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Merx J, van Outersterp RE, Engelke UFH, Hendriks V, Wevers RA, Huigen MCDG, Waterval HWAH, Körver-Keularts IMLW, Mecinović J, Rutjes FPJT, Oomens J, Coene KLM, Martens J, Boltje TJ. Identification of Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate derived biomarkers for hyperprolinemia type II. Commun Biol 2022; 5:997. [PMID: 36131087 PMCID: PMC9492674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperprolinemia type II (HPII) is an inborn error of metabolism due to genetic variants in ALDH4A1, leading to a deficiency in Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase. This leads to an accumulation of toxic levels of P5C, an intermediate in proline catabolism. The accumulating P5C spontaneously reacts with, and inactivates, pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, a crucial cofactor for many enzymatic processes, which is thought to be the pathophysiological mechanism for HPII. Here, we describe the use of a combination of LC-QTOF untargeted metabolomics, NMR spectroscopy and infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS) to identify and characterize biomarkers for HPII that result of the spontaneous reaction of P5C with malonic acid and acetoacetic acid. We show that these biomarkers can differentiate between HPI, caused by a deficiency of proline oxidase activity, and HPII. The elucidation of their molecular structures yields insights into the disease pathophysiology of HPII. Combined metabolomics, NMR, and, IRIS identify biomarkers of hyperprolinemia type II (HPII) distinct from HPI and similar metabolic signatures as in patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona Merx
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne E van Outersterp
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Udo F H Engelke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Hendriks
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Disease, UMD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen C D G Huigen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Disease, UMD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub W A H Waterval
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M L W Körver-Keularts
- United for Metabolic Disease, UMD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karlien L M Coene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Disease, UMD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Boehm T, Hubmann H, Petroczi K, Mathis D, Klavins K, Fauler G, Plecko B, Struys E, Jilma B. Condensation of delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate with ortho-aminobenzaldehyde allows its simple, fast, and inexpensive quantification in the urine of patients with antiquitin deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:891-900. [PMID: 31930735 PMCID: PMC7384183 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiquitin (ATQ) deficiency leads to tissue, plasma, and urinary accumulation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) and its Schiff base delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C). Although genetic testing of ALDH7A1 is the most definitive diagnostic method, quantifications of pathognomonic metabolites are important for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic and dietary interventions. Current metabolite quantification methods use laborious, technically highly complex, and expensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectro-metry, which is available only in selected laboratories worldwide. Incubation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with P6C leads to the formation of a triple aromatic ring structure with characteristic absorption and fluorescence properties. The mean concentration of P6C in nine urine samples from seven ATQ-deficient patients under standard treatment protocols was statistically highly significantly different (P < .001) compared to the mean of 74 healthy controls aged between 2 months and 57 years. Using this limited data set the specificity and sensitivity is 100% for all tested age groups using a P6C cut-off of 2.11 μmol/mmol creatinine, which represents the 99% prediction interval of the P6C concentrations in 17 control urine samples from children below 6 years of age. Plasma P6C concentrations were only elevated in one ATQ subject, possibly because P6C is trapped by pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) blocking fusing with oABA. Nevertheless, both urine and plasma samples were amenable to the quantification of exogenous P6C with high response rates. The P6C quantification method using fusion of oABA with P6C is fast, simple, and inexpensive and might be readily implemented into routine clinical diagnostic laboratories for the early diagnosis of neonatal pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Holger Hubmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Déborah Mathis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Guenter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Eduard Struys
- Department of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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3
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Boehm T, Karer M, Gludovacz E, Petroczi K, Resch M, Schuetzenberger K, Klavins K, Borth N, Jilma B. Simple, sensitive and specific quantification of diamine oxidase activity in complex matrices using newly discovered fluorophores derived from natural substrates. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:937-950. [PMID: 32488317 PMCID: PMC7394931 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure diamine oxidase (DAO) activity with high sensitivity in complex matrices like plasma or tissue extracts radioactive putrescine or horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) coupling must be used. The use of radioactive material should be avoided and HRP/H2O2 coupling is compromised by antioxidants. Methods and results Condensation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with delta-1-pyrroline and delta-1-piperideine, the autocyclization products of the DAO-oxidized natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine, generates new quinazoline fluorophores with absorption and excitation maxima of 430 and 460 nm, respectively, and peak emission at 620 nm. Fluorescent-based detection limits are 20–40 times lower compared to absorption measurements. This assay can be used to measure DAO activity in human plasma after spiking recombinant human (rh)DAO, in rat plasma after intravenous rhDAO administration, in pregnancy plasma and in tissue extracts of DAO wild-type and knock-out mice. Using rat plasma the correlation between rhDAO activity and ELISA data is 99%. Human and rat plasma without DAO spiking and tissue extracts from DAO knock-out mice showed stable and low fluorescence in the presence of high substrate concentrations. Conclusions Incubation of DAO with the natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine and oABA generates novel fluorophores increasing the detection limit compared to absorption measurements at least tenfold. This simple, sensitive and specific assay allows the non-radioactive quantification of DAO activity in complex matrices like plasma and tissue extracts without interference by antioxidants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Karer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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He F, DiMario PJ. Drosophila delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDh) is required for proline breakdown and mitochondrial integrity-Establishing a fly model for human type II hyperprolinemia. Mitochondrion 2010; 11:397-404. [PMID: 21168532 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDh) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the second step in proline degradation. Mutations in human P5CDh cause type II hyperprolinemia, a complex syndrome displaying increased serum proline and mental disabilities. Conceptual gene CG7145 in Drosophila melanogaster encodes the orthologous DmP5CDh1. The mutant allele CG7145(f04633) contains a piggyBac transposon that truncates the enzyme by 83 residues. Heterozygous (CG7145(f04633)/TM3) individuals developed normally, while homozygous (CG7145(f04633)/CG7145(f04633)) individuals displayed proline levels twice that of normal, swollen mitochondria, and ultimately larval and pupal lethality. We believe this is the first correlation between the loss of P5CDh and morphological defects in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Department of Biological Sciences, 202 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Moreira JC, Wannmacher CM, Costa SM, Wajner M. Effect of proline administration on rat behavior in aversive and nonaversive tasks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 32:885-90. [PMID: 2798537 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustained levels of proline comparable to those of human type II hyperprolinemia were achieved in blood and brain of rats subcutaneous proline administration twice a day from the 6th till the 28th day of life. Control rats were treated with saline in the same volumes. Behavioral studies using aversive and nonaversive tasks were performed one week or one month after treatment. Proline treatment did not affect rats' performance in the inhibitory avoidance task, but reduced significantly habituation in the open field. Our results seem to indicate that early postnatal administration of proline to rats affects habituation to a novel environment. If this happens to be so the present tendency to consider hyperprolinemia as a benign condition should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Yadav GC, Reavey PC. Aminoacidopathies: a review of 3 years experience of investigations in a Kuwait hospital. J Inherit Metab Dis 1988; 11:277-84. [PMID: 3148069 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a summary of the results of quantitative amino acid analysis in 800 subjects over a three-year period in Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait. Thirty-five patients with aminoacidopathy were identified, all but two of whom were the offspring of first-degree consanguineous marriages: nine cases of phenylketonuria, one benign hyperphenylalaninaemia, seven non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia, five tyrosinaemia, five homocystinuria, four citrullinaemia, two cystinuria, one hyperprolinaemia, and one maple syrup urine disease. The clinical and biochemical findings in these cases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Yadav
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait
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7
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Davis JL, Pico RM, Flood JF. Differences in learning between hyperprolinemic mice and their congenic controls. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1987; 48:128-37. [PMID: 3632547 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(87)90649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
These experiments expanded earlier work on hyperprolinemic mice which showed learning deficits. The following behavioral tasks were used: step-through, passive avoidance; T-maze acquisition; shuttlebox acquisition, and radial-arm maze. Mouse species included PRO/Re-bb (genetically hyperprolinemic mice) and PRO/Re-aa (congenic nonhyperprolinemic controls) obtained from the Jackson Breeding Laboratories. Hyperprolinemic mice were impaired in acquiring T-maze and shuttlebox footshock avoidance behavior. One-trial passive avoidance behavior did not clearly differentiate between the groups. Radial maze performance was poor in both groups due possibly to observed acrophobia and lack of exploratory behavior. The results of this study combined with previously published work suggest that high-brain proline in conjunction with other amino acid changes account for the learning deficits.
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8
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Baxter CF, Baldwin RA, Davis JL, Flood JF. High proline levels in the brains of mice as related to specific learning deficits. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 22:1053-9. [PMID: 4023022 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemic PRO/Re mice have been studied as potential models for hyperprolinemia in man. In addition to high proline levels, some heretofore unreported amino acid abnormalities in the brains of PRO/Re mice are described. The T-maze and shuttlebox learning abilities of PRO/Re mice were compared with those of CD-1 mice having normal proline levels. PRO/Re mice had a significant deficit for T-maze learning, but a significantly greater aptitude for shuttlebox learning when compared to CD-1 mice. By studying the F3 progency of the PRO/Re X CD-1 cross, these strain-specific differences in learning ability for different tasks were shown to be unrelated to the differences in brain proline levels. F3 mice could be subdivided into two distinct groups: those with high proline (HP+) and low proline (HP-) titers. Other amino acids in brain tissues were essentially identical in both groups. A comparison of learning abilities of these HP+ mice with their HP- littermates showed no meaningful differences. However, the slightly slower rate at which HP+ mice acquired shuttlebox learning was sufficiently consistent over the 8 day training period so that it became significant. These results do not support the hypothesis that high levels of proline in brain tissues and blood are necessarily accompanied by impaired learning and memory, but are in agreement with those studies of hyperprolinemia in man that suggest no consistent learning deficits in hyperprolinemic subjects. The results seem to validate the suitability of the PRO/Re mouse as a model for hyperprolinemia in man. The data suggest also that the altered amino acid pattern in brains of PRO/Re mice has multiple etiologies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is the intermediate in the interconversions of proline, ornithine, and glutamate. Recent studies have suggested that pyrroline-5-carboxylate has regulatory properties in a wide range of tissues. Physiologic studies in humans have been limited by the unavailability of a sufficiently sensitive assay for this compound. Until now pyrroline-5-carboxylate has not been detectable in plasma of normal humans or even in plasma of patients with type II hyperprolinemia. We now report a method for measuring pyrroline-5-carboxylate made possible by a preparation of purified Escherichia coli pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. This method is more sensitive than currently available methods by two or three logs and is applicable for all biologic fluids. We have quantitated pyrroline-5-carboxylate in normal plasma, urine, and saliva. In addition, we have found pyrroline-5-carboxylate levels 10x to 20x normal in two patients with type II hyperprolinemia. The ability to measure physiologic concentrations of pyrroline-5-carboxylate now enables further characterization of its role as a regulatory molecule.
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Abstract
Hydroxyproline metabolism was studied in two patients with type II hyperprolinaemia (HP II) using oral loadings of hydroxyproline or hydroxyproline-ornithine. delta 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid (3 OH-PC) and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (PC) were identified in the urine. The urinary excretion of both 3-OH-PC and PC increased in HP II patients but not in healthy controls during oral loading of hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline-ornithine. The plasma level of proline in patients with HP II is very high but the hydroxyproline concentration is normal or only slightly increased. Therefore one can assume that hydroxyproline is converted to pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in urine as a glycine conjugate. In this study it was demonstrated that the highly elevated plasma level of proline in one of the patients with HP II decreased greatly after hydroxyproline-ornithine load; this change was followed by a 40-fold rise in urinary excretion of proline.
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11
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Dooley KC, Applegarth DA. Hyperprolinemia type II: evidence of the excretion of 3-hydroxy delta 1-pyrroline 5-carboxylic acid. Clin Biochem 1979; 12:62-5. [PMID: 445797 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(79)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of delta 1-pyrroline 3-hydroxy 5-carboxylic acid (hydroxy PCA) in a previously reported patient with hyperprolinemia Type II. This compound had been called pseudo PCA in a previous report.
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12
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Abstract
Significant activities of the four enzymes needed to convert arginine into proline and glutamate (arginase, ornithine aminotransferase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) develop co-ordinately in lactating rat mammary glands in proportion to the increased production of milk. No enzymes were detected to carry out the reactions of proline oxidation or reduction of glutamate to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Minces of the gland converted ornithine into proline and into glutamate plus glutamine. These conversions increased during the cycle of lactation in proportion to the increased milk production and to the content of the necessary enzymes. The minced gland did not convert labelled ornithine into citrulline, confirming the absence from the gland of a functioning urea cycle, and did not convert labelled proline or glutamate into ornithine. A metabolic flow of labelled arginine to proline and glutamate in mammary gland was confirmed in intact animals with experiments during which the specific radioactivity of proline in plasma remained below that of the proline being formed from labelled arginine within the gland. It was concluded that arginase in this tissue had a metabolic role in the biosynthesis of extra proline and glutamate needed for synthesis of milk proteins.
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Applegarth DA, Goodman SI, Irvine DG, Jellum E. Hyperprolinemia type II: identification of the glycine conjugate of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid in urine. Clin Biochem 1977; 10:20-3. [PMID: 837521 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(77)90290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The urinary organic acids were studied in two cases of hyperprolinemia Type II, using various combinations of chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass spectrometric techniques. In both cases N-(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) was idenfitied as a major urinary metabolite. While there was evidence for an additional conjugate of this pyrrolic acid, no free pyrrole-carboxylate could be detected in the urine from either case.
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14
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Valle D, Goodman SI, Applegarth DA, Shih VE, Phang JM. Type II hyperprolinemia. Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts and circulating lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1976; 58:598-603. [PMID: 956388 PMCID: PMC333218 DOI: 10.1172/jci108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II hyperprolinemia is an inherited abnormality in amino acid metabolism characterized by elevated plasma proline concentrations, iminoglycinuria, and the urinary excretion of delta1-pyrroline compounds. To define the enzymologic defect of this biochemical disorder, we developed a specific, sensitive radioisotopic assay for the proline degradative enzyme delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Using this assay, we have shown an absence of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity in the cultured fibroblasts from three patients with type II hyperprolinemia. We confirmed this result on cultured cells by demonstrating a similar absence of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity in extracts prepared from the peripheral leukocytes of these patients. Additionally, we found significantly decreased levels of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity in the leukocyte extracts from five obligate heterozygotes for type II hyperprolinemia. We also demonstrated a reduction in leukocyte delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity in three successive generations of a family. These results prove that an absence of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase is the enzymologic defect in type II hyperprolinemia and that this defect is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
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15
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Pavone L, Mollica F, Levy HL. Asymptomatic type II hyperprolinaemia associated with hyperglycinaemia in three sibs. Arch Dis Child 1975; 50:637-41. [PMID: 1200680 PMCID: PMC1545536 DOI: 10.1136/adc.50.8.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three clinically normal sibs were discovered to have type II hyperprolinaemia in a routine serum amino acid screening programme in Sicily. In addition to the basic biochemical features of type II hyperprolinaemia, all 3 children had marked hyperglycinaemia, whereas their parents had both normal blood proline and glycine concentrations. Clinical normality in individuals with hyperprolinaemia may suggest that these two metabolic disorders (types I and II) are benign entities. Furthermore, the absence of clinical abnormality in these sibs, despite the presence of marked hyperprolinaemia and hyperglycinaemia, may suggest that neither of these findings alone causes brain damage. The hyperglycinaemia in these sibs is unexplained and is an unusual if not unique finding in association with hyperprolinaemia.
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16
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Heacock AM, Williams IH, Frank LH, Adams E. Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and delta-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate: chromatography on the amino acid analyzer. Anal Biochem 1975; 64:593-600. [PMID: 236687 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Blumenkrantz N, Asboe-Hansen G. An assay for hydroxyproline and proline on one sample and a simplified method for hydroxyproline. Anal Biochem 1975; 63:331-40. [PMID: 1122021 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Irvine DG. Kryptopyrrole and other monopyrroles in molecular neurobiology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1974; 16:145-82. [PMID: 4606712 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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