1
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Mirakhur M, Diener M. Proteinase-activated receptors regulate intestinal functions in a segment-dependent manner in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175264. [PMID: 36100127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases released e.g. during inflammatory or allergic responses affect gastrointestinal functions via proteinase-activated receptors such as PAR1 and PAR2. As the gastrointestinal tract exerts pronounced gradients along its longitudinal axis, the present study focuses on the effect of PAR1 and PAR2 agonists on electrogenic ion transport (measured as short-circuit current; Isc), tissue conductance (Gt) and contractility of the longitudinal muscle layer of rats. In Ussing chamber experiments, the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2, which mimics the tethered ligand liberated after cleavage of the receptor, evoked only a modest increase in Isc (<0.5 μEq·h-1·cm-2) in small intestine, but a strong increase (3-4 μEq·h-1·cm-2) in colon. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin reduced the response of the colonic segments to the level of the small intestine. Thrombin, the natural activator of PAR1, was much less effective suggesting biased activation by this peptidase. A similar gradient along the longitudinal axis of the intestine was observed with trypsin, the endogenous activator of PAR2. Divergent actions of PAR1 activation by enzymatic cleavage or a mimetic peptide were also observed when recording isometric contractions of longitudinal muscle. For example, in the jejunum TFLLR-NH2 concentration-dependently induced a contractile response, whereas thrombin showed only inconsistent effects. The PAR2 activator AC264613 induced a concentration-dependent decrease in muscle tone combined with an inhibition of phasic spontaneous contractions. PCR experiments and immunohistochemical stainings confirmed the expression of PAR1 and PAR2. The data implies that PAR1 and PAR2 functions vary depending on the intestinal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanvee Mirakhur
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
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2
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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3
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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4
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Fan M, Han M, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Chu Y, Bai G, Li W, Li J, Zhao L, He Y, Ma X, Duan Z. Design and synthesis of potent PAR-1 antagonists based on vorapaxar. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127046. [PMID: 32122739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel vorapaxar analogues with different amino substitutes at the C-7, C-9a and aromatic substitutes at the C-4 position were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity to PAR-1. Several compounds showed good potency in antagonist activity based on the intracellular calcium mobilization assay and excellent pharmacokinetics profile in rats. Among these analogues, 3d exhibited excellent PAR-1 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.18 μM) and the lower ability to cross the blood-brain barrier compared with vorapaxar (IC50 = 0.25 μM). Compound 3d has the potential to be developed as a new generation of PAR-1 antagonists with a better therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Fan
- Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300100, China; Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Min Han
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Yingbin Zhang
- Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300100, China; Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Guirong Bai
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Ju Li
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Yi He
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Tianjin Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Zhongyu Duan
- Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300100, China.
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5
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Abstract
As basic research into GPCR signaling and its association with disease has come into fruition, greater clarity has emerged with regards to how these receptors may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. As a diverse group of receptor proteins, which regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, research in this area has been slow to yield tangible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer. However, recently such research has gained momentum based on a series of studies that have sought to define GPCR proteins dynamics through the elucidation of their crystal structures. In this chapter, we define the approaches that have been adopted in developing better therapeutics directed against the specific parts of the receptor proteins, such as the extracellular and the intracellular domains, including the ligands and auxiliary proteins that bind them. Finally, we also briefly outline how GPCR-derived signaling transduction pathways hold great potential as additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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6
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May CJ, Welsh GI, Chesor M, Lait PJ, Schewitz-Bowers LP, Lee RWJ, Saleem MA. Human Th17 cells produce a soluble mediator that increases podocyte motility via signaling pathways that mimic PAR-1 activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F913-F921. [PMID: 31339775 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is poorly understood, and the role of immune mediators remains contentious. However, there is good evidence for the role of a circulating factor, and we recently postulated circulating proteases as candidate factors. Immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids (GCs) and T cell inhibitors are widely used in the clinical treatment of NS. Given that T helper (CD4+) cells expressing IL-17A (so-called Th17 cells) have recently been reported to be resistant to GC treatment, and GC resistance remains a major challenge in the management of NS, we hypothesized that Th17 cells produce a circulating factor that is capable of signaling to the podocyte and inducing deleterious phenotypic changes. To test this, we generated human Th17 cells from healthy volunteers and added the supernatants from these T cell cultures to conditionally immortalized human podocytes in vitro. This demonstrated that podocytes treated with Th17 cell culture supernatant, as well as with patient disease plasma, showed significant stimulation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways and an increase in motility, which was blocked using a JNK inhibitor. We have previously shown that nephrotic plasma elicits a podocyte response via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Stimulation of PAR-1 in podocytes elicited the same signaling response as Th17 cell culture supernatant treatment. Equally, protease inhibitors with Th17 cell culture treatment blocked the signaling response. This was not replicated by the reagents added to Th17 cell cultures or by IL-17A. Hence, we conclude that an undefined soluble mediator produced by Th17 cells mimics the deleterious effect of PAR-1 activation in vitro. Given the association between pathogenic subsets of Th17 cells and GC resistance, these observations have potential therapeutic relevance for patients with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J May
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Musleeha Chesor
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Phillipa J Lait
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren P Schewitz-Bowers
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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7
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Park CM, Lee S, Song J, Lee J. Discovery of ( E)‐5,5‐Difluoro‐1‐[2‐[5‐(3‐fluorophenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]vinyl]octahydrospiro(indene‐2,5′‐oxazolidin)‐2′‐one as a PAR1 Antagonist. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Park
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Jong‐Hwan Song
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Joo‐Youn Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
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8
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Avula S, Malladi S, Karthik P, Sonti Reddy R, Vasumathi Reddy K. Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel Spiro Phosphonyl Thiazolo Pyrazole Glycosides as Potential Nematicidal Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Avula
- Department of Chemistry Vaagdevi Degree & PG College Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - Sunitha Malladi
- Department of Chemistry Jayamukhi Institute of Technological Sciences Makdumpuram Telangana 506332 India
| | - Pulluri Karthik
- Department of Chemistry Vaagdevi Degree & PG College Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - Rajitha Sonti Reddy
- Department of Chemistry Vaagdevi Degree & PG College Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - Koduri Vasumathi Reddy
- Department of Zoology Vaagdevi Degree & PG College Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
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9
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Shu G, Chen Y, Liu T, Ren S, Kong Y. Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin-BF Inhibits Platelet Aggregation by Blocking Protease-Activated Receptor 4. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Srinivas A, Sunitha M, Vasumathi Reddy K, Karthik P, Rajesh Kumar G. Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Hybrid Heterocyclics as Biological Potent Molecules. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree & PG College; Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - M. Sunitha
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree & PG College; Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - K. Vasumathi Reddy
- Department of Zoology; Vaagdevi Degree & PG College; Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - P. Karthik
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree & PG College; Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - G. Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree & PG College; Kishanpura Warangal Telangana 506001 India
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12
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Giese M, Turiello N, Molenda N, Palesch D, Meid A, Schroeder R, Basilico P, Benarafa C, Halatsch ME, Zimecki M, Westhoff MA, Wirtz CR, Burster T. Exogenous cathepsin G upregulates cell surface MHC class I molecules on immune and glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74602-74611. [PMID: 27806341 PMCID: PMC5342690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells. During an adaptive immune response, MHC molecules are regulated by several mechanisms including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-g). However, it is unclear whether the serine protease cathepsin G (CatG), which is generally secreted by neutrophils at the site of inflammation, might regulate MHC I molecules. We identified CatG, and to a higher extend CatG and lactoferrin (LF), as an exogenous regulator of cell surface MHC I expression of immune cells and glioblastoma stem cells. In addition, levels of MHC I molecules are reduced on dendritic cells from CatG deficient mice compared to their wild type counterparts. Furthermore, cell surface CatG on immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and NK cells triggers MHC I on THP-1 monocytes suggesting a novel mechanism for CatG to facilitate intercellular communication between infiltrating cells and the respective target cell. Subsequently, our findings highlight the pivotal role of CatG as a checkpoint protease which might force target cells to display their intracellular MHC I:antigen repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madleen Giese
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadine Turiello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Molenda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Palesch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Meid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paola Basilico
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Zimecki
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Timo Burster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Ranjan S, Goihl A, Kohli S, Gadi I, Pierau M, Shahzad K, Gupta D, Bock F, Wang H, Shaikh H, Kähne T, Reinhold D, Bank U, Zenclussen AC, Niemz J, Schnöder TM, Brunner-Weinzierl M, Fischer T, Kalinski T, Schraven B, Luft T, Huehn J, Naumann M, Heidel FH, Isermann B. Activated protein C protects from GvHD via PAR2/PAR3 signalling in regulatory T-cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:311. [PMID: 28827518 PMCID: PMC5566392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell(HSC) transplantation. GvHD is associated with loss of endothelial thrombomodulin, but the relevance of this for the adaptive immune response to transplanted HSCs remains unknown. Here we show that the protease-activated protein C (aPC), which is generated by thrombomodulin, ameliorates GvHD aPC restricts allogenic T-cell activation via the protease activated receptor (PAR)2/PAR3 heterodimer on regulatory T-cells (Tregs, CD4+FOXP3+). Preincubation of pan T-cells with aPC prior to transplantation increases the frequency of Tregs and protects from GvHD. Preincubation of human T-cells (HLA-DR4-CD4+) with aPC prior to transplantation into humanized (NSG-AB°DR4) mice ameliorates graft-vs.-host disease. The protective effect of aPC on GvHD does not compromise the graft vs. leukaemia effect in two independent tumor cell models. Ex vivo preincubation of T-cells with aPC, aPC-based therapies, or targeting PAR2/PAR3 on T-cells may provide a safe and effective approach to mitigate GvHD.Graft-vs.-host disease is a complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here the authors show that activated protein C signals via PAR2/PAR3 to expand Treg cells, mitigating the disease in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein C/immunology
- Protein C/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptor, PAR-2/chemistry
- Receptor, PAR-2/immunology
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/chemistry
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/immunology
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thrombin/immunology
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Ranjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Goihl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pierau
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bock
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39108, Germany
| | - Jana Niemz
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Tina M Schnöder
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Monika Brunner-Weinzierl
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Institute for Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Thomas Luft
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke- University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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14
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Flaumenhaft R, De Ceunynck K. Targeting PAR1: Now What? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:701-716. [PMID: 28558960 PMCID: PMC5580498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a ubiquitously expressed class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that enable cells to respond to proteases in the extracellular environment in a nuanced and dynamic manner. PAR1 is the archetypal family member and has been the object of large-scale drug development programs since the 1990s. Vorapaxar and drotrecogin-alfa are approved PAR1-targeted therapeutics, but safety concerns have limited the clinical use of vorapaxar and questions regarding the efficacy of drotrecogin-alfa led to its withdrawal from the market. New understanding of mechanisms of PAR1 function, discovery of improved strategies for modifying PAR1 function, and identification of novel indications for PAR1 modulators have provided new opportunities for therapies targeting PAR1. In this review, we critically evaluate prospects for the next generation of PAR1-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Srinivas A, Sunitha M, Karthik P, Nikitha G, Raju K, Ravinder B, Anusha S, Rajasri T, Swapna D, Swaroopa D, Srinivas K, Vasumathi Reddy K. Synthesis and In Vitro
Study of Hybrid Heterocyclic's as Potential Nematicidal Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - M. Sunitha
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - P. Karthik
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - G. Nikitha
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - K. Raju
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - B. Ravinder
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - S. Anusha
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - T. Rajasri
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - D. Swapna
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - D. Swaroopa
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - K. Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
| | - K. Vasumathi Reddy
- Department of Zoology; Vaagdevi Degree and PG College; Kishanpura, Warangal Telangana 506001 India
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16
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Desai N, Joshi V, Rajpara K, Makwana AH. A new synthetic approach and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of novel imidazole incorporated 4-thiazolidinone motifs. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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17
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Park CM, Baek S, Kim S, Song JH, Lee S, Kim M. Trans-fused 5-[(tert-Butoxtycarbonyl)amino]octahydroindenes as a protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) antagonist. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1275-95. [PMID: 27406140 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been considered as a promising antiplatelet target to prevent thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with prior myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial diseases. Previously, we found a series of octahydroindene analogues to have high potency on PAR1 and no significant cytotoxicity but poor metabolic stability in human and rat liver microsomes. We designed and synthesized substituted analogues of octahydroindenes at C5 or C6 aiming to improvement of metabolic stability, and identified that trans-fused 5-[(tert-butoxtycarbonyl)amino]octahydroindene analogues showed improved metabolic stability with maintaining good activity on PAR1. Especially, 2-methanesulfonate 57 (IC50 = 0.006 μM; R50 = 126.3 min in human, 83.3 min in rat), sulfamate 58 (IC50 = 0.020 μM; R50 = 52.8 min in human, 106.0 min in rat), and N-(cyclopropyl)methylsufonamide 63 (IC50 = 0.010 μM; R50 = 51.4 min in human, 90.5 min in rat) exhibited excellent activity and metabolic stability both on human and rat liver microsomes, comparable to those obtained for varapaxar (IC50 = 0.0015 μM; R50 = 83.2 min in human, 32.4 min in rat). Additionally, these compounds (57, 58, and 63) represented significant efficacy (IC50 = 0.0022, 0.0062, and 0.015 μM, each) in human washed platelet aggregation (WPA) assay without cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Park
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhyun Baek
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Kim
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Song
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea. .,Korea University of Science and Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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18
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Bell A, Althaus M, Diener M. Communication between mast cells and rat submucosal neurons. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1809-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Lee S, Song JH, Park CM, Kim JS, Jeong JH, Cho WY, Lim DC. Discovery of Octahydroindenes as PAR1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1054-8. [PMID: 24900604 DOI: 10.1021/ml400235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Octahydroindene was identified as a novel scaffold for protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonists. Herein, the 2-position (C2) was explored for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Compounds 14, 19, and 23b showed IC50 values of 1.3, 8.6, and 2.7 nM in a PAR1 radioligand binding assay, respectively, and their inhibitory activities on platelet activation were comparable to that of vorapaxar in a platelet rich plasma (PRP) aggregation assay. This series of compounds showed high potency and no significant cytotoxicity; however, the compounds were metabolically unstable in both human and rat liver microsomes. Current research efforts are focused on optimizing the compounds to improve metabolic stability and physicochemical properties as well as potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Lee
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Song
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jeong
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Cho
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Lim
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
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20
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Synthesis and antimicrobial screening of 5-(benzylidene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one derivatives incorporating thiazole ring. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Desai NC, Joshi VV, Rajpara KM, Vaghani HV, Satodiya HM. Microwave-assisted synthesis and antimicrobial screening of new imidazole derivatives bearing 4-thiazolidinone nucleus. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Dumas M, Nadal-Wollbold F, Gaussem P, Perez M, Mirault T, Létienne R, Bourbon T, Grelac F, Le Grand B, Bachelot-Loza C. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effect of F 16618, a new thrombin proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1827-1835. [PMID: 21913899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New antithrombotic agents with the potential to prevent atherothrombotic complications are being developed to target receptors on platelets and other cells involved in plaque growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiplatelet effects of F 16618, a new non-peptidic PAR1 (thrombin receptor) antagonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the inhibitory effect of F 16618 on human platelet aggregation ex vivo, in whole blood and washed platelets, by using a multiple-electrode platelet aggregometer based on impedance and an optical aggregometer, respectively. Its effects on whole-blood haemostasis (clot parameters) were analysed with the ROTEM thromboelastometry device and the platelet function analyser PFA-100. A guinea-pig model of arterial thrombosis was used to investigate its effects on thrombus formation in vivo. KEY RESULTS F 16618 inhibited PAR1 agonist peptide (SFLLR-peptide)-induced washed platelet aggregation ex vivo. This effect was concentration-dependent and exhibited a competitive inhibition profile. Washed platelet aggregation, as well as P-selectin expression induced by thrombin, were significantly inhibited by 10 µM F 16618. In whole-blood experiments, 20 µM F 16618 inhibited SFLLR-induced platelet aggregation by 49%. In contrast, it had no effect on whole-blood haemostasis. In the guinea-pig model of carotid thrombosis, 0.32 mg·kg(-1) F 16618 doubled the occlusion time. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS F 16618 was shown to have strong antithrombotic activity in vivo and moderate antiplatelet effects ex vivo. As these effects were not associated with major effects on physiological haemostasis, this molecule is a good antiplatelet drug candidate for use either alone or in combination with current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dumas
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - F Nadal-Wollbold
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - P Gaussem
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - M Perez
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - T Mirault
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - R Létienne
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - T Bourbon
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - F Grelac
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - B Le Grand
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - C Bachelot-Loza
- Inserm UMR S 765, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, FranceUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17, Avenue Jean Moulin, Castres cedex, FranceAP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
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23
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Lee H, Hamilton JR. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:246-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Dockendorff C, Aisiku O, VerPlank L, Dilks JR, Smith DA, Gunnink SF, Dowal L, Negri J, Palmer M, MacPherson L, Schreiber SL, Flaumenhaft R. Discovery of 1,3-Diaminobenzenes as Selective Inhibitors of Platelet Activation at the PAR1 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:232-237. [PMID: 22408714 PMCID: PMC3297361 DOI: 10.1021/ml2002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
A high-throughput screen of the NIH-MLSMR compound collection,
along with a series of secondary assays to identify potential targets
of hit compounds, previously identified a 1,3-diaminobenzene scaffold
that targets protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We now report additional
structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies that delineate
the requirements for activity at PAR1 and identify plasma-stable analogues
with nanomolar inhibition of PAR1-mediated platelet activation. Compound 4 was declared as a probe (ML161) with the NIH Molecular Libraries
Program. This compound inhibited platelet aggregation induced by a
PAR1 peptide agonist or by thrombin but not by several other platelet
agonists. Initial studies suggest that ML161 is an allosteric inhibitor
of PAR1. These findings may be important for the discovery of antithrombotics
with an improved safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dockendorff
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Omozuanvbo Aisiku
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
| | - Lynn VerPlank
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - James R. Dilks
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
| | - Daniel A. Smith
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
| | - Susanna F. Gunnink
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
| | - Louisa Dowal
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
| | - Joseph Negri
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Lawrence MacPherson
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical Biology Platform and
Probe Development Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division
of Hemostasis and Thrombosis,
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,
United States
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25
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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26
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Synthesis and in vitro study of methylene-bis-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-c]isoxazoles as potential nematicidal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Maeda NY, Carvalho JH, Otake AH, Mesquita SM, Bydlowski SP, Lopes AA. Platelet protease-activated receptor 1 and membrane expression of P-selectin in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thromb Res 2010; 125:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical manifestations of atherothrombotic disease, such as acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular events, and peripheral arterial disease, are major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Platelet activation and aggregation are ultimately responsible for the progression and clinical presentations of atherothrombotic disease. The current standard of care, dual oral antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and the P2Y(12) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor clopidogrel, has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with atherothrombotic disease. However, aspirin and P2Y(12) inhibitors target the thromboxane A(2) and the ADP P2Y(12) platelet activation pathways and minimally affect other pathways, while agonists such as thrombin, considered to be the most potent platelet activator, continue to stimulate platelet activation and thrombosis. This may help explain why patients continue to experience recurrent ischaemic events despite receiving such therapy. Furthermore, aspirin and P2Y(12) receptor antagonists are associated with bleeding risk, as the pathways they inhibit are critical for haemostasis. The challenge remains to develop therapies that more effectively inhibit platelet activation without increasing bleeding complications. The inhibition of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) for thrombin has been shown to inhibit thrombin-mediated platelet activation without increasing bleeding in pre-clinical models and small-scale clinical trials. PAR-1 inhibition in fact does not interfere with thrombin-dependent fibrin generation and coagulation, which are essential for haemostasis. Thus PAR-1 antagonism coupled with existing dual oral antiplatelet therapy may potentially offer more comprehensive platelet inhibition without the liability of increased bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Shands Jacksonville, 655 West 8th St, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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Luo W, Wang Y, Reiser G. Protease-activated receptors in the brain: receptor expression, activation, and functions in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:331-45. [PMID: 17915333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors that regulate the cellular response to extracellular serine proteases, like thrombin, trypsin, and tryptase. The PAR family consists of four members: PAR-1, -3, and -4 as thrombin receptors and PAR-2 as the trypsin/tryptase receptor, which are abundantly expressed in the brain throughout development. Recent evidence has supported the direct involvement of PARs in brain development and function. The expression of PARs in the brain is differentially upregulated or downregulated under pathological conditions in neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Activation of PARs mediates cell death or cell survival in the brain, depending on the amplitude and the duration of agonist stimulation. Interference or potentiation of PAR activation is beneficial in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, PARs mediate either neurodegeneration or neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases and represent attractive therapeutic targets for treatment of brain injuries. Here, we review the abnormal expression of PARs in the brain under pathological conditions, the functions of PARs in neurodegenerative disorders, and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Wu CC, Teng CM. Comparison of the effects of PAR1 antagonists, PAR4 antagonists, and their combinations on thrombin-induced human platelet activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:142-7. [PMID: 16890935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin activates human platelets through proteolytic activation of two protease-activated receptors (PARs), PAR1 and PAR4. In the present study, we show that, RWJ-56110, a potent synthetic PAR1 antagonist, inhibited platelet aggregation caused by a low concentration (0.05 U/ml) of thrombin, but lost its effectiveness when higher concentrations of thrombin were used as stimulators. YD-3, a non-peptide PAR4 antagonist, alone had little or no effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, significantly enhanced the anti-aggregatory activity of PAR1 antagonist. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that P-selectin expression in thrombin-stimulated platelets can be synergistically prevented by combined treatment of PAR1 antagonist and PAR4 antagonist. These results indicate that thrombin-induced platelet activation cannot be effectively inhibited by just blocking either single thrombin receptor pathway, and suggest a rationale for potential combination therapy in arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Sekiguchi F. [Development of agonists/antagonists for protease-activated receptors (PARs) and the possible therapeutic application to gastrointestinal diseases]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 125:491-8. [PMID: 15930817 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.125.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane-domain receptors, are activated by proteolytic unmasking of the N-terminal cryptic tethered ligand by certain serine proteases. Among four PAR family members cloned to date, PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-4 can also be activated through a non-enzymatic mechanism, which is achieved by direct binding of exogenously applied synthetic peptides based on the tethered ligand sequence, known as PARs-activating peptides, to the body of the receptor. Various peptide mimetics have been synthesized as agonists for PARs with improved potency, selectivity, and stability. Some peptide mimetics and/or nonpeptide compounds have also been developed as antagonists for PAR-1 and PAR-4. PARs are widely distributed in the mammalian body, especially throughout the alimentary systems, and play various roles in physiological/pathophysiological conditions, i.e., modulation of salivary, gastric, or pancreatic glandular exocrine secretion, gastrointestinal smooth muscle motility, gastric mucosal cytoprotection, suppression/facilitation of visceral pain and inflammation, etc. Thus PARs are now considered novel therapeutic targets, and development of selective agonists and/or antagonists for PARs might provide a novel strategy for the treatment of various diseases that are resistant to current therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Tanaka M, Arai H, Liu N, Nogaki F, Nomura K, Kasuno K, Oida E, Kita T, Ono T. Role of coagulation factor Xa and protease-activated receptor 2 in human mesangial cell proliferation. Kidney Int 2005; 67:2123-33. [PMID: 15882255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin deposition and mesangial cell proliferation are frequently observed in the active type of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Coagulation factors, such as factor V and factor Xa are colocalized with fibrin in the mesangial areas in active type of IgA nephropathy with mesangial cell proliferation. In this study, therefore, we studied the role of factor Xa and its receptor, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in mesangial cell proliferation and fibrin deposition, and examined ant-proliferative effects of a specific factor Xa inhibitor, DX-9065a, in cultured human mesangial cells. METHODS To examine the effect of DX-9065a on the factor Xa-induced proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells, we measured thymidine incorporation and cell numbers. We also examined the effect of DX-9065a on extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation and fibrin production induced by factor Xa in human mesangial cells. RESULTS Factor Xa increased [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner in mesangial cells, which was inhibited by DX-9065a. DX-9065a also suppressed factor Xa-triggered fibrin deposition on mesangial cell surface. Factor Xa induced the activation of ERK in mesangial cells and this activation was also completely inhibited by DX-9065a, but not inhibited by PAR1 antagonist. Factor Xa-induced cell proliferation and ERK activation were inhibited by PD98059. CONCLUSION There results suggest that factor Xa can induce mesangial cell proliferation through the activation of ERK via PAR2 in mesangial cells and that PAR2 may play a crucial role in the cell proliferation induced by factor Xa. Our results implicate that DX-9065a may be a promising agent to regulate proliferation of mesangial cellss and inhibit the coagulation process in mesangium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Srivastava S, Goswami LN, Dikshit DK. Progress in the design of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:66-92. [PMID: 15389730 DOI: 10.1002/med.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis and its complication, embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Past few decades have seen a great deal of progress in the development of antithrombotic agents, though the current treatment options are limited to heparin, LMW heparins, and warfarin. Detailed understanding of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of activation and regulation of blood coagulation have helped in developing specific inhibitors of enzymes, especially thrombin, within the coagulation cascade. Thrombin plays a central role in the coagulation cascade and so has become the primary target for the development of antithrombotic drugs. The review covers the main pharmacological aspects of haemostasis and thrombosis and provides an update on low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors along with the limitations of the prevalent antithrombotic agents. Recent developments in small molecule inhibitors of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) which can be helpful for the treatment of thrombotic and vascular proliferative disorders, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Lemmens-Gruber R. Patent focus on agents affecting cardiovascular and renal functions November 1999 - March 2000. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.5.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Derian CK, Maryanoff BE, Andrade-Gordon P, Zhang HC. Design and evaluation of potent peptide-mimetic PAR1 antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kato Y, Kita Y, Hirasawa-Taniyama Y, Nishio M, Mihara K, Ito K, Yamanaka T, Seki J, Miyata S, Mutoh S. Inhibition of arterial thrombosis by a protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist, FR171113, in the guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 473:163-9. [PMID: 12892834 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of FR171113, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-dichlorobenzoylimino)-5-(methoxycarbonyl methylene)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, a non-peptide protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonist, were evaluated in guinea pigs. FR171113 inhibited Ser-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-Asn-NH2 (a synthetic PAR1 agonist peptide)-induced and thrombin-induced aggregation of guinea pig platelets in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro (IC50=1.5 and 0.35 microM, respectively). Subcutaneous administration of FR171113 (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation ex vivo. The ED50 value of FR171113 for platelet aggregation was 0.49 mg/kg s.c. However, FR171113 did not have an inhibitory effect on ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. One hour after FR171113 treatment at 1.0 mg/kg s.c., significant inhibition of arterial thrombosis without a prolongation of thrombin time or coagulation time was seen in the FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis model in guinea pigs. Furthermore, FR171113 did not prolong bleeding time even at 32 mg/kg s.c., which is a much higher dose than that required in the thrombosis model. These observations indicate that FR171113 has desirable antiplatelet effects both in vitro and in vivo and that its in vivo antithrombotic activity is efficacious without causing a prolongation of bleeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kato
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, 1-6, 2-chome, Kashima, Yodogawa, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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Derian CK, Maryanoff BE, Zhang HC, Andrade-Gordon P. Therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptor-1 antagonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:209-21. [PMID: 12556215 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) is central to the maintenance of haemostatic balance through its coagulant, anticoagulant and platelet activating properties. In addition, this enzyme affects numerous cellular responses in a wide variety of cells, such as cell proliferation, cytokine and growth factor release, lipid metabolism and tissue remodelling. A family of G-protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs) mediates these cellular actions of thrombin. While thrombin can activate three of the four PAR family members, PAR-1 represents the primary thrombin-responsive receptor in human cells. The expression of PAR-1 in platelets, the vasculature and myocardium, in cells within atherosclerotic plaque and tissues after vascular injury, indicates that this receptor plays an important role during the response to tissue injury and associated inflammatory processes. With the development of PAR-deficient mice and small-molecule antagonists, it is now clear that intervening in processes mediated by PAR-1 presents a new approach to treating a variety of disorders dependent on thrombin generation, including thrombosis and restenosis. The full potential of PAR-1 antagonists has yet to be realised, but the promise of novel therapeutics that modulate receptor function rather than thrombin's proteolytic activity, provides an alternative and, perhaps, more desirable means to dampen the pathological effects of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia K Derian
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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Nantermet PG, Barrow JC, Lundell GF, Pellicore JM, Rittle KE, Young M, Freidinger RM, Connolly TM, Condra C, Karczewski J, Bednar RA, Gaul SL, Gould RJ, Prendergast K, Selnick HG. Discovery of a nonpeptidic small molecule antagonist of the human platelet thrombin receptor (PAR-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:319-23. [PMID: 11814787 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of nonpeptidic small molecule antagonists of the human platelet thrombin receptor (PAR-1) are described. Optimization of the 5-amino-3-arylisoxazole lead resulted in an approximate 100-fold increase in potency. The most potent of these compounds (54) inhibits platelet activation with IC(50)s of 90 nM against the thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP) and 510 nM against thrombin as the agonist. Further, antagonist 54 fully blocks platelet aggregation stimulated by 1 nM thrombin for 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Chackalamannil S, Doller D, Eagen K, Czarniecki M, Ahn HS, Foster CJ, Boykow G. Potent, low molecular weight thrombin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2851-3. [PMID: 11597414 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several benzimidazole derivatives have been identified as potent thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists as represented by compound 1h, which showed an IC(50) of 33 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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40
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Barrow JC, Nantermet PG, Selnick HG, Glass KL, Ngo PL, Young MB, Pellicore JM, Breslin MJ, Hutchinson JH, Freidinger RM, Condra C, Karczewski J, Bednar RA, Gaul SL, Stern A, Gould R, Connolly TM. Discovery and initial structure-activity relationships of trisubstituted ureas as thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2691-6. [PMID: 11591503 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the most potent agonist of platelet activation, and its effects are predominantly mediated by platelet thrombin receptors. Therefore, antagonists of the thrombin receptor have potential utility for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Screening of combinatorial libraries revealed 2 to be a potent antagonist of the thrombin receptor. Modifications of this structure produced 11k, which inhibits thrombin receptor stimulated secretion and aggregation of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Barrow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Ahn HS, Foster C, Boykow G, Stamford A, Manna M, Graziano M. Inhibition of cellular action of thrombin by N3-cyclopropyl-7-[[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]methyl]-7H-pyrrolo[3, 2-f]quinazoline-1,3-diamine (SCH 79797), a nonpeptide thrombin receptor antagonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1425-34. [PMID: 11020444 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests an important contribution of the cellular actions of thrombin to thrombosis and restenosis following angioplasty. Recently we reported on SCH 79797 (N3-cyclopropyl-7-¿[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]methyl¿-7H-pyrrolo[3, 2-f]quinazoline-1,3-diamine) and its analogs as new potent, nonpeptide thrombin receptor antagonists. This study further characterizes the biochemical and pharmacological actions of pyrroloquinazoline inhibitors of protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in human platelets and coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCASMC). SCH 79797 and its N-methyl analog (SCH 203099) inhibited binding of a high-affinity thrombin receptor-activating peptide ([(3)H]haTRAP, Ala-Phe(p-F)-Arg-ChA-HArg-[(3)H]Tyr-NH(2)) to PAR-1 with IC(50) values of 70 and 45 nM, respectively. SCH 79797 inhibited [(3)H]haTRAP binding in a competitive manner. SCH 79797 and SCH 203099 inhibited alpha-thrombin- and haTRAP-induced aggregation of human platelets, but did not inhibit human platelet aggregation induced by the tethered ligand agonist for protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR-4), gamma-thrombin, ADP, or collagen. SCH 203099 inhibited surface expression of P-selectin induced by haTRAP and thrombin, and it did not increase P-selectin expression or prevent thrombin cleavage of the receptor. Thrombin and TFLLRNPNDK-NH(2) (TK), a PAR-1-selective agonist, produced transient increases in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in hCASMC. This increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was inhibited effectively by SCH 79797. However, the Ca(2+) transients induced by SLIGKV-NH(2,) a PAR-2-selective agonist, were not inhibited by SCH 79797. Thrombin- and TK-stimulated [(3)H]thymidine incorporation also was inhibited completely by SCH 79797. The results of this study demonstrate that SCH 79797 and SCH 203099 are potent, selective antagonists of PAR-1 in human platelets and hCASMC. These data also suggest that the thrombin stimulation of Ca(2+) transients and mitogenesis in hCASMC is mediated primarily through activation of PAR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Ahn
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
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Chapter 10. Antiplatelet therapies. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(00)35011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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