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Lockhart JS, Sumagin R. Non-Canonical Functions of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Regulation, Tissue Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012250. [PMID: 36293108 PMCID: PMC9603794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the most abundantly expressed proteins in neutrophils. It serves as a critical component of the antimicrobial defense system, facilitating microbial killing via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that in addition to the well-recognized canonical antimicrobial function of MPO, it can directly or indirectly impact immune cells and tissue responses in homeostatic and disease states. Here, we highlight the emerging non-canonical functions of MPO, including its impact on neutrophil longevity, activation and trafficking in inflammation, its interactions with other immune cells, and how these interactions shape disease outcomes. We further discuss MPO interactions with barrier forming endothelial and epithelial cells, specialized cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and its involvement in cancer progression. Such diverse function and the MPO association with numerous inflammatory disorders make it an attractive target for therapies aimed at resolving inflammation and limiting inflammation-associated tissue damage. However, while considering MPO inhibition as a potential therapy, one must account for the diverse impact of MPO activity on various cellular compartments both in health and disease.
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2
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Arnhold J, Malle E. Halogenation Activity of Mammalian Heme Peroxidases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050890. [PMID: 35624754 PMCID: PMC9138014 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heme peroxidases are fascinating due to their unique peculiarity of oxidizing (pseudo)halides under physiologically relevant conditions. These proteins are able either to incorporate oxidized halides into substrates adjacent to the active site or to generate different oxidized (pseudo)halogenated species, which can take part in multiple (pseudo)halogenation and oxidation reactions with cell and tissue constituents. The present article reviews basic biochemical and redox mechanisms of (pseudo)halogenation activity as well as the physiological role of heme peroxidases. Thyroid peroxidase and peroxidasin are key enzymes for thyroid hormone synthesis and the formation of functional cross-links in collagen IV during basement membrane formation. Special attention is directed to the properties, enzymatic mechanisms, and resulting (pseudo)halogenated products of the immunologically relevant proteins such as myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase. The potential role of the (pseudo)halogenated products (hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, hypothiocyanite, and cyanate) of these three heme peroxidases is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
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3
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Tangeten C, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Delporte C, Van Antwerpen P, Korpak K. Unexpected Role of MPO-Oxidized LDLs in Atherosclerosis: In between Inflammation and Its Resolution. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050874. [PMID: 35624738 PMCID: PMC9137493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and its resolution are the result of the balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving factors, such as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). This balance is crucial for plaque evolution in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been related to oxidative stress and atherosclerosis, and MPO-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Mox-LDLs) have specific characteristics and effects. They participate in foam cell formation and cause specific reactions when interacting with macrophages and endothelial cells. They also increase the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages and the resulting antioxidant response. Mox-LDLs also drive macrophage polarization. Mox-LDLs are known to be pro-inflammatory particles. However, in the presence of Mox-LDLs, endothelial cells produce resolvin D1 (RvD1), a SPM. SPMs are involved in the resolution of inflammation by stimulating efferocytosis and by reducing the adhesion and recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. RvD1 also induces the synthesis of other SPMs. In vitro, Mox-LDLs have a dual effect by promoting RvD1 release and inducing a more anti-inflammatory phenotype macrophage, thereby having a mixed effect on inflammation. In this review, we discuss the interrelationship between MPO, Mox-LDLs, and resolvins, highlighting a new perception of the role of Mox-LDLs in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tangeten
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-650-5331
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB 222 Unit, CHU-Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium; (K.Z.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Cedric Delporte
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Keziah Korpak
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, ULB 222 Unit, CHU-Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium; (K.Z.B.); (K.K.)
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHU-Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6042 Charleroi, Belgium
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4
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Valadez-Cosmes P, Raftopoulou S, Mihalic ZN, Marsche G, Kargl J. Myeloperoxidase: Growing importance in cancer pathogenesis and potential drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108052. [PMID: 34890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a heme-peroxidase which makes up approximately 5% of the total dry cell weight of neutrophils where it is predominantly found in the primary (azurophilic) granules. Other cell types, such as monocytes and certain macrophage subpopulations also contain myeloperoxidase, but to a much lesser extent. Initially, the function of myeloperoxidase had been mainly associated with its ability as a catalyzer of reactive oxidants that help to clear pathogens. However, over the past years non-canonical functions of myeloperoxidase have been described both in health and disease. Attention has been specially focused on inflammatory diseases, in which an exacerbate infiltration of leukocytes can favor a poorly-controlled production and release of myeloperoxidase and its oxidants. There is compelling evidence that myeloperoxidase derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage and the development and propagation of acute and chronic vascular inflammation. Recently, neutrophils have attracted much attention within the large diversity of innate immune cells that are part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase may play an important role in cancer development and progression. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of myeloperoxidase in the development and progression of cancer. We propose future research approaches and explore prospects of inhibiting myeloperoxidase as a strategy to fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valadez-Cosmes
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zala Nikita Mihalic
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Kargapolova Y, Geißen S, Zheng R, Baldus S, Winkels H, Adam M. The Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Function of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in Inflammatory Communication. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040562. [PMID: 33916434 PMCID: PMC8066882 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a signature enzyme of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in mice and humans. Being a component of circulating white blood cells, myeloperoxidase plays multiple roles in various organs and tissues and facilitates their crosstalk. Here, we describe the current knowledge on the tissue- and lineage-specific expression of myeloperoxidase, its well-studied enzymatic activity and incoherently understood non-enzymatic role in various cell types and tissues. Further, we elaborate on Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the complex context of cardiovascular disease, innate and autoimmune response, development and progression of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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6
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Vasilyev V, Sokolov A, Kostevich V, Elizarova A, Gorbunov N, Panasenko O. Binding of lactoferrin to the surface of low-density lipoproteins modified by myeloperoxidase prevents intracellular cholesterol accumulation by human blood monocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:109-116. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a unique heme-containing peroxidase that can catalyze the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The strong interaction of MPO with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) promotes proatherogenic modification of LDL by HOCl. The MPO-modified LDL (Mox-LDL) accumulate in macrophages, resulting in the formation of foam cells, which is the pathognomonic symptom of atherosclerosis. A promising approach to prophylaxis and atherosclerosis therapy is searching for remedies that prevent the modification or accumulation of LDL in macrophages. Lactoferrin (LF) has several application points in obesity pathogenesis. We aimed to study LF binding to Mox-LDL and their accumulation in monocytes transformed into macrophages. Using surface plasmon resonance and ELISA techniques, we observed no LF interaction with intact LDL, whereas Mox-LDL strongly interacted with LF. The affinity of Mox-LDL to LF increased with the degree of oxidative modification of LDL. Moreover, an excess of MPO did not prevent interaction of Mox-LDL with LF. LF inhibits accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages exposed to Mox-LDL. The results obtained reinforce the notion of LF potency as a remedy against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.B. Vasilyev
- FSBSI (Institute of Experimental Medicine), Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - A.V. Sokolov
- FSBSI (Institute of Experimental Medicine), Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - V.A. Kostevich
- FSBSI (Institute of Experimental Medicine), Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - A.Yu. Elizarova
- FSBSI (Institute of Experimental Medicine), Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - N.P. Gorbunov
- FSBSI (Institute of Experimental Medicine), Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - O.M. Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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7
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Panasenko OM, Torkhovskaya TI, Gorudko IV, Sokolov AV. The Role of Halogenative Stress in Atherogenic Modification of Low-Density Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S34-S55. [PMID: 32087053 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses formation of reactive halogen species (RHS) catalyzed by myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme mostly present in leukocytes. An imbalance between the RHS production and body's ability to remove or neutralize them leads to the development of halogenative stress. RHS reactions with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and antioxidants in the content of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) of the human blood are described. MPO binds site-specifically to the LDL surface and modifies LDL properties and structural organization, which leads to the LDL conversion into proatherogenic forms captured by monocytes/macrophages, which causes accumulation of cholesterol and its esters in these cells and their transformation into foam cells, the basis of atherosclerotic plaques. The review describes the biomarkers of MPO enzymatic activity and halogenative stress, as well as the involvement of the latter in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - T I Torkhovskaya
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - I V Gorudko
- Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - A V Sokolov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia. .,Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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8
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Obama T, Ohinata H, Takaki T, Iwamoto S, Sawada N, Aiuchi T, Kato R, Itabe H. Cooperative Action of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins and Neutrophils on Endothelial Inflammatory Responses Through Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1899. [PMID: 31447863 PMCID: PMC6696608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the progression of cardiovascular diseases has been extensively investigated and well-characterized with regards to the activation of multiple cellular responses in macrophages and endothelial cells. Although accumulated evidence has revealed the presence of neutrophils in vascular lesions, the effect of oxLDL on neutrophil function has not been properly investigated. In the present decade, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) gained immense attention not only as a primary response against pathogenic bacteria but also due to their pathological roles in tissue damage in various diseases, such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In this study, we investigated if oxLDL affects NET formation and if it is a risk factor for inflammatory reactions in endothelial cells. HL-60-derived neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 30 min to induce NET formation, followed by incubation with 20 μg/mL native or oxidized LDL for additional 2 h. Culture media of the stimulated cells containing released NETs components were collected to evaluate NET formation by fluorometric quantitation of released DNA and detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by western blot analysis. NET formation of HL-60-derived neutrophils induced by PMA was significantly enhanced by additional incubation with oxLDL but not with native LDL. Treatment of HL-60-derived neutrophils with oxLDL alone in the absence of PMA did not induce NET formation. Furthermore, the culture media of HL-60-derived neutrophils after NET formation were then transferred to human aortic endothelial cell (HAECs) culture. Treatment of HAECs with the culture media containing NETs formed by HL-60-derived neutrophils increased the expression of metalloproteinase-1 protein in HAECs when HL-60-derived neutrophils were incubated with native LDL, and the expression was accelerated in the case of oxLDL. In addition, the culture media from NETs formed by HL-60-derived neutrophils caused the elongation of HAECs, which was immensely enhanced by coincubation with native LDL or oxLDL. These data suggest that oxLDL may act synergistically with neutrophils to form NETs and promote vascular endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Obama
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ohinata
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takaki
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanju Iwamoto
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sawada
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aiuchi
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:36-51. [PMID: 30797769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the superfamily of heme peroxidases that is mainly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO-derived reactive species play a key role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense against various pathogens primarily by participating in phagocytosis. Elevated MPO levels in circulation are associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an association between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-related injury, stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and venous thrombosis. Elevated MPO levels are associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk for overall and CVD-related mortality. Elevated MPO may signify an increased risk for CVD for at least 2 reasons. First, low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress coexist with many metabolic abnormalities and comorbidities and consequently an elevated MPO level may represent an increased cardiometabolic risk in general. Second, MPO produces a large number of highly reactive species which can attack, destroy or modify the function of every known cellular component. The most common MPO actions relevant to CVD are generation of dysfunctional lipoproteins with an increased atherogenicity potential, reduced NO availability, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasoreactivity and atherosclerotic plaque instability. These actions strongly suggest that MPO is directly involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this regard MPO may be seen as a mediator or an instrument through which inflammation promotes CVD at molecular and cellular level. Clinical value of MPO therapeutic inhibition remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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10
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Dietary weight loss intervention improves subclinical atherosclerosis and oxidative stress markers in leukocytes of obese humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2200-2209. [PMID: 30622308 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between caloric restriction-mediated weight loss and the generation of ROS and its effects on atherosclerotic markers in obesity is not fully understood. Therefore, we set out to investigate whether dietary weight loss intervention improves markers of oxidative stress in leukocytes and subclinical parameters of atherosclerosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was an interventional study of 59 obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2) who underwent 6 months of dietary therapy, including a 6-week very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) followed by an 18-week low-calorie diet (LCD). We determined clinical parameters, inflammatory markers-hsCRP, TNFα and NFκB -, oxidative stress parameters-total superoxide, glutathione, catalase activity and protein carbonyl groups-, soluble cellular adhesion molecules-sICAM, sP-selectin, sPSGL-1 -, myeloperoxidase (MPO), leukocyte-endothelium cell interactions-rolling flux, velocity and adhesion-and LDL subfractions, before and after the dietary intervention. RESULTS After losing weight, an improvement was observed in the patients' anthropometric, blood pressure and metabolic parameters, and was associated with reduced inflammatory response (hsCRP, TNFα and NFκB). Oxidative stress parameters improved, since superoxide production and protein carbonyl content were reduced and antioxidant systems were enhanced. In addition, a significant reduction of subclinical markers of atherosclerosis-small and dense LDL particles, MPO, sP-selectin and leukocyte adhesion-and an increase in soluble PSGL-1 were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the improvement of subclinical atherosclerotic markers after dietary weight loss intervention is associated with a reduction of oxidative stress in leukocytes and inflammatory pathways, suggesting that these are the underlying mechanisms responsible for the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in obese subjects after losing weight.
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11
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Native and myeloperoxidase-oxidized low-density lipoproteins act in synergy to induce release of resolvin-D1 from endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2018; 272:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Yang Y, Shi R, Cao Z, Zhang G, Cheng G. VPO1 mediates oxidation of LDL and formation of foam cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35500-35511. [PMID: 27167346 PMCID: PMC5094940 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposition of oxidized-LDL in vascular walls is essential in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL has been attributed to myeloperoxidase as its generation of potent oxidants. However, the exact mechanism of LDL oxidation and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. Vascular peroxidase-1 (VPO1), a newly-identified heme-containing peroxidase, is primarily expressed in cardiovascular systems, and secreted into the circulation. The present study evaluates VPO1-mediated LDL oxidation and its role in atherosclerosis. VPO1 was first demonstrated binding to LDL. VPO1-mediated oxidation of proteins and lipids in LDL was verified by a variety of methods including immunoblot analysis, free tryptophan assay, UV absorbance, and thiobarbituric acid assay. VPO1-oxidized LDL caused accumulation of LDL in monocyte-like cells and promoted formation of foam cells. Administration of inflammation factors, LPS or TNF-α, induced increasing expression of VPO1 in aorta and secretion to plasma. TNF-α also promoted formation and retention of VPO1-oxidized LDL in aortic walls. Our data suggest that VPO1 contributes to oxidation and retention of LDL in vessel walls, and formation foam cells, indicating VPO1 as a novel potential mediator of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ruizheng Shi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zehong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Abdo AI, Rayner BS, van Reyk DM, Hawkins CL. Low-density lipoprotein modified by myeloperoxidase oxidants induces endothelial dysfunction. Redox Biol 2017; 13:623-632. [PMID: 28818791 PMCID: PMC5558469 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in atherosclerotic lesions, where it is implicated in the propagation of inflammation and acceleration of lesion development by multiple pathways, including the induction of endothelial dysfunction. Thiocyanate (SCN-) ions are utilised by MPO to produce the oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), which reacts with LDL in a different manner to HOCl. Whilst the reactivity of HOCl-modified LDL has been previously studied, the role of HOSCN in the modification of LDL in vivo is poorly defined, although emerging evidence suggests that these particles have distinct biological properties. This is important because elevated plasma SCN- is linked with both the propagation and prevention of atherosclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate that both HOSCN- and HOCl-modified LDL inhibit endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation ex vivo in rat aortic ring segments. In vitro experiments with human coronary artery endothelial cells show that HOSCN-modified LDL decreases in the production of nitric oxide (NO•) and induces the loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. This occurs to a similar extent to that seen with HOCl-modified LDL. In each case, these effects are related to eNOS uncoupling, rather than altered expression, phosphorylation or cellular localisation. Together, these data provide new insights into role of MPO and LDL modification in the induction of endothelial dysfunction, which has implications for both the therapeutic use of SCN- within the setting of atherosclerosis and for smokers, who have elevated plasma levels of SCN-, and are more at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Myeloperoxidase produces HOCl and HOSCN that modify LDL in a distinct manner. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL inhibit endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation in aortic rings ex vivo. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL decrease endothelial production of nitric oxide in vitro. Decreased eNOS activity is seen, which associated with enzyme uncoupling. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL induce colocalisation of eNOS and caveolin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian I Abdo
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Rayner
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David M van Reyk
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark.
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14
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Soubhye J, Chikh Alard I, Aldib I, Prévost M, Gelbcke M, De Carvalho A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Flemmig J, Tadrent S, Meyer F, Rousseau A, Nève J, Mathieu V, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Dufrasne F, Van Antwerpen P. Discovery of Novel Potent Reversible and Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors Using Virtual Screening Procedure. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6563-6586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ibaa Chikh Alard
- Laboratoire
de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire
de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Annelise De Carvalho
- Laboratoire
de Cancérologie et Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute
for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16−18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Tadrent
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Laboratory
of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory
of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vsale Hospital, and Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Laboratoire
de Cancérologie et Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory
of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vsale Hospital, and Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du
Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Analytical
Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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15
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Teng N, Maghzal GJ, Talib J, Rashid I, Lau AK, Stocker R. The roles of myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease and its potential implication in plaque rupture. Redox Rep 2016; 22:51-73. [PMID: 27884085 PMCID: PMC6837458 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1256119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathophysiological process underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). Acute complications of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction, are caused by the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which are characterized by thin, highly inflamed, and collagen-poor fibrous caps. Several lines of evidence mechanistically link the heme peroxidase myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammation as well as acute and chronic manifestations of atherosclerosis. MPO and MPO-derived oxidants have been shown to contribute to the formation of foam cells, endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis, the activation of latent matrix metalloproteinases, and the expression of tissue factor that can promote the development of vulnerable plaque. As such, detection, quantification and imaging of MPO mass and activity have become useful in cardiac risk stratification, both for disease assessment and in the identification of patients at risk of plaque rupture. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of MPO in CAD with a focus on its possible roles in plaque rupture and recent advances to quantify and image MPO in plasma and atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Teng
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia.,b Department of Cardiology , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Jihan Talib
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Imran Rashid
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Antony K Lau
- b Department of Cardiology , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.,c Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia.,d School of Medical Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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16
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Song J, Ping LY, Duong DM, Gao XY, He CY, Wei L, Wu JZ. Native low density lipoprotein promotes lipid raft formation in macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2087-93. [PMID: 26781977 PMCID: PMC4768993 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has an important role in atherogenesis; however, the mechanisms underlying cell-mediated LDL oxidation remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated whether native-LDL induced lipid raft formation, in order to gain further insight into LDL oxidation. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that lipid rafts were aggregated or clustered in the membrane, which were colocalized with myeloperoxidase (MPO) upon native LDL stimulation; however, in the presence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), LDL-stimulated aggregation, translocation, and colocalization of lipid rafts components was abolished.. In addition, lipid raft disruptors MβCD and filipin decreased malondialdehyde expression levels. Density gradient centrifugation coupled to label-free quantitative proteomic analysis identified 1,449 individual proteins, of which 203 were significantly upregulated following native-LDL stimulation. Functional classification of the proteins identified in the lipid rafts revealed that the expression levels of translocation proteins were upregulated. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that native-LDL induced lipid raft clustering in macrophages, and the expression levels of several proteins were altered in the stimulated macrophages, which provided novel insights into the mechanism underlying LDL oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yan Ping
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Zhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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17
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Franck T, Minguet G, Delporte C, Derochette S, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Gach O, Deby-Dupont G, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. An immunological method to combine the measurement of active and total myeloperoxidase on the same biological fluid, and its application in finding inhibitors which interact directly with the enzyme. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:790-9. [PMID: 25968947 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a pro-oxidant enzyme involved in inflammation, and the measurement of its activity in biological samples has emerged essential for laboratory and clinical investigations. We will describe a new method which combines the SIEFED (specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection) and ELISA (ELISAcb) techniques to measure the active and total amounts of MPO on the same human sample and with the same calibration curve, as well as to define an accurate ratio between both the active and total forms of the enzyme. The SIEFED/ELISAcb method consists of the MPO extraction from aqueous or biological samples by immobilized anti-MPO antibodies coated onto microplate wells. After a washing step to eliminate unbound material, the activity of MPO is measured in situ by adding a reaction solution (SIEFED). Following aspiration of the reaction solution, a secondary anti-MPO antibody is added into the wells and the ELISAcb test is carried out in order to measure the total MPO content. To validate the combined method, a comparison was made with SIEFED and ELISA experiments performed separately on plasma samples isolated from human whole blood, after a neutrophil stimulation. The SIEFED/ELISAcb provides a suitable tool for the measurement of specific MPO activity in biological fluids and for the estimation of the inhibitory potential of a fluid. The method can also be used as a pharmacological tool to make the distinction between a catalytic inhibitor, which binds to MPO and inhibits its activity, and a steric inhibitor, which hinders the enzyme and prevents its immunodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Franck
- Department of General Anaesthesia and Surgical Pathology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B 41, University of Liege - Sart Tilman, Liège , Belgium
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18
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Flemmig J, Schwarz P, Bäcker I, Leichsenring A, Lange F, Arnhold J. Rapid and reliable determination of the halogenating peroxidase activity in blood samples. J Immunol Methods 2014; 415:46-56. [PMID: 25264081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By combining easy and fast leukocyte enrichment with aminophenyl-fluorescein (APF) staining we developed a method to quickly and specifically address the halogenating activity of the immunological relevant blood heme peroxidases myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase, respectively. For leukocyte enrichment a two-fold hypotonic lysis procedure of the blood with Millipore water was chosen which represents a cheap, fast and reliable method to diminish the amount of erythrocytes in the samples. This procedure is shown to be suitable both to human and murine blood micro-samples, making it also applicable to small animal experiments with recurring blood sampling. As all types of leukocytes are kept in the sample during the preparation, they can be analysed separately after discrimination during the flow cytometry analysis. This also holds for all heme peroxidase-containing cells, namely neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Moreover additional parameters (e.g. antibody staining) can be combined with the heme peroxidase activity determination to gain additional information about the different immune cell types. Based on previous results we applied APF for specifically addressing the halogenating activity of leukocyte peroxidases in blood samples. This dye is selectively oxidized by the MPO and EPO halogenation products hypochlorous and hypobromous acid. This approach may provide a suitable tool to gain more insights into the immune-physiological role of the halogenating activity of heme peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Flemmig
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Pauline Schwarz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ingo Bäcker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anna Leichsenring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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19
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Delporte C, Boudjeltia KZ, Noyon C, Furtmüller PG, Nuyens V, Slomianny MC, Madhoun P, Desmet JM, Raynal P, Dufour D, Koyani CN, Reyé F, Rousseau A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Michalski JC, Nève J, Vanhamme L, Obinger C, Malle E, Van Antwerpen P. Impact of myeloperoxidase-LDL interactions on enzyme activity and subsequent posttranslational oxidative modifications of apoB-100. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:747-57. [PMID: 24534704 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m047449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of LDL by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-chloride system is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed at investigating the interaction of MPO with native and modified LDL and at revealing posttranslational modifications on apoB-100 (the unique apolipoprotein of LDL) in vitro and in vivo. Using amperometry, we demonstrate that MPO activity increases up to 90% when it is adsorbed at the surface of LDL. This phenomenon is apparently reflected by local structural changes in MPO observed by circular dichroism. Using MS, we further analyzed in vitro modifications of apoB-100 by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generated by the MPO-H2O2-chloride system or added as a reagent. A total of 97 peptides containing modified residues could be identified. Furthermore, differences were observed between LDL oxidized by reagent HOCl or HOCl generated by the MPO-H2O2-chloride system. Finally, LDL was isolated from patients with high cardiovascular risk to confirm that our in vitro findings are also relevant in vivo. We show that several HOCl-mediated modifications of apoB-100 identified in vitro were also present on LDL isolated from patients who have increased levels of plasma MPO and MPO-modified LDL. In conclusion, these data emphasize the specificity of MPO to oxidize LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delporte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Low-density lipoprotein modified by myeloperoxidase in inflammatory pathways and clinical studies. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:971579. [PMID: 23983406 PMCID: PMC3742028 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a key role in atherogenesis. Among the different models of oxidation that have been studied, the one using myeloperoxidase (MPO) is thought to be more physiopathologically relevant. Apolipoprotein B-100 is the unique protein of LDL and is the major target of MPO. Furthermore, MPO rapidly adsorbs at the surface of LDL, promoting oxidation of amino acid residues and formation of oxidized lipoproteins that are commonly named Mox-LDL. The latter is not recognized by the LDL receptor and is accumulated by macrophages. In the context of atherogenesis, Mox-LDL accumulates in macrophages leading to foam cell formation. Furthermore, Mox-LDL seems to have specific effects and triggers inflammation. Indeed, those oxidized lipoproteins activate endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages and induce proinflammatory molecules such as TNFα and IL-8. Mox-LDL may also inhibit fibrinolysis mediated via endothelial cells and consecutively increase the risk of thrombus formation. Finally, Mox-LDL has been involved in the physiopathology of several diseases linked to atherosclerosis such as kidney failure and consequent hemodialysis therapy, erectile dysfunction, and sleep restriction. All these issues show that the investigations of MPO-dependent LDL oxidation are of importance to better understand the inflammatory context of atherosclerosis.
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Chapman ALP, Mocatta TJ, Shiva S, Seidel A, Chen B, Khalilova I, Paumann-Page ME, Jameson GNL, Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Ceruloplasmin is an endogenous inhibitor of myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6465-77. [PMID: 23306200 PMCID: PMC3585080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a neutrophil enzyme that promotes oxidative stress in numerous inflammatory pathologies. It uses hydrogen peroxide to catalyze the production of strong oxidants including chlorine bleach and free radicals. A physiological defense against the inappropriate action of this enzyme has yet to be identified. We found that myeloperoxidase oxidized 75% of the ascorbate in plasma from ceruloplasmin knock-out mice, but there was no significant loss in plasma from wild type animals. When myeloperoxidase was added to human plasma it became bound to other proteins and was reversibly inhibited. Ceruloplasmin was the predominant protein associated with myeloperoxidase. When the purified proteins were mixed, they became strongly but reversibly associated. Ceruloplasmin was a potent inhibitor of purified myeloperoxidase, inhibiting production of hypochlorous acid by 50% at 25 nm. Ceruloplasmin rapidly reduced Compound I, the Fe(V) redox intermediate of myeloperoxidase, to Compound II, which has Fe(IV) in its heme prosthetic groups. It also prevented the fast reduction of Compound II by tyrosine. In the presence of chloride and hydrogen peroxide, ceruloplasmin converted myeloperoxidase to Compound II and slowed its conversion back to the ferric enzyme. Collectively, our results indicate that ceruloplasmin inhibits myeloperoxidase by reducing Compound I and then trapping the enzyme as inactive Compound II. We propose that ceruloplasmin should provide a protective shield against inadvertent oxidant production by myeloperoxidase during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. P. Chapman
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tessa J. Mocatta
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sruti Shiva
- the Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Antonia Seidel
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Brian Chen
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Irada Khalilova
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Martina E. Paumann-Page
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Guy N. L. Jameson
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Christine C. Winterbourn
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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22
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a member of the heme peroxidase superfamily, is a leukocyte-derived enzyme that generates reactive intermediates, leading to oxidative damage of host lipids and proteins. It has been shown that MPO is present within atherosclerotic plaque in human arteries and contributes to atherogenesis by catalyzing oxidative reactions in the vascular wall. This review provides an overview of the analytical and pathophysiologic characteristics of MPO and summarizes the possible clinical applicability of MPO as a marker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and a marker for prediction of cardiovascular disease.
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23
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Delporte C, Franck T, Noyon C, Dufour D, Rousseau A, Madhoun P, Desmet JM, Serteyn D, Raes M, Nortier J, Vanhaeverbeek M, Moguilevsky N, Nève J, Vanhamme L, Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Simultaneous measurement of protein-bound 3-chlorotyrosine and homocitrulline by LC-MS/MS after hydrolysis assisted by microwave: application to the study of myeloperoxidase activity during hemodialysis. Talanta 2012; 99:603-9. [PMID: 22967600 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high degree of uremia is common in patients with end-stage renal disease and has been linked to the development of chronic inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. In conditions where transplantation is not possible, uremia can be reduced by hemodialysis although the repeated interventions have been implicated in loss of renal function, partially as a result of chronic inflammation and/or oxidative stress processes. In this context, it has been suggested that myeloperoxidase (MPO) can contribute to the oxidative stress during hemodialysis and to the cardiovascular risk. Protein damages due to MPO activity have never been assessed during hemodialysis although two of its reaction products, 3-chlorotyrosine and homocitrulline, are of interest. Indeed, the first one is a specific product of MPO activity and the formation of the second one could be catalyzed by MPO. In order to analyze these products in plasma proteins, a total hydrolysis method followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was developed. Different conditions of hydrolysis were tested and the optimized procedure was assessed for complete hydrolysis and artifactual chlorination. Finally, the method was used for analyzing 3-chlorotyrosine and homocitrulline in plasma proteins during a hemodialysis session in fifteen patients and data were related to measurements of MPO concentration and activity. Both increases in MPO activity and protein-bound 3-chlorotyrosine were observed, highlighting the involvement of MPO in oxidative stress during hemodialysis and further demonstrating the link between hemodialysis and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delporte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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24
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Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Daher J, Van Antwerpen P, Moguilevsky N, Delree P, Ducobu J, Raes M, Badran B, Vanhaeverbeek M, Brohee D, Remacle C, Vanhamme L. Exposure of endothelial cells to physiological levels of myeloperoxidase-modified LDL delays pericellular fibrinolysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38810. [PMID: 22723891 PMCID: PMC3378590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood fluidity is maintained by a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. The endothelial cell surface is a key player in this equilibrium and cell surface disruptions can upset the balance. We investigated the role of pericellular myeloperoxidase oxidized LDLs (Mox-LDLs) in this balance. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a technical device that enabled us to monitor fibrinolysis in real-time at the surface of an endothelial cell line (EA.hy926), and showed that Mox-LDL decreased pericellular fibrinolysis. There were no changes in fibrinolysis when EA.hy926 endothelial cells were exposed to native LDL (24 hours) at doses of 10, 50, 100 and up to 1250 µg/ml. However, treatment of EA.hy926 endothelial cells with 10 and 50 µg/ml of Mox-LDL (physiological serum concentrations) increased the lysis time by 15 and 13%, respectively (p<0.001), although this effect was not present at higher concentrations of 100 µg/ml. This effect was not correlated with any changes in PAI-1 or t-PA or PA Receptor (PAR) expression. No effect was observed at the surface of smooth muscle cells used as controls. CONCLUSION Our data link the current favorite hypothesis that modified LDL has a causal role in atheroma plaque formation with an old suggestion that fibrin may also play a causal role. Our data help complete the paradigm of atherosclerosis: Modified LDL locally enhances fibrin deposition (present work); fibrin deposits enhance endothelial permeability; this effect allows subendothelial accumulation of lipid and foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Experimental Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles 222 Unit, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale, Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium.
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25
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Sokolov AV, Chekanov AV, Kostevich VA, Aksenov DV, Vasilyev VB, Panasenko OM. Revealing binding sites for myeloperoxidase on the surface of human low density lipoproteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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27
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Soubhye J, Prévost M, Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Rousseau A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J, Gelbcke M, Dufrasne F. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 3-(Aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindoles as Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8747-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Ducobu
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franc¸ois Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Calay D, Rousseau A, Mattart L, Nuyens V, Delporte C, Van Antwerpen P, Moguilevsky N, Arnould T, Boudjeltia KZ, Raes M. Copper and myeloperoxidase-modified LDLs activate Nrf2 through different pathways of ROS production in macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1491-502. [PMID: 20446765 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is a key step in atherogenesis, promoting the formation of lipid-laden macrophages. Here, we compared the effects of copper-oxidized LDLs (OxLDLs) and of the more physiologically relevant myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDLs (MoxLDLs) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages and in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Both oxidized LDLs, contrary to native LDLs, induced foam cell formation and an intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative stress was responsible for the activation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor, and the subsequent Nrf2-dependent overexpression of the antioxidant genes, Gclm and HO-1, as evidenced by the invalidation of Nrf2 by RNAi. MoxLDLs always induced a stronger response than OxLDLs. These differences could be partly explained by specific ROS-producing mechanisms differing between OxLDLs and MoxLDLs. Whereas both types of oxidized LDLs caused ROS production partly by NADPH oxidase, only MoxLDLs-induced ROS production was dependent on cytosolic PLA2. This study highlights that OxLDLs and MoxLDLs induce an oxidative stress, through distinct ROS-producing mechanisms, which is responsible for the differential activation of the Nrf2 pathway. These data clearly suggest that results obtained until now with copper oxidized-LDLs should be carefully reevaluated, taking into consideration physiologically more relevant oxidized LDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Calay
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP)—URBC, Namur, Belgium.
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29
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Clark AL, Matera KM. Effect of unsaturation in fatty acids on the binding and oxidation by myeloperoxidase: ramifications for the initiation of atherosclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5643-8. [PMID: 20801654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the presence of myeloperoxidase and subsequent uptake of the oxidized LDL by specialized receptors on macrophages has been suggested as an initiating event of atherosclerosis. Oxidized fatty acid chains within the glycerophospholipids of LDL have been implicated as the recognition feature by the receptors. The ability of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids) typically contained in the lipid portion of the glycerophospholipids to bind and be oxidized by myeloperoxidase was measured by spectroscopically observing interactions of the lipids with the heme prosthetic group of the enzyme. As unsaturation increases in the lipid chain, myeloperoxidase binds and oxidizes the fatty acid more readily, as measured by K(D), K(M), and k(cat). A possible mechanism of the free radical oxidation by myeloperoxidase is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, United States
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30
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Yoshida H, Kisugi R. Mechanisms of LDL oxidation. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1875-82. [PMID: 20816951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Many lines of evidence suggest that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. This review summarizes a diversity of mechanisms proposed for LDL oxidation serving for the so-called "LDL oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis". METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the literature and our research results related to mechanisms of LDL oxidation and its atherogenesis. LDL oxidation is catalyzed by transition metal ions and several free radicals, and LDL is also oxidized by some oxidizing enzymes. In this way, LDL can be converted to a form that is recognized specifically by and with high affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to foam cell formation, the defining characteristic of fatty streak lesions. CONCLUSIONS Several pathways are involved in the promotion of LDL oxidation in vitro and in vivo, but it would appear that the physiologically relevant mechanisms of LDL oxidation are still imperfectly understood. The underlying mechanisms of LDL oxidation must be further explored to reveal appropriate ways for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis and its relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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31
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Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Identification and properties of complexes formed by myeloperoxidase with lipoproteins and ceruloplasmin. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Van Antwerpen P, Slomianny MC, Boudjeltia KZ, Delporte C, Faid V, Calay D, Rousseau A, Moguilevsky N, Raes M, Vanhamme L, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, Michalski JC. Glycosylation pattern of mature dimeric leukocyte and recombinant monomeric myeloperoxidase: glycosylation is required for optimal enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16351-9. [PMID: 20332087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in various inflammatory conditions has been the scope of many recent studies. Besides its well studied catalytic activity, the role of its overall structure and glycosylation pattern in biological function is barely known. Here, the N-glycan composition of native dimeric human MPO purified from neutrophils and of monomeric MPO recombinantly expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells has been investigated. Analyses showed the presence of five N-glycans at positions 323, 355, 391, 483, 729 in both proteins. Site by site analysis demonstrated a well conserved micro- and macro-heterogeneity and more complex-type N-glycans for the recombinant form. Comparison of biological functionality of glycosylated and deglycosylated recombinant MPO suggests that glycosylation is required for optimal enzymatic activity. Data are discussed with regard to biosynthesis and the three-dimensional structure of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Analytical Platform of Institute of Pharmacy, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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34
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Contemporary scientific insights: role of biomarkers of inflammation in cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2009; 5:191-210. [PMID: 18340237 DOI: 10.1097/01.hpc.0000248966.42773.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Rajendran R, Ronald JA, Ye T, Minqin R, Chen JW, Weissleder R, Rutt BK, Halliwell B, Watt F. Nuclear microscopy: a novel technique for quantitative imaging of gadolinium distribution within tissue sections. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2009; 15:338-344. [PMID: 19575834 PMCID: PMC2802450 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
All clinically-approved and many novel gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents used to enhance signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are optically silent. To verify MRI results, a "gold standard" that can map and quantify Gd down to the parts per million (ppm) levels is required. Nuclear microscopy is a relatively new technique that has this capability and is composed of a combination of three ion beam techniques: scanning transmission ion microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and particle induced X-ray emission used in conjunction with a high energy proton microprobe. In this proof-of-concept study, we show that in diseased aortic vessel walls obtained at 2 and 4 h after intravenous injection of the myeloperoxidase-sensitive MRI agent, bis-5-hydroxytryptamide-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate gadolinium, there was a time-dependant Gd clearance (2 h = 18.86 ppm, 4 h = 8.65 ppm). As expected, the control animal, injected with the clinically-approved conventional agent diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate gadolinium and sacrificed 1 week after injection, revealed no significant residual Gd in the tissue. Similar to known in vivo Gd pharmacokinetics, we found that Gd concentration dropped by a factor of 2 in vessel wall tissue in 1.64 h. Further high-resolution studies revealed that Gd was relatively uniformly distributed, consistent with random agent diffusion. We conclude that nuclear microscopy is potentially very useful for validation studies involving Gd-based magnetic resonance contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Rajendran
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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36
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Sokolov AV, Ageeva KV, Pulina MO, Cherkalina OS, Samygina VR, Vlasova II, Panasenko OM, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Ceruloplasmin and myeloperoxidase in complex affect the enzymatic properties of each other. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:989-98. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802566574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Steffen Y, Schewe T, Sies H. Myeloperoxidase-mediated LDL oxidation and endothelial cell toxicity of oxidized LDL: attenuation by (−)-epicatechin. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:1076-85. [PMID: 17015252 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600883247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an inverse epidemiological association between intake of flavanol-rich cocoa products and cardiac mortality. Potential beneficial effect of cocoa may be attributed to flavanol-mediated improvement of endothelial function, as well as to enhancement of bioavailability and bioactivity of nitric oxide in vivo. ( - )-Epicatechin is one bioactive flavanol found in cocoa. This review deals with protective actions of ( - )-epicatechin on two key processes in atherogenesis, oxidation of LDL and damage to endothelial cell by oxidized LDL (oxLDL), with emphasis on data from this laboratory. ( - )-Epicatechin not only abrogates or attenuates LDL oxidation but also counteracts deleterious actions of oxLDL on vascular endothelial cells. These protective actions are only partially shared by other vasoprotective agents such as vitamins C and E or aspirin. Thus, ( - )-epicatechin appears to be a pleiotropic protectant for both LDL and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Steffen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, PO Box 101007, D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany
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38
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Schindhelm RK, van der Zwan LP, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG. Myeloperoxidase: a useful biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk stratification? Clin Chem 2009; 55:1462-70. [PMID: 19556446 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with atherosclerosis. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is linked to both inflammation and oxidative stress by its location in leukocytes and its role in catalyzing the formation of oxidizing agents. Recent evidence suggests that MPO activity precipitates atherogenesis. Measurement of MPO in plasma may therefore contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification. CONTENT Cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and prospective-cohort studies investigating the relation between MPO and CVD have been evaluated. Differences in study populations, sample materials, sample handling, and assays were ascertained. Potential causal mechanisms linking MPO to accelerated atherosclerosis are discussed here. A majority of studies indicate that measurement of MPO in plasma was associated with improved CVD risk stratification above and beyond risk stratification results obtained with markers used in routine clinical practice. However, comparison of these epidemiological studies with regard to MPO and outcome is hampered because the reported MPO concentration depends on the assay method, sampling material, and preanalytical and analytical procedures. The link between MPO and CVD can, at least partly, be explained by MPO-dependent oxidation of LDL and HDL, subsequently leading to cholesterol accumulation in the arterial wall. Furthermore, MPO may reduce the bioavailability of nitric oxide, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Finally, MPO destabilizes atherosclerotic plaques. SUMMARY Increasing evidence suggests that MPO is causally linked to atherosclerosis and its measurement may improve CVD risk estimation. Before MPO can be used in routine clinical practice, however, standardization of sampling and laboratory procedures is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Schindhelm
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands.
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39
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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40
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Panasenko OM, Vakhrusheva TV, Vlasova II, Chekanov AV, Baranov YV, Sergienko VI. Role of myeloperoxidase-mediated modification of human blood lipoproteins in atherosclerosis development. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 144:428-31. [PMID: 18457050 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of interaction of hypochlorite and hypobromite formed in myeloperoxidase catalysis with lipids of human blood low-density lipoprotein is described. Both agents react with unsaturated lipids via two mechanisms: molecular (with the formation of mainly chloro- or bromohydrins and lysophospholipids) and free-radical (paralleled by lipid peroxidation). These reactions modify physicochemical properties of low-density lipoproteins and disorder their lipid-transporting function thus initiating early stages of atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Panasenko
- Laboratory of Physicochemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Institute of Physicochemical Medicine, Federal Agency for Health Care and Social Development, Moscow.
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41
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Van Antwerpen P, Moreau P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Babar S, Dufrasne F, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J. Development and validation of a screening procedure for the assessment of inhibition using a recombinant enzyme. Talanta 2008; 75:503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Skaff O, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Kinetics of hypobromous acid-mediated oxidation of lipid components and antioxidants. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1980-8. [PMID: 18047295 DOI: 10.1021/tx7003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypohalous acids are generated from the oxidation of halide ions by myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase in the presence of H2O2. These oxidants are potent antibacterial agents, but excessive production can result in host tissue damage, with this implicated in a number of human pathologies. Rate constants for HOCl with lipid components and antioxidants have been established. Here, the corresponding reactions of HOBr have been examined to determine whether this species shows similar reactivity. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of HOBr with 3-pentenoic acid and sorbate, models of unsaturated lipids, are 1.1x10(4) and 1.3x10(3) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, while those for reaction of HOBr with phosphoryl-serine and phosphoryl-ethanolamine are ca. 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). The second-order rate constants (M(-1) s(-1)) for reactions of HOBr with Trolox (6.4x10(4)), hydroquinone (2.4x10(5)), and ubiquinol-0 (2.5x10(6)) were determined, as models of the lipid-soluble antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol, and ubiquinol-10; all of these rate constants are ca. 50-2000-fold greater than for HOCl. In contrast, the second-order rate constants for the reaction of HOBr with the water-soluble antioxidants, ascorbate and urate, are ca. 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and closer in magnitude to those for HOCl. Kinetic models have been developed to predict the sites of HOBr attack on low-density lipoproteins. The data obtained indicate that HOBr reacts to a much greater extent with fatty acid side chains and lipid-soluble antioxidants than HOCl; this has important implications for HOBr-mediated damage to cells and lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojia Skaff
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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43
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Agbor GA, Vinson JA, Patel S, Patel K, Scarpati J, Shiner D, Wardrop F, Tompkins TA. Effect of selenium- and glutathione-enriched yeast supplementation on a combined atherosclerosis and diabetes hamster model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8731-6. [PMID: 17880156 DOI: 10.1021/jf0711901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Selenium has a central role in antioxidant pathways as a cofactor to glutathione peroxidase. The present study evaluated the effects of four different preparations of inactivated yeast containing various concentrations of selenium and glutathione on a combined atherosclerosis and diabetes hamster model. The hamsters were supplemented with the yeast products for three months. The enriched yeast with the highest selenium and glutathione levels reduced the weight loss induced by diabetes, inhibited an increase in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride caused by a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet, increased the time taken for oxidation of lower density lipoproteins (lag time), and inhibited the formation of atherosclerosis better than low selenium/glutathione yeast supplementation. It was concluded that the yeast prepared to provide high selenium and high glutathione was the best for effecting beneficial changes in glutathione, cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and for demonstrating an antioxidant effect. The high selenium and low glutathione yeast was the best for improving selenium and glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Agbor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510, USA.
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44
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Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F, Lequeux M, Boudjeltia KZ, Lessgyer I, Babar S, Moreau P, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J. Inhibition of the myeloperoxidase chlorinating activity by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Flufenamic acid and its 5-chloro-derivative directly interact with a recombinant human myeloperoxidase to inhibit the synthesis of hypochlorous acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:235-43. [PMID: 17610876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro study was designed to assess the inhibition of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system by several non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of the oxicam family and of nimesulide and to compare their effect with flufenamic acid in order to investigate their influence on the chlorinating activity of MPO as a protective mechanism during chronic inflammatory syndromes. The inhibition of the system was assessed by measurement of the taurine chlorination while the accumulation of compound II was used to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. The oxidation products of NSAIDs by the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system were identified and flufenamic acid and derivatives were also assessed in the inhibition of LDL oxidation in two models. Flufenamic acid (IC(50) = 1.1+/-0.3 microM) is the most efficient inhibitor of the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system and nimesulide (IC(50) = 2.1+/-0.3 microM) is more active than the other NSAIDs of the oxicam family (IC(50) = 8-12 microM). The accumulation of compound II revealed that flufenamic acid acts as an electron donor while the other NSAIDs are antagonists of chloride anions. The identification of the oxidation products confirms that flufenamic behaves like an electron donor and is directly oxidized in the 5-hydroxy-derivative but gives also the 5-chloro-derivative which similarly inhibits the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system. Flufenamic acid has the best inhibiting activity towards the MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) system. However, in models that assess the LDL oxidation, flufenamic acid and its derivatives were unable to properly inhibit MPO activity as the enzyme is adsorbed on macrostructures such as LDL molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine 205-5, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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45
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Marsche G, Weigle B, Sattler W, Malle E. Soluble RAGE blocks scavenger receptor CD36-mediated uptake of hypochlorite-modified low-density lipoprotein. FASEB J 2007; 21:3075-82. [PMID: 17536039 PMCID: PMC4861206 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8316com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by its signal transduction ligands evokes inflammatory cell infiltration and activation of the vessel wall. However, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), the truncated form spanning the extracellular binding domain of RAGE, has potent anti-inflammatory properties by acting as a decoy for RAGE ligands. We now show that sRAGE binds with high affinity to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the major oxidant generated by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system of phagocytes activated during inflammation. We further demonstrate that sRAGE can be coprecipitated with HOCl-LDL from spiked serum. To determine the functional significance of sRAGE binding to HOCl-LDL, cell association studies with macrophages were performed. sRAGE effectively inhibited cellular uptake of HOCl-LDL and subsequent lipid accumulation. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing class B scavenger receptor CD36 or SR-BI, two preferential scavenger receptors for HOCl-LDL, we demonstrate that sRAGE only interferes with CD36-mediated uptake of HOCl-LDL. The present findings indicate that sRAGE acts as a sink for HOCl-LDL, which is abundantly present in human atherosclerotic lesions. We propose that sRAGE represents a physiological antagonist that interferes with scavenger receptor-mediated cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Marsche
- Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: Medical University of Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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46
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Boudjeltia KZ, Legssyer I, Van Antwerpen P, Kisoka RL, Babar S, Moguilevsky N, Delree P, Ducobu J, Remacle C, Vanhaeverbeek M, Brohee D. Triggering of inflammatory response by myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDL. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:805-12. [PMID: 17167545 DOI: 10.1139/o06-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidation theory proposes that LDL oxidation is an early event in atherosclerosis and that oxidized LDL contributes to atherogenesis in triggering inflammation. In contrast to the copper-modified LDL, there are few studies using myeloperoxidase-modified LDL (Mox-LDL) as an inflammation inducer. Our aim is to test whether Mox-LDL could constitute a specific inducer of the inflammatory response. Albumin, which is the most abundant protein in plasma and which is present to an identical concentration of LDL in the intima, was used for comparison. The secretion of IL-8 by endothelial cells (Ea.hy926) and TNF-alpha by monocytes (THP-1) was measured in the cell medium after exposure of these cells to native LDL, native albumin, Mox-LDL, or Mox-albumin. We observed that Mox-LDL induced a 1.5- and 2-fold increase (ANOVA; P < 0.001) in IL-8 production at 100 microg/mL and 200 microg/mL, respectively. The incubation of THP-1 cells with Mox-LDL (100 microg/mL) increased the production of TNF-alpha 2-fold over the control. Native LDL, albumin, and Mox-albumin showed no effect in either cellular types. The myeloperoxidase-modified LDL increase in cytokine release by endothelial and monocyte cells and by firing both local and systemic inflammation could induce atherogenesis and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Experimental Medicine Laboratory. Université de Bruxelles, Unit 222, ISPPC, CHU André Vésale, 706, route de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium.
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47
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Franck T, Kohnen S, Deby-Dupont G, Grulke S, Deby C, Serteyn D. A specific method for measurement of equine active myeloperoxidase in biological samples and in in vitro tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:326-34. [PMID: 16921870 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An original method called SIEFED (specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection) was developed for the specific detection of the activity of equine myeloperoxidase (MPO). The method consists of the extraction of MPO from aqueous solutions by immobilized anti-MPO antibodies followed by washing (to eliminate proteins and interfering molecules) and measurement of MPO activity using a detection system containing a fluorogenic substrate, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite as reaction enhancer. The SIEFED technique was applied to study active MPO in horse biological fluids and the effects of 2 polyphenolic molecules, curcumin and resveratrol, on MPO activity. The detection limit of the SIEFED was 0.23 mU/ml. The SIEFED exhibited good precision with intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation below 10% and 20%, respectively, for MPO activities ranging from 0.25 to 6.4 mU/ml. The activity of MPO was generally higher than 1 mU/ml in the fluids collected from horses with inflammatory diseases. Curcumin and resveratrol exerted a dose-dependent inhibition on MPO activity and, as they were removed before the enzymatic detection of MPO, the results suggest a direct drug-nzyme interaction or an enzyme structure modification by the drug. The SIEFED is a new tool that would be useful for specific detection of active MPO in complex media and for selection of MPO activity modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Franck
- Department of General Anesthesia and Surgical Pathology of Large Animals, Institut Vétérinaire, B 41, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, BE-4000 Liège, Belgium
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48
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Steffen Y, Wiswedel I, Peter D, Schewe T, Sies H. Cytotoxicity of myeloperoxidase/nitrite-oxidized low-density lipoprotein toward endothelial cells is due to a high 7beta-hydroxycholesterol to 7-ketocholesterol ratio. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1139-50. [PMID: 16962939 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated cholesterols (oxysterols) formed during oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. We compared the profile of oxysterols in modified human LDL obtained on reaction with myeloperoxidase/H2O2 plus nitrite (MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL) with that on Cu2+ -catalyzed oxidation. The 7beta-hydroxycholesterol/7-ketocholesterol ratio was markedly higher in MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL than in Cu2+ -oxidized LDL (7.9 +/- 3.0 versus 0.94 +/- 0.10). Like MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol was cytotoxic toward endothelial cells through eliciting oxidative stress. Cytotoxicity was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and was prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, suggesting stimulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated O2-* formation. 7-Ketocholesterol was only cytotoxic when added alone, whereas a 1:1-mixture with 7beta-hydroxycholesterol surprisingly was noncytotoxic. We conclude from our data that (i) 7beta-hydroxycholesterol is a pivotal cytotoxic component of oxidized LDL, (ii) 7-ketocholesterol protects against 7beta-hydroxycholesterol in oxysterol mixtures or oxLDL, (iii) the 7beta-hydroxycholesterol/7-ketocholesterol ratio is a crucial determinant for cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL species and oxysterol mixtures, and (iv) the low share of 7-ketocholesterol explains the higher cytotoxicity of MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL than other forms of oxidized LDL. The dietary polyphenol (-)-epicatechin inhibited not only formation but also cytotoxic actions of both oxLDL and oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Steffen
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Postfach 101007, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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49
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Vlasova II, Arnhold J, Osipov AN, Panasenko OM. pH-dependent regulation of myeloperoxidase activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:667-77. [PMID: 16827659 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance between peroxidase and chlorinating activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) is very important for the enhancement of antimicrobial action and prevention of damage caused by hypochlorite. In the present paper, the peroxidase and chlorinating activities have been studied at various pH values. The possibility of using neutrophil protein solution for the evaluation of MPO activity has been demonstrated. It is shown that at neutral pH MPO had higher affinity to peroxidase substrate guaiacol: at pH 7.4, chloride ions did not compete with guaiacol up to the concentration of 150 mM. At acidic pH, chlorinating activity of MPO dominates: only hypochlorite production can be detected at equal chloride and guaiacol concentrations of 15 mM. However, horseradish peroxidase does not exhibit any difference in activity in the presence of chloride ions even at acidic pH values. It was demonstrated by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry that the amount of hypochlorite produced is sufficient to modify phospholipids (with formation of Cl- and Br-hydrins and lyso-derivatives) only at acidic pH (5.0). Thus, in the presence of phenolic peroxidase substrate, MPO chlorinating activity can be displayed at acidic pH only. It can lead to elimination of hypochlorite production in normal tissues at neutral pH (7.4) and its enhancement in phagosomes where the pH range is 4.7-6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Vlasova
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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Exner M, Minar E, Mlekusch W, Sabeti S, Amighi J, Lalouschek W, Maurer G, Bieglmayer C, Kieweg H, Wagner O, Schillinger M. Myeloperoxidase Predicts Progression of Carotid Stenosis in States of Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2212-8. [PMID: 16750686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of myeloperoxidase (MPO) on progression of carotid stenosis in states of high and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase is pivotally involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In vitro data suggest that MPO exerts deleterious effects via oxidative modulation of lipoproteins. METHODS We prospectively studied 1,019 of 1,268 consecutive patients who were asymptomatic with respect to carotid artery disease. Patients underwent serial carotid ultrasound investigations at baseline and after a follow-up interval of median 7.5 months (range 6 to 9 months), categorizing carotid arteries as 0% to 29%, 30% to 49%, 50% to 69%, 70% to 89%, or 90% to 99% stenosed or occluded. The MPO, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were measured at baseline, grouped by medians, and correlated with progression of carotid atherosclerosis. RESULTS Progression of carotid atherosclerosis was found in 100 of 1,019 patients (9.8%). Myeloperoxidase (p = 0.014) but not HDL-C (p = 0.95) or LDL-C (p = 0.30) were associated with progressive disease. However, MPO > or =310 ng/ml was significantly associated with progressive disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39 to 4.75) only in patients with HDL-C levels <49 mg/dl. Otherwise, in patients with higher HDL-C levels (> or =49 mg/dl), MPO > or =310 ng/ml did not predict disease progression (adjusted OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.78). No interaction of MPO with LDL-C was observed. CONCLUSIONS Myeloperoxidase was associated with progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with HDL cholesterol levels below 49 mg/dl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Exner
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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