1
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Zheng B, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Chen S, Chen L, Li Y, Wu A, Li H. Understanding the dynamic evolution of hemicellulose during Pinus taeda L. growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132914. [PMID: 38844290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Pinus taeda L. is a fast-growing softwood with significant commercial value. Understanding structural changes in hemicellulose during growth is essential to understanding the biosynthesis processes occurring in the cell walls of this tree. In this study, alkaline extraction is applied to isolate hemicellulose from Pinus taeda L. stem segments of different ages (1, 2, 3, and 4 years old). The results show that the extracted hemicellulose is mainly comprised of O-acetylgalactoglucomannan (GGM) and 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX), with the molecular weights and ratios (i.e., GGM:GAX) of GGM and GAX increasing alongside Pinus taeda L. age. Mature Pinus taeda L. hemicellulose is mainly composed of GGM, and the ratio of (mannose:glucose) in the GGM main chain gradually increases from 2.45 to 3.60 with growth, while the galactose substitution of GGM decreases gradually from 21.36% to 14.65%. The acetylation of GGM gradually increases from 0.33 to 0.45 with the acetyl groups mainly substituting into the O-3 position in the mannan. Furthermore, the contents of arabinose and glucuronic acid in GAX gradually decrease with growth. This study can provide useful information to the research in genetic breeding and high-value utilization of Pinus taeda L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zibin Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Luoting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huiling Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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2
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Cheng X, Du J, Li Z, Zhang W, Zhu L, Jiang J. Comprehensive characterization of hemicelluloses obtained from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. pods and the application of moderately degraded hemicelluloses in galactomannan film. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132733. [PMID: 38821298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The Gleditsia sinensis Lam. pods (GSP) are consistently discarded as waste after saponin extraction due to a lack of industrial or high-value utilization. Herein, the hemicelluloses were extracted from two varieties of GSP and subjected to comprehensive characterization. The molar mass of DMSO-soluble hemicelluloses (53.3-66.0 kDa) was higher compared to that of alkali-soluble ones (24.9-32.6 kDa). The presence of minimal acetyl substitution (3.85-4.49 %) on xylan was unequivocally confirmed. NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the hemicelluloses in GSP predominantly consist of a 1,4-β-ᴅ-Xyl backbone with arabinose substituents at O-3 and 4-O-methyl-α-ᴅ-GlcA substituents at O-2 of the xylose residues. p-Coumaric acid substitution also occurred on the 1,4-β-ᴅ-Xyl backbone. Hydrothermal treatment significantly reduced the hemicelluloses' relative molar mass and produced 7-10 % xylo-oligosaccharides. Furthermore, the moderately degraded hemicelluloses exhibited significantly enhanced biological activity. Finally, the incorporation of the moderately degraded hemicelluloses imparted the galactomannan film with exceptional antioxidant properties (81.1 % DPPH scavenging activity), while negligibly affecting its transparency. Our study's findings will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the structural and biochemical properties of hemicellulose in waste G. sinensis pods, thereby facilitating their enhanced utilization in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichuang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing Co-built on Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Zhong R, Zhou D, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Chen L, Rose JP, Wang BC, Ye ZH. A rice GT61 glycosyltransferase possesses dual activities mediating 2-O-xylosyl and 2-O-arabinosyl substitutions of xylan. PLANTA 2024; 259:115. [PMID: 38589536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A member of the rice GT61 clade B is capable of transferring both 2-O-xylosyl and 2-O-arabinosyl residues onto xylan and another member specifically catalyses addition of 2-O-xylosyl residue onto xylan. Grass xylan is substituted predominantly with 3-O-arabinofuranose (Araf) as well as with some minor side chains, such as 2-O-Araf and 2-O-(methyl)glucuronic acid [(Me)GlcA]. 3-O-Arabinosylation of grass xylan has been shown to be catalysed by grass-expanded clade A members of the glycosyltransferase family 61. However, glycosyltransferases mediating 2-O-arabinosylation of grass xylan remain elusive. Here, we performed biochemical studies of two rice GT61 clade B members and found that one of them was capable of transferring both xylosyl (Xyl) and Araf residues from UDP-Xyl and UDP-Araf, respectively, onto xylooligomer acceptors, whereas the other specifically catalysed Xyl transfer onto xylooligomers, indicating that the former is a xylan xylosyl/arabinosyl transferase (named OsXXAT1 herein) and the latter is a xylan xylosyltransferase (named OsXYXT2). Structural analysis of the OsXXAT1- and OsXYXT2-catalysed reaction products revealed that the Xyl and Araf residues were transferred onto O-2 positions of xylooligomers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsXXAT1 and OsXYXT2 were able to substitute acetylated xylooligomers, but only OsXXAT1 could xylosylate GlcA-substituted xylooligomers. OsXXAT1 and OsXYXT2 were predicted to adopt a GT-B fold structure and molecular docking revealed candidate amino acid residues at the predicted active site involved in binding of the nucleotide sugar donor and the xylohexaose acceptor substrates. Together, our results establish that OsXXAT1 is a xylan 2-O-xylosyl/2-O-arabinosyl transferase and OsXYXT2 is a xylan 2-O-xylosyltransferase, which expands our knowledge of roles of the GT61 family in grass xylan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John P Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan-directed cell wall assembly in grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2197-2207. [PMID: 38095432 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the cell walls of grasses and is pivotal for the assembly of distinct cell wall structures that govern various cellular functions. Xylan also plays a crucial role in regulating biomass recalcitrance, ultimately affecting the utilization potential of lignocellulosic materials. Over the past decades, our understanding of the xylan biosynthetic machinery and cell wall organization has substantially improved due to the innovative application of multiple state-of-the-art techniques. Notably, novel xylan-based nanostructures have been revealed in the cell walls of xylem vessels, promoting a more extensive exploration of the role of xylan in the formation of cell wall structures. This Update summarizes recent achievements in understanding xylan biosynthesis, modification, modeling, and compartmentalization in grasses, providing a brief overview of cell wall assembly regarding xylan. We also discuss the potential for tailoring xylan to facilitate the breeding of elite energy and feed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Pentari C, Zerva A, Kosinas C, Karampa P, Puchart V, Dimarogona M, Topakas E. The role of CE16 exo-deacetylases in hemicellulolytic enzyme mixtures revealed by the biochemical and structural study of the novel TtCE16B esterase. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121667. [PMID: 38171682 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acetyl esterases belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 16 (CE16) is a growing group of enzymes, with exceptional diversity regarding substrate specificity and regioselectivity. However, further insight into the CE16 specificity is required for their efficient biotechnological exploitation. In this work, exo-deacetylase TtCE16B from Thermothelomyces thermophila was heterologously expressed and biochemically characterized. The esterase targets positions O-3 and O-4 of singly and doubly acetylated non-reducing-end xylopyranosyl residues, provided the presence of a free vicinal hydroxyl group at position O-4 and O-3, respectively. Crystal structure of TtCE16B, the first representative among the CE16 enzymes, in apo- and product-bound form, allowed the identification of residues forming the catalytic triad and oxyanion hole, as well as the structural elements related to the enzyme preference for oligomers. The role of TtCE16B in hemicellulose degradation was investigated on acetylated xylan from birchwood and pre-treated beechwood biomass. TtCE16B exhibited complementary activity to commercially available OCE6 acetylxylan esterase. Moreover, it showed synergistic effects with SrXyl43 β-xylosidase. Overall, supplementation of xylan-targeting enzymatic mixtures with both TtCE16B and OCE6 esterases led to a 3-fold or 4-fold increase in xylose release, when using TmXyn10 and TtXyn30A xylanases respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentari
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zerva
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kosinas
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiota Karampa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vladimír Puchart
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Dimarogona
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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6
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Tian R, Zhu B, Hu Y, Liu Q, Bian J, Li M, Ren J, Peng F. Selectively fractionate hemicelluloses with high molecular weight from poplar thermomechanical pulp by tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127499. [PMID: 38287562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Selective fractionation of hemicelluloses is of great significance for realizing high-value application of hemicelluloses and comprehensive utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solvent has been confirmed as a promising solvent to selectively fractionate hemicelluloses from holocellulose. Herein, TMAH solvent was adopted to pretreat poplar thermomechanical pulp (PTMP) for the selective fractionation of hemicelluloses and enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis performance of residues. The maximal hemicelluloses yield (65.0 %) and excellent cellulose retention rate (93.3 %) were achieved after pretreatment by the 25 wt% TMAH solvent, while the delignification was only 33.9 %. The hemicelluloses fractions could be selectively fractionated with high molecular weights (109,800-118,500 g/mol), the contents of Klason lignin in them were low (3.2-5.9 %), and the dominating structure of them was 4-O-methylglucurono-β-D-xylan. Compared to the H2SO4 and NaOH methods, the hemicelluloses fractionated by TMAH method exhibited higher yields, more complete structures and higher molecular weights. Furthermore, the crystalline structure of cellulose practically remained stable, and the highest yield of enzymatic hydrolysis glucose was 57.5 %, which was 3.3 times of that of PTMP. The fractionation effectiveness of TMAH solvent was not significantly reduced after repeatedly recycling. This work demonstrated TMAH solvent could selectively fractionate hemicelluloses from PTMP and efficiently promote sustainable poplar-based biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bolang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Productin of Forest Resources, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Li Y. Purification, characterization and bioactivities of a 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan from Aralia echinocaulis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125402. [PMID: 37331542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of active constituents from food plants is an important area of research in pharmaceutical sciences. Aralia echinocaulis is a medicinal food plant that is mainly used to prevent or treat rheumatoid arthritis in China. This paper reported the isolation, purification and bioactivity of a polysaccharide (HSM-1-1) from A. echinocaulis. Its structural features were analyzed according to the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The results indicated that HSM-1-1 was a new 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan mainly composed of xylan and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid with the molecular weight of 1.6 × 104 Da. Furthermore, the antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of HSM-1-1 in vitro were investigated, and the results showed that HSM-1-1 had potent proliferation inhibition activity on colon cancer cell SW480 with an inhibition rate of 17.57 ± 1.03 % at a concentration of 600 μg/mL, as measured via MTS methods. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a polysaccharide structure obtained from A. echinocaulis and its bioactivities, and its potential as an adjuvant natural product with antitumor effects is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiannan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yunzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China.
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8
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Wang S, Robertz S, Seven M, Kraemer F, Kuhn BM, Liu L, Lunde C, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A large-scale forward genetic screen for maize mutants with altered lignocellulosic properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099009. [PMID: 36959947 PMCID: PMC10028098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient pipelines for the bioconversion of grass lignocellulosic feedstocks is challenging due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis, deposition, and degradation of the varying polymers unique to grass cell walls. Here, we describe a large-scale forward genetic approach resulting in the identification of a collection of chemically mutagenized maize mutants with diverse alterations in their cell wall attributes such as crystalline cellulose content or hemicellulose composition. Saccharification yield, i.e. the amount of lignocellulosic glucose (Glc) released by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, is increased in two of the mutants and decreased in the remaining six. These mutants, termed candy-leaf (cal), show no obvious plant growth or developmental defects despite associated differences in their lignocellulosic composition. The identified cal mutants are a valuable tool not only to understand recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics to enzymatic deconstruction but also to decipher grass-specific aspects of cell wall biology once the genetic basis, i.e. the location of the mutation, has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogan Wang
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Robertz
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Merve Seven
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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9
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Metasecretome and biochemical analysis of consortium PM-06 during the degradation of nixtamalized maize pericarp. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Ye ZH, Zhong R. Outstanding questions on xylan biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111476. [PMID: 36174800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in plant biomass. It is a crucial component of cell wall structure as well as a significant factor contributing to biomass recalcitrance. Xylan consists of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that are often substituted with glycosyl side chains, such as glucuronosyl/methylglucuronosyl and arabinofuranosyl residues, and acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3. Xylan from gymnosperms and dicots contains a unique reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence that is not detected in xylan from grasses, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants. Grass xylan is heavily decorated at O-3 with arabinofuranosyl residues that are frequently esterified with hydroxycinnamates. Genetic and biochemical studies have uncovered a number of genes involved in xylan backbone elongation and acetylation, xylan glycosyl substitutions and their modifications, and the synthesis of the unique xylan reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence, but some outstanding issues on the biosynthesis of xylan still remain unanswered. Here, we provide a brief overview of xylan structure and focus on discussion of the current understanding and open questions on xylan biosynthesis. Further elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms underlying xylan biosynthesis will not only shed new insights into cell wall biology but also provide molecular tools for genetic modification of biomass composition tailored for diverse end uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Lassfolk R, Pedrón M, Tejero T, Merino P, Wärnå J, Leino R. Acetyl Group Migration in Xylan and Glucan Model Compounds as Studied by Experimental and Computational Methods. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14544-14554. [PMID: 36251002 PMCID: PMC9639004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated by us that acetyl groups in oligosaccharides can migrate not only within one saccharide unit but also between two different saccharide units. Kinetics of this phenomenon were previously investigated in both mannan model compounds and a naturally occurring polysaccharide. In addition to mannans, there are also several other naturally acetylated polysaccharides, such as xyloglucans and xylans. Both xyloglucans and xylans are some of the most common acetylated polysaccharides in nature, displaying important roles in the plant cells. Considering the various biological roles of natural polysaccharides, it could be hypothesized that the intramolecular migration of acetyl groups might also be associated with regulation of the biological activity of polysaccharides in nature. Consequently, a better understanding of the overall migration phenomenon across the glycosidic bonds could help to understand the potential role of such migrations in the context of the biological activity of polysaccharides. Here, we present a detailed investigation on acetyl group migration in the synthesized xylan and glucan trisaccharide model compounds by a combination of experimental and computational methods, showing that the migration between the saccharide units proceeds from a secondary hydroxyl group of one saccharide unit toward a primary hydroxyl group of the other unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory
of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, 20500Turku, Finland
| | - Manuel Pedrón
- Institute
of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Institute
of Chemical Synthesis & Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH), University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Institute
of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory
of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory
of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, 20500Turku, Finland,
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12
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Lyu Y, Suzuki S, Nagano H, Shigetomi K, Tamai Y, Tsutsumi Y, Uraki Y. Effects of hemicelluloses on dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols with cationic cell wall-bound peroxidase. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Zhang M, Bobokalonov J, Dzhonmurodov A, Xiang Z. Optimizing yield and chemical compositions of dimethylsulfoxide-extracted birchwood xylan. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Elucidating Sequence and Structural Determinants of Carbohydrate Esterases for Complete Deacetylation of Substituted Xylans. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092655. [PMID: 35566004 PMCID: PMC9105624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylated glucuronoxylan is one of the most common types of hemicellulose in nature. The structure is formed by a β-(1→4)-linked D-xylopyranosyl (Xylp) backbone that can be substituted with an acetyl group at O-2 and O-3 positions, and α-(1→2)-linked 4-O-methylglucopyranosyluronic acid (MeGlcpA). Acetyl xylan esterases (AcXE) that target mono- or doubly acetylated Xylp are well characterized; however, the previously studied AcXE from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjoAcXE) was the first to remove the acetyl group from 2-O-MeGlcpA-3-O-acetyl-substituted Xylp units, yet structural characteristics of these enzymes remain unspecified. Here, six homologs of FjoAcXE were produced and three crystal structures of the enzymes were solved. Two of them are complex structures, one with bound MeGlcpA and another with acetate. All homologs were confirmed to release acetate from 2-O-MeGlcpA-3-O-acetyl-substituted xylan, and the crystal structures point to key structural elements that might serve as defining features of this unclassified carbohydrate esterase family. Enzymes comprised two domains: N-terminal CBM domain and a C-terminal SGNH domain. In FjoAcXE and all studied homologs, the sequence motif around the catalytic serine is Gly-Asn-Ser-Ile (GNSI), which differs from other SGNH hydrolases. Binding by the MeGlcpA-Xylp ligand is directed by positively charged and highly conserved residues at the interface of the CBM and SGNH domains of the enzyme.
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15
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Carbohydrate esterase family 16 contains fungal hemicellulose acetyl esterases (HAEs) with varying specificity. N Biotechnol 2022; 70:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Kojima K, Sunagawa N, Yoshimi Y, Tryfona T, Samejima M, Dupree P, Igarashi K. Acetylated xylan degradation by glycoside hydrolase family 10 and 11 xylanases from the white-rot fungus <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i>. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2022; 69:35-43. [PMID: 35891899 PMCID: PMC9276525 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-type xylanases are key enzymes in microbial xylanolytic systems, and xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 or 11 are the major enzymes degrading xylan in nature. These enzymes have typically been characterized using xylan prepared by alkaline extraction, which removes acetyl sidechains from the substrate, and thus the effect of acetyl groups on xylan degradation remains unclear. Here, we compare the ability of GH10 and 11 xylanases, PcXyn10A and PcXyn11B, from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade acetylated and deacetylated xylan from various plants. Product quantification revealed that PcXyn10A effectively degraded both acetylated xylan extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana and the deacetylated xylan obtained by alkaline treatment, generating xylooligosaccharides. In contrast, PcXyn11B showed limited activity towards acetyl xylan, but showed significantly increased activity after deacetylation of the xylan. Polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis showed that PcXyn11B generated a broad range of products from native acetylated xylans extracted from birch wood and rice straw, including large residual xylooligosaccharides, while non-acetylated xylan from Japanese cedar was readily degraded into xylooligosaccharides. These results suggest that the degradability of native xylan by GH11 xylanases is highly dependent on the extent of acetyl group substitution. Analysis of 31 fungal genomes in the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes database indicated that the presence of GH11 xylanases is correlated to that of carbohydrate esterase (CE) family 1 acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs), while this is not the case for GH10 xylanases. These findings may imply co-evolution of GH11 xylanases and CE1 AXEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kojima
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge
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17
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Chen K. 2D NMR peak profiling to compare chemical differences between batches of pentosan polysulfate sodium. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114589. [PMID: 35038672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (PPS) is a semi-synthetic polysulfated xylan sourced from beechwood tree barks. PPS, which is mainly composed of a xylose chain with branched O-methyl-glucuronate (MGA), can have heterogeneity in monosaccharide species, sequence and chemical modifications including sulfation and acetylation. The monosaccharide composition in polysaccharide therapeutics is a frequently quoted quality attribute (QA), which has been assessed using two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C HSQC NMR. However, the sensitivity of 2D NMR for the assessment of PPS inter-lot variability from the same manufacturer was unclear and questions remained whether 2D NMR had sufficient sensitivity to distinguish normal batch to batch variations in this QA. Here, a 2D peak profile method was applied to compare high-resolution semi-quantitative (semi-q) HSQC spectra with the inclusion of intermediate precision spectra collected on two PPS drug lots released 29 months apart (where one of the lots was expired). The semi-q HSQC NMR confirmed the mass equivalence of total polysaccharides, O-Methyl and acetyl groups between the two lots. The 2D spectral peak profile results readily identified significant lot-to-lot differences (p < 0.05) in relative distribution among most monosaccharide species, in addition to heterogeneity in MGA distribution and acetyl transfer from PPS to free acetate in the expired lot. Precisely measured chemical QAs are prerequisites to establish normal batch variation in the innovator product, providing important reference ranges for complex generic drug developers. Overall, high-resolution semi-q HSQC NMR may provide a sensitive tool to measure fine chemical differences in polysaccharide therapeutics needed to establish chemical QAs and compare batches without concerns of intrinsic NMR method variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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18
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Wang HT, Bharadwaj VS, Yang JY, Curry TM, Moremen KW, Bomble YJ, Urbanowicz BR. Rational enzyme design for controlled functionalization of acetylated xylan for cell-free polymer biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118564. [PMID: 34560975 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylan O-acetyltransferase 1 (XOAT1) is involved in O-acetylating the backbone of hemicellulose xylan. Recent structural analysis of XOAT1 showed two unequal lobes forming a cleft that is predicted to accommodate and position xylan acceptors into proximity with the catalytic triad. Here, we used docking and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the optimal orientation of xylan in the binding cleft of XOAT1 and identify putative key residues (Gln445 and Arg444 on Minor lobe & Asn312, Met311 and Asp403 on Major lobe) involved in substrate interactions. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with biochemical analyses revealed the major lobe of XOAT1 is important for xylan binding. Mutation of single key residues yielded XOAT1 variants with various enzymatic efficiencies that are applicable to one-pot synthesis of xylan polymers with different degrees of O-acetylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of computational modeling in guiding enzyme engineering aimed at modulating xylan and redesigning plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas M Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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Wang ZK, Huang C, Zhong JL, Wang Y, Tang L, Li B, Sheng JJ, Chen L, Sun S, Shen X. Valorization of Chinese hickory shell as novel sources for the efficient production of xylooligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:226. [PMID: 34838122 PMCID: PMC8626943 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hickory shell, a by-product of the food industry, is still not utilized and urgent to develop sustainable technologies for its valorization. This research focuses on the systematical evaluation of degraded products and xylooligosaccharide production with high yield from the shell via hydrothermal process. The pretreatment was carried out in a bath pressurized reactor at 140-220 °C for 0.5-2 h. The results indicated that the pretreatment condition strongly affected the chemical structures and compositions of the liquid fraction. The maximum yield of XOS (55.3 wt%) with limitation of by-products formation was achieved at 160 °C for 2 h. High temperature (220 °C) and short time (0.5 h) contributed to hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharide with high DP to yield 37.5 wt% xylooligosaccharide with DP from 2 to 6. Xylooligosaccharide obtained mainly consisted of xylan with branches according to the HSQC NMR analysis. Overall, the production of XOS with a high yield from food waste will facilitate the valorization of food waste in the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jun-Lei Zhong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lv Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shaolong Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - XiaoJun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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20
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Lassfolk R, Bertuzzi S, Ardá A, Wärnå J, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Leino R. Kinetic Studies of Acetyl Group Migration between the Saccharide Units in an Oligomannoside Trisaccharide Model Compound and a Native Galactoglucomannan Polysaccharide. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2986-2995. [PMID: 34405515 PMCID: PMC8597014 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl group migration is a fundamental phenomenon in carbohydrate chemistry, recently shown to take place also between two non-adjacent hydroxyl groups, across the glycosidic bond, in a β-(1→4)-linked mannan trisaccharide model compound. With the central mannoside unit containing acetyl groups at the O2 and O3 positions, the O2-acetyl was in the earlier study shown to migrate to O6 of the reducing end. Potential implications of the general acyl migration process on cell signaling events and plant growth in nature are intriguing open questions. In the present work, migration kinetics in this original trisaccharide model system were studied in more detail together with potential interactions of the model compound and the migration products with DC-SIGN lectin. Furthermore, we demonstrate here for the first time that similar migration may also take place in native polysaccharides, here represented by galactoglucomannan from Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
- Department of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
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21
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Chen Y, Xie Y, Ajuwon KM, Zhong R, Li T, Chen L, Zhang H, Beckers Y, Everaert N. Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:731930. [PMID: 34568407 PMCID: PMC8458953 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.731930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are considered as functional oligosaccharides and have great prebiotic potential. XOS are the degraded products of xylan prepared via chemical, physical or enzymatic degradation. They are mainly composed of xylose units linked by β-1, 4 bonds. XOS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility and high temperature resistance, but also have a variety of functional biological activities including anti-inflammation, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial properties and so on. Numerous studies have revealed in the recent decades that XOS can be applied to many food and feed products and exert their nutritional benefits. XOS have also been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence of human health-related diseases, improve the growth and resistance to diseases of animals. These effects open a new perspective on XOS potential applications for human consumption and animal production. Herein, this review aims to provide a general overview of preparation methods for XOS, and will also discuss the current application of XOS to human and animal health field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yining Xie
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Departments of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Hunan United Bio-Technology Co., Changsha, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yves Beckers
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
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22
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Vuong TV, Master ER. Enzymatic upgrading of heteroxylans for added-value chemicals and polymers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 73:51-60. [PMID: 34311175 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is one of the most abundant, natural polysaccharides, and much recent interest focuses on upgrading heteroxylan to make use of its unique structures and chemistries. Significant progress has been made in the discovery and application of novel enzymes for debranching and modifying heteroxylans. Debranching enzymes include acetylxylan esterases, α-l-arabinofuranosidases and α-dglucuronidases that release side groups from the xylan backbone to recover both biochemicals and less substituted xylans for polymer applications in food packaging or drug delivery systems. Besides esterases and hydrolases, many oxidoreductases including carbohydrate oxidases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, laccases and peroxidases have been also applied to alter different types of xylans for improved physical and chemical properties. This review will highlight the recent discovery and application of enzymes for upgrading xylans for use as added-value chemicals and in functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu V Vuong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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23
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Liu D, Tang W, Xin Y, Wang ZX, Huang XJ, Hu JL, Yin JY, Nie SP, Xie MY. Isolation and structure characterization of glucuronoxylans from Dolichos lablab L. hull. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1026-1036. [PMID: 33865892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides were extracted by hot water and alkali in sequence from Dolichos lablab L. hull, and further purified by ion-exchange and gel columns. Hot water extracted D. lablab hull polysaccharide (DLHP) was rich in glucuronoxylan and pectin, and alkali extracted polysaccharide (DLHAP) mostly embraced glucuronoxylan. The structures of purified glucuronoxylans from DLHP and DLHAP were mainly analyzed by HPAEC-PAD, methylation combined with GC-MS, NMR and SEC-MALLS. DLHP-1 was identified as acetylated glucuronoxylan containing →4)-β-Xylp-(1→ backbone with substitution at O-2 site by α-GlcpA/4-O-methyl-α-GlcpA. The molar ratio of β-Xylp to α-GlcpA was 6.9:1, and acetylation was mainly at O-3 site of β-Xylp with acetylation degree of 21.5%. DLHP-1 and DLHP-2 had similar physicochemical properties, except for molecular weight (Mw). DLHAP-1 was the non-methylated glucuronoxylan almost without acetylation, and it had the molar ratio of β-Xylp to α-GlcpA of 5.6:1. Besides, DLHP-1 (Mw of 20.0 × 103 g mol-1) adopted semi-flexible chain, while DLHAP-1 (Mw of 15.4 × 103 g mol-1) showed flexible chain. These results provided a structural basis for study on polysaccharides from D. lablab hull, which was benefit for understanding biological activities and developing functional food or pharmaceuticals of D. lablab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ze-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
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24
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Sun SC, Sun D, Cao XF. Effect of integrated treatment on enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cocksfoot grass and the structural characteristics of co-produced hemicelluloses. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:88. [PMID: 33827662 PMCID: PMC8028065 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with high biomass yield and rich cellulose can be used to produce bioethanol as fuel additive. In view of this, ultrasonic and hydrothermal pretreatments followed by successive alkali extractions were assembled into an integrated biorefinery process applied on cocksfoot grass to improve its enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, the effects of ultrasonic and hydrothermal pretreatments followed by sequential alkali extractions on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cocksfoot grass were investigated. In addition, since large amount of hemicelluloses were released during the hydrothermal pretreatment and alkali extraction process, the yields, structural characteristics and differentials of water- and alkali-soluble hemicellulosic fractions isolated from different treatments were also comparatively explored. RESULTS The integrated treatment significantly removed amorphous hemicelluloses and lignin, resulting in increased crystallinity of the treated residues. A maximum saccharification rate of 95.1% was obtained from the cellulose-rich substrate after the integrated treatment. In addition, the considerable hemicelluloses (31.4% water-soluble hemicelluloses and 53.4% alkali-soluble hemicelluloses) were isolated during the integrated treatment. The released water-soluble hemicellulosic fractions were found to be more branched as compared with the alkali-soluble hemicellulosic fractions and all hemicellulosic fractions were mixed polysaccharides mainly composed of branched xylans and β-glucans. CONCLUSION The combination of ultrasonic and hydrothermal pretreatments followed by successive alkali extractions can dramatically increase the enzymatic saccharification rate of the substrates and produce considerable amounts of hemicelluloses. Detailed information about the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of the treated substrates and the structural characteristics of the co-produced hemicelluloses will help the synergistic utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose in cocksfoot grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Dan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xue-Fei Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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25
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Comparison of Polysaccharides Extracted from Cultivated Mycelium of Inonotus obliquus with Polysaccharide Fractions Obtained from Sterile Conk (Chaga) and Birch Heart Rot. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030189. [PMID: 33800424 PMCID: PMC8000984 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharides of the sterile conk of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) have demonstrated multiple bioactivities. The mycelium of this basidiomycete, obtained after submerged cultivation, has been considered a feasible alternative to the sterile conk for the production of polysaccharides. However, previous research has paid little attention to the differences in the structures of polymers obtained from the different resources. Moreover, the birch wood colonized by I. obliquus has never been investigated as a source of bioactive polysaccharides. In the present study, polysaccharide fractions produced from cultivated mycelium, sterile conks of different geographical origins, and birch heart rot were investigated. High amounts of phenolic compounds, possibly lignans, were bound to the sterile conk polysaccharides. Mycelial polysaccharides were rich in α- and β-glucans and had high (105 Da) and low (104 Da) molecular weight populations. On the other hand, sterile conk polysaccharides were mainly β-glucan of lower and monodispersed molecular weight (103 Da). Heart rot polysaccharides were comprised mainly of low molecular weight (103 Da) hemicelluloses. Nevertheless, fungal polysaccharides were identified in the extracts. The differences in structure and molecular properties among the polysaccharide fractions of mycelium, heart rot, and sterile conk are likely associated with differences in bioactivities and, therefore, in nutraceutical potential.
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Xylanases of glycoside hydrolase family 30 - An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107704. [PMID: 33548454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in nature and as such it is a huge source of renewable carbon. Its bioconversion requires a battery of xylanolytic enzymes. Of them the most important are the endo-β-1,4-xylanases which depolymerize the polysaccharide into smaller fragments. Most of the xylanases are members of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11, although they are classified in some other GH families. The relatively new xylanases of GH30 are of special interest. Initially, they appeared to be specific glucuronoxylanases, however, other specificities were found later among prokaryotic and in particular eukaryotic enzymes. This review gives an overview of the substrate and product specificities observed for the GH30 xylanases characterized to date. An emphasis is given to the structure-activity relationship in order to explain how minor differences in catalytic centre and its vicinity can alter catalytic properties from the endoxylanase into the reducing end xylose releasing exoxylanase or into the non-reducing end xylobiohydrolase. Biotechnological potential of the GH30 xylanases is also considered.
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Sun SF, Yang HY, Yang J, Wang DW, Shi ZJ. Integrated treatment of perennial ryegrass: Structural characterization of hemicelluloses and improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Qaseem MF, Wu AM. Balanced Xylan Acetylation is the Key Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, and Cell Wall Structure and for Industrial Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217875. [PMID: 33114198 PMCID: PMC7660596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions. Thus, the present review focuses on the latest advances in understanding xylan acetylation and deacetylation and explores their effects on plant growth and development. Baseline knowledge about precise regulation of xylan acetylation and deacetylation is pivotal to developing plant biomass better suited for second-generation liquid biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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Characterization of hemicelluloses in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) culm during xylogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1119-1128. [PMID: 33035529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are effective renewable biopolymers that can be used in many different industrial processes and preparations. In plants, the content of hemicellulose might change with different developmental stages and/or tissues. Thus, in here chemical and structural differences in hemicellulose isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of sugarcane stem were characterized using chemical techniques. Further, difference in expression levels of genes related to synthesis of hemicelluloses from these three segments were studied by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR etc. The sugarcane hemicellulose backbone was xylose residues connected via β-1,4 glycosidic linkages which was further substituted with arabinose, acetyl and glucuronic acid side chains. Hemicellulose content was higher in the middle and basal segments with less backbone substitutions compared to apical segments. In terms of gene expression, hemicellulose synthesis and modification genes were intensely expressed in middle and basal segments. Taken together, our research describes differences in hemicellulose content and substitutions in sugarcane during xylogenesis, which will increase our knowledge for finding more refined use of sugarcane bagasse.
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Hero JS, Morales AH, Perotti NI, Romero CM, Martinez MA. Improved development in magnetic Xyl-CLEAs technology for biotransformation of agro-industrial by-products through the use of a novel macromolecular cross-linker. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hettikankanamalage AA, Lassfolk R, Ekholm FS, Leino R, Crich D. Mechanisms of Stereodirecting Participation and Ester Migration from Near and Far in Glycosylation and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7104-7151. [PMID: 32627532 PMCID: PMC7429366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is the counterpart of a 2018 Chemical Reviews article (Adero, P. O.; Amarasekara, H.; Wen, P.; Bohé, L.; Crich, D. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 8242-8284) that examined the mechanisms of chemical glycosylation in the absence of stereodirecting participation. Attention is now turned to a critical review of the evidence in support of stereodirecting participation in glycosylation reactions by esters from either the vicinal or more remote positions. As participation by esters is often accompanied by ester migration, the mechanism(s) of migration are also reviewed. Esters are central to the entire review, which accordingly opens with an overview of their structure and their influence on the conformations of six-membered rings. Next the structure and relative energetics of dioxacarbeniun ions are covered with emphasis on the influence of ring size. The existing kinetic evidence for participation is then presented followed by an overview of the various intermediates either isolated or characterized spectroscopically. The evidence supporting participation from remote or distal positions is critically examined, and alternative hypotheses for the stereodirecting effect of such esters are presented. The mechanisms of ester migration are first examined from the perspective of glycosylation reactions and then more broadly in the context of partially acylated polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiri A. Hettikankanamalage
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Lassfolk
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wang Z, Pawar PMA, Derba-Maceluch M, Hedenström M, Chong SL, Tenkanen M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Hybrid Aspen Expressing a Carbohydrate Esterase Family 5 Acetyl Xylan Esterase Under Control of a Wood-Specific Promoter Shows Improved Saccharification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32322259 PMCID: PMC7156598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growing broad-leaf tree species can serve as feedstocks for production of bio-based chemicals and fuels through biochemical conversion of wood to monosaccharides. This conversion is hampered by the xylan acetylation pattern. To reduce xylan acetylation in the wood, the Hypocrea jecorina acetyl xylan esterase (HjAXE) from carbohydrate esterase (CE) family 5 was expressed in hybrid aspen under the control of the wood-specific PtGT43B promoter and targeted to the secretory pathway. The enzyme was predicted to deacetylate polymeric xylan in the vicinity of cellulose due to the presence of a cellulose-binding module. Cell-wall-bound protein fractions from developing wood of transgenic plants were capable of releasing acetyl from finely ground wood powder, indicative of active AXE present in cell walls of these plants, whereas no such activity was detected in wild-type plants. The transgenic lines grew in height and diameter as well as wild-type trees, whereas their internodes were slightly shorter, indicating higher leaf production. The average acetyl content in the wood of these lines was reduced by 13%, mainly due to reductions in di-acetylated xylose units, and in C-2 and C-3 mono-acetylated xylose units. Analysis of soluble cell wall polysaccharides revealed a 4% reduction in the fraction of xylose units and an 18% increase in the fraction of glucose units, whereas the contents of cellulose and lignin were not affected. Enzymatic saccharification of wood from transgenic plants resulted in 27% higher glucose yield than for wild-type plants. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Simons' staining pointed toward larger surface area and improved cellulose accessibility for wood from transgenic plants compared to wood from wild-type plants, which could be achieved by HjAXE deacetylating xylan bound to cellulose. The results show that CE5 family can serve as a source of enzymes for in planta reduction of recalcitrance to saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hedenström
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif J. Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Puchart V, Gjermansen M, Mastihubová M, Mørkeberg Krogh KB, Biely P. Positional specificity of Flavobacterium johnsoniae acetylxylan esterase and acetyl group migration on xylan main chain. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lahtinen MH, Valoppi F, Juntti V, Heikkinen S, Kilpeläinen PO, Maina NH, Mikkonen KS. Lignin-Rich PHWE Hemicellulose Extracts Responsible for Extended Emulsion Stabilization. Front Chem 2019; 7:871. [PMID: 31921786 PMCID: PMC6927942 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood hemicelluloses have an excellent capacity to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Galactoglucomannans (GGM) from spruce and glucuronoxylans (GX) from birch provide multifunctional protection against physical breakdown and lipid oxidation in emulsions. Phenolic residues, coextracted with hemicelluloses using the pressurized hot water (PHWE) process, seem to further enhance emulsion stability. According to hypothesis, phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses deliver and anchor hemicelluloses at the emulsion interface. This study is the first to characterize the structure of the phenolic residues in both GGM- and GX-rich wood extracts and their role in the stabilization of emulsions. PHWE GGM and GX were fractionated by centrifugation to obtain concentrated phenolic residues as one fraction (GGM-phe and GX-phe) and partially purified hemicelluloses as the other fraction (GGM-pur and GX-pur). To evaluate the role of each fraction in terms of physical and oxidative stabilization, rapeseed oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using GGM, GX, GGM-pur, and GX-pur as stabilizers. Changes in droplet-size distribution and peroxide values were measured during a 3-month accelerated storage test. The results for fresh emulsions indicated that the phenolic-rich fractions in hemicelluloses take part in the formation of emulsions. Furthermore, results from the accelerated storage test indicated that phenolic structures improve the long-term physical stability of emulsions. According to measured peroxide values, all hemicelluloses examined inhibited lipid oxidation in emulsions, GX being the most effective. This indicates that phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses act as antioxidants in emulsions. According to chemical characterization using complementary methods, the phenolic fractions, GGM-phe and GX-phe, were composed mainly of lignin. Furthermore, the total carbohydrate content of the phenolic fractions was clearly lower compared to the starting hemicelluloses GGM and GX, and the purified fractions GGM-pur and GX-pur. Apparently, the phenolic structures were enriched in the GGM-phe and GX-phe fractions, which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as well as by other characterization methods. The frequency of the main bonding pattern in lignins, the β-O-4 structure, was clearly very high, suggesting that extracted lignin remains in native form. Furthermore, the lignin carbohydrate complex of γ-ester type was found, which could explain the excellent stabilizing properties of PHWE hemicelluloses in emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit H Lahtinen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venla Juntti
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ndegwa H Maina
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Koh S, Imamura S, Fujino N, Mizuno M, Sato N, Makishima S, Biely P, Amano Y. Characterization of Acetylxylan Esterase from White-Rot Fungus Irpex lacteus. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:131-137. [PMID: 34429691 PMCID: PMC8367635 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate esterase family 1 (CE1) in CAZy contains acetylxylan esterases (AXEs) and feruloyl esterases (FAEs). Here we cloned a gene coding for an AXE belonging to CE1 from Irpex lacteus (IlAXE1). IlAXE1 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. IlAXE1 hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl acetate, α-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, however, it did not show any activity on ethyl ferulate and methyl p-coumarate. We also examined the activity on partially acetylated and feruloylated xylan extracted from corncob by hydrothermal reaction. Similarly, ferulic and p-coumaric acids were not liberated, and acetic acid was only detected in the reaction mixture. The results indicated that IlAXE1 is an acetylxylan esterase actually reacted to acetyl xylan. However, since IlAXE1 was unable to completely release acetic acid esterifying xylopyranosyl residues, it is assumed that acetyl groups exhibiting resistance to deacetylation by IlAXE1 are present in corn cob xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Koh
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Seika Imamura
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | - Masahiro Mizuno
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University
| | | | - Satoshi Makishima
- 4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University.,5 B Food Science Co., Ltd
| | - Peter Biely
- 6 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | - Yoshihiko Amano
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University
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Wang KL, Wang B, Hu R, Zhao X, Li H, Zhou G, Song L, Wu AM. Characterization of hemicelluloses in Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) culm during xylogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sznaider F, Rojas AM, Stortz CA, Navarro DA. Chemical structure and rheological studies of arabinoglucuronoxylans from the Cercidium praecox exudate brea gum. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 228:115388. [PMID: 31635746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the arabinoglucuronoxylans from brea gum was elucidated through an chemical and NMR spectroscopical analysis. They are composed of xylose, arabinose, glucuronic acid and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid in a molar ratio 1:0.44:0.16:0.22. The structure consists of a central chain of (1→4)-β-d-xylopyranose of which ca.70% are susbstituted in C2 with single stubs of others sugars (β-d-Xylp, α-d-GlcpA and 4-O-Me-α-d-GlcpA), with disaccharides (α-l-Arap-(1→2)-4-O-Me-α-d-GlcpA-(1→, α-l-Arap-(1→2)-α-d-GlcpA-(1→, β-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→ and α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→5), and possibly with trisaccharides of xylose. The determination of the location of the acetyl groups and their quantification in these arabinoglucuronoxylans has been achieved for the first time. Brea gum presents a higher thickening effect than gum arabic in 5% aqueous solution, demonstrating its potential usefulness for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sznaider
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR/CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ/CONICET), Departamento de Industrias, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Stortz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR/CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Navarro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR/CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kumar V, Hainaut M, Delhomme N, Mannapperuma C, Immerzeel P, Street NR, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes: whole-genome annotation and functional analyses based on RNA expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:589-609. [PMID: 31111606 PMCID: PMC6852159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyze the formation and modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, starch, secondary metabolites and cell wall biopolymers. They are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of food and renewable biomass. Woody biomass is particularly important for long-term carbon storage and as an abundant renewable natural resource for many industrial applications. This study presents a re-annotation of CAZyme genes in the current Populus trichocarpa genome assembly and in silico functional characterization, based on high-resolution RNA-Seq data sets. Altogether, 1914 CAZyme and expansin genes were annotated in 101 families. About 1797 of these genes were found expressed in at least one Populus organ. We identified genes involved in the biosynthesis of different cell wall polymers and their paralogs. Whereas similar families exist in poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana (with the exception of CBM13 found only in poplar), a few families had significantly different copy numbers between the two species. To identify the transcriptional coordination and functional relatedness within the CAZymes and other proteins, we performed co-expression network analysis of CAZymes in wood-forming tissues using the AspWood database (http://aspwood.popgenie.org/aspwood-v3.0/) for Populus tremula. This provided an overview of the transcriptional changes in CAZymes during the transition from primary to secondary wall formation, and the clustering of transcripts into potential regulons. Candidate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides were identified along with many tissue-specific uncharacterized genes and transcription factors. These collections offer a rich source of targets for the modification of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and other developmental processes in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | | | - Peter Immerzeel
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
- Chemical EngineeringKarlstad UniversityKarlstad65188Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R. Street
- Umeå Plant Science CenterPlant Physiology DepartmentUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Liu H, Hui L, Wang H, Liu H. Characterization of liquefied products from corn stalk and its biomass components by polyhydric alcohols with phosphoric acid. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 215:170-178. [PMID: 30981342 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were directly separated from corn stalk, and their liquefaction processes were investigated via acid-catalyzed solvolysis treatment with 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) to produce bio-oil and residues. The main components, functional groups and organics structure of bio-oil were analyzed by the FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, GCMS, and TGA. It was found that there had a similar tendency in the liquefaction processes of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Corn stalk and its biomass components were degraded and formed plentiful low-molecular polymers by acid catalysis, prior to polymers were converted into corresponding PG/DEG-derivatives. Finally, low-molecular weight soluble substances and insoluble residues were generated by decomposition and polymerization. Additionally, more than 80% compounds' carbon number in four bio-oils was below 25. The residues were mostly stemmed from macromolecules produced by degradation products and PG/DEG or re-polymerization between degraded small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Haitang Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lanfeng Hui
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haoyue Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Puchart V, Mørkeberg Krogh KB, Biely P. Glucuronoxylan 3-O-acetylated on uronic acid-substituted xylopyranosyl residues and its hydrolysis by GH10, GH11 and GH30 endoxylanases. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 205:217-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lassfolk R, Rahkila J, Johansson MP, Ekholm FS, Wärnå J, Leino R. Acetyl Group Migration across the Saccharide Units in Oligomannoside Model Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1646-1654. [PMID: 30586298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated oligosaccharides are common in nature. While they are involved in several biochemical and biological processes, the role of the acetyl groups and the complexity of their migration has largely gone unnoticed. In this work, by combination of organic synthesis, NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling, we show that acetyl group migration is a much more complex phenomenon than previously known. By use of synthetic oligomannoside model compounds, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the migration of acetyl groups in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides may not be limited to transfer within a single monosaccharide moiety, but may also involve migration over a glycosidic bond between two different saccharide units. The observed phenomenon is not only interesting from the chemical point of view, but it also raises new questions about the potential biological role of acylated carbohydrates in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University , FI-20500 Åbo , Finland
| | - Jani Rahkila
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University , FI-20500 Åbo , Finland
| | - Mikael P Johansson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, HELSUS , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi University , FI-20500 Åbo , Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University , FI-20500 Åbo , Finland
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Donev E, Gandla ML, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Engineering Non-cellulosic Polysaccharides of Wood for the Biorefinery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1537. [PMID: 30405672 PMCID: PMC6206411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-cellulosic polysaccharides constitute approximately one third of usable woody biomass for human exploitation. In contrast to cellulose, these substances are composed of several different types of unit monosaccharides and their backbones are substituted by various groups. Their structural diversity and recent examples of their modification in transgenic plants and mutants suggest they can be targeted for improving wood-processing properties, thereby facilitating conversion of wood in a biorefinery setting. Critical knowledge on their structure-function relationship is slowly emerging, although our understanding of molecular interactions responsible for observed phenomena is still incomplete. This review: (1) provides an overview of structural features of major non-cellulosic polysaccharides of wood, (2) describes the fate of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during biorefinery processing, (3) shows how the non-cellulosic polysaccharides impact lignocellulose processing focused on yields of either sugars or polymers, and (4) discusses outlooks for the improvement of tree species for biorefinery by modifying the structure of non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Eucalyptus xylan: An in-house-produced substrate for xylanase evaluation to substitute birchwood xylan. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yue PP, Fu GQ, Hu YJ, Bian J, Li MF, Shi ZJ, Peng F. Changes of Chemical Composition and Hemicelluloses Structure in Differently Aged Bamboo ( Neosinocalamus affinis) Culms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9199-9208. [PMID: 30102859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the differences in chemical composition analysis and spatial distribution of young Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo, we used the methods of standard of National Renewable Energy Laboratory and confocal Raman microscopy, respectively. It was found that the acid-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin content showed an inverse relationship with the increasing bamboo age. Raman analysis revealed that Raman signal intensity of lignin in both the secondary cell wall and the compound middle lamella regions showed a similar increase trend with growth of bamboo. In addition, eight hemicellulosic fractions were obtained by successively treating holocellulose of the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo culms with DMSO and alkaline solution. The ratio of arabinose to xylose of hemicelluloses was increased with the growth of bamboo. FT-IR and NMR analyses revealed that DMSO-soluble hemicelluloses of young bamboo culms are mainly composed of highly substituted xylans and β-d-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Gen-Que Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ya-Jie Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Zheng-Jun Shi
- College of Material Science and Technology , Southwest Forestry University , Kunming 650224 , China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
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Xu JY, Yuan TQ, Xiao L, Sun RC. Effect of ultrasonic time on the structural and physico-chemical properties of hemicelluloses from Eucalyptus grandis. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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NMR and ESI–MS spectrometry characterization of autohydrolysis xylo-oligosaccharides separated by gel permeation chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arai T, Biely P, Uhliariková I, Sato N, Makishima S, Mizuno M, Nozaki K, Kaneko S, Amano Y. Structural characterization of hemicellulose released from corn cob in continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:222-230. [PMID: 30143337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal reaction is known to be one of the most efficient procedures to extract hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic biomass. We investigated the molecular structure of xylooligosaccharides released from corn cob in a continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor designed in our group. The fraction precipitable from the extract with four volumes of ethanol was examined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS before and after enzymatic treatment with different purified enzymes. The released water-soluble hemicellulose was found to correspond to a mixture of wide degree of polymerization range of acetylarabinoglucuronoxylan fragments (further as corn cob xylan abbreviated CX). Analysis of enzymatic hydrolyzates of CX with an acetylxylan esterase, GH3 β-xylosidase, GH10 and GH11 xylanases revealed that the main chain contains unsubstituted regions mixed with regions of xylopyranosyl residues partially acetylated and occasionally substituted by 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid and arabinofuranose esterified with ferulic or coumaric acid. Single 2- and 3-O-acetylation was accompanied by 2,3-di-O-acetylation and 3-O-acetylation of Xylp residues substituted with MeGlcA. Most of the non-esterified arabinofuranose side residues were lost during the hydrodynamic process. Despite reduced branching, the acetylation and ferulic acid modification of pentose residues contribute to high yields and high solubility of the extracted CX. It is also shown that different enzyme treatments of CX may lead to various types of xylooligosaccharides of different biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arai
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Uhliariková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Satoshi Makishima
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishiara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Amano
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
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Pauly M, Ramírez V. New Insights Into Wall Polysaccharide O-Acetylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1210. [PMID: 30186297 PMCID: PMC6110886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of plants, algae, bacteria, fungi, and some archaea consist of a semipermeable composite containing polysaccharides. Many of these polysaccharides are O-acetylated imparting important physiochemical properties to the polymers. The position and degree of O-acetylation is genetically determined and varies between organisms, cell types, and developmental stages. Despite the importance of wall polysaccharide O-acetylation, only recently progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism of O-acetylation. In plants, three protein families are involved in the transfer of the acetyl substituents to the various polysaccharides. In other organisms, this mechanism seems to be conserved, although the number of required components varies. In this review, we provide an update on the latest advances on plant polysaccharide O-acetylation and related information from other wall polysaccharide O-acetylating organisms such as bacteria and fungi. The biotechnological impact of understanding wall polysaccharide O-acetylation ranges from the design of novel drugs against human pathogenic bacteria to the development of improved lignocellulosic feedstocks for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology – Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Understanding the structural and functional properties of carbohydrate esterases with a special focus on hemicellulose deacetylating acetyl xylan esterases. Mycology 2018; 9:273-295. [PMID: 30533253 PMCID: PMC6282417 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1492979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl and methyl esterifications are two major naturally found substitutions in the plant cell-wall polysaccharides. The non-cellulosic plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicellulose are differentially esterified by the O-acetyl and methyl groups to cease the action of various hydrolytic enzymes secreted by different fungi and bacterial species. Thus, microorganisms have emerged with a special class of enzymes known as carbohydrate esterases (CE). The CE catalyse O-de, N-deacetylation of acetylated saccharide residues (esters or amides, where sugars play the role of alcohol/amine/acid). Carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) database has classified CE into 16 classes, of which hemicellulose deacetylating CE were grouped into eight classes (CE-1 to CE-7 and CE-16). Various plant biomass degrading fungi and bacteria secretes acetyl xylan esterases (AcXE); however, these enzymes exhibit varied substrate specificities. AcXE and xylanases-coupled pretreatment methods exhibit significant applications, such as enhancing animal feedstock, baking industry, production of food additives, paper and pulp, xylitol production and biorefinery-based industries, respectively. Thus, understanding the structural and functional properties of acetyl xylan esterase will significantly aid in developing the efficient AcXE with wide range of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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