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Logvinenko AD, Gordeev II, Ekimova IA, Sokolov SG. Helminths of three species of White Sea fishes. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:39. [PMID: 38095734 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic fauna of the White Sea cod, Gadus morhua marisalbi; the navaga, Eleginus nawaga; and the shorthorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius, in the White Sea was repeatedly studied, but no large-scale parasitological surveys have been made in the recent three decades. To fill this gap, we conducted a survey of the helminths of these three fish species at the White Sea Biological Station (Karelia, Russia) of the Lomonosov Moscow State University in August 2021. The navaga (50 specimens studied) was found to be infected with 13 species of helminths; the White Sea cod (50 specimens), with 12 species; and the shorthorn sculpin (21 specimens), with 13 species. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium schistochilus and third-stage juveniles of Pseudoterranova bulbosa were recorded in the White Sea for the first time. The helminth infracommunities of the navaga and the White Sea cod were closer in structure to each other than to those of the shorthorn sculpin. In general, the levels of helminth infection of the White Sea cod, the navaga, and shorthorn sculpin have been consistently high over 85 years of observations in the White Sea, but long-term trends in the abundance of some helminth species were multidirectional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Logvinenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Ilya I Gordeev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Pacific Salmon Department, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Okruzhnoy Pr. 19, Moscow, 105187, Russia.
| | - Irina A Ekimova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey G Sokolov
- Center of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Leninskiy Pros. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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Herzog KS, Hackett JL, Hime PM, Klicka LB, Jensen K. First Insights into Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Versus Host Specificity in Trypanorhynch Tapeworms Using Multiplexed Shotgun Genotyping. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad190. [PMID: 37906040 PMCID: PMC10616631 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts relaxed host specificity and high host vagility should contribute to reduced genetic structure in parasites while strict host specificity and low host vagility should increase genetic structure. Though these predictions are intuitive, they have never been explicitly tested in a population genomic framework. Trypanorhynch tapeworms, which parasitize sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) as definitive hosts, are the only order of elasmobranch tapeworms that exhibit considerable variability in their definitive host specificity. This allows for unique combinations of host use and geographic range, making trypanorhynchs ideal candidates for studying how these traits influence population-level structure and genetic diversity. Multiplexed shotgun genotyping (MSG) data sets were generated to characterize component population structure and infrapopulation diversity for a representative of each trypanorhynch suborder: the ray-hosted Rhinoptericola megacantha (Trypanobatoida) and the shark-hosted Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Trypanoselachoida). Adults of R. megacantha are more host-specific and less broadly distributed than adults of C. gracilis, allowing correlation between these factors and genetic structure. Replicate tapeworm specimens were sequenced from the same host individual, from multiple conspecific hosts within and across geographic regions, and from multiple definitive host species. For R. megacantha, population structure coincided with geography rather than host species. For C. gracilis, limited population structure was found, suggesting a potential link between degree of host specificity and structure. Conspecific trypanorhynchs from the same host individual were found to be as, or more, genetically divergent from one another as from conspecifics from different host individuals. For both species, high levels of homozygosity and positive FIS values were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee S Herzog
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Paul M Hime
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Lukas B Klicka
- School of Arts and Sciences, Peru State College, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Vettorazzi R, Norbis W, Martorelli SR, Garcia G, Rios N. First report of Spirometra (Eucestoda; Diphyllobothriidae) naturally occurring in a fish host. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70. [PMID: 37114794 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spirometra Faust, Campbell et Kellogg, 1929 is a genus of cestodes belonging to the family Diphyllobothriidae. To date, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals are known second intermediate hosts of these parasites; humans can also be infected (the zoonotic disease is known as sparganosis or spirometrosis). Although the number of phylogenetic studies on Spirometra spp. has increased worldwide in recent years, there are few in South America. Specifically in Uruguay, molecular studies have shown that tapeworms of S. decipiens (Diesing, 1850) complexes 1 and 2 are present in this country. In this study, we characterised the larvae of Spirometra present in the annual fish Austrolebias charrua Costa et Cheffe. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of these larvae showed that they belong to S. decipiens complex 1. This is the first report of teleost fishes serving as a second intermediate host for tapeworms of the genus Spirometra in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Vettorazzi
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de la Reproduccion y Ecologia de Peces, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Seccion Genetica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biologia Parasitaria, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay (present address)
| | - Walter Norbis
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de la Reproduccion y Ecologia de Peces, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio R Martorelli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-CCT La Plata-UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Garcia
- Seccion Genetica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nestor Rios
- Seccion Genetica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Cutmore SC, Littlewood DTJ, Arellano-Martínez M, Louvard C, Cribb TH. Evidence that a lineage of teleost-infecting blood flukes (Aporocotylidae) infects bivalves as intermediate hosts. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:13-25. [PMID: 36328150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The family Aporocotylidae is recognized as having the widest intermediate host usage in the Digenea. Currently, intermediate host groups are clearly correlated with definitive host groups; all known life cycles of marine teleost-infecting aporocotylids involve polychaetes, those of freshwater teleost-infecting aporocotylids involve gastropods, and those of chondrichthyan-infecting aporocotylids involve bivalves. Here we report the life cycle for a marine elopomorph-infecting species, Elopicola bristowi Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard in Orélis-Ribeiro, Halanych, Dang, Bakenhaster, Arias & Bullard, 2017, as infecting a bivalve, Anadara trapezia (Deshayes) (Arcidae), as the intermediate host in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The cercaria of E. bristowi has a prominent finfold, distinct anterior and posterior widenings of the oesophagus, a tail with symmetrical furcae with finfolds, and develops in elongate to oval sporocysts. We also report molecular data for an unmatched aporocotylid cercaria from another bivalve, Megapitaria squalida (G. B. Sowerby I) (Veneridae), from the Gulf of California, Mexico, and six unmatched cercariae from a gastropod, Posticobia brazieri (E. A. Smith) (Tateidae), from freshwater systems of south-east Queensland, Australia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate the presence of six strongly-supported lineages within the Aporocotylidae, including one of elopomorph-infecting genera, Elopicola Bullard, 2014 and Paracardicoloides Martin, 1974, now shown to use both gastropods and bivalves as intermediate hosts. Of a likely 14 aporocotylid species reported from bivalves, six are now genetically characterised. The cercarial morphology of these six species demonstrates a clear distinction between those that infect chondrichthyans and those that infect elopomorphs; chondrichthyan-infecting aporocotylids have cercariae with asymmetrical furcae that lack finfolds and develop in spherical sporocysts whereas those of elopomorph-infecting aporocotylids have symmetrical furcae with finfolds and develop in elongate sporocysts. This morphological correlation allows predictions of the host-based lineage to which the unsequenced species belong. The Aporocotylidae is proving exceptional in is propensity for major switches in intermediate host use, with the most parsimonious interpretation of intermediate host distribution implying a minimum of three host switches within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | | | - Marcial Arellano-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Clarisse Louvard
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Scholz T, Kuchta R. Fish tapeworms (Cestoda) in the molecular era: achievements, gaps and prospects. Parasitology 2022; 149:1876-1893. [PMID: 36004800 PMCID: PMC11010522 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tapeworms of fishes (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii) account one-third (1670 from around 5000) of the total tapeworm (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) species diversity. In total 1186 species from 9 orders occur as adults in elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and chimaeras), and 484 species from 8 orders mature in ray-finned fishes (referred to here as teleosts). Teleost tapeworms are dominated by freshwater species (78%), but only 3% of elasmobranch tapeworms are known from freshwater rays of South America and Asia (Borneo). In the last 2 decades, vast progress has been made in understanding species diversity, host associations and interrelationships among fish tapeworms. In total, 172 new species have been described since 2017 (149 from elasmobranchs and 23 from teleosts; invalidly described taxa are not included, especially those from the Oriental region). Molecular data, however, largely limited to a few molecular markers (mainly 28S rDNA, but also 18S and cox1), are available for about 40% of fish tapeworm species. They allowed us to significantly improve our understanding of their interrelationships, including proposals of a new, more natural classification at the higher-taxonomy level (orders and families) as well as at the lower-taxonomy level (genera). In this review, we summarize the main advances and provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Okamura B, Gruhl A, De Baets K. Evolutionary transitions of parasites between freshwater and marine environments. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:345-356. [PMID: 35604852 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions of organisms between environments have long fascinated biologists but attention has focused almost exclusively on free-living organisms and challenges to achieve such transitions. This bias requires addressing because parasites are a major component of biodiversity. We address this imbalance by focusing on transitions of parasitic animals between marine and freshwater environments. We highlight parasite traits and processes that may influence transition likelihood (e.g. transmission mode, life cycle, host use), and consider mechanisms and directions of transitions. Evidence for transitions in deep time and at present are described, and transitions in our changing world are considered. We propose that environmental transitions may be facilitated for endoparasites because hosts reduce exposure to physiologically challenging environments and argue that adoption of an endoparasitic lifestyle entails an equivalent transitioning process as organisms switch from living in one environment (e.g. freshwater, seawater, or air) to living symbiotically within hosts. Environmental transitions of parasites have repeatedly resulted in novel forms and diversification, contributing to the tree of life. Recognising the potential processes underlying present-day and future environmental transitions is crucial in view of our changing world and the current biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kenneth De Baets
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
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