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Jurecki E, Ueda K, Frazier D, Rohr F, Thompson A, Hussa C, Obernolte L, Reineking B, Roberts AM, Yannicelli S, Osara Y, Stembridge A, Splett P, Singh RH. Nutrition management guideline for propionic acidemia: An evidence- and consensus-based approach. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:341-354. [PMID: 30879957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Jurecki
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA.
| | - K Ueda
- British Colombia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - D Frazier
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F Rohr
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Thompson
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - C Hussa
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - L Obernolte
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B Reineking
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Y Osara
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - P Splett
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Stepien KM, Heaton R, Rankin S, Murphy A, Bentley J, Sexton D, Hargreaves IP. Evidence of Oxidative Stress and Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Disorders. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E71. [PMID: 28753922 PMCID: PMC5532579 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6070071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases and conditions. Oxidative stress occurs once the antioxidant defenses of the body become overwhelmed and are no longer able to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS can then go unchallenged and are able to cause oxidative damage to cellular lipids, DNA and proteins, which will eventually result in cellular and organ dysfunction. Although not always the primary cause of disease, mitochondrial dysfunction as a secondary consequence disease of pathophysiology can result in increased ROS generation together with an impairment in cellular energy status. Mitochondrial dysfunction may result from either free radical-induced oxidative damage or direct impairment by the toxic metabolites which accumulate in certain metabolic diseases. In view of the importance of cellular antioxidant status, a number of therapeutic strategies have been employed in disorders associated with oxidative stress with a view to neutralising the ROS and reactive nitrogen species implicated in disease pathophysiology. Although successful in some cases, these adjunct therapies have yet to be incorporated into the clinical management of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence of oxidative stress, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant treatment efficacy in metabolic and non-metabolic diseases in which there is a current interest in these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Stepien
- The Mark Holland Metabolic Unit Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Robert Heaton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Scott Rankin
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Alex Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - James Bentley
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Darren Sexton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Richard E, Pérez B, Pérez-Cerdá C, Desviat LR. Understanding molecular mechanisms in propionic acidemia and investigated therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1092380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes catalyzing degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Previously, we reported a secondary plasma coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) deficiency in MPS patients. For this study, nine MPS patients were recruited in the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD, Barcelona) and two patients in the Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital (NMU, London), to explore the nutritional status of MPS type III patients by analyzing several vitamins and micronutrients in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid. Plasma CoQ and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) content were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical and fluorescence detection, respectively. We found that most MPS-III patients disclosed low plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) values (seven out of nine) and also low plasma CoQ concentrations (eight out of nine). We observed significantly lower median values of PLP, tocopherol, and CoQ (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.006, p = 0.004, and p = 0.001, respectively) in MPS patients when compared with age-matched controls. Chi-square test showed a significant association between the fact of having low plasma PLP and CoQ values in the whole cohort of patients. Cerebrospinal fluid PLP values were clearly deficient in the two patients studied. In conclusion, we report a combined CoQ and PLP deficiency in MPS-III patients. These observations could be related to the complexity of the physiopathology of the disease. If our results are confirmed in larger series of patients, CoQ and PLP therapy could be trialed as coadjuvant therapy with the current MPS treatments.
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de Diego-Otero Y, Calvo-Medina R, Quintero-Navarro C, Sánchez-Salido L, García-Guirado F, del Arco-Herrera I, Fernández-Carvajal I, Ferrando-Lucas T, Caballero-Andaluz R, Pérez-Costillas L. A combination of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol to test the effectiveness and safety in the fragile X syndrome: study protocol for a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:345. [PMID: 25187257 PMCID: PMC4168067 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited neurodevelopmental condition characterised by behavioural, learning disabilities, phisical and neurological symptoms. In addition, an important degree of comorbidity with autism is also present. Considered a rare disorder affecting both genders, it first becomes apparent during childhood with displays of language delay and behavioural symptoms. Main aim: To show whether the combination of 10 mg/kg/day of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 10 mg/kg/day of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) reduces FXS symptoms among male patients ages 6 to 18 years compared to placebo treatment, as measured on the standardized rating scales at baseline, and after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. Secondary aims: To assess the safety of the treatment. To describe behavioural and cognitive changes revealed by the Developmental Behaviour Checklist Short Form (DBC-P24) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised. To describe metabolic changes revealed by blood analysis. To measure treatment impact at home and in an academic environment. Methods/Design A phase II randomized, double-blind pilot clinical trial. Scope: male children and adolescents diagnosed with FXS, in accordance with a standardized molecular biology test, who met all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria. Instrumentation: clinical data, blood analysis, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised, Conners parent and teacher rating scale scores and the DBC-P24 results will be obtained at the baseline (t0). Follow up examinations will take place at 12 weeks (t1) and 24 weeks (t2) of treatment. Discussion A limited number of clinical trials have been carried out on children with FXS, but more are necessary as current treatment possibilities are insufficient and often provoke side effects. In the present study, we sought to overcome possible methodological problems by conducting a phase II pilot study in order to calculate the relevant statistical parameters and determine the safety of the proposed treatment. The results will provide evidence to improve hyperactivity control and reduce behavioural and learning problems using ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). The study protocol was approved by the Regional Government Committee for Clinical Trials in Andalusia and the Spanish agency for drugs and health products. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01329770 (29 March 2011)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda de Diego-Otero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Civil, Pabellón 2 bajo, Plaza del Hospital Civil S/N, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
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Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ, Schultz NE, Bedford H, Wong DM, Kersh K, Shelton GD. Equine multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) associated with seasonal pasture myopathy in the midwestern United States. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1012-8. [PMID: 22708588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM) is a highly fatal form of nonexertional rhabdomyolysis that occurs in pastured horses in the United States during autumn or spring. In Europe, a similar condition, atypical myopathy (AM), is common. Recently, a defect of lipid metabolism, multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), has been identified in horses with AM. OBJECTIVE To determine if SPM in the United States is caused by MADD. ANIMALS Six horses diagnosed with SPM based on history, clinical signs, and serum creatine kinase activity, or postmortem findings. METHODS Retrospective descriptive study. Submissions to the Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Minnesota were reviewed between April 2009 and January 2010 to identify cases of SPM. Inclusion criteria were pastured, presenting with acute nonexertional rhabdomyolysis, and serum, urine, or muscle samples available for analysis. Horses were evaluated for MADD by urine organic acids, serum acylcarnitines, muscle carnitine, or histopathology. RESULTS Six horses had clinical signs and, where performed (4/6 horses), postmortem findings consistent with SPM. Affected muscle (4/4) showed degeneration with intramyofiber lipid accumulation, decreased free carnitine concentration, and increased carnitine esters. Serum acylcarnitine profiles (3/3) showed increases in short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines and urinary organic acid profiles (3/3) revealed increased ethylmalonic and methylsuccinic acid levels, and glycine conjugates, consistent with equine MADD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Similar to AM, the biochemical defect causing SPM is MADD, which causes defective muscular lipid metabolism and excessive myofiber lipid content. Diagnosis can be made by assessing serum acylcarnitine and urine organic acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Oxidative Stress Parameters in Urine from Patients with Disorders of Propionate Metabolism: a Beneficial Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:77-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oxidative Stress in Phenylketonuria: What is the Evidence? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Vilaseca MA, Lambruschini N, Gómez-López L, Gutiérrez A, Moreno J, Tondo M, Artuch R, Campistol J. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in phenylketonuric patients treated with tetrahydrobiopterin. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:411-5. [PMID: 19948162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate LCPUFA composition in PKU patients treated with BH(4). DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of plasma and erythrocyte LCPUFA composition of 13 PKU patients treated with BH(4) compared with data from 48 PKU patients on protein-restricted diet, and 17 mild HPA patients on free diet. PUFA were analysed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Plasma and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and LCPUFA deficiency markers did not show significant differences in PKU patients on BH(4) compared with those with mild HPA and our reference values, but they did in comparison with PKU on protein-restricted diet (p<0.0001). Essential fatty acids and arachidonic acid composition were not significantly different in any of the studied groups. DHA values correlate with the index of dietary control only in PKU patients on protein-restricted diet (p=0.002). CONCLUSION LCPUFA status is within the reference values in PKU patients treated with BH(4). This translates to a further advantage of BH(4) therapy.
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Reduction of lipid and protein damage in patients with disorders of propionate metabolism under treatment: a possible protective role of
l
‐carnitine supplementation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 66:109-18. [PMID: 19823814 PMCID: PMC2805799 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oral vitamin E is used in several childhood diseases, but dosage recommendations differ. Few oral products have a marketing authorization for therapeutic use in children. Preliminary data indicate differences in bioavailability among the various vitamin E compounds. Our objective was to review published data on oral vitamin E therapy in neonates and children in order to establish dosage recommendations at a local level. Methods A literature search was conducted, including Medline Ovid, EMBASE (1980-Feb 2008), Cochrane databases, product monographs, handbooks, and textbooks. Results The main vitamin E compounds being used in children are α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, and tocofersolan. The most data are available on tocopheryl acetate, both in neonates and older children. In children with malabsorption disorders, tocofersolan appears to have an increased bioavailability compared to tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate. Published data on pharmacokinetics and dosages for clinical use are few and heterogeneous. No pharmacokinetic studies were found for tocofersolan in neonates and infants. There are few comparative studies on pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children. Dosages used in clinical studies and dosage recommendations in handbooks differ considerably. Conclusions The differences in dosing recommendations in children may be due to lack of systematic studies. Existing published data on oral vitamin E do not provide a basis for evaluation of dosage recommendations in children. Comparative clinical studies are required for scientific evaluation of pharmacokinetics, dosage regimens, and efficacy/ADR assessments in children.
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Experimental Evidence that Phenylalanine Provokes Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex of Developing Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:317-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mc Guire PJ, Parikh A, Diaz GA. Profiling of oxidative stress in patients with inborn errors of metabolism. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 98:173-80. [PMID: 19604711 PMCID: PMC2915835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Free radical formation resulting in oxidative stress is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction. Indeed, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be an underlying pathophysiologic process in various inborn errors of metabolism. Metabolic profiling of oxidative stress may provide a non-specific measure of disease activity that may further enable physicians to monitor disease. In the present study, we investigated two markers of oxidative damage in urinary samples from IEM subjects and controls: F-2 isoprostanes, a measure of lipid peroxidation and di-tyrosine, a measure of protein oxidation. We also determined urinary antioxidant activity in these samples. Subsets of IEM patients showed significantly higher levels of the damage markers isoprostanes and di-tyrosine. Of note, patients with cobalamin disorders (i.e., CblB and CblC) consistently had the highest levels of oxidative damage markers. Lower urine antioxidant capacity was seen in all subject categories, particularly cobalamin disorders and propionic acidemia. Longitudinal studies in subjects with MSUD showed good concordance between markers of oxidative damage and acute decompensation. Overall, quantifying oxidative stress offers a unique perspective to IEM. These measures may provide a means of addressing mitochondrial function in IEM and aid in the development of therapeutic targets and clinical monitoring in this diverse set of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mc Guire
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Rigo FK, Pasquetti L, Malfatti CRM, Fighera MR, Coelho RC, Petri CZ, Mello CF. Propionic acid induces convulsions and protein carbonylation in rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:151-4. [PMID: 16997462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) accumulates in patients with propionic acidemia, an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity that is clinically characterized by neurological dysfunction, including seizures. However, it is not known whether PA causes seizures in experimental animals. In the current study, we investigated whether intrastriatal injection of PA (0.6-6 micromol) causes seizures and alters protein carbonyl content in the striatum of adult rats. The injection of PA caused the appearance of seizures and increased protein carbonyl content in injected and noninjected striata. PA-induced seizures and increased protein carbonylation in the striatum were prevented by the injection of MK-801 (3 nmol/0.5 microL). Our results suggest that PA causes seizures and oxidative damage by NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms. The involvement of NMDA receptors in the pathogenesis of propionic acidemia is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Karine Rigo
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicologia e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Lambruschini N, Pérez-Dueñas B, Vilaseca MA, Mas A, Artuch R, Gassió R, Gómez L, Gutiérrez A, Campistol J. Clinical and nutritional evaluation of phenylketonuric patients on tetrahydrobiopterin monotherapy. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 86 Suppl 1:S54-60. [PMID: 16040265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, nutritional, and neuropsychological data of 11 mild/moderate PKU patients after one year of treatment with BH4 are evaluated. BH4 monotherapy was introduced at 5 mg/kg/day in 14 PKU patients. In 11/14 patients, Phe tolerance increased significantly from 356+/-172 to 1546+/-192 mg/day (p=0.004), and special PKU formula was gradually reduced until complete removal. In them, mean plasma Phe concentrations remained below 360 micromol/L at 5 mg BH4/kg/day (7 mg/kg/day in one patient). BH4 therapy was stopped in three patients (V388M/P362T and R243Q/IVS10-11G>A genotypes) because it was not possible to improve Phe tolerance and to remove formula intake. Serum micronutrients were not significantly different at the start of treatment and at one year follow-up, except for selenium, which increased significantly after one year of therapy (p=0.017). Anthropometric, and nutritional measurements were within the age- and sex-specific percentiles for a healthy population after one year therapy. Neuropsychological follow-up indicated that intelligence scores persisted within normal limits. In terms of patients' genotype, we confirmed that the P275S mutation combined with R408W was associated with long-term BH4 responsiveness, while the combination of P362T/V388M, and R243Q/IVS10-11G>A resulted in poor metabolic control in long-term BH4 therapy. In summary, our data confirm that BH4 is a safe, and effective therapy in a selected group of mild, and moderate PKU patients who respond to the BH4 loading test. Low doses of BH4 in monotherapy permit withdrawal of the special formula and guarantee a good clinical and nutritional outcome with no adverse side effects in PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Lambruschini
- Nutrition Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez-Cruz F, Osuna C, Guerrero JM. Mitochondrial damage induced by fetal hyperphenylalaninemia in the rat brain and liver: its prevention by melatonin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C. Neurosci Lett 2005; 392:1-4. [PMID: 16309833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal oxidative stress was observed in hyperphenylalaninemia and other inborn errors of intermediary metabolism, owing to the accumulation of toxic metabolites, free radical production and increased LPO products. In our model of maternal hyperphenylalaninemia, pregnant rats were injected with 300 mg/kg BW l-phenylalanine (PHE) and 50 mg/kg BW p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) dissolved in saline. In this research study, we measured LPO-by-products, i.e., malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and we demonstrated that maternal hyperphenylalaninemia increased both markers of oxidative stress in the brain and liver mitochondria of the pups. We also demonstrated that administration of melatonin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C, in this order of potency, prevented the oxidative damage to the mitochondria, especially in the brain. We therefore conclude that maternal hyperphenylalaninemia induces a clear state of oxidative stress that is somehow directly involved in brain and liver impairment, which can be prevented by melatonin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martínez-Cruz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, School of Medicine, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán 4, Spain
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Wajner M, Latini A, Wyse ATS, Dutra-Filho CS. The role of oxidative damage in the neuropathology of organic acidurias: insights from animal studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004; 27:427-48. [PMID: 15303000 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000037353.13085.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic acidurias represent a group of inherited disorders resulting from deficient activity of specific enzymes of the catabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids, leading to tissue accumulation of one or more carboxylic (organic) acids. Patients affected by organic acidurias predominantly present neurological symptoms and structural brain abnormalities, of which the aetiopathogenesis is poorly understood. However, in recent years increasing evidence has emerged suggesting that oxidative stress is possibly involved in the pathology of some organic acidurias and other inborn errors of metabolism. This review addresses some of the recent developments obtained mainly from animal studies indicating oxidative damage as an important determinant of the neuropathophysiology of some organic acidurias. Recent data showing that various organic acids are capable of inducing free radical generation and decreasing brain antioxidant defences is presented. The discussion focuses on the relatively low antioxidant defences of the brain and the vulnerability of this tissue to reactive species. This offers new perspectives for potential therapeutic strategies for these disorders, which may include the early use of appropriate antioxidants as a novel adjuvant therapy, besides the usual treatment based on removing toxic compounds and using special diets and pharmacological agents, such as cofactors and L-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wajner
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Zondlo Fiume M. Final report on the safety assessment of Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, and Tocophersolan. Int J Toxicol 2003; 21 Suppl 3:51-116. [PMID: 12537931 DOI: 10.1080/10915810290169819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherol and its several ester and ether derivatives all function as antioxidants in cosmetic formulations; they also have other functions, such as skin conditioning. Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopherol, and Tocopheryl Linoleate are used in 2673 formulations, generally at concentrations of up to 36%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, although Tocopheryl Acetate is 100% of vitamin E oil. Tocophersolan, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, and Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, combined, are used in 36 formulations at concentrations lower than those reported for the frequently used ingredients. Tocopherol may be isolated from vegetable oils or synthesized using isophytol and methylhydroquinone. Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, and Tocopheryl Succinate all were absorbed in human skin. In rat skin, Tocopheryl Acetate is hydrolyzed to Tocopherol. Tocopherol is a natural component of cell membranes thought to protect against oxidative damage. Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, and Tocopheryl Succinate each were reported to protect against ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. These ingredients are generally not toxic in animal feeding studies, although very high doses (>2 g/kg/day) have hemorrhagic activity. These ingredients are generally not irritating or sensitizing to skin or irritating to eyes, although a Tocopheryl Acetate did produce sensitization in one animal test, and Tocophersolan was a slight eye irritant in an animal test. Reproductive and developmental toxicity tests in animals using Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Succinate, and Tocophersolan were all negative or showed some effect of reducing toxicity. Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Succinate, and Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol were almost uniformly negative. These ingredients exhibit antimutagenic activity consistent with their antioxidant properties. Tocopherol was not carcinogenic. The ability of Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, and Tocopheryl Succinate to modulate the carcinogenic effect of other agents (e.g., tumor promotion) has been extensively studied. One study showing tumor promotion in mice may be discounted as not reproducible and not consistent with the large volume of data suggesting that the antioxidant properties of these agents protect against tumor induction. Specifically, the frequent use of Tocopherol as a negative control in other tumor promotion studies suggests that Tocopherol is not a tumor promoter. Tocopherol has been shown to reduce the photocarcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation in mice. Similar studies with Tocopheryl Acetate and Tocopheryl Succinate, however, demonstrated some enhancement of photocarcinogenesis, although the effect was not dose related. In clinical studies, Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, and Tocopheryl Nicotinate were not irritants or sensitizers. A report of a large number of positive patch-tests to Tocopheryl Linoleate in one cosmetic product were considered to result from a contaminant or metabolite. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel considered that these data provide an adequate basis on which to conclude that Tocopherol, Tocophersolan, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, and Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate are safe as used in cosmetic formulations. Although there were no inhalation toxicity data, these ingredients are used at such low concentrations in hair sprays that no inhalation toxicity risk was considered likely. Because methylhydroquinone is used in the chemical synthesis of Tocopherol, there was concern that hydroquinone may be present as an impurity. In such cases, residual levels of hydroquinone would be expected to be limited to those achieved by good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice Zondlo Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Delwing D, Bavaresco CS, Wannmacher CMD, Wajner M, Dutra-Filho CS, Wyse ATS. Proline induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 21:105-10. [PMID: 12615086 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of proline on some parameters of oxidative stress, such as chemiluminescence, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in rat cerebral cortex. Ten-day-old rats received one subcutaneous injection of proline (12.8 micromol/g body weight), while control rats received saline in the same volumes. The animals were killed 1h after injection, the cerebral cortex was isolated and the assays immediately carried out. For the in vitro studies, homogenates from cerebral cortex of 10-day-old untreated rats were incubated for 1h at 37 degrees C with various concentrations of proline (3.0 microM-1.0mM). Results showed that proline-treated rats presented a decrease of TRAP (30%) and an increase of chemiluminescence (78%). In contrast, the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were not modified by proline acute treatment. Furthermore, the presence of proline in the medium increased chemiluminescence, decreased TRAP and the activity of superoxide dismutase at proline concentrations similar to those observed in tissues of hyperprolinemic patients (0.5-1.0mM). However, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not affected by the presence of proline in the medium. The results indicate that proline induces oxidative stress in the brain, which may be related, at least in part, to the neurological dysfunction observed in hyperprolinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Delwing
- Departamento de Bioqui;mica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Colomé C, Artuch R, Vilaseca MA, Sierra C, Brandi N, Lambruschini N, Cambra FJ, Campistol J. Lipophilic antioxidants in patients with phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:185-8. [PMID: 12499340 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations have been described in phenylketonuric patients fed natural-protein-restricted diets. Such low concentrations may be related to increased free radical damage. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation between low serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations and other lipophilic antioxidants (tocopherol and retinol), selenium, glutathione peroxidase activity, and malondialdehyde concentrations as a marker of lipid peroxidation. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 58 patients with phenylketonuria (aged 2-36 y; median: 13 y) under dietary treatment, 58 age-matched control subjects, and 30 children with moderate hyperphenylalaninemia fed unrestricted diets (aged 3-17 y; median: 7.5 y). Serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Serum retinol, serum tocopherol, and plasma malondialdehyde were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was observed between ubiquinone-10 and tocopherol (r = 0.510, P < 0.001) in the patients with phenylketonuria. After the patients were stratified into 2 groups according to ubiquinone-10 values, significantly lower concentrations of tocopherol were observed in group 1 (low ubiquinone values) than in group 2 (normal ubiquinone values), the hyperphenylalaninemic children, and the control group. Plasma malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly higher in group 1 than in the other groups. No significant differences between groups 1 and 2 were observed in daily intakes of selenium, ascorbate, tocopherol, or retinol. CONCLUSIONS Plasma lipid peroxidation seems to be increased in phenylketonuria. Low concentrations of ubiquinone-10 could be associated with either excessive tocopherol consumption or high malondialdehyde concentrations in patients with phenylketonuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina Colomé
- Serveis de Bioquímica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Niklowitz P, Menke T, Wiesel T, Mayatepek E, Zschocke J, Okun JG, Andler W. Coenzyme Q10 in plasma and erythrocytes: comparison of antioxidant levels in healthy probands after oral supplementation and in patients suffering from sickle cell anemia. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 326:155-61. [PMID: 12417107 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The membrane-associated antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or ubiquinone-10 is frequently measured in serum or plasma. However, little is known about the total contents or redox status of CoQ10 in blood cells. METHODS We have developed a method for determination of CoQ10 in erythrocytes. Total CoQ10 in erythrocytes was compared to the amounts of ubiquinone-10 and ubihydroquinone-10 in plasma using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection and internal standardisation (ubiquinone-9, ubihydroquinone-9). RESULTS Investigations in 10 healthy probands showed that oral intake of CoQ10 (3 mg/kg/day) led to a short-term (after 5 h, 1.57+/-0.55 pmol/microl plasma) and long-term (after 14 days, 4.00+/-1.88 pmol/microl plasma, p<0.05 vs. -1 h, 1.11+/-0.24 pmol/microl plasma) increase in plasma concentrations while decreasing the redox status of CoQ10 (after 14 days, 5.37+/-1.31% in plasma, p<0.05 vs. -1 h, 6.74+/-0.86% in plasma). However, in these healthy probands, CoQ10 content in red blood cells remained unchanged despite excessive supplementation. In addition, plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of CoQ10 were measured in five patients suffering from sickle cell anemia, a genetic anemia characterised by an overall accelerated production of reactive oxygen species. While these patients showed normal or decreased plasma levels of CoQ10 with a shifting of the redox state in favour of the oxidised part (10.8-27.2% in plasma), the erythrocyte concentrations of CoQ10 were dramatically elevated (280-1,093 pmol/10(9) ERY vs. 22.20+/-6.17 pmol/10(9) ERY). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that normal red blood cells may regulate their CoQ10 content independently from environmental supplementation, but dramatic changes may be expected under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Niklowitz
- Vestische Kinderklinik Datteln, University Witten-Herdecke, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Str. 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany.
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22
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Martinez-Cruz F, Pozo D, Osuna C, Espinar A, Marchante C, Guerrero JM. Oxidative stress induced by phenylketonuria in the rat: Prevention by melatonin, vitamin E, and vitamin C. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:550-8. [PMID: 12210848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the phenylalanine hydroxylation system and is characterized by a block in the conversion of phenylalanine (PHE) to tyrosine. We examined the effects of maternal hyperphenylalaninemia on the morphological and biochemical development of pup rat brain and cerebellum. In our model of PKU we evaluated a number of markers of oxidative stress such as Ehrlich adducts formation, lipid peroxidation, as well as the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and the activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. We also studied the expression of heme-oxigenase-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MAPK 1/2) as additional markers of oxidative stress. We demonstrate that PKU strongly increased most of the oxidative stress markers studied and induced significant morphological damage. We also showed that daily administration of melatonin (20 mg/kg BW), vitamin E (30 mg/kg BW), and vitamin C (30 mg/kg BW) until delivery prevented the oxidative biomolecular damage in the rat brain and cerebellum. Although no significant differences were observed among the antioxidants studied, it should be noted that the doses of melatonin were less than those for vitamins E and C. We conclude that PKU induces a clear state of oxidative stress that is somehow involved in the brain and body damage occurring in this inborn error. Moreover, melatonin and other antioxidants are capable of preventing completely the damage induced by PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martinez-Cruz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville School of Medicine and Virgen Macarena Hospital, Spain
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Ros Viladoms J, Vilaseca Buscà M, Lambruschini Ferri N, Mas Comas A, González Pascual E, Holme E. Evolución de un caso de tirosinemia crónica tipo I tratado con NTBC. An Pediatr (Barc) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(01)77531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Colomé C, Sierra C, Antònia Vilaseca M. [Congenital errors of metabolism: cause of oxidative stress?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 115:111-7. [PMID: 10965487 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Colomé
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona
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Infante JP, Huszagh VA. Secondary carnitine deficiency and impaired docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid synthesis: a common denominator in the pathophysiology of diseases of oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation. FEBS Lett 2000; 468:1-5. [PMID: 10683429 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of the literature of mitochondrial disorders reveals that genetic diseases of oxidative phosphorylation are often associated with impaired beta-oxidation, and vice versa, and preferentially affect brain, retina, heart and skeletal muscle, tissues which depend on docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3)-containing phospholipids for functionality. Evidence suggests that an increased NADH/NAD(+) ratio generated by reduced flux through the respiratory chain inhibits beta-oxidation, producing secondary carnitine deficiency while increasing reactive oxygen species and depleting alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC). These events result in impairment of the recently elucidated mitochondrial pathway for synthesis of 22:6n-3-containing phospholipids, since carnitine and alpha-TOC are involved in their biosynthesis. Therapeutic supplementation with 22:6n-3 and alpha-TOC is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Infante
- Institute for Theoretical Biochemistry, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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26
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Artuch R, Vilaseca MA, Moreno J, Lambruschini N, Cambra FJ, Campistol J. Decreased serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations in phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:892-5. [PMID: 10539751 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.5.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquinone-10 is a lipid with important metabolic functions that may be decreased in phenylketonuria (PKU) because patients with PKU consume diets restricted in natural proteins. OBJECTIVE We studied serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations in PKU patients. DESIGN This was a retrospective, transversal study in which we compared serum ubiquinone-10, plasma cholesterol, plasma tyrosine, and plasma phenylalanine concentrations in 43 PKU patients with concentrations in a reference population (n = 102). Serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine were measured by ion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS Serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations in PKU patients were significantly lower than in the reference population (P < 0.01 for patients aged 1 mo to <8 y and P < 0.00005 for patients aged 8-33 y). Moreover, 5 of 18 PKU patients (28%) in the younger age group and 10 of 23 (43%) in the older age group had serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations below the reference interval. CONCLUSIONS Serum ubiquinone-10 deficiency appears to be related to the restricted diet of PKU patients. Because serum ubiquinone-10 plays a major antioxidant role in the protection of circulating lipoproteins, the correction of ubiquinone-10 concentrations should be considered in PKU patients. Further investigation seems advisable to elucidate whether the deficiency in serum ubiquinone-10 status is clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Artuch
- Servei de Bioquímica, Servei de Pediatría i Neuropediatría, Unitat Integrada, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu/Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of the antioxidant status in female adolescents (N = 82) with anorexia nervosa, by the measurement of erythrocyte tocopherol concentration, and the determination of activities of the main antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. METHOD Tocopherol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, and antioxidant enzyme activities by spectrometric methods using a Cobas Fara automated centrifugal analyzer. RESULTS Tocopherol was significantly decreased in the anorexic patients compared to reference values (p < .02). In 21% of patients, tocopherol levels were below the reference interval. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased (p < .0001), while catalase activity was increased (p < .0001). The activity of the glutathione system enzymes did not show significant differences between patients and controls. DISCUSSION The deficient concentration of erythrocyte tocopherol together with the altered antioxidant enzyme activities suggest a certain degree of oxidative damage in anorexia nervosa owing to both factors deficient micronutrient intake and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Artuch R, Vilaseca MA, Pineda M. Biochemical monitoring of the treatment in paediatric patients with mitochondrial disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:837-45. [PMID: 9870209 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005470702369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment strategies in mitochondrial diseases consist of several drugs that diminish the deleterious effects of the abnormal respiratory chain function, reduce the presence of toxic agents or correct deficiencies in essential cofactors. In this study we evaluated the monitoring of tocopherol, carnitine and ubiquinone concentrations in a group of paediatric patients during a follow-up period of 18 months and the response to treatment of these patients by means of the determination of blood lactate, plasma alanine and oxygen consumption by lymphocytes in relation to the clinical status of the patients. Tocopherol, carnitine and ubiquinone concentrations were easily corrected with therapy. Blood lactate proved the best biochemical tool to assess the response to treatment in paediatric patients. According to our results, improvement or stabilization of the clinical course seems to be more related to the biochemical or molecular defect than to the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Artuch
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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