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Thermal Susceptibility of Nickel in the Manufacture of Softeners. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical industry includes a wide range of factories focused on obtaining final products as: (i) plastics; (ii) chemical fibers; (iii) rubber; (iv) perfumery and cosmetic products; and (v) cleaning products. Although the level of safety in the activities and installations of this sector is very high, the use of dangerous substances implies an increased risk of suffering an accident involving the emission of hazardous substances, as well as endangering the safety of workers. In the case of the manufacture of softeners, the presence of isopropanol (C3H8O), and dimethyl sulfate (CH3)2SO4), have been reported to be the accident cause in most of the cases. The European accident database (eMars) reported an accident in which the presence of impurities of nickel (Ni) in the hydrogenated tallow used as raw material for softener production may have increased thermal reactivity and the chances of spontaneous combustion. This paper analyzes the results obtained with the Maciejasz Index (MI) to understand the thermal susceptibility of these substances in liquid state. The results show that combinations of nickel (hydrogenated tallow catalyst) with other liquid substances (isopropanol, dimethyl sulfate, and sulfuric acid) are not sufficiently reactive with oxygen to cause a spontaneous combustion.
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Jurowski K, Krośniak M. The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure of Patients Exposed to Lead and Cadmium Due to Application of Ointments with Marjoram Herb Extract ( Majoranae herbae extractum). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2701. [PMID: 36768068 PMCID: PMC9916081 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potential heavy metal impurities (HMI) in pharmaceuticals/pharmaceutical products/drugs based on plant raw materials (e.g., herbs) are an important problem in the pharmaceutical industry; however, there is a lack of scientific articles on the comprehensive toxicological risk assessment of HMI in ointment applied dermally. To make the appropriate toxicological risk assessment, we consider: (1) the raw results of the levels of lead and cadmium in the ointments (metal per kg of mass), (2) one-time administration of the applied ointment, (3) daily exposure of Pb and Cd in the applied ointments according to the maximum daily dose of applied pharmaceuticals, including transcutaneous penetration, (4) human health risk assessment based on the USEPA model, and 5) the margin of exposure (MoE). The raw results indicated that lead (7.05-101.78 µg/kg) and cadmium (0.32-0.81 µg/kg) were present in all samples. The levels of analyzed HMI (independently of the producer and declared composition) were similar. Pb and Cd contamination associated with daily doses met the standards of the ICH Q3D (R2) guide on elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals, including the cutaneous route of administration. Taking into account the daily amount of lead and cadmium (ointment, ug/day) the results were satisfactory, confirming the safety of marjoram herb extract ointments available in Polish pharmacies according to the ICH guideline Q3D (R2) on elemental impurities. The HQ values obtained for Pb and Cd in all samples were less than 1; therefore, exposure to these HMI would not cause a health risk based on the USEPA model strategy. Furthermore, the obtained values of MoE for Pb and Cd in ointments were above 100, so exposure to these elements would not cause a health risk based on the MoE-based strategy. The original contribution of this work is that this is the first study on the triple approach strategy to evaluate the safety of heavy metal impurities in traditional herbal medicinal products applied dermally in solid form (ointments with marjoram herb extract). The research is novel and has not been previously published; The proposed procedure includes transcutaneous penetration of heavy metal (Pb and Cd) impurities described for the first time in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Dinake P, Motswetla O, Kereeditse TT, Kelebemang R. Assessment of level of heavy metals in cosmetics. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473231156620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxic metals in cosmetic products can lead to serious health problems among consumers. Skin lightening cosmetics are popular among women who may be unaware of prevalence of toxic metals in such products. Purpose: This study assessed the content of toxic metals in cosmetic products imported into Botswana. There are currently no regulations in Botswana governing maximum contaminants limits for contaminants such as metal ions in cosmetic products. Research Design: Sample analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid sample digestion. Results: Total concentrations of metals were in the order Pb > Ni > Cr > As. The concentrations of metals analysed were in the range of 45.75–193.60; 2.99–9.50; 3.32–7.41 and 1.95–4.52 mg/kg for Pb, Ni, Cr and As respectively. The concentrations of Pb in all 14 samples exceeded the maximum impurity level of 10 mg/kg in cosmetics as per the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). Concentrations of Ni, As and Cr were also higher than the set US FDA limits in some cosmetic samples under study. A human health risk assessment was conducted using hazard quotient, average daily intake and health risk index. A hazard quotient of greater than one was determined for Pb (HQ ∼ 177.0–749.2) in all 14 cosmetic samples investigated indicating potential adverse effects to human health. Conclusion: Overall results of total concentration and health risk assessment indicate that cosmetic products imported into Botswana are harmful to consumers. Therefore, quality control measures should be enforced to ensure metal concentrations in facial cosmetic products do not exceed regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pogisego Dinake
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Motswetla
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Tsotlhe T Kereeditse
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Kelebemang
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Waste Management and Pollution Control (DWMPC), Gaborone, Botswana
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Salles FJ, Paniz FP, Batista BL, Nardocci AC, Olympio KPK. Potentially Toxic Elements in Costume Cosmetics Used by Children and Adults Are Associated with Cancer Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:531. [PMID: 36612850 PMCID: PMC9819701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Costume cosmetics, such as face paints and pancakes, are used by adults and children during Halloween, Carnival, or children's parties. However, the metallic-based pigments used as dyes in these products may contain toxic elements associated with different levels of exposure. Objectives: (a) to determine the Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Sr concentrations in face paints and pancakes; and (b) to estimate cancer and non-cancer risks posed by the concentrations of each element in these products for dermal and ingestion exposure scenarios during children and adult use. (2) Methods: A total of 95 samples of face paints and pancakes (four brands in different textures and colors) were purchased at the largest high-street commercial center in São Paulo city, Brazil. An extraction procedure with nitric acid was carried out using a graphite-covered digester block. Toxic element determinations were performed using an ICP-MS. (3) Results: The non-cancer risks estimated were lower than 1, except for dermal exposure in adults for some target systems. High cancer risk values raise concerns in both groups. The risk for children ranged from 10-8 to 10-5 and proved higher in cases of accidental exposure by ingestion. For occupational exposure in adults, cancer risks were even higher, ranging from 10-3 to 10-5, with the highest values associated with dermal exposure. (4) Conclusions: The study results suggest the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in cosmetics should be regulated/monitored to protect human health, especially for occupational exposure and use by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pollo Paniz
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 9210-580, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 9210-580, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
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da Costa MAJL, Benevides AP, Cesar DV, Luna AS, de Gois JS. Ultrasensitive Determination of Arsenic in Juvenile Eyeshadow by Novel Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction (MSPE) and Flow Injection Analysis – Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FIA-HG-AAS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2091587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Benevides
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deborah Vargas Cesar
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aderval S. Luna
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S. de Gois
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Lara-Torres S, Figueiredo D, Paz S, Gutiérrez AJ, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A. Determination and risk assessment of toxic metals in lipsticks from Europe and China. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126792. [PMID: 34022566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of toxic toxic metals in lipstick can pose a health risk to many consumers of this type of cosmetics, especially for women. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to dermal and oral exposure to toxic metals in lipsticks manufactured in China and Europe as determined by non-cancer and cancer risks assessment models from SCCS and USEPA, respectively. METHOD The treatment of the samples was carried out by calcination using muffle furnaces and the determination of Al, Cd and Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). CONCENTRATIONS The concentration of Cd and Pb in the study samples does not exceed the limits stablished for the FDA (00,228 mg kg-1·day-1 for Cd and 000,343 mg kg-1·day-1 for Pb, respectively) but they do not comply with the Regulation of the European Parliament, which prohibits the presence of these two metals in cosmetics. Neither European Union nor United States have established maximum levels for Al in cosmetics. CONCLUSIONS The cancer risk assessment of Cd and Pb metals resulted in a total cancer risk less than 1. The results of non-cancer oral risk assessment for Pb had a MoS result of 88 for China and 62 for Europe, suggesting that Pb poses a risk for the human health, especially in samples manufactured in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lara-Torres
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dany Figueiredo
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Angel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain.
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38006, Spain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
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Meng Y, Li Y, Zheng N, Hou S, Li Y, Wang S, Sun S, Hua X, Liang D. Potential health risks of metals in skin care products used by Chinese consumers aged 19-29 years. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112184. [PMID: 33839485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of skin care products that occurs during their production poses potential health risks, which are of increasing concern, to consumers. Here, we collected 570 responses to an online survey to analyze the usage pattern of skin care products across China. Then a total of 30 commonly used skin care products with various prices and applications were purchased. The concentrations of metals (Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Cd) and metalloid As, were determined. Next, we improved the frequency calculation method and used the weighted exposure frequency to calculate the dermal absorption dose (DAD). The amounts of Zn, Cr, and Al that were assimilated by the human body via uptake were approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and metalloid As. In addition, younger consumers were at higher risk of metals exposure than older consumers because of their higher frequency of use of skin care products. Al and Zn posed higher risk to consumers because of its high DAD. There was no significant chronic non-carcinogenic health risk (hazard index < 1) posed by skincare product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengnan Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
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Li Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Cai Y, Chen X, Zhou X, Li H, Li F, Zhang J, Liu C. Investigation and probabilistic health risk assessment of trace elements in good sale lip cosmetics crawled by Python from Chinese e-commerce market. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124279. [PMID: 33144021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the lip products are polluted by heavy metals, which would inevitably cause safety problems with long-term exposure, but few studies have focused on their deeper health risk assessments. This study sets out to identify the lip cosmetics in good sale from Chinese e-commerce market utilizing Python crawler and then explore the probabilistic health risks caused by 6 trace elements in 34 most popular lip cosmetics with Monte Carlo simulation. The results found that there was no obvious non-carcinogenic risk to humans. As for high users, the carcinogenic risk levels of Cr exceeded the acceptable risk recommended by USEPA, approximately 10% and 25% for lipsticks and lip glosses, respectively. Cr was regarded as the priority metal for risk control in the present study. Finally, it was recommended that the minimum use period limit for using up one lip product ranged from 0.54 months to 5.74 months. Overall, this study appears to be the first to conduct a probabilistic health risk assessment of trace elements in lip products, which would be of significance for policy makers to take effective strategies to minimize exposure health risk and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Luping Jiang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xinyun Zhou
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Honghu Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430073, China.
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Tarnowska M, Briançon S, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Bolzinger MA. Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies? Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119991. [PMID: 33091552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tarnowska
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacqueline Resende de Azevedo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Bobaker AM, Alakili I, Sarmani SB, Al-Ansari N, Yaseen ZM. Determination and Assessment of the Toxic Heavy Metal Elements Abstracted from the Traditional Plant Cosmetics and Medical Remedies: Case Study of Libya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111957. [PMID: 31159472 PMCID: PMC6603917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Henna and walnut tree bark are widely used by Libyan women as cosmetics. They may contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which, in turn, pose a high risk to their health. This study aims to determine the levels of Pb, Cd and As in henna and walnut tree bark products sold in Libyan markets. The products were analyzed for their Pb, Cd and As content by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after a microwave acid digestion. The results showed a significant difference between the henna and walnut tree bark samples in terms of their heavy metals content (p < 0.05). The highest heavy metal concentrations were observed in the walnut tree bark samples whereas the lowest was observed in the henna samples. In addition, 60% of the henna and 90% of the walnut tree bark samples contained Pb levels and approximately 80% of the henna and 90% the walnut tree bark samples contained Cd levels, which are much higher than the tolerance limit. However, As concentrations in all the samples were lower. The results indicated that such cosmetics expose consumers to high levels of Pb and Cd and hence, to potential health risks. Thus, studying the sources and effects of heavy metals in such cosmetics is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman M Bobaker
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, 16063 Benghazi, Libya.
| | - Intisar Alakili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, 16063 Benghazi, Libya.
| | - Sukiman B Sarmani
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Nadhir Al-Ansari
- Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden.
| | - Zaher Mundher Yaseen
- Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Conventional and Herbal Toothpastes Available at Maltese Pharmacies. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although toothpastes are considered as topical cosmetics that are not normally ingested, it is evident that they may contribute to the introduction of heavy metals and xenobiotics through buccal and gastrointestinal absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential presence of metals and polyphenols in conventional, children’s and herbal toothpastes. Metal analysis was conducted by using the Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer and the total polyphenolic content was determined by using the Folin–Ciocalteu test. Results showed that cadmium and mercury were absent in all toothpastes while zinc and tin exhibited high values. This was because the latter two metals are incorporated as part of the ingredients. In the case of polyphenols, the highest value was obtained in one of the samples from the children’s toothpaste category while the lowest value was obtained from the conventional toothpaste category. Lead and nickel were two other metals that fell outside the limits for EU and US standards. Most of these limits are usually applicable to topical cosmetic products or food products. However, these may not adequately cover oral hygiene products, such as toothpastes.
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Wong DL, Stillman MJ. Metallothionein: An Aggressive Scavenger-The Metabolism of Rhodium(II) Tetraacetate (Rh 2(CH 3CO 2) 4). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16314-16327. [PMID: 31458267 PMCID: PMC6643557 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources of xenobiotic metals with no physiological benefit are increasingly prevalent in the environment. The platinum group metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Os, and Ir) are found in marine and plant species near urban sources, and are known to bioaccumulate, introducing these metals into the human food chain. Many of these metals are also being used in innovative cancer therapy, which leads to a direct source of exposure for humans. This paper aims to further our understanding of nontraditional metal metabolism via metallothionein, a protein involved in physiologically important metal homeostasis. The aggressive reaction of metallothionein and dirhodium(II) tetraacetate, a common synthetic catalyst known for its cytotoxicity, was studied in detail in vitro. Optical spectroscopic and equilibrium and time-dependent mass spectral data were used to define binding constants for this robust reaction, and molecular dynamics calculations were conducted to explain the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B7 London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin J. Stillman
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B7 London, Ontario, Canada
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Lewis RC, Meeker JD, Basu N, Gauthier AM, Cantoral A, Mercado-García A, Peterson KE, Téllez-Rojo MM, Watkins DJ. Urinary metal concentrations among mothers and children in a Mexico City birth cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:609-615. [PMID: 29703512 PMCID: PMC6197859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Personal care product use is a potential source of metals exposure among children, but studies have been limited. We measured urinary concentrations of 10 metals (aluminum, arsenic [As], barium [Ba], cadmium, cobalt [Co], lead [Pb], manganese [Mn], molybdenum [Mo], nickel, and zinc [Zn]) in third trimester pregnant women (n = 212) and their children at 8-14 years of age (n = 250). Demographic factors (child sex, age, socioeconomic status, and maternal education), body mass index (BMI) z-score, and child personal care product use in the 24 h prior to urine collection were examined as predictors of urinary metal concentrations. Metals were detected in 80-100% of urine samples, with significant differences in maternal versus childhood levels. However, metal concentrations were not strongly correlated within or between time points. In linear regression models including all demographic characteristics, BMI z-score, and specific gravity, age was associated with higher Co (6% [95% CI: 2, 10]), while BMI z-score was associated with lower Mo (-6% [95% CI: -11, -1). In addition, significantly higher metal concentrations were observed among users of colored cosmetics (Mo: 42% [95% CI: 1, 99]), deodorant (Ba: 28% [3, 58]), hair spray/hair gel (Mn: 22% [3, 45]), and other toiletries (As: 50% [9, 108]), as well as with an increasing number of personal care products used (As: 7% [3, 11]) after adjustment for child sex, age, total number of products used, and specific gravity. However, significantly lower metal concentrations were noted for users of hair cream (As and Zn: -20% [-36, -2] and -21% [-35, -2], respectively), shampoo (Pb: -40% [-62, -7]), and other hair products (Pb: -44% [-65, -9]). We found that personal care product use may be a predictor of exposure to multiple metals among children. Further research is recommended to inform product-specific exposure source identification and related child health risk assessment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Lewis
- Center for Health Sciences, Exponent, Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
| | - Adriana Mercado-García
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Lim DS, Roh TH, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Choi SM, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:432-452. [PMID: 29589992 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1451191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal content of cosmetics may be a cause for concern in that exposure to these metals is associated with adverse consequences. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to exposure to heavy metals in cosmetics as determined by non-cancer, cancer, and sensitization risks methodologies. The quantification and exposure assessments of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), and titanium (Ti) were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The non-cancer risk assessment of Al, Cr3+, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Ti in cosmetic samples resulted in a margin of safety (MOS) greater than 100 or a hazard index (HI) of less than 1. However, the probability of lifetime cancer risk (LCR) resulting from dermal exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics exceeded the acceptable risk levels (LCR > 10-5). An exposure-based sensitization quantitative risk assessment determined that the ratios of acceptable exposure level to consumers for Ni, Co, Cu, or Hg were above 1, suggesting an absence of skin-sensitizing potential. For an average daily user of lip cosmetics, the estimated intakes of heavy metals were within the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The percentage of heavy users for which metal intakes exceeded ADIs were 20.37% for Pb, 9.26% for Mn, 1.85% for Cr3+, and 1.85% for Cr6+, respectively. Data suggested that the heavy metals present in cosmetics do not appear to pose a serious risk to health. However, for heavy users of lip cosmetics, contamination with some heavy metals, such as Pb, Mn, and Cr needs to be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kwon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- b Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, College of Natural Sciences , Changwon National University , Changwon , Gyeongnam , South Korea
| | - Kyu Bong Kim
- c College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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16
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Perez AL, Nembhard M, Monnot A, Bator D, Madonick E, Gaffney SH. Child and adult exposure and health risk evaluation following the use of metal- and metalloid-containing costume cosmetics sold in the United States. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Lee HJ, Byun JY, Choi YW, Choi HY. Two cases of eyelid dermatitis caused by cobalt in colour cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:390-392. [PMID: 27870100 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - You Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
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18
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Kaličanin B, Velimirović D. A Study of the Possible Harmful Effects of Cosmetic Beauty Products on Human Health. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:476-84. [PMID: 26296330 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the usage of different substances in beauty, skin, body, hair, and nails care products can be found in ancient times. To achieve better quality and enhance their effects, some additives such as preservatives, stabilizers, mineral pigments, dye, and shine were added to these products. Some of these substances may also have allergic, irritating, and harmful effects on human health. The aim of this study was the optimization of the potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) for the purpose of determining the content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc), in some commercial cosmetic beauty products (lipsticks, lip glosses, eye shadows, and henna hair dye). In addition, in order to monitor the potential adverse effects of henna dye on hair quality, as well as the total body burden of heavy metals (Pb, Cd), the paper analyzed hair samples before and after henna dye treatment. Beauty products used for cosmetic purposes can have adverse effects to human health due to the fact that they contain lead, a highly toxic metal. The lead content in the tested samples varied depending on the additives used along with the method of production. The cosmetic products that were analyzed in this study contained a certain amount of zinc, which is an essential element, although its content above the prescribed limit may lead to side effects. Highly toxic metal, cadmium, was not detected in the tested samples. The presence of these metals in cosmetic products certainly indicate that it is necessary to monitor and determinate the content of toxic heavy metals in these products, especially because they are in direct contact with skin or mucous membranes and are often used in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Kaličanin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, 81dr Zoran Đinđić Boulevard, Niš, 18000, Serbia.
| | - Dragan Velimirović
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, 81dr Zoran Đinđić Boulevard, Niš, 18000, Serbia
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Ma'or Z, Halicz L, Portugal-Cohen M, Russo MZ, Robino F, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Safety evaluation of traces of nickel and chrome in cosmetics: The case of Dead Sea mud. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:797-801. [PMID: 26496819 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal impurities such as nickel and chrome are present in natural ingredients-containing cosmetic products. These traces are unavoidable due to the ubiquitous nature of these elements. Dead Sea mud is a popular natural ingredient of cosmetic products in which nickel and chrome residues are likely to occur. OBJECTIVE To analyze the potential systemic and local toxicity of Dead Sea mud taking into consideration Dead Sea muds' natural content of nickel and chrome. METHODS The following endpoints were evaluated: (Regulation No. 1223/20, 21/12/2009) systemic and (SCCS's Notes of Guidance) local toxicity of topical application of Dead Sea mud; health reports during the last five years of commercial marketing of Dead Sea mud. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Following exposure to Dead Sea mud, MoS (margin of safety) calculations for nickel and chrome indicate no toxicological concern for systemic toxicity. Skin sensitization is also not to be expected by exposure of normal healthy skin to Dead Sea mud. Topical application, however, is not recommended for already nickel-or chrome-sensitized persons. As risk assessment of impurities present in cosmetics may be a difficult exercise, the case of Dead Sea mud is taken here as an example of a natural material that may contain traces of unavoidable metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'evi Ma'or
- AHAVA - Dead Sea Laboratories, Airport City Lod, 7015002, Israel; Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Laboratory for Skin Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ein-Gedi 8698000, Israel
| | - Ludwik Halicz
- Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem 9550166, Israel
| | - Meital Portugal-Cohen
- AHAVA - Dead Sea Laboratories, Airport City Lod, 7015002, Israel; Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Laboratory for Skin Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ein-Gedi 8698000, Israel.
| | | | - Federica Robino
- Angel Consulting SAS, Via San Senatore 14, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- In vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- In vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Chen WN, Jiang SJ, Chen YL, Sahayam A. Determination of Pb in lipsticks by flow injection chemical vapor generation isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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