/kg females that died during the first year of the study included abnormal breathing, lethargy, thinness, nasal discharge, and ataxia. Significantly increased incidences of degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in the nose occurred in all dosed groups of males and in 150 and 300 mg/kg females. The incidences of inflammation of the forestomach were significantly increased in 150 and 300 mg/kg males, and the incidence of ulcers was significantly increased in 300 mg/kg males. Increased incidences of cystic degeneration of the liver occurred in 150 and 300 mg/kg male rats; the incidence was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg group. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 50 male mice were dermally administered 0, 150, 300, or 600 mg bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane/kg body weight in ethanol, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. Groups of 50 female mice were dermally administered 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg in ethanol, 5 days per week for 104 weeks. Survival of 600 mg/kg male mice was significantly less than that of the vehicle control group. Mean body weights of dosed mice were generally similar to those of the vehicle controls throughout the study. Clinical findings observed in 600 mg/kg male mice that died during the first year of the study included lethargy and thinness. Myocardial heart changes were recorded according to the characteristic lesions of cardiomyopathy syndrome (necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, myocardial cell vacuolization, and interstitial fibrosis) separately, and in addition, where appropriate, they were also categorized as cardiomyopathy. Increased incidences of cardiomyopathy and mononuclear cell infiltration occurred in 600 mg/kg males and 400 mg/kg females; the incidences were significantly increased in 600 mg/kg males compared to the vehicle controls. Significantly increased incidences of cardiomyocyte vacuolization and interstitial fibrosis occurred in 600 mg/kg males. A few early deaths in the 600 mg/kg males were considered to be due, at least in part and probably exclusively, to bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane-induced cardiotoxicity. The incidence of ulceration of the forestomach was significantly increased in 600 mg/kg males. Significantly increased incidences of dermal inflammation and fibrosis and epidermal hyperplasia at the site of application occurred in 600 mg/kg male mice. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation enzymes (S9) in one study; results from a second bacterial mutagenicity test were judged to be equivocal based on responses observed in TA100 and in E. coli strain WP2 uvrA/pKM101 in the presence of S9. No mutagenicity was observed in other tester strains or in the absence of S9. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane did not increase the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in bone marrow of male F344/N rats following three daily treatments by gavage or micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of male or female mice after 3 months of dermal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane in male or female F344/N rats administered 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane in male B6C3F1 mice administered 150, 300, or 600 mg/kg or in female B6C3F1 mice administered 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. The administration of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions in the nose of male and female rats, the forestomach of male rats, the heart of male and female mice, and the forestomach and skin of male mice.
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Paviot A, Bon-Mardion N, Duclos C, Marie JP, Guérout N. Although olfactory ensheathing cells have remarkable potential to sustain nerve regeneration, they cannot be applied to a severe vagus nerve section/resection model. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:919-20. [PMID: 21607975 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pluznick JL, Rodriguez-Gil DJ, Hull M, Mistry K, Gattone V, Johnson CA, Weatherbee S, Greer CA, Caplan MJ. Renal cystic disease proteins play critical roles in the organization of the olfactory epithelium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19694. [PMID: 21614130 PMCID: PMC3094399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported that some proteins known to cause renal cystic disease (NPHP6;
BBS1, and BBS4) also localize to the olfactory epithelium (OE), and that
mutations in these proteins can cause anosmia in addition to renal cystic
disease. We demonstrate here that a number of other proteins associated with
renal cystic diseases – polycystin 1 and 2 (PC1, PC2), and Meckel-Gruber
syndrome 1 and 3 (MKS1, MKS3) – localize to the murine OE. PC1, PC2, MKS1
and MKS3 are all detected in the OE by RT-PCR. We find that MKS3 localizes
specifically to dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), while PC1
localizes to both dendritic knobs and cilia of mature OSNs. In mice carrying
mutations in MKS1, the expression of the olfactory adenylate
cyclase (AC3) is substantially reduced. Moreover, in rats with renal cystic
disease caused by a mutation in MKS3, the laminar organization
of the OE is perturbed and there is a reduced expression of components of the
odor transduction cascade (Golf, AC3) and α-acetylated tubulin.
Furthermore, we show with electron microscopy that cilia in
MKS3 mutant animals do not manifest the proper microtubule
architecture. Both MKS1 and MKS3 mutant
animals show no obvious alterations in odor receptor expression. These data show
that multiple renal cystic proteins localize to the OE, where we speculate that
they work together to regulate aspects of the development, maintenance or
physiological activities of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular
Physiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
| | - Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology,
Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
| | - Michael Hull
- Department of Cellular and Molecular
Physiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
| | - Kavita Mistry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular
Physiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
| | - Vincent Gattone
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of
America
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences,
Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
| | - Scott Weatherbee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology,
Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
| | - Michael J. Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular
Physiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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Chan PC. NTP toxicity studies of toxicity studies of 2,4-decadienal (CAS No. 25152-84-5) administered by gavage to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxic Rep Ser 2011:1-94. [PMID: 21445102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Decadienal is used as a synthetic flavoring and fragrance material and has been evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor for steel in oil field operations. 2,4-Decadienal was nominated by the National Cancer Institute for toxicity testing because the dienaldehydes occur naturally in a variety of foods and food components, are used as food additive/flavoring agents, and the potential for human exposure is high. In the toxicity studies, male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice received 2,4-decadienal (at least 93% pure) in corn oil by gavage for 2 weeks or 3 months. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, rat and mouse bone marrow cells, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. In the 2-week studies, groups of five male and five female rats and mice received 2,4-decadienal in corn oil by gavage at doses of 0, 45, 133, 400, 1,200, or 3,600 mg 2,4-decadienal/kg body weight 5 days per week for 16 days. All animals in the 3,600 mg/kg groups were found dead or sacrificed moribund by day 3 (rats) or day 9 (mice). One 133 mg/kg female rat was found dead on day 8, and one male and one female mouse in the 1,200 mg/kg groups were found dead on days 12 and 16, respectively. At 1,200 mg/kg, treatment-related ulceration of the forestomach was observed in male and female rats and mice. Focal necrosis of the forestomach occurred in a 1,200 mg/kg female mouse. Mean body weights of all 1,200 mg/kg groups were less than those of the vehicle controls, and 1,200 mg/kg female mice lost weight during the study. Diarrhea, lethargy, abnormal breathing (rats), and thinness (mice) occurred in the 1,200 and 3,600 mg/kg groups. Gross lesions seen at necropsy included ulcerations of the forestomach in 1,200 mg/kg rats and 1,200 and 3,600 mg/kg mice. Adhesions involving the stomach and other abdominal organs were also seen in 1,200 and 3,600 mg/kg mice. In the 3-month studies, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice received 2,4-decadienal in corn oil by gavage at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg 2,4-decadienal/kg 5 days per week for 14 weeks. No chemical-related deaths occurred. Mean body weights of 400 mg/kg male rats and 800 mg/kg male and female rats and male mice were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. Dosed male and female rats were lethargic after week 7; the severity of the lethargy was dose related. There were changes in the leukon of dosed rats compared to vehicle control rats characterized by decreased leukocyte, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and increased neutrophil counts. Spleen weights of 800 mg/kg female rats and thymus weights of 400 and 800 mg/kg female rats were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. Thymus, spleen, testis, cauda epididymis, and epididymis weights of 800 mg/kg male rats were less than those of the vehicle controls. The incidences of epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach were significantly greater in 400 and 800 mg/kg male and female rats, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg male mice, and 800 mg/kg female mice than in the vehicle controls. Incidences of epithelial degeneration of the forestomach were significantly increased in 800 mg/kg rats and the incidence of chronic active inflammation of the forestomach was significantly increased in 800 mg/kg female rats. Incidences of exudate and olfactory epithelial atrophy of the nose were significantly increased in 800 mg/kg male rats, and incidences of olfactory epithelial necrosis occurred in 200 mg/kg or greater mice. Olfactory epithelial hydropic degeneration occurred in a single female mouse from the 100 mg/kg group. 2,4-Decadienal was not mutagenic in any of several strains of S. typhimurium tested with and without liver S9 activation enzymes. Acute bone marrow micronucleus tests in laboratory rodents administered 2,4-decadienal by intraperitoneal injection yielded mixed results. In male rats, a single injection of 2,4-decadienal gave a positive response, but no confirmatory trial was conducted. In male mice, a standard three-injection bone marrow micronucleus experiment yielded negative results but a 48-hour bone marrow analysis after a single dose of 600 mg/kg revealed a small but statistically significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Analysis of peripheral blood erythrocytes in these same mice also showed a dose-related increase in micronucleated polychromatic cells, but the increase was insufficient for a positive call and the results of the acute micronucleus assays in mice were judged to be equivocal overall. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was seen in peripheral blood of male or female mice administered 2,4-decadienal by gavage for 3 months. In summary, 2,4-decadienal administration caused decreased body weights and increased incidences of forestomach lesions in the 3-month studies in rats and mice. In addition, treatment-related lesions of the olfactory epithelium were observed in male rats and male and female mice. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was determined to be 100 mg/kg in rats and mice. 2,4-Decadienal was not mutagenic in vitro or in vivo. Synonyms: 2,4-De; deca-2,4-dienal; trans,trans-2,4-decadienal; trans,trans-2,4-decadien-1-al; heptenyl acrolein; RIFM#77-102.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Chan
- National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Nakashimo Y, Takumida M, Fukuiri T, Anniko M, Hirakawa K. Expression of transient receptor potential channel vanilloid (TRPV) 1–4, melastin (TRPM) 5 and 8, and ankyrin (TRPA1) in the normal and methimazole-treated mouse olfactory epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:1278-86. [PMID: 20586674 PMCID: PMC2981077 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2010.489573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conclusion: It is suggested that TRPV1, 2, 3, and 4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 may play several roles in the olfactory epithelium (OE), contributing to olfactory chemosensation, olfactory adaptation, olfactory-trigeminal interaction, and OE fluid homeostasis. In patients with olfactory disturbance, TRPV1 and TRPM8 may be closely related to a high rate of recognition of curry and menthol odors, while TRPV2 may also play a crucial role in the regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons. Objective: Expression of TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 in the normal and methimazole-treated mouse OE was analyzed. Methods: The localization of TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 in the OE of normal and methimazole-treated CBA/J mice was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Normal OE showed a positive immunofluorescent reaction to TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1. In lamina propria, the nerve fibers displayed TRPV 1, 2, and 3, TRPM8 and TRPA1. In the pathological condition, the expression of TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM5, and TRPA1 was markedly reduced and took a long time to recover. In contrast, expression of TRPM8 was scarcely affected, even in the pathological condition, while TRPV1 and TRPV2 showed early recovery following methimazole treatment.
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50
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Cao Z, Gu Z, Bian Z, Shu H. [Clinicopathologic features of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of bilateral olfactory clefts]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2010; 24:507-510. [PMID: 20737963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe five rare cases of bilateral olfactory clefts respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH), and investigate the clinicopathologic features in REAH. METHOD Five cases with REAH were reported and the relevant literatures were reviewed. All the cases were confirmed by pathology. RESULT The chief complaint in 4 cases when visited was nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, with or without hyposmia and headache. Another was discomfortable of head-facial region, sometimes with pus discharge and blood in nasal discharge. Polypoid neoplasms can be seen in nasal meatus of the 5 cases. Endoscopic sinus surgery was utilized to eliminate foci in 5 cases. All REAH foci located in bilateral olfactory clefts areas, four of which appeared polypoid changes,one appeared obvious inflammatory edema. All of them presented as wide-based lesion with tenacious quality compared to polyps. Histologically, these lesions were characterized by a glandular proliferation lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium originated from the surface epithelium, and the glands surround into round or oval, with various sizes and separated by stromal tissue. CONCLUSION It is possible to continue developing after operation, if REAH is not completely resected. Complete resection of lesions is the key to treatment success for this entity in endoscopic sinus surgery. Although REAH arising from the rhino sinusal region is very rare, rhinolaryngologists must know this entity in order to differentiate it from inverted papilloma and adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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