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Guo X, Kolpakov MA, Hooshdaran B, Schappell W, Wang T, Eguchi S, Elliott KJ, Tilley DG, Rao AK, Andrade-Gordon P, Bunce M, Madhu C, Houser SR, Sabri A. Cardiac Expression of Factor X Mediates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Pressure Overload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:69-83. [PMID: 32043021 PMCID: PMC7000872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor X expression was increased in the heart following pressure overload and in isolated cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Rivaroxaban treatment at doses that do not affect thrombin generation, blood coagulation or cardiac hemostasis attenuated cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis caused by pressure overload and improved cardiac diastolic function. Activated coagulation factor X induced PAR-1/-2–mediated elongated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and PAR1-mediated cardiac fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation. Activated coagulation factor X derived from a cardiac source may represent an important physiologic and pathophysiologic activator of PAR-1/PAR-2. Non-anticoagulation dosage of rivaroxaban could provide an effective therapy to attenuate early phases of heart failure development.
Activated factor X is a key component of the coagulation cascade, but whether it directly regulates pathological cardiac remodeling is unclear. In mice subjected to pressure overload stress, cardiac factor X mRNA expression and activity increased concurrently with cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation and diastolic dysfunction, and responses blocked with a low coagulation-independent dose of rivaroxaban. In vitro, neurohormone stressors increased activated factor X expression in both cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, resulting in activated factor X-mediated activation of protease-activated receptors and pro-hypertrophic and -fibrotic responses, respectively. Thus, inhibition of cardiac-expressed activated factor X could provide an effective therapy for the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bahman Hooshdaran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Schappell
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine J Elliott
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center of Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Koneti Rao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Darrow AL, Fung-Leung WP, Ye RD, Santulli RJ, Cheung WM, Derian CK, Burns CL, Damiano BP, Zhou L, Keenan CM, Peterson PA, Andrade-Gordon P. Biological Consequences of Thrombin Receptor Deficiency in Mice. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1650676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe thrombin receptor (ThrR) is a membrane-bound, G-protein-coupled receptor for the serine protease thrombin. This receptor is expressed in a wide variety of cells and tissues, and elicits a range of physiological responses associated with tissue injury, inflammation, and wound repair. To achieve a better understanding of the physiological role of the ThrR, we have employed homologous recombination to create mice with a disrupted ThrR gene. Following heterozygous (+/-) intercrosses, a total of 351 surviving offspring were genotyped. Only 7% of these offspring were identified as homozygous (-/-) for the disrupted allele, indicating a profound effect on embryonic development. Paradoxically, adult ThrR-/- mice appeared to be normal by anatomical and histological analysis, including their platelet number and function. Similarly, ThrR deficiency had no detectable effect in adult ThrR-/- mice on basal heart rate, arterial blood pressure, vasomotor responses to angiotensin II and acetylcholine, and coagulation parameters, even though the ThrR is expressed in many cardiovascular tissue types. In addition, the loss of ThrR function in the peripheral vasculature of adult ThrR-/- mice was confirmed by the absence of various standard hemodynamic effects of the ThrR-activating peptides SFLLRN-NH2 and TFLLRNPNDK-NH2 Our results indicate that ThrR deficiency has a strong impact on fetal development; however, ThrR-/- mice that proceed to full development display surprisingly little change in phenotype compared to the wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Darrow
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Richard D Ye
- The Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Wai-Man Cheung
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Claudia K Derian
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Carol L Burns
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Bruce P Damiano
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Lubing Zhou
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte M Keenan
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Per A Peterson
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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Bode MF, Auriemma AC, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Rennie A, Bode WD, Vora R, Subramaniam S, Cooley B, Andrade-Gordon P, Antoniak S, Mackman N. The factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduces cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2018; 167:128-134. [PMID: 29843086 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rivaroxaban selectively inhibits factor Xa (FXa), which plays a central role in blood coagulation. In addition, FXa activates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). We have shown that PAR-2-/- mice exhibit less cardiac dysfunction after cardiac injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wild-type (WT) and PAR-2-/- mice were subjected to left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation to induce cardiac injury and heart failure. Mice received either placebo or rivaroxaban chow either starting at the time of surgery or 3 days after surgery and continued up to 28 days. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography pre-surgery and 3, 7 and 28 days after LAD ligation. We also measured anticoagulation, intravascular thrombi, infarct size, cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation at various times. RESULTS Rivaroxaban increased the prothrombin time and inhibited the formation of intravascular thrombi in mice subjected to LAD ligation. WT mice receiving rivaroxaban immediately after surgery had similar infarct sizes at day 1 as controls but exhibited significantly less impairment of cardiac function at day 3 and beyond compared to the placebo group. Rivaroxaban also inhibited the expansion of the infarct at day 28. Rivaroxaban did not significantly affect the expression of inflammatory mediators or a neutrophil marker at day 2 after LAD ligation. Delaying the start of rivaroxaban administration until 3 days after surgery failed to preserve cardiac function. In addition, rivaroxaban did not reduce cardiac dysfunction in PAR-2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of rivaroxaban preserves cardiac function in mice after LAD ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alyson C Auriemma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven P Grover
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex Rennie
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weeranun D Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rashi Vora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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D’Andrea M, de Garavilla L, Cheung WM, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano B. Increased Expression of Protease Activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2) in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Artery. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1614574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryProtease-induced cell signaling is mediated by specific receptors such as the emerging family of protease activated receptors (PARs). Since proteases are involved in various aspects of vascular injury, we assessed expression of PAR-2, a protease-activated receptor closely related to the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) but activated by an unknown protease, in vascular injury. Rat carotids were subjected to balloon-catheter injury and perfusion fixed at 1, 3, 7 or 14 days after injury. Sections of injured and normal carotid arteries were immunohisto-chemically labeled with a polyclonal antibody raised against the N-terminal residues 37-53 of human PAR-2. Sections were also labeled with antibodies to factor VIII-related antigen, smooth muscle actin and a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In normal vessels, PAR-2 labeling was diffuse and patchy in medial smooth muscle and endothelium. At one and three days after injury, before appearance of neointima, PAR-2 labeling increased in cells adjacent to damaged or necrotic smooth muscle cells. In addition, proliferating adventitial myofibroblasts labeled strongly for PAR-2. At 7 and 14 days after injury, the media and neointima of injured vessels had increased PAR-2 labeling which was most intense at the luminal edge of the neointima. Double immunohistochemical labeling confirmed the greatest expression of PAR-2 in areas with the greatest density of PCNA-positive cells. In addition, PAR-2 mRNA localization using in situ hybridization paralleled PAR-2 expression. The data suggest an upregulation of PAR-2 in response to vascular injury which is associated with medial smooth muscle damage, proliferating adventitial myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells of the neointima, particularly those at the proliferating luminal edge of the neointima. Possible functional consequences of this receptor upregulation and its role in the response to vascular injury remain to be determined.
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Belongie KJ, Ferrannini E, Johnson K, Andrade-Gordon P, Hansen MK, Petrie JR. Identification of novel biomarkers to monitor β-cell function and enable early detection of type 2 diabetes risk. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182932. [PMID: 28846711 PMCID: PMC5573304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in β-cell function is a prerequisite for the development of type 2 diabetes, yet the level of β-cell function in individuals at risk of the condition is rarely measured. This is due, in part, to the fact that current methods for assessing β-cell function are inaccurate, prone to error, labor-intensive, or affected by glucose-lowering therapy. The aim of the current study was to identify novel circulating biomarkers to monitor β-cell function and to identify individuals at high risk of developing β-cell dysfunction. In a nested case-control study from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease (RISC) cohort (n = 1157), proteomics and miRNA profiling were performed on fasting plasma samples from 43 individuals who progressed to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 43 controls who maintained normal glucose tolerance (NGT) over three years. Groups were matched at baseline for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp) and β-cell glucose sensitivity (mathematical modeling). Proteomic profiling was performed using the SomaLogic platform (Colorado, USA); miRNA expression was performed using a modified RT-PCR protocol (Regulus Therapeutics, California, USA). Results showed differentially expressed proteins and miRNAs including some with known links to type 2 diabetes, such as adiponectin, but also novel biomarkers and pathways. In cross sectional analysis at year 3, the top differentially expressed biomarkers in people with IGT/ reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity were adiponectin, alpha1-antitrypsin (known to regulate adiponectin levels), endocan, miR-181a, miR-342, and miR-323. At baseline, adiponectin, cathepsin D and NCAM.L1 (proteins expressed by pancreatic β-cells) were significantly lower in those that progressed to IGT. Many of the novel prognostic biomarker candidates were within the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway: for example, Noggin, DLL4 and miR-181a. Further validation studies are required in additional clinical cohorts and in patients with type 2 diabetes, but these results identify novel pathways and biomarkers that may have utility in monitoring β-cell function and/ or predicting future decline, allowing more targeted efforts to prevent and intercept type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine J. Belongie
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Kjell Johnson
- Arbor Analytics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patricia Andrade-Gordon
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Hansen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John R. Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Xin H, Bernal A, Amato FA, Pinhasov A, Kauffman J, Brenneman DE, Derian CK, Andrade-Gordon P, Plata-Salamán CR, Ilyin SE. High-Throughput siRNA-Based Functional Target Validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:286-93. [PMID: 15191645 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104263533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery process pursued by major pharmaceutical companies for many years starts with target identification followed by high-throughput screening (HTS) with the goal of identifying lead compounds. To accomplish this goal, significant resources are invested into automation of the screening process or HTS. Robotic systems capable of handling thousands of data points per day are implemented across the pharmaceutical sector. Many of these systems are amenable to handling cell-based screening protocols as well. On the other hand, as companies strive to develop innovative products based on novel mechanisms of action(s), one of the current bottlenecks of the industry is the target validation process. Traditionally, bioinformatics and HTS groups operate separately at different stages of the drug discovery process. The authors describe the convergence and integration of HTS and bioinformatics to perform high-throughput target functional identification and validation. As an example of this approach, they initiated a project with a functional cell-based screen for a biological process of interest using libraries of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules. In this protocol, siRNAs function as potent gene-specific inhibitors. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the target genes is confirmed by TaqMan analysis, and genes with impacts on biological functions of interest are selected for further analysis. Once the genes are confirmed and further validated, they may be used for HTS to yield lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xin
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
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Di Prospero NA, Artis E, Andrade-Gordon P, Johnson DL, Vaccaro N, Xi L, Rothenberg P. CCR2 antagonism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1055-64. [PMID: 24798870 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Macrophage recruitment through C-C motif chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) into adipose tissue is believed to play a role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this Phase 2 proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of JNJ-41443532, an orally bioavailable CCR2 antagonist, in patients with T2DM. METHODS This was a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter study. A total of 89 patients were randomized to receive either 250- or 1000-mg of JNJ-41443532 twice daily, 30-mg of pioglitazone once daily (reference arm), or placebo. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in 23-h weighted mean glucose (WMG); secondary endpoints included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment [HOMA-IR]), insulin secretion (HOMA-%B) and body weight. RESULTS Absorption of JNJ-41443532 into the systemic circulation occurred at a median tmax of 2 h, and the mean t½ was approximately 8 h for both doses; plasma systemic exposures increased slightly more than dose-proportionally. After 4 weeks, reductions in 23-h WMG and FPG were observed in all treatment groups compared with placebo and were significantly lower for 250-mg JNJ-41443532 and pioglitazone. HOMA-IR was lower for all treatment groups, but significantly lower only for pioglitazone. Conversely, HOMA-%B was increased for all groups, but significantly increased only for 250-mg JNJ-41443532. All groups, including placebo, had decreased body weight over time. There were no clinically significant findings during routine safety assessments and the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar across all groups. CONCLUSIONS Administration of JNJ-41443532 resulted in modest improvement in glycaemic parameters compared with placebo, and was generally well tolerated in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Di Prospero
- Department of Translational Medicine, Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
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Gobbetti T, Cenac N, Motta JP, Rolland C, Martin L, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Barocelli E, Vergnolle N. Serine protease inhibition reduces post-ischemic granulocyte recruitment in mouse intestine. Am J Pathol 2011; 180:141-52. [PMID: 22067907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteases and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) activation are involved in several intestinal inflammatory conditions. We hypothesized that serine proteases and PAR activation could also modulate the intestinal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 90 minutes of intestinal ischemia followed or not by reperfusion. Sham-operated animals served as controls. After ischemia, plasma and tissue serine protease activity levels were increased compared to the activity measured in plasma and tissues from sham-operated mice. This increase was maintained or further enhanced after 2 and 5 hours of reperfusion, respectively. Trypsin (25 kDa) was detected in tissues both after ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion. Treatment with FUT-175 (10 mg/kg), a potent serine protease inhibitor, increased survival after I-R, inhibited tissue protease activity, and significantly decreased intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and chemokine and adhesion molecule expression. We investigated whether serine proteases modulate granulocyte recruitment by a PAR-dependent mechanism. MPO levels and adhesion molecule expression were significantly reduced in I-R groups pre-treated with the PAR(1) antagonist SCH-79797 (5 mg/kg) and in Par(2)(-/-)mice, compared, respectively, to vehicle-treated group and wild-type littermates. Thus, increased proteolytic activity and PAR activation play a pathogenic role in intestinal I-R injury. Inhibition of PAR-activating serine proteases could be beneficial to reduce post-ischemic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gobbetti
- INSERM, U1043, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
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Lu T, Markotan T, Ballentine SK, Giardino EC, Spurlino J, Crysler CS, Brown K, Maryanoff BE, Tomczuk BE, Damiano BP, Shukla U, End D, Andrade-Gordon P, Bone RF, Player MR. Corrections to Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of 1-{ N-[2-(Amidinoaminooxy)ethyl]amino}carbonylmethyl-6-methyl-3-[2,2-difluoro-2-phenylethylamino]pyrazinone (RWJ-671818), a Thrombin Inhibitor with an Oxyguanidine P1 Motif. J Med Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100354s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hyun E, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Beck PL, Vergnolle N. Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the pro-inflammatory effects of protease-activated receptor-2 in colitis. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:699-709. [PMID: 20339899 PMCID: PMC2917702 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to determine the contribution of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2)-expressing bone marrow-derived cells on the development of colonic inflammation. Materials Chimeric mice were generated by injecting bone marrow cells from wildtype (PAR2+/+) or PAR2 knockout mice (PAR2−/−) into irradiated PAR2+/+ or PAR2−/− mice. Treatments: Colitis was induced by giving 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 7 days or by a single intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS, 2 mg dissolved in 40% ethanol). Methods Seven days after the induction of colitis, bowel thickness, inflammatory parameters [myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, macroscopic/microscopic damage scores], and leukocyte trafficking (visualized via intravital microscopy) were assessed. Results Total deficiency of PAR2 resulted in a marked reduction in severity of both TNBS and DSS induced colitis as assessed by MPO activity, macroscopic damage, bowel thickness, and leukocyte adherence. Colitis was attenuated in all chimeric lines in which there was loss of PAR2 in the host, non-bone marrow-derived tissue, independent of the status of PAR expression by bone marrow-derived cells. Interestingly, TNBS colitis was attenuated in PAR2+/+ chimeric mice with PAR2−/− derived bone marrow but these animals were not protected from DSS colitis. Conclusions Expression of PAR2 by host-derived tissues plays a dominant role in regulating colonic inflammation. PAR2 expression by bone marrow-derived cells appears to play a role in TNBS colitis but not in DSS induced injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00011-010-0181-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hyun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Patricia Andrade-Gordon
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh Rd and Mckean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Munster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul L. Beck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CHU Purpan, INSERM U563, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, route de Narbonne, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CHU Purpan, INSERM U563, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Lu T, Markotan T, Ballentine SK, Giardino EC, Spurlino J, Brown K, Maryanoff BE, Tomczuk BE, Damiano BP, Shukla U, End D, Andrade-Gordon P, Bone RF, Player MR. Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of 1-{N-[2-(Amidinoaminooxy)ethyl]amino}carbonylmethyl-6-methyl-3-[2,2-difluoro-2-phenylethylamino]pyrazinone (RWJ-671818), a Thrombin Inhibitor with an Oxyguanidine P1 Motif. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1843-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901802n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Lu
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Thomas Markotan
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Shelley K. Ballentine
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Edward C. Giardino
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - John Spurlino
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Kathryn Brown
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce E. Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce E. Tomczuk
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce P. Damiano
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Umesh Shukla
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - David End
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Patricia Andrade-Gordon
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Roger F. Bone
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Mark R. Player
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
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Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L, Greco MN, Haertlein BJ, Wells GI, Andrade-Gordon P, Abraham WM. Dual inhibition of cathepsin G and chymase is effective in animal models of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:247-53. [PMID: 19875688 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0627oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mast cells and neutrophils are key contributors to the pathophysiological inflammatory processes that underpin asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, partly through the release of noxious serine proteases, including cathepsin G (Cat G) and chymase. From this standpoint, a dual inhibitor of neutrophil Cat G and mast cell chymase could protect against these disease-related inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES We examined the antiinflammatory pharmacology of RWJ-355871, a dual inhibitor of Cat G and chymase, in animal models of inflammation that evince pathophysiological pathways relevant to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine the therapeutic potential of this compound. METHODS In an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rat model, RWJ-355871 was administered to block the mast-cell-mediated increase in paw volume caused by OVA injection. In a sheep asthma model, antigen-induced airway responses were assessed with and without aerosol treatment with RWJ-355871. In a murine tobacco-smoke model of airway inflammation, the effect of RWJ-355871 on smoke-induced neutrophilia was determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intravenous treatment of OVA-sensitized rats with RWJ-355871 provided dose-dependent reduction in the increase in rat paw volume. In allergic sheep, aerosol pretreatment with RWJ-355871 showed dose-dependent inhibition of the antigen-induced early response, late response, and post-antigen-induced airway hyperreponsiveness. In tobacco-smoke-exposed mice, nebulized RWJ-355871 significantly reduced the smoke-induced neutrophilia from the levels observed in untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical antiinflammatory effects of RWJ-355871 in these animal models of inflammation indicate that this dual inhibitor may have therapeutic utility for treating airway inflammatory diseases involving mechanisms that depend on Cat G and/or chymase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0076, USA.
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13
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Martin L, Augé C, Boué J, Buresi MC, Chapman K, Asfaha S, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Cenac N, Dietrich G, Vergnolle N. Thrombin receptor: An endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory pain, activating opioid pathways. Pain 2009; 146:121-9. [PMID: 19674841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin and mast cell tryptase can act on different cell types through protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors have been shown to be implicated in several phenomena such as inflammation, platelet activation, immune response and atherosclerosis. Several studies recently reported PARs expression on neurons and some of them demonstrated that these receptors could interfere with nociception. The contribution of PAR(1) to inflammatory pain and the mechanism involved in this phenomenon were investigated. Intraplantar injection of PAR(1) agonist increased withdrawal latency and reduced response frequency to von Frey filaments, thus inhibiting nociceptive response to both mechanical and thermal stimuli in mice. PAR(1) agonist also reduced carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. The anti-nociceptive effects of PAR(1) agonist were mediated by endogenous opioids, as this effect was inhibited by local injection of naloxone methiodide, and because intraplantar injection of PAR(1) agonist increased mRNA expression of the endogenous opioid precursor proenkephalin. However, PAR(1) agonist was not able to inhibit calcium signals in isolated sensory neurons exposed to pro-nociceptive agents. Finally, despite similar inflammatory parameters, PAR(1)-deficient mice showed a strong potentiation of inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by the intraplantar injection of either formalin or carrageenan, or in the chronic model of collagen-induced arthritis, compared to wild-type mice. This study highlights a previously unknown endogenous mechanism of analgesia, showing a central role for the thrombin receptor PAR(1) in the regulation of inflammatory pain and as an activator of opioid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Martin
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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14
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D'Andrea MR, Reiser PA, Gumula NA, Hertzog BM, Andrade-Gordon P. Application of triple immunohistochemistry to characterize amyloid plaque-associated inflammation in brains with Alzheimer's disease. Biotech Histochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/bih.76.2.97.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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15
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Khoufache K, LeBouder F, Morello E, Laurent F, Riffault S, Andrade-Gordon P, Boullier S, Rousset P, Vergnolle N, Riteau B. Protective role for protease-activated receptor-2 against influenza virus pathogenesis via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway. J Immunol 2009; 182:7795-802. [PMID: 19494303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a receptor highly expressed in the respiratory tract, can influence inflammation at mucosal surfaces. Although the effects of PAR(2) in the innate immune response to bacterial infection have been documented, knowledge of its role in the context of viral infection is lacking. We thus investigated the role of PAR(2) in influenza pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, stimulation of PAR(2) on epithelial cells inhibited influenza virus type A (IAV) replication through the production of IFN-gamma. In vivo, stimulation of PAR(2) using specific agonists protected mice from IAV-induced acute lung injury and death. This effect correlated with an increased clearance of IAV in the lungs associated with increased IFN- gamma production and a decreased presence of neutrophils and RANTES release in bronchoalveolar fluids. More importantly, the protective effect of the PAR(2) agonist was totally abrogated in IFN- gamma-deficient mice. Finally, compared with wild-type mice, PAR(2)-deficient mice were more susceptible to IAV infection and displayed more severe lung inflammation. In these mice higher neutrophil counts and increased RANTES concentration but decreased IFN- gamma levels were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavages. Collectively, these results showed that PAR(2) plays a protective role during IAV infection through IFN-gamma production and decreased excessive recruitment of inflammatory cells to lung alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khoufache
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche 892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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16
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Versteeg HH, Schaffner F, Kerver M, Ellies LG, Andrade-Gordon P, Mueller BM, Ruf W. Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2, but not PAR1, signaling promotes the development of mammary adenocarcinoma in polyoma middle T mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7219-27. [PMID: 18757438 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PAR) are key signaling components for proteases in vascular biology and tumor progression. To address the contributions of PAR1 and PAR2 to breast cancer development, we established cohorts of mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T (PyMT) PAR1(-/-) and PAR2(-/-) mice, considering that the PyMT model recapitulates aspects of human disease. Appearance of palpable tumors, tumor expansion, and metastasis was indistinguishable between wild-type and PAR1(-/-) mice. PAR1(-/-) breast cancer cells were no longer responsive to thrombin in vitro, excluding compensatory up-regulation of alternative thrombin receptors and indicating that thrombin-PAR1 signaling is dispensable in breast tumor microenvironments. In contrast, palpable tumors and multifocal disease developed slower in PAR2(-/-) mice, and as a consequence of delayed tumor onset, metastasis was reduced. Analysis of early tumors showed persistence of adenomas with delayed appearance of vascularized adenocarcinomas in PAR2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, CXCL1 production by early PAR2(-/-) tumors was reduced. These results are consistent with previous xenograft data that implicated breast cancer PAR2 signaling in the induction of proangiogenic growth factors and chemokines. This study establishes that protease signaling contributes to mammary tumor development and that PAR2, rather than the thrombin receptor PAR1, plays a crucial role in the angiogenic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri H Versteeg
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) during intestinal inflammation is still unclear due to the fact that PAR(2)-activating peptide has both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAR(2) deficiency (using PAR(2)-deficient mice, PAR(2)(-/-)) in models of colitis, in order to elucidate the role of endogenous PAR(2) in the process of inflammation in the gut. METHODS Colonic inflammation in wild-type and PAR(2)(-/-) mice was induced by dextran sodium sulfate, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), a T helper-1 predominant model, or oxazolone, a T helper-2 predominant model. Leukocyte recruitment, assessed by intravital microscopy, and inflammatory parameters (myeloperoxidase (MPO), macroscopic and microscopic damage) were assessed during the development of colitis. Lastly, the protein levels of cyclooxygenases (COXs) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, alpha-M, alpha-4) were assessed by using western blot analysis. RESULTS In all three models of colitis, MPO activity, macroscopic damage score and bowel thickness were significantly lower in PAR(2)(-/-) mice. Changes in vessel leukocyte recruitment parameters (rolling and adhesion) were also significantly reduced in PAR(2)(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice after the induction of colitis. The protein expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and alpha-4 was significantly attenuated, whereas the expression of COX-1 was significantly increased in PAR(2)(-/-) mice challenged with TNBS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS The role of endogenous PAR(2) in the gut is pro-inflammatory and independent of the T helper-1 or -2 cytokine profile. Endogenous PAR(2) activation controls leukocyte recruitment in the colon and thus appears as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hyun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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18
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Hyun E, Andrade-Gordon P, Vergnolle N. DEFICIENCY IN PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-2 (PAR2) ATTENUATES COLONIC INFLAMMATION IN MICE INDEPENDENT OF BONE MARROW DERIVEDCELLS. CLIN INVEST MED 2008. [DOI: 10.25011/cim.v31i4.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background andaims: The role of PAR_2 duringintestinal inflammation is unclear, since its activation in the gut could lead to either pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAR_2 deficiency (using PAR_2-deficient mice: PAR_2 ^-/-)in an animal model of colitis and to investigate the role of PAR_2 deficiency on bone marrow-derived cells.
Methods: Colonic inflammation in PAR_2 ^+/+ and PAR_2 ^-/- mice was induced by 2.5 % dextran sodium sulfate(DSS). Chimeric mice (PAR_2^Ch+/+ or PAR_2^Ch-/-) injected with bone marrow cells (BMC) from either PAR_2 ^+/+ or PAR_2 ^-/- mice, were also given DSS.
Results: PAR_2 ^+/+ mice treated with DSS showed a significant increase in leukocyte rolling/adherence, bowel thickness, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and macroscopic damage compared to PAR_2 ^-/-. PAR_2^Ch-/- mice, regardless of the source of bone marrow cells injected, showed significantly reduced inflammatory parameters, compared to PAR_2^Ch+/+ injected with PAR_2 ^+/+ bone marrow. A similar degree of DSS-induced inflammation was observed between chimeric PAR_2^Ch+/+ mice injected with either PAR_2 ^-/- or PAR_2 ^+/+bone marrow cells.
Conclusions: Since DSS inflammation was reduced in PAR_2^ch-/- compared with PAR_2^ch+/+ mice, irrespective of the source of donor bone marrow cells, we conclude that PAR_2 expression on recipient tissues rather than on donor bone marrow cells plays a key role in the development and maintenance of DSS-induced colitis. PAR_2 thus appears as an important mediator of colonic inflammation and represents apotential target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Supported by CIHR and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada
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Steinhoff M, Seeliger S, Derian C, Nawroth R, Sunderkötter C, Metze D, Vestweber D, Andrade-Gordon P, Luger TA. Evidence for a proinflammatory role of proteinase-activated receptor-2 during cutaneous inflammation in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.0212cm.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Suo Z, Citron BA, Ameenuddin S, Andrade-Gordon P, Festoff BW. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), microglial reactivity and neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.81.s1.113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Gunnet JW, Wines P, Xiang M, Rybczynski P, Andrade-Gordon P, de Garavilla L, Parry TJ, Cheung WM, Minor L, Demarest KT, Maryanoff BE, Damiano BP. Pharmacological characterization of RWJ-676070, a dual vasopressin V(1A)/V(2) receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:333-42. [PMID: 18599033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and activation of vasopressin V(1A) and V(2) receptors may play a role in disease. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of RWJ-676070, a potent, balanced antagonist of both the V(1A) and V(2) receptors is described. RWJ-676070 binding and intracellular functional antagonist activity was characterized using cells expressing V(1A), V(1B) or V(2) receptors. Its inhibition of V(1A) receptor-mediated contraction of vascular rings and platelet aggregation was determined. V(2) receptor-medated aquaresis was determined in rats, dogs and monkeys. V(1A) receptor-mediated inhibitory activity was assessed in vivo in a vasopressin-induced hypertension model and in normotensive rats and in two hypertensive rat models. RWJ-676070 inhibited AVP binding to human V(1A) and V(2) receptors (Ki=1 and 14 nM, respectively). RWJ-676070 inhibited V(1A) receptor-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and V(2) receptor-induced cAMP accumulation with Ki values of 14 nM and 13 nM, respectively. The compound was slightly less potent against rat V(1A) receptors. RWJ-676070 inhibited V(1A) receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in rat and dog vascular rings and AVP-induced human platelet aggregation. Dose dependent aquaresis was demonstrated in rats, dogs and monkeys following oral administration. RWJ-676070 inhibited AVP-induced hypertension in rats but had no effect on arterial pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats but did decrease arterial pressure in Dahl, salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. RWJ-676070 is a new, potent antagonist of V(1A) and V(2) receptors that may be useful for treatment of diseases benefiting from balanced inhibition of both V(1A) and V(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Gunnet
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
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22
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Niessen F, Schaffner F, Furlan-Freguia C, Pawlinski R, Bhattacharjee G, Chun J, Derian CK, Andrade-Gordon P, Rosen H, Ruf W. Dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 signalling couples coagulation and inflammation. Nature 2008; 452:654-8. [PMID: 18305483 DOI: 10.1038/nature06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Defining critical points of modulation across heterogeneous clinical syndromes may provide insight into new therapeutic approaches. Coagulation initiated by the cytokine-receptor family member known as tissue factor is a hallmark of systemic inflammatory response syndromes in bacterial sepsis and viral haemorrhagic fevers, and anticoagulants can be effective in severe sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The precise mechanism coupling coagulation and inflammation remains unresolved. Here we show that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) signalling sustains a lethal inflammatory response that can be interrupted by inhibition of either thrombin or PAR1 signalling. The sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) axis is a downstream component of PAR1 signalling, and by combining chemical and genetic probes for S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) we show a critical role for dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 cross-talk in regulating amplification of inflammation in sepsis syndrome. Conversely, dendritic cells sustain escalated systemic coagulation and are the primary hub at which coagulation and inflammation intersect within the lymphatic compartment. Loss of dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 signalling sequesters dendritic cells and inflammation into draining lymph nodes, and attenuates dissemination of interleukin-1beta to the lungs. Thus, activation of dendritic cells by coagulation in the lymphatics emerges as a previously unknown mechanism that promotes systemic inflammation and lethality in decompensated innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Niessen
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Afkhami-Goli A, Noorbakhsh F, Keller AJ, Vergnolle N, Westaway D, Jhamandas JH, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Arab H, Dyck RH, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 exerts protective and pathogenic cell type-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. J Immunol 2007; 179:5493-503. [PMID: 17911636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors, and their effects in neurodegenerative diseases remain uncertain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder defined by misfolded protein accumulation with concurrent neuroinflammation and neuronal death. We report suppression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) expression in neurons of brains from AD patients, whereas PAR2 expression was increased in proximate glial cells, together with up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and reduced IL-4 expression (p < 0.05). Glial PAR2 activation increased expression of formyl peptide receptor-2 (p < 0.01), a cognate receptor for a fibrillar 42-aa form of beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)), enhanced microglia-mediated proinflammatory responses, and suppressed astrocytic IL-4 expression, resulting in neuronal death (p < 0.05). Conversely, neuronal PAR2 activation protected human neurons against the toxic effects of Abeta(1-42) (p < 0.05), a key component of AD neuropathogenesis. Amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice, displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein and IL-4 induction (p < 0.05) in the absence of proinflammatory gene up-regulation and neuronal injury, whereas PAR2 was up-regulated at this early stage of disease progression. PAR2-deficient mice, after hippocampal Abeta(1-42) implantation, exhibited enhanced IL-4 induction and less neuroinflammation (p < 0.05), together with improved neurobehavioral outcomes (p < 0.05). Thus, PAR2 exerted protective properties in neurons, but its activation in glia was pathogenic with secretion of neurotoxic factors and suppression of astrocytic anti-inflammatory mechanisms contributing to Abeta(1-42)-mediated neurodegeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alzheimer Disease/etiology
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Rats
- Receptor, PAR-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afkhami-Goli
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Paszcuk AF, Quintão NLM, Fernandes ES, Juliano L, Chapman K, Andrade-Gordon P, Campos MM, Vergnolle N, Calixto JB. Mechanisms underlying the nociceptive and inflammatory responses induced by trypsin in the mouse paw. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 581:204-15. [PMID: 18083162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that trypsin is able to evoke the classical signals of inflammation, mainly via the activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). This study was designed to evaluate the inflammatory and nociceptive responses caused by trypsin injection in the mouse paw. Trypsin produced a dose- and time-related paw edema, a response that was markedly reduced in PAR-2-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice, particularly at the early time-points after trypsin injection. In addition, trypsin produced an increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which was significantly reduced in PAR-2-deficient mice. The injection of trypsin into the mouse paw also elicited a dose- and time-dependent spontaneous nociception, as well as thermal and mechanical hypernociceptive responses, which were consistently decreased in mice with genetic deletion of PAR-2. Pharmacological evaluation revealed that edema formation and spontaneous nociception caused by trypsin injection in the mouse paw are mediated by a complex range of mediators. Both edema and nociception seem to rely on the production of neuropeptides, probably involving C-fibre activation and vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1), besides the stimulation of kinin B(2) receptors. Edematogenic response is also likely related to the production of cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites, whereas the mast cell activation appears to be greatly associated to spontaneous nociception. Altogether, the present results indicate that trypsin-induced edema and nociception in the mouse paw represent multi-mediated responses that are largely, but not exclusively, related to the activation of PAR-2. These pieces of evidence provide new insights on the role of trypsin in pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Paszcuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina UFSC, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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25
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Costanzo MJ, Almond HR, Hecker LR, Schott MR, Yabut SC, Zhang HC, Andrade-Gordon P, Corcoran TW, Giardino EC, Kauffman JA, Lewis JM, de Garavilla L, Haertlein BJ, Maryanoff BE. In-Depth Study of Tripeptide-Based α-Ketoheterocycles as Inhibitors of Thrombin. Effective Utilization of the S 1‘ Subsite and Its Implications to Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701211q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Pawlinski R, Tencati M, Hampton CR, Shishido T, Bullard TA, Casey LM, Andrade-Gordon P, Kotzsch M, Spring D, Luther T, Abe JI, Pohlman TH, Verrier ED, Blaxall BC, Mackman N. Protease-activated receptor-1 contributes to cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. Circulation 2007; 116:2298-306. [PMID: 17967980 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.692764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation protease thrombin. It is expressed by a variety of cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. We have shown that tissue factor (TF) and thrombin contribute to infarct size after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that PAR-1 signaling induces hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of PAR-1 in infarction, cardiac remodeling, and hypertrophy after I/R injury. In addition, we analyzed the effect of overexpression of PAR-1 on cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that PAR-1 deficiency reduced dilation of the left ventricle and reduced impairment of left ventricular function 2 weeks after I/R injury. Activation of ERK1/2 was increased in injured PAR-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice; however, PAR-1 deficiency did not affect infarct size. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PAR-1 in mice induced eccentric hypertrophy (increased left ventricular dimension and normal left ventricular wall thickness) and dilated cardiomyopathy. Deletion of the TF gene in cardiomyocytes reduced the eccentric hypertrophy in mice overexpressing PAR-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PAR-1 contributes to cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. Moreover, overexpression of PAR-1 on cardiomyocytes induced eccentric hypertrophy. Inhibition of PAR-1 after myocardial infarction may represent a novel therapy to reduce hypertrophy and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Pawlinski
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Alier KA, Endicott JA, Stemkowski PL, Cenac N, Cellars L, Chapman K, Andrade-Gordon P, Vergnolle N, Smith PA. Intrathecal administration of proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonists produces hyperalgesia by exciting the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:224-33. [PMID: 17921188 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by endogenous serine proteinases that cleave the N-terminal domain of the receptor unmasking a "tethered ligand" sequence. Trypsin and other agonists at PAR(2) act on peripheral nerves to augment the transfer of nociceptive information. We tested whether PAR(2) agonists also exert a spinal pronociceptive effect by i.t. administering the selective ligand, Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (SLI-GRL). This produced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in rats and mice and augmented mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia seen in the formalin inflammatory pain test. Effects of SLIGRL were abrogated in PAR(2)-deficient mice and were not seen with the inactive control peptide, Leu-Arg-Gly-Ile-Leu-Ser-NH(2). Surprisingly, electrophysiological studies, using whole-cell recording from rat substantia gelatinosa neurons, failed to demonstrate an increase in excitatory transmission or neuronal excitability following treatment with SLIGRL or trypsin. In fact, the actions of trypsin were consistent with a decrease in dorsal horn excitability. SLIGRL and trypsin did, however, depolarize and increase the excitability of large, medium and small primary afferent, dorsal root ganglion neurons. The effects were associated with an increase in conductance at hyperpolarized potentials and a decrease in conductance at depolarized potentials. PAR(2)-like immunoreactivity was found in DRG but not in spinal dorsal horn. These results suggest that activation of DRG neuron cell bodies may account for the pronociceptive actions of i.t. applied PAR(2) agonists. They also imply that pathophysiological release of PAR(2)-activating proteases in the vicinity of DRG neurons may produce profound effects on nociceptive processing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai A Alier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9.75 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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Saban R, D'Andrea MR, Andrade-Gordon P, Derian CK, Dozmorov I, Ihnat MA, Hurst RE, Simpson C, Saban MR. Regulatory network of inflammation downstream of proteinase-activated receptors. BMC Physiol 2007; 7:3. [PMID: 17397547 PMCID: PMC1853107 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are present in the urinary bladder, and their expression is altered in response to inflammation. PARs are a unique class of G protein-coupled that carry their own ligands, which remain cryptic until unmasked by proteolytic cleavage. Although the canonical signal transduction pathway downstream of PAR activation and coupling with various G proteins is known and leads to the rapid transcription of genes involved in inflammation, the effect of PAR activation on the downstream transcriptome is unknown. We have shown that intravesical administration of PAR-activating peptides leads to an inflammatory reaction characterized by edema and granulocyte infiltration. Moreover, the inflammatory response to intravesical instillation of known pro-inflammatory stimuli such as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), substance P (SP), and antigen was strongly attenuated by PAR1- and to a lesser extent by PAR2-deficiency. Results Here, cDNA array experiments determined inflammatory genes whose expression is dependent on PAR1 activation. For this purpose, we compared the alteration in gene expression in wild type and PAR1-/- mice induced by classical pro-inflammatory stimuli (LPS, SP, and antigen). 75 transcripts were considered to be dependent on PAR-1 activation and further annotated in silico by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) and gene ontology (GO). Selected transcripts were target validated by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Among PAR1-dependent transcripts, the following have been implicated in the inflammatory process: b2m, ccl7, cd200, cd63, cdbpd, cfl1, dusp1, fkbp1a, fth1, hspb1, marcksl1, mmp2, myo5a, nfkbia, pax1, plaur, ppia, ptpn1, ptprcap, s100a10, sim2, and tnfaip2. However, a balanced response to signals of injury requires a transient cellular activation of a panel of genes together with inhibitory systems that temper the overwhelming inflammation. In this context, the activation of genes such as dusp1 and nfkbia seems to counter-balance the inflammatory response to PAR activation by limiting prolonged activation of p38 MAPK and increased cytokine production. In contrast, transcripts such as arf6 and dcnt1 that are involved in the mechanism of PAR re-sensitization would tend to perpetuate the inflammatory reaction in response to common pro-inflammatory stimuli. Conclusion The combination of cDNA array results and genomic networks reveals an overriding participation of PAR1 in bladder inflammation, provides a working model for the involvement of downstream signaling, and evokes testable hypotheses regarding the transcriptome downstream of PAR1 activation. It remains to be determined whether or not mechanisms targeting PAR1 gene silencing or PAR1 blockade will ameliorate the clinical manifestation of cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael R D'Andrea
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | | | - Claudia K Derian
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Microarray/Euk. Genomics Core Facility, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Cell Biology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Cindy Simpson
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Saban R, D'Andrea MR, Andrade-Gordon P, Derian CK, Dozmorov I, Ihnat MA, Hurst RE, Davis CA, Simpson C, Saban MR. Mandatory role of proteinase-activated receptor 1 in experimental bladder inflammation. BMC Physiol 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17397548 PMCID: PMC1853108 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background In general, inflammation plays a role in most bladder pathologies and represents a defense reaction to injury that often times is two edged. In particular, bladder neurogenic inflammation involves the participation of mast cells and sensory nerves. Increased mast cell numbers and tryptase release represent one of the prevalent etiologic theories for interstitial cystitis and other urinary bladder inflammatory conditions. The activity of mast cell-derived tryptase as well as thrombin is significantly increased during inflammation. Those enzymes activate specific G-protein coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PAR)s. Four PARs have been cloned so far, and not only are all four receptors highly expressed in different cell types of the mouse urinary bladder, but their expression is altered during experimental bladder inflammation. We hypothesize that PARs may link mast cell-derived proteases to bladder inflammation and, therefore, play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of cystitis. Results Here, we demonstrate that in addition to the mouse urinary bladder, all four PA receptors are also expressed in the J82 human urothelial cell line. Intravesical administration of PAR-activating peptides in mice leads to an inflammatory reaction characterized by edema and granulocyte infiltration. Moreover, the inflammatory response to intravesical instillation of known pro-inflammatory stimuli such as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), substance P, and antigen was strongly attenuated by PAR1-, and to a lesser extent, by PAR2-deficiency. Conclusion Our results reveal an overriding participation of PAR1 in bladder inflammation, provide a working model for the involvement of downstream signaling, and evoke testable hypotheses regarding the role of PARs in bladder inflammation. It remains to be determined whether or not mechanisms targeting PAR1 gene silencing or PAR1 blockade will ameliorate the clinical manifestations of cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael R D'Andrea
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | | | - Claudia K Derian
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Microarray/Euk. Genomics Core Facility, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Cell Biology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Carole A Davis
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Cindy Simpson
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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30
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Uusitalo-Jarvinen H, Kurokawa T, Mueller BM, Andrade-Gordon P, Friedlander M, Ruf W. Role of protease activated receptor 1 and 2 signaling in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1456-62. [PMID: 17363687 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.142539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation and indirectly triggers thrombin-dependent protease activated receptor (PAR) signaling. The TF-VIIa complex also directly cleaves PAR2 and promotes angiogenesis in vitro in TF cytoplasmic domain-deleted (TF(deltaCT)) mice. Here we address the effect of PAR1 and PAR2 deficiency on angiogenesis in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS In hypoxia-driven angiogenesis of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR), wild-type, PAR1-/-, PAR2-/-, and TF(deltaCT) mice showed a comparable regression of the superficial vascular plexus during the initial exposure of mice to hyperoxia. However, TF(deltaCT) mice revascularized areas of central vaso-obliteration significantly faster than wild-type animals. Pharmacological inhibition of the TF-VIIa complex, but not of Xa, and blockade of tyrosine kinase receptor pathways with Gleevec reversed accelerated angiogenesis of TF(deltaCT) mice to revascularization rates observed in wild-type mice. Genetic deletion of PAR2, but not of PAR1, abolished enhanced revascularization of TF(deltaCT) mice. PAR1 knock-out animals were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in the model of retinal neoangiogenesis and angiogenesis-dependent subcutaneous tumor growth was unaltered in PAR1- and PAR2-deficient animals. CONCLUSION Loss of the TF cytoplasmic domain results in accelerated hypoxia-induced angiogenesis mediated by TF-VIIa signaling. PAR2 signaling is sufficient for this proangiogenic effect without apparent contributions of mouse host cell PAR1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Factor VIIa/metabolism
- Hyperoxia/chemically induced
- Hyperoxia/metabolism
- Hyperoxia/pathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Oxygen
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/etiology
- Retinal Neovascularization/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/pathology
- Retinal Vessels/metabolism
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thromboplastin/genetics
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Uusitalo-Jarvinen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, Chapman K, Cottrell G, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Barbara G, Beck P, Bunnett NW, Sharkey KA, Ferraz JGP, Shaffer E, Vergnolle N. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:636-47. [PMID: 17304351 PMCID: PMC1794118 DOI: 10.1172/jci29255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediators involved in the generation of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are poorly understood. Here we show that colonic biopsy samples from IBS patients release increased levels of proteolytic activity (arginine cleavage) compared to asymptomatic controls. This was dependent on the activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, increased proteolytic activity was measured in vivo, in colonic washes from IBS compared with control patients. Trypsin and tryptase expression and release were increased in colonic biopsies from IBS patients compared with control subjects. Biopsies from IBS patients (but not controls) released mediators that sensitized murine sensory neurons in culture. Sensitization was prevented by a serine protease inhibitor and was absent in neurons lacking functional protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). Supernatants from colonic biopsies of IBS patients, but not controls, also caused somatic and visceral hyperalgesia and allodynia in mice, when administered into the colon. These pronociceptive effects were inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and a PAR2 antagonist and were absent in PAR2-deficient mice. Our study establishes that proteases are released in IBS and that they can directly stimulate sensory neurons and generate hypersensitivity symptoms through the activation of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graeme Cottrell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Andrade-Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose Geraldo P. Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eldon Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Qi JS, Schulingkamp R, Parry TJ, Colburn R, Stone D, Haertlein B, Minor LK, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano BP. Urotensin-II induces ear flushing in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:415-23. [PMID: 17211454 PMCID: PMC2189721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While investigating the effects of systemic urotensin II (U-II), a potent vasoactive peptide acting at the UT receptor, we observed ear pinna flushing after systemic administration to conscious rats. In the present study, U-II-induced ear flushing was quantified in terms of ear pinna temperature change and potential mechanisms were explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH U-II-induced ear flushing was quantified by measuring lateral ear pinna temperature changes and compared to that of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a known cutaneous vasodilator. Further, the effects of a variety of pharmacological agents on U-II-induced ear flushing were explored. KEY RESULTS Subcutaneous injection of U-II (9 microg kg(-1))produced localized ear pinna flushing with an onset of approximately 15 min, a duration of approximately 30 min and a maximal temperature change of 9 degrees C. In contrast, CGRP caused cutaneous flushing within multiple cutaneous beds including the ear pinna with a shorter onset and greater duration than U-II. A potent UT receptor antagonist, urantide, blocked U-II-induced ear flushing but did not affect CGRP-induced ear flushing. Pretreatment with indomethacin or L-Nomega-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME) abolished U-II-induced ear flushing. Mecamylamine or propranolol did not affect this response to U-II. Direct intracerebroventricular injection studies suggested that the ear flushing response to U-II was not mediated directly by the CNS. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that U-II-induced ear flushing and temperature increase is mediated by peripheral activation of the UT receptor and involves prostaglandin- and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation of small capillary beds in the rat ear pinna.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Qi
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - R Schulingkamp
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - T J Parry
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - R Colburn
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - D Stone
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - B Haertlein
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - L K Minor
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - P Andrade-Gordon
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
| | - B P Damiano
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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33
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Oikonomopoulou K, Hansen KK, Saifeddine M, Tea I, Blaber M, Blaber SI, Scarisbrick I, Andrade-Gordon P, Cottrell GS, Bunnett NW, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated Receptors, Targets for Kallikrein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32095-112. [PMID: 16885167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513138200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteinases like thrombin can signal to cells by the cleavage/activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Although thrombin is a recognized physiological activator of PAR(1) and PAR(4), the endogenous enzymes responsible for activating PAR(2) in settings other than the gastrointestinal system, where trypsin can activate PAR(2), are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the human tissue kallikrein (hK) family of proteinases regulates PAR signaling by using the following: 1) a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectral analysis of the cleavage products yielded upon incubation of hK5, -6, and -14 with synthetic PAR N-terminal peptide sequences representing the cleavage/activation motifs of PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4); 2) PAR-dependent calcium signaling responses in cells expressing PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4) and in human platelets; 3) a vascular ring vasorelaxation assay; and 4) a PAR(4)-dependent rat and human platelet aggregation assay. We found that hK5, -6, and -14 all yielded PAR peptide cleavage sequences consistent with either receptor activation or inactivation/disarming. Furthermore, hK14 was able to activate PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4) and to disarm/inhibit PAR(1). Although hK5 and -6 were also able to activate PAR(2), they failed to cause PAR(4)-dependent aggregation of rat and human platelets, although hK14 did. Furthermore, the relative potencies and maximum effects of hK14 and -6 to activate PAR(2)-mediated calcium signaling differed. Our data indicate that in physiological settings, hKs may represent important endogenous regulators of the PARs and that different hKs can have differential actions on PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4).
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- Kallikreins/chemical synthesis
- Kallikreins/chemistry
- Kallikreins/classification
- Kallikreins/pharmacology
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Platelet Aggregation/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/chemistry
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/drug effects
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/genetics
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Swine
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Trypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
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34
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Vergnolle N, Cellars L, Mencarelli A, Rizzo G, Swaminathan S, Beck P, Steinhoff M, Andrade-Gordon P, Bunnett NW, Hollenberg MD, Wallace JL, Cirino G, Fiorucci S. A role for proteinase-activated receptor-1 in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2056. [PMID: 16881139 PMCID: PMC1483156 DOI: 10.1172/jci21689r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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35
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Gong Y, Barbay JK, Dyatkin AB, Miskowski TA, Kimball ES, Prouty SM, Fisher MC, Santulli RJ, Schneider CR, Wallace NH, Ballentine SA, Hageman WE, Masucci JA, Maryanoff BE, Damiano BP, Andrade-Gordon P, Hlasta DJ, Hornby PJ, He W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyridazinone-based alpha4 integrin receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3402-11. [PMID: 16722660 DOI: 10.1021/jm060031q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyridazinone-functionalized phenylalanine analogues was prepared and evaluated for inhibition of cellular adhesion mediated by alpha4beta1/VCAM-1 and alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 interactions. Concise syntheses were developed and applied for exploration of structure-activity relationships pertaining to the pyridazinone ring as well as the N-acyl phenylalanine scaffold. Potent dual antagonists of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 were generated from an amide subseries; antagonists selective for alpha4beta7 were identified from urea and carbamate-based subseries. The pharmacokinetic properties of selected members of the series have been determined in rats and demonstrate that the use of ester prodrugs and alterations to the amide linkage can lead to improved oral bioavailability in this series. An alpha4beta7-selective member of the carbamate subseries (36c), upon oral administration, demonstrated in vivo efficacy in the mouse DSS colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gong
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
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36
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Holzhausen M, Spolidorio LC, Ellen RP, Jobin MC, Steinhoff M, Andrade-Gordon P, Vergnolle N. Protease-activated receptor-2 activation: a major role in the pathogenesis of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:1189-99. [PMID: 16565494 PMCID: PMC1606564 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the specific contribution of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) to host defense during Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Culture supernatants from P. gingivalis strains 33277 and W50 provoked Ca(2+) mobilization in cells transfected with PAR(2) (PAR(2)-KNRK) and desensitized the subsequent responses to PAR(2)-selective agonist. In addition, culture supernatants of P. gingivalis E8 (RgpA/RgpB double knockout) did not cause calcium response in PAR(2)-KNRK cells, evidencing the involvement of the arginine-specific cysteine proteases RgpA and RgpB in PAR(2) activation by P. gingivalis. Injection of P. gingivalis into mouse subcutaneous chambers provoked an increased proteolytic activity, which was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. Fluids collected from chambers of P. gingivalis-injected mice were able to activate PAR(2) and this activation was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. P. gingivalis inoculation into subcutaneous chambers of wild-type mice induced an inflammatory response that was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor and was significantly reduced in PAR(2)-deficient mice. Finally, mice orally challenged with P. gingivalis developed alveolar bone loss, which was significantly reduced in PAR(2)-deficient mice at 42 and 60 days after P. gingivalis infection. We conclude that PAR(2) is activated on P. gingivalis infection, in which it plays an important role in the host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Holzhausen
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr., NW Calgary, T2N 4N1 Alberta, Canada
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37
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Gunnet JW, Matthews JM, Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano B, Hageman W, Look R, Stahle P, Streeter AJ, Wines PG, Demarest KT. CHARACTERIZATION OF RWJ-351647, A NOVEL NONPEPTIDE VASOPRESSIN V2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:320-6. [PMID: 16620295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Antagonists of the V(2) vasopressin (AVP) receptor are aquaretic agents, inhibiting water resorption without stimulating electrolyte excretion. In this set of experiments, a novel V(2) receptor antagonist, RWJ-351647, was characterized in vitro and in vivo. 2. RWJ-351647 displaced (3)H-AVP binding from cloned human V(2) and V(1A) receptors with Ki values of 1 nmol/L and 24 nmol/L. In assays using transfected HEK293 cells expressing either human or rat V(2) receptors, RWJ-351647 inhibited AVP-induced cAMP accumulation with Ki values of 3 nmol/L and 6 nmol/L, respectively. 3. RWJ-351647 was very selective in binding assays and showed only weak functional antagonist activity at either the cloned human V(1B) and oxytocin receptors or the human platelet V(1A) receptor. No agonist activity was seen with the compound at any receptor. 4. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed RWJ-351647 to be 41.9% bioavailable after a single oral administration. After repeated daily dosing over 5 days, the oral bioavailability remained at 43.9% with no change in the compound peak plasma levels or clearance rate. 5. In efficacy studies, RWJ-351647 increased urine output and decreased urine osmolality with oral doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. In a multiple dose study in primates, RWJ-351647 maintained a consistent aquaretic effect over 10 days without increasing sodium or potassium excretion. 6. In summary, RWJ-351647 was shown to be a selective and potent V(2) receptor antagonist with sustainable aquaretic activity in both rats and primates. The preclinical data suggest that RWJ-351647 is a potent and effective aquaretic agent with potential for use in diseases characterized by water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Gunnet
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
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38
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Leger AJ, Jacques SL, Badar J, Kaneider NC, Derian CK, Andrade-Gordon P, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Blocking the protease-activated receptor 1-4 heterodimer in platelet-mediated thrombosis. Circulation 2006; 113:1244-54. [PMID: 16505172 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.587758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin is the most potent agonist of platelets and plays a critical role in the development of arterial thrombosis. Human platelets express dual thrombin receptors, protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4; however, there are no therapeutic strategies that effectively target both receptors. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet aggregation studies demonstrated that PAR4 activity is markedly enhanced by thrombin-PAR1 interactions. A combination of bivalirudin (hirulog) plus a novel PAR4 pepducin antagonist, P4pal-i1, effectively inhibited aggregation of human platelets to even high concentrations of thrombin and prevented occlusion of carotid arteries in guinea pigs. Likewise, combined inhibition of PAR1 and PAR4 with small-molecule antagonists and pepducins was effective against carotid artery occlusion. Coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies revealed that PAR1 and PAR4 associate as a heterodimeric complex in human platelets and fibroblasts. PAR1-PAR4 cofactoring was shown by acceleration of thrombin cleavage and signaling of PAR4 on coexpression with PAR1. CONCLUSIONS We show that PAR1 and PAR4 form a stable heterodimer that enables thrombin to act as a bivalent functional agonist. These studies suggest that targeting the PAR1-PAR4 complex may present a novel therapeutic opportunity to prevent arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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39
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Noorbakhsh F, Tsutsui S, Vergnolle N, Boven LA, Shariat N, Vodjgani M, Warren KG, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 modulates neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:425-35. [PMID: 16476770 PMCID: PMC2118197 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are widely recognized for their modulatory properties of inflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the role of PAR2 in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. PAR2 expression was increased on astrocytes and infiltrating macrophages in human MS and murine EAE central nervous system (CNS) white matter (P < 0.05). Macrophages and astrocytes from PAR2 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice exhibited differential immune gene expression with PAR2 KO macrophages showing significantly higher interleukin 10 production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation (P < 0.001). PAR2 activation in macrophages resulted in the release of soluble oligodendrocyte cytotoxins (P < 0.01). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE caused more severe inflammatory gene expression in the CNS of PAR2 WT animals (P < 0.05), together with enhanced T cell proliferation and interferon gamma production (P < 0.05), compared with KO littermates. Indeed, PAR2 WT animals showed markedly greater microglial activation and T lymphocyte infiltration accompanied by worsened demyelination and axonal injury in the CNS compared with their PAR2 KO littermates. Enhanced neuropathological changes were associated with a more severe progressive relapsing disease phenotype (P < 0.001) in WT animals. These findings reveal previously unreported pathogenic interactions between CNS PAR2 expression and neuroinflammation with ensuing demyelination and axonal injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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40
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Cenac N, Cellars L, Steinhoff M, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Wallace JL, Fiorucci S, Vergnolle N. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 is an anti-inflammatory signal for colitis mediated by a type 2 immune response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:792-8. [PMID: 16116312 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000177506.71784.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of colonic proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR1) provokes colonic inflammation and increases mucosal permeability in mice. The mechanism of inflammation is not neurogenic like in the paw of rats but depends on PAR1-mediated activation monocytic cells. PAR1 activation in the colon increases the release of lymphocyte T helper-1 (TH1) cytokines. Moreover, PAR1 expression is increased in biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and its activation during TH1-mediated colitis in mice increases all of the hallmarks of inflammation. METHODS This study aimed to characterize the effects of PAR1 activation in oxazolone-mediated colitis, involving a TH2 cytokine profile. RESULTS Intracolonic administration of oxazolone increased myeloperoxidase activity, damage score, and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA expression but lowered interferon-gamma mRNA expression, indicating colonic inflammation of a TH2 profile. The concurrent intracolonic administration of a PAR1 agonist in oxazolone-treated mice inhibited colitis, resulting in a reduction of myeloperoxidase activity, damage score, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. Using PAR1-deficient mice, we confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effects of PAR1 agonists were mediated by PAR1. Moreover, in PAR1-deficient mice or in mice treated with a PAR1 antagonist, oxazolone-induced colitis was exacerbated, showing an endogenous modulatory role for PAR1 in this TH2 cytokine profile of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Thus, as opposed to a previously shown proinflammatory role for PAR1 in a TH1 cytokine-mediated colitis, our new data show anti-inflammatory role for PAR1 activation in the setting of TH2 cytokine colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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41
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Noorbakhsh F, Vergnolle N, McArthur JC, Silva C, Vodjgani M, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 induction by neuroinflammation prevents neuronal death during HIV infection. J Immunol 2005; 174:7320-9. [PMID: 15905579 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a newly discovered subgroup of G-protein coupled receptors, are widely expressed by neural cells, but their roles in the nervous system remain uncertain. In this study, we report that PAR-2 was up-regulated on neurons in conjunction with neuroinflammation in brain tissue from patients with HIV-1-associated dementia. The inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were also increased in HIV-1-associated dementia brains compared with patients without dementia (p < 0.05), but these same cytokines induced PAR-2 expression on neurons. Enhanced PAR-2 expression and subsequent activation prevented neuronal cell death and induction of the tumor suppressor, p53, caused by the HIV-encoded protein, Tat (p < 0.01). Intrastriatal implantation of a PAR-2 peptide agonist also inhibited Tat-induced neurotoxicity in a mouse model of HIV neuropathogenesis (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAR-2 null animals showed more severe neuroinflammation and neuronal loss caused by Tat neurotoxicity (p < 0.05). TNF-alpha protected wild-type neurons from Tat-related neurotoxicity, but in PAR-2-deficient neurons, the same concentrations of TNF-alpha were cytotoxic (p < 0.001). Thus, neuroinflammation can exert protective effects by which it induces PAR-2 expression with the ensuing abrogation of neuronal death.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Dementia Complex/immunology
- AIDS Dementia Complex/metabolism
- AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology
- Adult
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cell-Free System/immunology
- Cell-Free System/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/physiology
- Female
- Gene Products, tat/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Products, tat/toxicity
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/pathology
- Gliosis/physiopathology
- Gliosis/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Receptor, PAR-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
- U937 Cells
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Hansen KK, Sherman PM, Cellars L, Andrade-Gordon P, Pan Z, Baruch A, Wallace JL, Hollenberg MD, Vergnolle N. A major role for proteolytic activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the pathogenesis of infectious colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8363-8. [PMID: 15919826 PMCID: PMC1149409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409535102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a bacterial pathogen that causes a murine infectious colitis equivalent to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection in humans. Colonic luminal fluid from C. rodentium-infected mice, but not from sham-infected mice, contains active serine proteinases that can activate proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). We have identified granzyme A and murine trypsins to be present in C. rodentium-infected luminal fluid, as determined by mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis. Inflammatory indices (colonic mucosa macroscopic damage score, increased intestinal wall thickness, granulocyte infiltration, and bacterial translocation from the colonic lumen to peritoneal organs) were all increased in C. rodentium-infected mice, compared with sham-infected mice. Soybean trypsin inhibitor-treated wild-type mice and untreated PAR2-deficient (PAR2-/-) mice (compared with their wild-type littermates) both had substantially reduced levels of C. rodentium-induced inflammation. These data point to an important role for both pathogen-induced host serine proteinases and PAR2 in the setting of infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K Hansen
- Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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43
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Costanzo MJ, Almond HR, Hecker LR, Schott MR, Yabut SC, Zhang HC, Andrade-Gordon P, Corcoran TW, Giardino EC, Kauffman JA, Lewis JM, de Garavilla L, Haertlein BJ, Maryanoff BE. In-depth study of tripeptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1' subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1984-2008. [PMID: 15771442 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin inhibitors are potentially useful in medicine for their anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. We synthesized and evaluated diverse heterocycle-activated ketones based on the d-Phe-Pro-Arg, and related thrombin active-site recognition motifs, as candidate inhibitors. The peptide-based alpha-ketoheterocycles were typically prepared by either an imidate or a Weinreb amide route (Schemes 1 and 2), the latter of which proved to be more general. Test compounds were generally assayed for inhibition of human alpha-thrombin and bovine trypsin. From a structure-based design standpoint, the heterocycle allows one to explore and adjust interactions within the S1' subsite of thrombin. The preferred alpha-ketoheterocycle is a pi-rich 2-substituted azole with at least two heteroatoms proximal to the carbon bearing the keto group, and a preferred thrombin inhibitor is 2-ketobenzothiazole 3, with a potent K(i) value of 0.2 nM and ca. 15-fold selectivity over trypsin. 2-Ketobenzothiazole 13 exhibited exceedingly potent thrombin inhibition (K(i) = 0.000 65 nM; slow tight binding). Several alpha-ketoheterocycles had thrombin K(i) values in the range 0.1-400 nM. The "Arg" unit in the alpha-ketoheterocycles can be sensitive to stereomutation under mildy basic conditions. For example, 2-ketothiazoles 4 and 59 readily epimerize at pH 7.4, although they are fairly stable stereochemically at pH 3-4; thus, suitable conditions had to be selected for the enzymatic assays. Lead d-Phe-Pro-Arg 2-benzothiazoles 3, 4, and 68 displayed good selectivity for thrombin over other key coagulation enzymes (e.g., factor Xa, plasmin, protein Ca, uPA, tPA, and streptokinase); however, their selectivity for thrombin over trypsin was modest (<25-fold). Compounds 3, 4, and 68 exhibited potent in vitro antithrombotic activity as measured by inhibition of gel-filtered platelet aggregation induced by alpha-thrombin (IC(50) = 30-40 nM). They also proved to be potent anticoagulant/antithrombotic agents in vivo on intravenous administration, as determined in the canine arteriovenous shunt (ED(50) = 0.45-0.65 mg/kg) and the rabbit deep vein thrombosis (ED(50) = 0.1-0.4 mg/kg) models. Intravenous administration of 3, and several analogues, to guinea pigs caused hypotension and electrocardiogram abnormalities. Such cardiovascular side effects were also observed with some nonguanidine inhibitors and inhibitors having recognition motifs other than d-Phe-Pro-Arg. 2-Benzothiazolecarboxylates 4 and 68 exhibited significantly diminished cardiovascular side effects, and benzothiazolecarboxylic acid 4 had the best profile with respect to therapeutic index. The X-ray crystal structures of the ternary complexes 3-thrombin-hirugen and 4-thrombin-hirugen depict novel interactions in the S(1)' region, with the benzothiazole ring forming a hydrogen bond with His-57 and an aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D of thrombin's insertion loop. The benzothiazole ring of 3 displaces the Lys-60F side chain into a U-shaped gauche conformation, whereas the benzothiazole carboxylate of 4 forms a salt bridge with the side chain of Lys-60F such that it adopts an extended anti conformation. Since 3 has a 10-fold greater affinity for thrombin than does 4, any increase in binding energy resulting from this salt bridge is apparently offset by perturbations across the enzyme (viz. Figure 4). The increased affinity and selectivity of 2-ketobenzothiazole inhibitors, such as 3, may be primarily due to the aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D. However, energy contour calculations with the computer program GRID also indicate a favorable interaction between the benzothiazole sulfur atom and a hydrophobic patch on the surface of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Costanzo
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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44
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Matthews J, Hlasta D, Andrade-Gordon P, Demarest K, Ericson E, Gunnet J, Hageman W, Look R, Moore J, Maryanoff B. Pyrazinobenzodiazepines as Potent Nonpeptide Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2005. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180053765183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Derian CK, Santulli RJ, Tomko KA, Haertlein BJ, Andrade-Gordon P. Species differences in platelet responses to thrombin and SFLLRN. receptor-mediated calcium mobilization and aggregation, and regulation by protein kinases. Thromb Res 2005; 78:505-19. [PMID: 15714752 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(95)00084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The thrombin receptor on human platelets is activated by thrombin to stimulate platelet aggregation through the tethered ligand SFLLRN. This study examined the effects of thrombin and SFLLRN on aggregation and calcium mobilization ([Ca2+]i) in rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, monkey, and human platelets, and the role of protein kinases in regulating these functions. Thrombin induced platelet aggregation and [Ca2+]i in all species studied; however, only guinea pig, monkey and human platelets were responsive to SFLLRN. Similar species specific effects were obtained with [Ca2+]i studies. The kinetic profile for [Ca2+]i differed among species, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms for calcium differed between agonists and among species. Staurosporine, a non-selective inhibitor of protein kinases, inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin or SFLLRN in all species. Staurosporine inhibited thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i in guinea pigs, had no effect in rat, and increased [Ca2+]i in all other species. Staurosporine inhibited SFLLRN-induced [Ca2+]i in guinea pig, yet had no effect in monkey or human. Tyrphostin 23, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine protein kinases, inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation of rabbit, monkey, dog and human platelets. SFLLRN-induced aggregation was also inhibited by tyrphostin 23. Tyrphostin 23 inhibited [Ca2+]i induced by either thrombin or SFLLRN in all species. Based on the differential response to agonist stimulation, we propose that thrombin can activate platelets via SFLLRN-dependent and independent mechanisms, which could involve yet unrecognized subtypes of the thrombin receptor or distinct cellular activating mechanisms. Furthermore, differential regulation of calcium mobilization and aggregation was observed in those platelets responding to either thrombin or SFLLRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Derian
- Drug Discovery Research, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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46
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Qi JS, Minor LK, Smith C, Hu B, Yang J, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano B. Characterization of functional urotensin II receptors in human skeletal muscle myoblasts: comparison with angiotensin II receptors. Peptides 2005; 26:683-90. [PMID: 15752584 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The properties of urotensin II (U-II) receptor (UT receptor) and angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor (AT receptor) in primary human skeletal myoblasts (HSMM) and differentiated skeletal myotubes (HSMMT) were characterized. Radiolabeled U-II and ANG II bound specifically to HSMM with Kd's of 0.31 nM (2311 receptors/cell) and 0.61 nM (18,257 receptors/cell), respectively. The cyclic segment of U-II peptide, CFWKYC, was the minimal sequence required for binding, with the WKY residues essential. Inhibitor studies suggested AT1 is the predominant ANG II receptor. After radioligand binding, under conditions designed to minimize receptor internalization, half the bound U-II was resistant to acid washing suggesting that U-II binds tightly to its receptor in a quasi-irreversible fashion. The AT1 receptor-bound radioligand was completely removed under the same conditions. RT-PCR detected the expression of mRNAs for UT and AT1 receptors. Western blotting showed that U-II and ANG II signaled via ERK1/2 kinase. UT receptor was not lost upon differentiation into myotubes since both mRNA for UT receptor and U-II binding were still present. ANG II receptors were also present as shown by ANG II-induced calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-shen Qi
- Vascular Research Team, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Zhang HC, Derian CK, McComsey DF, White KB, Ye H, Hecker LR, Li J, Addo MF, Croll D, Eckardt AJ, Smith CE, Li Q, Cheung WM, Conway BR, Emanuel S, Demarest KT, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano BP, Maryanoff BE. Novel Indolylindazolylmaleimides as Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C-β: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Cardiovascular Safety†. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1725-8. [PMID: 15771419 DOI: 10.1021/jm049478u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel indolylindazolylmaleimides were synthesized and examined for kinase inhibition. We identified low-nanomolar inhibitors of PKC-beta with good to excellent selectivity vs other PKC isozymes and GSK-3beta. In a cell-based functional assay, 8f and 8i effectively blocked IL-8 release induced by PKC-betaII (IC(50) = 20-25 nM). In cardiovascular safety assessment, representative lead compounds bound to the hERG channel with high affinity, potently inhibited ion current in a patch-clamp experiment, and caused a dose-dependent increase of QT(c) in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Cheng Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA.
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de Garavilla L, Greco MN, Sukumar N, Chen ZW, Pineda AO, Mathews FS, Di Cera E, Giardino EC, Wells GI, Haertlein BJ, Kauffman JA, Corcoran TW, Derian CK, Eckardt AJ, Damiano BP, Andrade-Gordon P, Maryanoff BE. A novel, potent dual inhibitor of the leukocyte proteases cathepsin G and chymase: molecular mechanisms and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18001-7. [PMID: 15741158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain leukocytes release serine proteases that sustain inflammatory processes and cause disease conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We identified beta-ketophosphonate 1 (JNJ-10311795; RWJ-355871) as a novel, potent dual inhibitor of neutrophil cathepsin G (K(i) = 38 nm) and mast cell chymase (K(i) = 2.3 nm). The x-ray crystal structures of 1 complexed with human cathepsin G (1.85 A) and human chymase (1.90 A) reveal the molecular basis of the dual inhibition. Ligand 1 occupies the S(1) and S(2) subsites of cathepsin G and chymase similarly, with the 2-naphthyl in S(1), the 1-naphthyl in S(2), and the phosphonate group in a complex network of hydrogen bonds. Surprisingly, however, the carboxamido-N-(naphthalene-2-carboxyl)piperidine group is found to bind in two distinct conformations. In cathepsin G, this group occupies the hydrophobic S(3)/S(4) subsites, whereas in chymase, it does not; rather, it folds onto the 1-naphthyl group of the inhibitor itself. Compound 1 exhibited noteworthy anti-inflammatory activity in rats for glycogen-induced peritonitis and lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. In addition to a marked reduction in neutrophil influx, 1 reversed increases in inflammatory mediators interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, tissue necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the glycogen model and reversed increases in airway nitric oxide levels in the lipopolysaccharide model. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to inhibit both cathepsin G and chymase with a single molecule and suggest an exciting opportunity in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence de Garavilla
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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Sharma A, Tao X, Gopal A, Ligon B, Andrade-Gordon P, Steer ML, Perides G. Protection against acute pancreatitis by activation of protease-activated receptor-2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G388-95. [PMID: 15458925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a widely expressed tethered ligand receptor that can be activated by trypsin and other trypsin-like serine proteases. In the exocrine pancreas, PAR-2 activation modulates acinar cell secretion of digestive enzymes and duct cell ion channel function. During acute pancreatitis, digestive enzyme zymogens, including trypsinogen, are activated within the pancreas. We hypothesized that trypsin, acting via PAR-2, might regulate the severity of that disease, and to test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of either genetically deleting or pharmacologically activating PAR-2 on the severity of secretagogue-induced experimental pancreatitis. We found that experimental acute pancreatitis is more severe in PAR-2(-/-) than in wild-type mice and that in vivo activation of PAR-2, achieved by parenteral administration of the PAR-2-activating peptide SLIGRL-NH2, reduces the severity of pancreatitis. In the pancreas during the early stages of pancreatitis, the MAPK ERK1/2 is activated and translocated to the nucleus, but nuclear translocation is reduced by activation of PAR-2. Our findings indicate that PAR-2 exerts a protective effect on pancreatitis and that activation of PAR-2 ameliorates pancreatitis, possibly by inhibiting ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus. Our observations suggest that PAR-2 activation may be of therapeutic value in the treatment and/or prevention of severe clinical pancreatitis, and they lead us to speculate that, from a teleological standpoint, PAR-2 may have evolved in the pancreas as a protective mechanism designed to dampen the injurious effects of intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Buresi MC, Vergnolle N, Sharkey KA, Keenan CM, Andrade-Gordon P, Cirino G, Cirillo D, Hollenberg MD, MacNaughton WK. Activation of proteinase-activated receptor-1 inhibits neurally evoked chloride secretion in the mouse colon in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G337-45. [PMID: 15345469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The proteinase-activated thrombin receptor-1 (PAR-1) belongs to a unique family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by proteolytic cleavage. We studied the effect of PAR-1 activation in the regulation of ion transport in mouse colon in vitro. Expression of PAR-1 in mouse colon was assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. To study the role of PAR-1 activation in chloride secretion, mouse colon was mounted in Ussing chambers. Changes in short-circuit current (Isc) were measured in tissues exposed to either thrombin, saline, the PAR-1-activating peptide TFLLR-NH2, or the inactive reverse peptide RLLFT-NH2, before electrical field stimulation (EFS). Experiments were repeated in the presence of either a PAR-1 antagonist or in PAR-1-deficient mice to assess receptor specificity. In addition, studies were conducted in the presence of chloride-free buffer or the muscarinic antagonist atropine to assess chloride dependency and the role of cholinergic neurons in the PAR-1-induced effect. PAR-1 mRNA was expressed in full-thickness specimens and mucosal scrapings of mouse colon. PAR-1 immunoreactivity was found on epithelial cells and on neurons in submucosal ganglia where it was colocalized with both VIP and neuropeptide Y. After PAR-1 activation by thrombin or TFLLR-NH2, secretory responses to EFS but not those to forskolin or carbachol were significantly reduced. The reduction in the response to EFS was not observed in the presence of the PAR-1 antagonist, in PAR-1-deficient mice, when chloride was excluded from the bathing medium, or when atropine was present. PAR-1 is expressed in submucosal ganglia in the mouse colon and its activation leads to a decrease in neurally evoked epithelial chloride secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Buresi
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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