1
|
Lyu J, Li Z, Roberts JP, Qi YA, Xiong J. The short-chain fatty acid acetate coordinates with CD30 to modulate T-cell survival. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br11. [PMID: 37163337 PMCID: PMC10398883 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important substrate for cell metabolism, the short-chain fatty acid acetate emerges as a regulator of cell fate and function. However, its role in T-cell survival and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that acetate modulates T-cell apoptosis via potentiation of α-tubulin acetylation. We further show that acetate treatment effectively increases the expression of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member CD30 by enhancing its gene transcription. Moreover, CD30 physically associates with and stabilizes the deacetylase HDAC6, which deacetylates α-tubulin to decrease microtubule stability. Proteomic profiling of CD30 knockout (Cd30-/-) T-cells reveals elevated expression of anti-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins and thus promotes T-cell survival via a microtubule-Bcl-2 axis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that acetate is a regulator of T-cell survival by controlling levels of acetylated α-tubulin. This suggests that therapeutic manipulation of acetate metabolism may facilitate optimal T-cell responses in pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Lyu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Ziyi Li
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jessica P. Roberts
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yue A. Qi
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smolensky D, Rathore K, Bourn J, Cekanova M. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT Pathway Sensitizes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells to Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy In Vitro. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2615-2624. [PMID: 27649518 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthracycline-based chemotherapy, such as doxorubicin (Dox), while effective against many solid tumors, is not widely used for head and neck cancers. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Dox, and its derivative AD198 in human, canine, and feline oral squamous cell carcinomas cells (OSCC) in vitro. Dox and AD198 had significant an anti-proliferative effect on human, canine, and feline OSCC cells in dose-dependent manner. AD198 inhibited cell proliferation more effectively than Dox in tested OSCC cells. In the human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 cells, Dox and AD198 increased the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequently increased apoptosis through activation of caspase signaling pathway. Dox and AD198 increased activation of AKT, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in tested OSCC cells by dose-dependent manner. The efficacy of Dox and AD198 treatments in inhibition of cell proliferation was increased in tested OSCC when combined with PI3K/AKT inhibitor, LY294002 treatment. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT reduced Dox- and AD198-induced activation of ERK1/2 and further increased Dox- and AD198-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in OSCC. Our results suggest that the anthracycline therapies, such as Dox or AD198, can be more effective for treatment of OSCC when combined with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2615-2624, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Smolensky
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee
| | - Kusum Rathore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Bourn
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee
| | - Maria Cekanova
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarin H. Conserved molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of small molecule xenobiotic chemotherapeutics on cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:326-368. [PMID: 26998284 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For proper determination of the apoptotic potential of chemoxenobiotics in synergism, it is important to understand the modes, levels and character of interactions of chemoxenobiotics with cells in the context of predicted conserved biophysical properties. Chemoxenobiotic structures are studied with respect to atom distribution over molecular space, the predicted overall octanol-to-water partition coefficient (Log OWPC; unitless) and molecular size viz a viz van der Waals diameter (vdWD). The Log OWPC-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) parameter is determined, and where applicable, hydrophilic interacting moiety/core-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) and lipophilic incorporating hydrophobic moiety/core-to-vdWD (nm-1 ) parameters of their part-structures are determined. The cellular and sub-cellular level interactions of the spectrum of xenobiotic chemotherapies have been characterized, for which a classification system has been developed based on predicted conserved biophysical properties with respect to the mode of chemotherapeutic effect. The findings of this study are applicable towards improving the effectiveness of existing combination chemotherapy regimens and the predictive accuracy of personalized cancer treatment algorithms as well as towards the selection of appropriate novel xenobiotics with the potential to be potent chemotherapeutics for dendrimer nanoparticle-based effective transvascular delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV 25314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smolensky D, Rathore K, Cekanova M. Phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase inhibitor induces chemosensitivity to a novel derivative of doxorubicin, AD198 chemotherapy in human bladder cancer cells in vitro. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:927. [PMID: 26597249 PMCID: PMC4657321 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used to treat progressed bladder cancer after transurethral resection. The use of Dox-chemotherapy has been limited due to induced drug resistance and cumulative cardiotoxic effects. N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD198), a novel derivative of Dox, has a potential to become a more effective treatment than Dox by overcoming drug resistance and cardio-toxicity as shown in the rodent model of lymphoma in vivo. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Dox and AD198 and explore their mechanisms in inhibition on human bladder cancer cells in vitro. METHODS We evaluated the effects of Dox and AD198 on cell viability of human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines T24 and UMUC3 by MTS assay in vitro. The effects of Dox and AD198 on cell apoptosis were determined by caspase 3/7 assay, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Western Blotting (WB) analysis. RESULTS AD198 was more effective than Dox in inhibition of cell viability of T24 and UMUC3 cells in vitro. Both Dox and AD198 significantly increased the generation of ROS and induced apoptosis in caspase-dependent and -independent manner in T24 and UMUC3 cells. AD 198 induced significantly higher production of ROS as compared to Dox in human TCC cells. Dox and AD198 activated the pro-apoptotic p38 MAPK pathway; however, on the other hand also increased phosphorylation of AKT, an anti-apoptotic signaling pathway, in T24 and UMUC3 cells. Combined treatment of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) with Dox or AD198 inhibited cell viability of T24 and UMUC3 cells more effectively than any of drug treatments alone. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AD198 as novel derivative of Dox, could be a used as effective treatment for bladder cancer. Dox and AD198 induced PI3K/AKT signaling pathway that is a one of the indicators of pro-survival and possible drug-resistance mechanisms of chemotherapies in bladder cancer. Combined therapies of Dox or AD198 with inhibitors of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might lead to more effective treatment outcome for patients diagnosed with bladder cancer based on our in vitro experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Smolensky
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Kusum Rathore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han K, Liu Y, Yin WN, Wang SB, Xu Q, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. A FRET-based dual-targeting theranostic chimeric peptide for tumor therapy and real-time apoptosis imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1765-8. [PMID: 24700529 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Han
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shi-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tacar O, Dass CR. Doxorubicin-induced death in tumour cells and cardiomyocytes: is autophagy the key to improving future clinical outcomes? J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1577-89. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Doxorubicin, a commonly used frontline chemotherapeutic agent for cancer, is not without side-effects. The original thinking that the drug causes necrosis in tumours has largely given way to its link with apoptosis over the past two decades.
Key findings
More recently, major biomarkers such as AMPK, p53 and Bcl-2 have been identified as important to apoptosis induction by doxorubicin. It is Bcl-2 and its interaction with Beclin-1 that has refocussed research attention on doxorubicin, albeit this time for its ability to induce autophagy. Autophagy can be either anticancerous or procancerous however, so it is critical that the reasons for which cancer cells undergo this type of cell biological event be clearly identified for future exploitation.
Summary
Taking a step back from treating patients with large doses of doxorubicin, which causes toxicity to the heart amongst other organs, and further research with this drug's molecular signalling in not only neoplastic but normal cells, may indeed redefine the way doxorubicin is used clinically and potentially lead to better neoplastic disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Tacar
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Victoria University, St. Albans, Vic., Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan AA, Jabeen M, Khan AA, Owais M. Anticancer efficacy of a novel propofol-linoleic acid-loaded escheriosomal formulation against murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1281-94. [PMID: 23311988 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The preparation and characterization of a novel escheriosomal nanoparticle formulation of a potent anticancer conjugate, 2,6-diisopropylphenol-linoleic acid (2,6P-LA), and evaluation of its anticancer efficacy against diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS & METHODS Escheriosomized 2,6P-LA nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta-potential, entrapment efficiency, release kinetics and in vivo toxicity. Their anticancer potential was evaluated on the basis of survival, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, western blot analysis of apoptotic factors and histopathological changes in hepatocytes of treated animals. RESULTS The escheriosomized 2,6P-LA nanoparticles exhibited low toxicity, biocompatibility and bioavailability. As revealed by apoptosis induction, survival rate, expression profiles of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-9, escheriosomized 2,6P-LA nanoparticles were more effective in the treatment of HCC than the free form of 2,6P-LA in experimental animals. CONCLUSION 2,6P-LA-bearing escheriosome nanoparticles are effective in suppressing HCC in mice. Original submitted 17 January 2012; Revised submitted 27 August 2012; Published online 14 January 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Ali Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lampronti I, Khan MTH, Borgatti M, Bianchi N, Gambari R. Inhibitory Effects of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plant Extracts on Interactions between Transcription Factors and Target DNA Sequences. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 5:303-12. [PMID: 18830455 PMCID: PMC2529391 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in governing the expression of different genes involved in the immune response, embryo or cell lineage development, cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, oncogenesis, repair and fibrosis processes and inflammation. As far as inflammation, TFs playing pivotal roles are nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), activator protein (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and GATA-1 factors. All these TFs regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human disorders, particularly those with an inflammatory component. Since several medicinal plants can be employed to produce extracts exhibiting biological effects and because alteration of gene transcription represents a very interesting approach to control the expression of selected genes, this study sought to verify the ability of several extracts derived from Bangladeshi medicinal plants in interfering with molecular interactions between different TFs and specific DNA sequences. We first analyzed the antiproliferative activity of 19 medicinal plants on different human cell lines, including erythroleukemia K562, B lymphoid Raji and T lymphoid Jurkat cell lines. Secondly, we employed the electrophoretic mobility shift assay as a suitable technique for a fast screening of plant extracts altering the binding between NF-kB, AP-1, GATA-1, STAT-3, CREB and the relative target DNA elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lampronti
- ER-GenTech, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy, University of Science and Technology of Chittagong, Bangladesh, Laboratory for the Development of Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia, Biothecnology Center and Center of Excellence on Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park SW, Won KJ, Lee YS, Kim HS, Kim YK, Lee HW, Kim B, Lee BH, Kim JH, Kim DK. Increased HoxB4 Inhibits Apoptotic Cell Death in Pro-B Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:265-71. [PMID: 22915992 PMCID: PMC3419762 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.4.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HoxB4, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, is involved in the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro, and plays a key role in regulating the balance between hematopoietic stem cell renewal and cell differentiation. However, the biological activity of HoxB4 in other cells has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of overexpressed HoxB4 on cell survival under various conditions that induce death, using the Ba/F3 cell line. Analysis of phenotypical characteristics showed that HoxB4 overexpression in Ba/F3 cells reduced cell size, death, and proliferation rate. Moreover, the progression from early to late apoptotic stages was inhibited in Ba/F3 cells subjected to HoxB4 overexpression under removal of interleukin-3-mediated signal, leading to the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and attenuated cell death by Fas protein stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, apoptotic cell death induced by doxorubicin-treated G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest also decreased with HoxB4 overexpression in Ba/F3 cells. From these data, we suggest that HoxB4 may play an important role in the regulation of pro-B cell survival under various apoptotic death environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hussner J, Ameling S, Hammer E, Herzog S, Steil L, Schwebe M, Niessen J, Schroeder HWS, Kroemer HK, Ritter CA, Völker U, Bien S. Regulation of interferon-inducible proteins by doxorubicin via interferon γ-Janus tyrosine kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling in tumor cells. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:679-88. [PMID: 22323498 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.075994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system is a way for host tissue to defend itself against tumor growth. Hence, treatment strategies that are based on immunomodulation are on the rise. Conventional cytostatic drugs such as the anthracycline doxorubicin can also activate immune cell functions of macrophages and natural killer cells. In addition, cytotoxicity of doxorubicin can be enhanced by combining this drug with the cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ). Although doxorubicin is one of the most applied cytostatics, the molecular mechanisms of its immunomodulation ability have not been investigated thoroughly. In microarray analyses of HeLa cells, a set of 19 genes related to interferon signaling was significantly over-represented among genes regulated by doxorubicin exposure, including signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and 2, interferon regulatory factor 9, N-myc and STAT interactor, and caspase 1. Regulation of these genes by doxorubicin was verified with real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. An enhanced secretion of IFNγ was observed when HeLa cells were exposed to doxorubicin compared with untreated cells. IFNγ-neutralizing antibodies and inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling [aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), (E)-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydrophenyl)-N-(phenylmethyl)-2-propenamide (AG490), STAT1 small interfering RNA] significantly abolished doxorubicin-stimulated expression of interferon signaling-related genes. Furthermore, inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling significantly reduced doxorubicin-induced caspase 3 activation and desensitized HeLa cells to doxorubicin cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we demonstrate that doxorubicin induces interferon-responsive genes via IFNγ-JAK-STAT1 signaling and that this pathway is relevant for doxorubicin's cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. Immunomodulation is a promising strategy in anticancer treatment, so this novel mode of action of doxorubicin may help to further improve the use of this drug among different types of anticancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hussner
- Department of Pharmacology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Zhang F, Zhu L, Liu G, Hida N, Lu G, Eden HS, Niu G, Chen X. Multimodality imaging of tumor response to doxil. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:302-9. [PMID: 21772927 PMCID: PMC3139195 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Early assessment of tumor responses to chemotherapy could enhance treatment outcomes by ensuring that, from the beginning, treatments meet the individualized needs of patients. In this study, we applied multiple modality molecular imaging techniques to pre-clinical monitoring of early tumor responses to Doxil, focusing on imaging of apoptosis. Methods: Mice bearing UM-SCC-22B human head and neck squamous cancer tumors received either PBS or 1 to 2 doses of Doxil® (doxorubicin HCl liposome injection) (10 mg/kg/dose). Bioluminescence signals from an apoptosis-responsive reporter gene were captured for apoptosis evaluation. Tumor metabolism and proliferation were assessed by 18F-FDG and 3'-18F-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (18F-FLT) positron emission tomography. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) was performed to calculate averaged apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for the whole tumor volume. After imaging, tumor samples were collected for histological evaluation, including terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), anti-CD31, and Ki-67 immunostaining. Results: Two doses of Doxil significantly inhibited tumor growth. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) indicated apoptosis of tumor cells after just 1 dose of Doxil treatment, before apparent tumor shrinkage. 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT PET imaging identified decreased tumor metabolism and proliferation at later time points than those at which BLI indicated apoptosis. MRI measurements of ADC altered in response to Doxil, but only after tumors were treated with 2 doses. Decreased tumor proliferation and increased apoptotic cells were confirmed by changes of Ki-67 index and apoptotic ratio. Conclusion: Our study of tumor responses to different doses of Doxil demonstrated that it is essential to combine apoptosis imaging strategies with imaging of other critical biological or pathological pathways, such as metabolism and proliferation, to improve clinical decision making in apoptosis-related diseases and interventions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Grzanka D, Marszałek A, Izdebska M, Gackowska L, Andrzej Szczepanski M, Grzanka A. Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization Correlates with Cofilin Nuclear Expression and Ultrastructural Changes in CHO AA8 Cell Line after Apoptosis and Mitotic Catastrophe Induction by Doxorubicin. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:130-8. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.548113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Moritz TJ, Taylor DS, Krol DM, Fritch J, Chan JW. Detection of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of leukemic T-lymphocytes by laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1138-1147. [PMID: 21258536 PMCID: PMC3018077 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) was used to acquire the Raman spectra of leukemic T lymphocytes exposed to the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin at different time points over 72 hours. Changes observed in the Raman spectra were dependent on drug exposure time and concentration. The sequence of spectral changes includes an intensity increase in lipid Raman peaks, followed by an intensity increase in DNA Raman peaks, and finally changes in DNA and protein (phenylalanine) Raman vibrations. These Raman signatures are consistent with vesicle formation, cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and the cytoplasm of dead cells during the different stages of drug-induced apoptosis. These results suggest the potential of LTRS as a real-time single cell tool for monitoring apoptosis, evaluating the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments, or pharmaceutical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J. Moritz
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas S. Taylor
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Denise M. Krol
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John Fritch
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - James W. Chan
- NSF Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
López-Royuela N, Pérez-Galán P, Galán-Malo P, Yuste VJ, Anel A, Susín SA, Naval J, Marzo I. Different contribution of BH3-only proteins and caspases to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1746-58. [PMID: 20188077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, either facilitating (Bax, Bak, BH3-only) or inhibiting (Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), Mcl-1, A1) mitochondrial release of apoptogenic factors. The role of caspases in this process is a matter of controversy. We have analyzed the relative contribution of caspases and Bcl-2 family of proteins in the induction phase of apoptosis triggered by doxorubicin in two p53-deficient leukemia cell lines, Jurkat and U937. First, we have found that caspases are dispensable for the induction phase of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in both cell lines but they are needed to speed up the execution phase in Jurkat cells, not expressing Bax. Thus, down-regulation of Bak expression by siRNA significantly prevented doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in Jurkat but not in U937 cells. Reduction of Mcl-1 protein levels with siRNA increased sensitivity to apoptosis in both cell lines. Moreover, our results indicate that the contribution of BH3-only proteins to apoptosis is cell line specific. In Jurkat cells simultaneous silencing of Bim and PUMA was necessary to reduce doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. In U937 cells silencing of Bim or Noxa reduced sensitivity to doxorubicin. Immunoprecipitation experiments discarded an interaction between Mcl-1 and Bak in both cell lines and underscored the role of Bim and PUMA as mediators of Bax/Bak activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria López-Royuela
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hur EH, Kang MJ, Kim SD, Lim SN, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee KH, Lee JH. Influence of Environmental Conditions on c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Mediated Apoptosis of HL60 Cells by Anti-Cancer Drugs. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.1.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
17
|
Sarosiek KA, Nechushtan H, Lu X, Rosenblatt JD, Lossos IS. Interleukin-4 distinctively modifies responses of germinal centre-like and activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas to immuno-chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:308-18. [PMID: 19694722 PMCID: PMC2763052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) can be classified into two subtypes: germinal-centre B-cell (GCB)-like and Activated B-cell (ABC)-like tumours, which are associated with longer or shorter patient overall survival, respectively. In our previous studies, we have shown that, although DLBCL tumours of GCB-like and ABC-like subtypes express similar levels of IL4 mRNA, they exhibit distinct patterns of IL-4-induced intracellular signalling and different expression of IL-4 target genes. We hypothesized that these differences may contribute to the different clinical behaviour and outcome of DLBCL subtypes. Herein, we demonstrated that IL-4 increased the sensitivity of GCB-like DLBCL to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and complement-dependent rituximab cell killing. In contrast, IL-4 protected ABC-like DLBCL from the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and rituximab. The distinct effects of IL-4 on doxorubicin sensitivity in GCB-like and ABC-like DLBCL cells may be partially attributed to the contrasting effects of the cytokine on Bcl-2 and Bad protein levels in the DLBCL subtypes. These findings suggest that the different effects of IL-4 on chemotherapy and immunotherapy-induced cytotoxicity of GCB- and ABC-like DLBCL could contribute to the different clinical outcomes exhibited by patients with these two subtypes of DLBCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Rituximab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A Sarosiek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balsas P, López-Royuela N, Galán-Malo P, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Cooperation between Apo2L/TRAIL and bortezomib in multiple myeloma apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:804-12. [PMID: 19100720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is currently an important drug for treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) and for elderly patients. However, cells from some patients show resistance to bortezomib. We have evaluated the possibility of improving bortezomib therapy with Apo2L/TRAIL, a death ligand that induces apoptosis in MM but not in normal cells. Results indicate that cotreatment with low doses of bortezomib significantly increased apoptosis of MM cells showing partial sensitivity to Apo2L/TRAIL. Bortezomib treatment did not significantly alter plasma membrane amount of DR4 and DR5 but increased Apo2L/TRAIL-induced caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation. Apo2L/TRAIL reverted bortezomib-induced up-regulation of beta-catenin, Mcl-1 and FLIP, associated with the enhanced cytotoxicity of combined treatment. More important, some cell lines displaying resistance to bortezomib were sensitive to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. A cell line made resistant by continuous culture of RPMI 8226 cells in the presence of bortezomib (8226/7B) was highly sensitive to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, RPMI 8226 cells overexpressing Mcl-1 (8226/Mcl-1) or Bcl-x(L) (8226/Bcl-x(L)) also showed enhanced resistance to bortezomib, but co-treatment with Apo2L/TRAIL reverted this resistance. These results indicate that Apo2L/TRAIL can cooperate with bortezomib to induce apoptosis in myeloma cells and can be an useful adjunct for MM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Balsas
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Henares TG, Mizutani F, Sekizawa R, Hisamoto H. Single-drop analysis of various proteases in a cancer cell lysate using a capillary-assembled microchip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2507-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Gómez-Benito M, Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Membrane expression of DR4, DR5 and caspase-8 levels, but not Mcl-1, determine sensitivity of human myeloma cells to Apo2L/TRAIL. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2378-88. [PMID: 17462628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The improved recombinant form of the death ligand Apo2L/TRAIL (Apo2L/TRAIL.0) is not cytotoxic for normal human cells and is a good candidate for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM), a B-cell neoplasia that remains incurable. We have analyzed the molecular determinants of myeloma sensitivity to Apo2L/TRAIL.0 in a number of MM cell lines, the mechanisms of resistance and a possible way of overcoming it. Expression of one death receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL (DR4 or DR5) is sufficient to transduce death signals, though DR5 was more efficient when both receptors were present. Membrane expression of decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2) and intracellular levels of c-FLIP(L), XIAP and Mcl-1 were not predictive of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL. Inhibition of Mcl-1 degradation did not prevent Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In IM-9 cells, resistance was associated to a reduced caspase-8 expression. U266 cells, though expressing significant levels of DR4 and caspase-8, were nevertheless resistant to Apo2L/TRAIL. This resistance could be overcome by co-treatment with valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. VPA caused the redistribution of DR4 to plasma membrane lipid rafts and restored DR4 signaling. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in U266 cells did not prevent Apo2L/TRAIL cytotoxicity in VPA-sensitized cells. These results, taken together, support the possible use of Apo2L/TRAIL.0 in the treatment of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gómez-Benito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gómez-Benito M, Balsas P, Carvajal-Vergara X, Pandiella A, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Mechanism of apoptosis induced by IFN-alpha in human myeloma cells: role of Jak1 and Bim and potentiation by rapamycin. Cell Signal 2006; 19:844-54. [PMID: 17158029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has been used for the last 20 years in the maintenance therapy of multiple myeloma (MM), though it is only effective in some patients. Congruent with this, IFN-alpha induces apoptosis in some MM cell lines. Understanding the mechanism of IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis could be useful in establishing criteria of eligibility for therapy. Here we show that IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis in the MM cell lines U266 and H929 was completely blocked by a specific inhibitor of Jak1. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin mitigated apoptosis in U266 but potentiated it in H929 cells. IFN-alpha induced PS exposure, DeltaPsi(m) loss and pro-apoptotic conformational changes of Bak, but not of Bax, and was fully prevented by Mcl-1 overexpression in U266 cells. IFN-alpha treatment caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and consequently, a limited proteolytic processing of caspases. Apoptosis induced by IFN-alpha was only slightly prevented by caspase inhibitors. Levels of the BH3-only proteins PUMA and Bim increased during IFN-alpha treatment. Bim increase and apoptosis was prevented by transfection with the siRNA for Bim. PUMA-siRNA transfection reduced electroporation-induced apoptosis but had no effect on apoptosis triggered by IFN-alpha. The potentiating effect of rapamycin on apoptosis in H929 cells was associated to an increase in basal and IFN-alpha-induced Bim levels. Our results indicate that IFN-alpha causes apoptosis in myeloma cells through a moderate triggering of the mitochondrial route initiated by Bim and that mTOR inhibitors may be useful in IFN-alpha maintenance therapy of certain MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gómez-Benito
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kalivendi S, Konorev E, Cunningham S, Vanamala S, Kaji E, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B. Doxorubicin activates nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes and Fas ligand transcription: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and calcium. Biochem J 2005; 389:527-39. [PMID: 15799720 PMCID: PMC1175131 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used antitumour drug, causes dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Cardiac mitochondria represent a critical target organelle of toxicity during DOX chemotherapy. Proposed mechanisms include generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and disturbances in mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis. In the present study, we probed the mechanistic link between mitochondrial ROS and calcium in the embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cell line and in adult rat cardiomyocytes. The results show that DOX stimulates calcium/calcineurin-dependent activation of the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes). Pre-treatment of cells with an intracellular calcium chelator abrogated DOX-induced nuclear NFAT translocation, Fas L (Fas ligand) expression and caspase activation, as did pre-treatment of cells with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, Mito-Q (a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant consisting of a mixture of mitoquinol and mitoquinone), or with adenoviral-over-expressed antioxidant enzymes. Treatment with GPx-1 (glutathione peroxidase 1), MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) or a peptide inhibitor of NFAT also inhibited DOX-induced nuclear NFAT translocation. Pre-treatment of cells with a Fas L neutralizing antibody abrogated DOX-induced caspase-8- and -3-like activities during the initial stages of apoptosis. We conclude that mitochondria-derived ROS and calcium play a key role in stimulating DOX-induced 'intrinsic and extrinsic forms' of apoptosis in cardiac cells with Fas L expression via the NFAT signalling mechanism. Implications of ROS- and calcium-dependent NFAT signalling in DOX-induced apoptosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasi V. Kalivendi
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Eugene A. Konorev
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Sonya Cunningham
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - Sravan K. Vanamala
- †Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Eugene H. Kaji
- †Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Joy Joseph
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
| | - B. Kalyanaraman
- *Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yamana K, Bilim V, Hara N, Kasahara T, Itoi T, Maruyama R, Nishiyama T, Takahashi K, Tomita Y. Prognostic impact of FAS/CD95/APO-1 in urothelial cancers: decreased expression of Fas is associated with disease progression. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:544-51. [PMID: 16091761 PMCID: PMC2361597 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The death receptor Fas (Apo1/CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL) system is recognised as a major pathway for the induction of apoptosis in vivo, and antiapoptosis via its blockade plays a critical role in carcinogenesis and progression in several malignancies. However, the function of Fas–FasL system in urothelial cancer (UC) has not been elucidated. We therefore investigated the expression of Fas, FasL and Decoy receptor 3 for FasL (DcR3) in UC specimens and cell lines, and examined the cytotoxic effect of an anti-Fas-activating monoclonal antibody (mAb) in vitro. Immunohistochemical examinations of Fas-related molecules were performed on 123 UC and 30 normal urothelium surgical specimens. Normal urothelium showed Fas staining in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. In UC, less frequent Fas expression was significantly associated with a higher pathological grade (P<0.0001), a more advanced stage (P=0.023) and poorer prognosis (P=0.010). Fas and the absence thereof were suggested to be crucial factors with which to select patients requiring more aggressive treatment. Moreover, low-dose anti-Fas-activating mAb sensitised resistant cells to adriamycin, and this synergistic effect could be applied in the development of new treatment strategy for UC patients with multidrug-resistant tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamana
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - V Bilim
- Division of Urology, Department of Metabolic and Regenerative Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - N Hara
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - T Kasahara
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - T Itoi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - R Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - T Nishiyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Y Tomita
- Division of Urology, Department of Metabolic and Regenerative Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Division of Urology, Department of Metabolic and Regenerative Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gómez-Benito M, Balsas P, Bosque A, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Apo2L/TRAIL is an indirect mediator of apoptosis induced by interferon-alpha in human myeloma cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6217-22. [PMID: 16246331 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is currently used for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM) though it is only effective in some patients. IFN-alpha induces apoptosis in some MM cell lines and it has been proposed to occur through an autocrine loop involving Apo2L/TRAIL. We have analysed the sensitivity to IFN-alpha and Apo2L/TRAIL of five MM cell lines and found no correlation between the apoptosis inducing ability of both cytokines. IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis in MM cells was not prevented by a caspase-8 selective inhibitor (Z-IETD-fmk) or blocking Apo2L/TRAIL. However, human monocytes treated with IFN-alpha release bioactive Apo2L/TRAIL to culture media which was cytotoxic for MM cells resistant to IFN-alpha. We propose that Apo2L/TRAIL released from IFN-alpha-stimulated blood monocytes would be a major mediator of the anti-myeloma effect of IFN-alpha in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gómez-Benito
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular y Cellular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Okabe M, Unno M, Harigae H, Kaku M, Okitsu Y, Sasaki T, Mizoi T, Shiiba K, Takanaga H, Terasaki T, Matsuno S, Sasaki I, Ito S, Abe T. Characterization of the organic cation transporter SLC22A16: A doxorubicin importer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:754-62. [PMID: 15963465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, have been shown to confer drug resistance by decreasing the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs. Understanding influx transporters, as well as efflux transporters, is essential to overcome this resistance. We report the expression profile and pharmacological characterization of an organic cation transporter, SLC22A16. The results of our experiments indicate that SLC22A16 is a mediator of doxorubicin uptake in cancer cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses show that SLC22A16 is expressed in primary samples taken from patients with acute leukemia. Xenopus oocytes injected with SLC22A16 cRNA import doxorubicin, a widely used anticancer drug for hematological malignancies, in a saturable and dose-dependent manner. The apparent Km value for doxorubicin import was 5.2+/-0.4 microM. In cytotoxic assays, stable transfectants of leukemic Jurkat cells overexpressing SLC22A16 cells became significantly more sensitive to doxorubicin (2 microM) treatment. Characterization of SLC22A16 will help in designing novel therapies targeting hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Okabe
- Division of General and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fischer B, Benzina S, Jeannequin P, Dufour P, Bergerat JP, Denis JM, Gueulette J, Bischoff PL. Fast neutrons-induced apoptosis is Fas-independent in lymphoblastoid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:533-42. [PMID: 16018969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in human lymphoblastoid cells differs according to their p53 status, and that caspase 8-mediated cleavage of BID is involved in the p53-dependent pathway. In the present study, we investigated the role of Fas signaling in caspase 8 activation induced by fast neutrons irradiation in these cells. Fas and FasL expression was assessed by flow cytometry and by immunoblot. We also measured Fas aggregation after irradiation by fluorescence microscopy. We found a decrease of Fas expression after irradiation, but no change in Fas ligand expression. We also showed that, in contrast to the stimulation of Fas by an agonistic antibody, Fas aggregation did not occur after irradiation. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that fast neutrons induced-apoptosis is Fas-independent, even in p53-dependent apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fischer
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale et de Radiobiologie EA 3430, Université Louis Pasteur, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Savickiene J, Treigyte G, Magnusson KE, Navakauskiene R. p21 (Waf1/Cip1) and FasL gene activation via Sp1 and NFkappaB is required for leukemia cell survival but not for cell death induced by diverse stimuli. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:784-96. [PMID: 15694838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of the cellular response to different apoptotic effectors are only partially understood. Herein, the role of transcription factors, Sp1 and NFkappaB in differentiation-related and etoposide-induced apoptosis was examined in a number of human leukemia cell lines (HL-60, NB4, HEL, THP-1, K562). This was investigated with respect to the recruitment of one cell-cycle regulating gene, p21 and one cell death gene, FasL. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we consistently observed Sp1 and NFkappaB binding activity to the promoter of either gene during cell differentiation and the decrease associated with apoptosis upon long-term treatment with differentiation inducers in HL-60, NB4 and HEL cells. By contrast, Sp1 and NFkappaB binding capacities were lost in all myeloid cell lines undergoing etoposide-induced fast apoptosis. This effect was eliminated by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-valinyl-alaninyl-aspartyl fluoromethylketone, thus restoring transcription factors' binding activity. However, sustained NFkappaB binding to the FasL promoter was noticed in apoptosis undergoing HEL cells treated by etoposide. Our results suggest that p21 and FasL gene activation is required for myeloid leukemia cell survival or maturation but not for cell death via Sp1 and NFkappaB as regulators of these genes. The findings also support the idea of a common mechanism for cellular responses to different apoptotic effectors in malignant hematopoietic cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Savickiene
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gómez-Benito M, Marzo I, Anel A, Naval J. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor BMS-214662 induces apoptosis in myeloma cells through PUMA up-regulation, Bax and Bak activation, and Mcl-1 elimination. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1991-8. [PMID: 15738311 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.007021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of apoptosis elicited by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor (R)-7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine (BMS-214662) in human myeloma cell lines. Low concentrations of BMS-214662 efficiently inhibited protein farnesylation but did not affect the activation of Akt. BMS-214662 treatment increased levels of the BH3-only protein PUMA; induced proapoptotic conformational changes of Bax and Bak; reduced Mcl-1 levels; caused mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss; induced cytochrome c release, caspase activation, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nuclear translocation, and phosphatidylserine exposure; and allowed the development of apoptotic morphology. Western blot analysis of cell extracts revealed the activation of caspases 2, 3, 8, and 9 upon treatment with BMS-214662. The general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk significantly prevented BMS-214662-induced death in U266 and RPMI 8226 cells but not in NCI-H929 cells. A mixture of selective caspase inhibitors for caspases 9 [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-LEHD-fmk)], 3 (Z-DEVD-fmk), and 6 (Z-VEID-fmk) approached the protective effect of Z-VAD upon cell death. However, Z-VAD-fmk did not prevent BMS-214662-induced Bax and Bak activation and decrease of Mcl-1 levels. According to its effect on cell death, Z-VAD-fmk inhibited nuclear translocation of AIF in RPMI 8226 and U266 but not in NCI-H929 cells. These results suggest that apoptosis triggered by BMS-214662 is initiated by a PUMA/Bax/Bak/Mcl-1-dependent mechanism. In some cell lines, Bax/Bak activation is not sufficient per se to induce mitochondrial failure and release of apoptogenic proteins, and so caspases need to be activated to facilitate apoptosis. After DeltaPsi(m) loss, execution of apoptosis was performed in all cases by a cytochrome c-enabled, caspase-9-triggered, caspase cascade and the nuclear action of AIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Benito
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perchellet EM, Wang Y, Weber RL, Lou K, Hua DH, Perchellet JPH. Antitumor triptycene bisquinones induce a caspase-independent release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and a caspase-2-mediated activation of initiator caspase-8 and -9 in HL-60 cells by a mechanism which does not involve Fas signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:929-46. [PMID: 15514562 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200411000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic triptycene analogs (TT code number) mimic the antitumor effects of daunorubicin (DAU) in vitro, but have the advantage of blocking nucleoside transport, inhibiting both DNA topoisomerase I and II activities, and retaining their efficacy in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells. Since TT bisquinones induce poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage at 6 h and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation at 24 h, which are, respectively, early and late markers of apoptosis, these antitumor drugs were tested for their ability to trigger the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c) and the caspase activation cascade in the HL-60 cell system. Based on their ability to reduce the viability of wild-type, drug-sensitive HL-60-S cells in the nanomolar range, six lead antitumor TT bisquinones have been identified so far: TT2, TT13, TT16, TT19, TT24 and TT26. In accord with the fact that effector caspase-3 is responsible for PARP-1 cleavage, 4 microM concentrations of DAU and these TT bisquinones all maximally induce caspase-3 activity at 6 h in HL-60-S cells, an effect which persists when the drugs are removed after a 1-h pulse treatment. Since caspase-3 may be activated by initiator caspase-9 and -8, it is significant to show that such caspase activation cascade is induced by 4 microM DAU and TT bisquinones at 6 h in HL-60-S cells. Although the relationship is not perfect, the ability of TT analogs to induce caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities may be linked to their quinone functionality and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 4 microM concentrations of TT bisquinones retain their ability to induce caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities at 6 h in the MDR HL-60-RV cell line where 4 microM DAU becomes totally ineffective. The release of mitochondrial Cyt c is also detected within 6 h in HL-60-S cells treated with 4 microM DAU or TT bisquinones, a finding consistent with the fact that Cyt c is the apoptotic trigger that activates caspase-9. Caspase-2 and -8 may both act upstream of mitochondria to promote Cyt c release, but caspase-2 is already maximally activated 6 h after 4 microM DAU or TT13 treatments, whereas DAU- or TT-induced caspase-8 and -9 activities peak at 9 h. Pre-treatments with 15 microM of the caspase-2 inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl (z)-Val-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp (VDVAD)-fluoromethyl ketone (fmk) totally block DAU- and TT13-induced caspase-2, -8 and -9 activities, whereas pre-treatments with 15 microM of the caspase-8 inhibitor z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp (IETD)-fmk prevent DAU and TT13 from inducing caspase-8 activities without affecting their caspase-2- and -9-inducing activities, suggesting that the induction of apical caspase-2 activity by these drugs may be a critical upstream event required for the activation of other downstream caspases, including caspase-9 and the mitochondrial amplification loop through caspase-8. However, the mechanisms by which DAU and TT13 induce the release of mitochondrial Cyt c appear to be caspase-independent since they are both insensitive to similar pre-treatments with 100 microM of these specific caspase-2 and -8 inhibitors. Moreover, pre-treatments with 10 microg/ml of the antagonistic anti-Fas DX2 and ZB4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and the neutralizing anti-Fas ligand (FasL) NOK-1 mAb are all unable to prevent DAU and TT13 from inducing Cyt c release and caspase-2, -8 and -9 activities, suggesting that the Fas-FasL signaling pathway is not involved in the mechanism by which these quinone antitumor drugs trigger apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Perchellet
- Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall; Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Malugin A, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. HPMA Copolymer-Bound Doxorubicin Induces Apoptosis in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells by a Fas-Independent Pathway. Mol Pharm 2004; 1:174-82. [PMID: 15981920 DOI: 10.1021/mp049967q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cell death in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells induced by free doxorubicin (DOX) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-bound DOX [P-(GFLG)-DOX] was investigated. In particular, the involvement of the Fas receptor system in drug-induced apoptosis was evaluated. P-(GFLG)-DOX was shown to effect apoptosis-induced tumor cell death as manifested by positive Annexin V-FITC staining, cleavage of procaspase 3 and its physiological substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and cleavage of procaspase 8. Using the fluorochrome-labeled caspase inhibitor assay, it was found that both free DOX and P-(GFLG)-DOX activated caspases 3 and 9, but both forms of DOX did not have an effect on the activity of caspase 8, when compared to untreated cells. It was shown that free DOX and P-(GFLG)-DOX upregulated Fas receptor expression at the cell membrane in a time-dependent manner. Triggering the drug-induced Fas receptor with an exogeneous soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) resulted in an increase in the extent of apoptotic cell death, indicating that the Fas signaling pathway remained functionally active. Also, antagonistic anti-Fas ZB4 antibody blocked the increase in the level of apoptosis following the application of sFasL, but did not interfere with drug-induced apoptosis. The study of the functional activity of the Fas receptor and of the activation of the most proximal effector of the caspase cascade, caspase 8, indicated that the Fas receptor pathway was not decisive in the induction of cell death by free DOX and P-(GFLG)-DOX in A2780 cells. This study suggests further investigation of the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in A2780 cell apoptotic death, induced by free and HPMA copolymer-bound DOX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malugin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Perchellet EM, Wang Y, Weber RL, Sperfslage BJ, Lou K, Crossland J, Hua DH, Perchellet JP. Synthetic 1,4-anthracenedione analogs induce cytochrome c release, caspase-9, -3, and -8 activities, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells by a mechanism which involves caspase-2 activation but not Fas signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:523-37. [PMID: 15037204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic analogs of 1,4-anthraquinone (AQ code number), a compound that mimics the antiproliferative effects of daunorubicin (daunomycin) in the nanomolar range in vitro but has the advantage of blocking nucleoside transport and retaining its efficacy in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, were tested for their ability to induce apoptosis in the HL-60 cell system. AQ10 and, especially, the new lead antiproliferative compounds AQ8 and AQ9 reduce the growth and integrity of wild-type, drug-sensitive, HL-60-S cells more effectively than AQ1, suggesting that various methyl group substituents at C6 may enhance the bioactivity of the parent compound. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, a late marker of apoptosis, is similarly induced in a biphasic manner by increasing concentrations of AQ8 and AQ9 at 24 hr. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage, an early event required for cells committed to apoptosis, is detected within 3-6 hr in HL-60-S cells treated with AQ9. In accord with the fact that the caspases 9 and 3 cascade is responsible for PARP-1 cleavage, the activities of initiator caspase-9 and effector caspase-3 are induced by AQ9 in the same time- and concentration-dependent manners and to the same maximal degrees in both the HL-60-S and multidrug-resistant HL-60-RV cell lines. Interestingly, a 1-hr pulse treatment is sufficient for AQ8 and AQ9 to maximally induce caspase-9 and -3 activities at 6 hr. The release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c) is also detected within 3-6hr in HL-60-S cells treated with AQ9, a finding consistent with the fact that Cyt c is the apoptotic trigger that activates caspase-9. Moreover, AQ analogs induce Cyt c release, caspase-9 and -3 activities and PARP-1 cleavage in relation with their abilities to decrease tumor cell growth and integrity, AQ8 and AQ9 being consistently the most effective. Since apical caspases 2 and 8 may both act upstream of mitochondria to promote Cyt c release, it is significant to show that AQ9 maximally induces caspase-2 and -8 activities at 6 and 9 hr, respectively. During AQ8 treatment, the caspase-2 inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl (z)-Val-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp (VDVAD)-fluoromethyl ketone (fmk) totally blocks caspase-9, -3, and -8 activations, whereas the caspase-8 inhibitor z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-(IETD)-fmk does not prevent caspase-2, -9, and -3 activations, suggesting that AQ-induced caspase-2 activity is an upstream event critical for the activation of the downstream caspases 9 and 3 cascade, including the mitochondrial amplification loop through caspase-8. However, these caspase-2 and -8 inhibitors fail to alter AQ8-induced Cyt c release, suggesting that AQs might also target mitochondria independently from caspase activation. Furthermore, the antagonistic anti-Fas DX2 and ZB4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which block the induction of Cyt c release and caspase-2, -8, and -9 activities by the agonistic anti-Fas CH11 mAb, and the neutralizing anti-Fas ligand (FasL) NOK-1 mAb all fail to inhibit AQ9-induced Cyt c release and caspase-2, -8, and -9 activities, suggesting that the FasL/Fas signaling pathway is not involved in the mechanism by which antiproliferative AQ analogs trigger apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Perchellet
- Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakamura M, Tsuji N, Asanuma K, Kobayashi D, Yagihashi A, Hirata K, Torigoe T, Sato N, Watanabe N. Survivin as a predictor of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum sensitivity in gastric cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:44-51. [PMID: 14720326 PMCID: PMC11159304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family, inhibits apoptosis by blocking caspase-3 and -7 activation. Gastric cancer, which is among the most intractable of malignant tumors, is known for resistance to various drugs, including cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP). Since this agent induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation, survivin may mediate the drug resistance. We investigated survivin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in gastric cancers and the relationship between expression and sensitivity to CDDP. Expression of the survivin gene was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancers compared to the tissues of normal mucosa, atrophic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia (P < 0.0001) as assessed by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and was negatively associated with overall survival of patients who received CDDP-based chemotherapy. To investigate whether survivin is a resistance factor against CDDP-induced apoptosis, we transfected wild-type and dominant-negative mutants of the survivin gene into gastric cancer cells using a lipofection method. Overexpression of survivin protected MKN45 cells from CDDP-induced apoptosis. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant of the survivin gene sensitized NUGC-3 cells to drug-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that survivin may be pivotal in the development of gastric cancer and resistance to CDDP, and therefore controlling expression of the survivin gene may be therapeutically useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Palmer DH, Milner AE, Kerr DJ, Young LS. Mechanism of cell death induced by the novel enzyme-prodrug combination, nitroreductase/CB1954, and identification of synergism with 5-fluorouracil. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:944-50. [PMID: 12942130 PMCID: PMC2394473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT) utilising the bacterial enzyme nitroreductase delivered by a replication-defective adenovirus vector to activate the prodrug CB1954 is a promising strategy currently undergoing clinical trials in patients with a range of cancers. An understanding of the mechanism of tumour cell death induced by activated CB1954 will facilitate this clinical development. Here, we report that activated CB1954 kills cells predominantly by caspase-dependent apoptosis. This may have important implications for the generation of immune-mediated bystander effects. Further, the use of a replication-defective adenovirus vector to deliver nitroreductase may negatively affect cellular apoptotic pathways stimulated by activated CB1954. Finally, examination of nitroreductase/CB1954 in combination with conventional chemotherapy reveals a synergistic interaction with 5-fluorouracil. These data will facilitate the further development and future clinical trial design of this novel therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Palmer
- CR UK Institute for Cancer Studies, Clinical Research Block, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chow LWC, Loo WTY. The Differential Effects of Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin and 5-Fluorouracil on Apoptotic Marker (CPP-32), Pro-Apoptotic Protein (p21 WAF−1) and Anti-Apoptotic Protein (bcl-2) in Breast Cancer Cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 80:239-44. [PMID: 14503796 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024995202135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CYC), epirubicin (EPI) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) are commonly used cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. The efficacy of these drugs in the induction of caspases (CPP-32), pro-apoptotic (p21(WAF-1)) and anti-apoptotic (bcl-2) proteins is tested in vitro on breast cancer cells lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. The cell proliferation rate and the levels of CPP-32, p21(WAF-1) and bcl-2 are measured at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. For MDA-MB-231 all three drugs caused significant inhibition in cell growth. CYC produces significant induction of CPP-32 at 3-6 h for MCF-7 only. For MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, respectively, EPI induces CPP-32 at significant levels at 12-24 h and 6-12 h while 5FU creates induction for MDA-MB-231 at 3 h and for MCF-7 at 3-12 h. The levels of expression of p21(WAF-1) and bcl-2 for all test groups were significantly different from their respective control groups. In the case of MDA-MB-231, regression analysis reveals that changes in CPP-32 levels and p21(WAF-1) levels have a significant positive relationship. In all likelihood, other mechanisms of cell death are implicated in the antitumor effect of these drugs, beyond the activation of CPP-32 and p21(WAF-1) as described in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis W C Chow
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huo J, Metz SA, Li G. Role of tissue transglutaminase in GTP depletion-induced apoptosis of insulin-secreting (HIT-T15) cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:213-23. [PMID: 12826264 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG), a calcium-dependent and GTP-modulated enzyme, in apoptotic death induced by GTP depletion in islet beta-cells was investigated. GTP depletion and apoptosis were induced by mycophenolic acid (MPA) in insulin-secreting HIT-T15 cells. MPA treatment increased in situ tTG activity (but not protein levels) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in parallel with the induction of apoptosis. MPA-induced increases of both tTG activity and apoptosis were entirely blocked by co-provision of guanosine but not adenosine. MPA-enhanced tTG activity could be substantially reduced by co-exposure to monodansylcadaverine or putrescine (tTG inhibitors), and largely blocked by lowering free Ca(2+) concentrations in the culture medium. However, MPA-induced cell death was either not changed or was only slightly reduced under these conditions. By contrast, a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) entirely prevented apoptosis induced by MPA, but did not block the enhanced tTG activity, indicating that GTP depletion can induce apoptosis and activate tTG either independently or as part of a cascade of events involving caspases. Importantly, the morphological changes accompanying apoptosis could be markedly prevented by tTG inhibitors. These findings suggest that the effect of the marked increase in tTG activity in GTP depletion-induced apoptosis of insulin-secreting cells may be restricted to some terminal morphological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JianXin Huo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, Blk MD11 #02-01, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Florio S, Crispino L, Ciarcia R, Vacca G, Pagnini U, de Matteis A, Pacilio C, D'Andrilli G, Kumar C, Giordano A. MPA increases idarubicin-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphatic leukaemia cells via caspase-3. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:747-54. [PMID: 12858340 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The caspase family of protease is speculated to have a crucial role in apoptosis. The effect of treatment with Idarubicin (IDA) and Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), used alone or in combination, on the activation of Caspase-3 in canine Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia (CLL) cells was investigated, in order to clarify the mechanism of chemo- and hormone-therapy mediated apoptosis. Caspase activity was determined by a quantitative fluorimetric assay. Apoptosis was monitored by propidium iodide (PI) and nucleosomes assay. Treatment of CLL cells for 24 h with MPA 5 microM did not significantly activate caspase-3 but its activity was increased almost 5-fold more with IDA 1 microM (P < 0.05) than control. Treatment of CLL cells with IDA 1 microM in equimolecular association with MPA was able to increase the activation of caspase-3 induced by IDA of the 61.2% (P < 0.05) in comparison with IDA alone. The activation of caspase-3 was confirmed evaluating apoptosis by PI and nucleosomes assay. Furthermore, both caspase-3 activation and apoptosis triggered by IDA alone or in combination with MPA were significantly inhibited by specific caspase-3 inhibitor AC-DEVD-CMK. These findings provide an explanation for IDA and MPA induced-apoptosis mechanism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Dogs
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fluorometry/methods
- Idarubicin/administration & dosage
- Idarubicin/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/administration & dosage
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/pharmacology
- Nucleosomes/drug effects
- Nucleosomes/metabolism
- Propidium/analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Florio
- Department of Structures, Functions and Biological Technologies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang Y, Perchellet EM, Tamura M, Hua DH, Perchellet JP. Induction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage by antitumor triptycene bisquinones in wild-type and daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cell lines. Cancer Lett 2002; 188:73-83. [PMID: 12406551 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to their inactive parent compound triptycene (code name TT0), new synthetic analogs (TT code number) mimic the antitumor effects of the anthracycline quinone antibiotic daunorubicin (DAU) in the nM range in vitro but have the additional advantage of also blocking nucleoside transport and retaining their efficacy in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells. Since TT bisquinones may induce DNA fragmentation at 24 h by an active mechanism that requires RNA and protein syntheses and protease activities, the most cytotoxic of them, TT24, was tested for its ability to induce poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage, an early marker of apoptosis. PARP-1 cleavage starts at 2-3 h and is maximally induced at 6 h by 1.6 microM concentrations of TT24 and DAU in wild-type drug-sensitive HL-60-S cells. However, in MDR HL-60-RV cells, PARP-1 cleavage is still induced by 4 microM TT24 but not by 4-10 microM DAU. The magnitude of PARP-1 cleavage may increase with the number of quinoid rings in the triptych structure and, in contrast to TT0, all lead antitumor TT bisquinones share the ability to fully induce PARP-1 cleavage in HL-60-S cells. A 1 h pulse treatment is sufficient for TT24 and DAU to induce PARP-1 cleavage at 6 h. Since the abilities of TT24 and DAU to induce PARP-1 cleavage are inhibited by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone but not by N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, caspase-mediated apoptosis may be involved in the mechanism by which these quinone antitumor drugs induce the proteolytic cleavage of PARP-1 at 6 h and the internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA at 24 h in the HL-60 tumor cell system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen ST, Pan TL, Tsai YC, Huang CM. Proteomics reveals protein profile changes in doxorubicin--treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2002; 181:95-107. [PMID: 12430184 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MCF-7 cells are extensively used as a cell model to investigate human breast tumors and the cellular mechanism of antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antitumor drug widely used in clinical chemotherapy. To understand the effects of DOX on the protein expression, we perform a comprehensive proteomics to survey global changes in proteins after DOX treatment in MCF-7 cells. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to 0.1 microM DOX for 2 days induced a differentiation-like phenotype with prominent perinuclear autocatalytic vacuoles, abundant filamentous material, and irregular microvilli at the cell surface. In this study, we also present a proteome reference map of MCF-7 cells with 21 identified protein spots via analysis of N-terminal sequencing, mass spectrometry, immunoblot and/or computer matching with protein database. Based on the proteome map, we found that DOX causes a markedly decrease in the levels of three isoforms of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) whereas the levels of other stress associated proteins including HSP60, calreticulin, and protein disulfide isomerase were not significantly altered in DOX-treated MCF-7 cells. Taken together, we suggest that that action of DOX on breast tumor cells may be partly related to dysregulation of HSP27 expression. Modulation of HSP27 levels may be a clinically useful potential target for design of antitumor drugs and controlling breast tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
van Gorkom BAP, Timmer-Bosscha H, de Jong S, van der Kolk DM, Kleibeuker JH, de Vries EGE. Cytotoxicity of rhein, the active metabolite of sennoside laxatives, is reduced by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1494-500. [PMID: 11986786 PMCID: PMC2375364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2001] [Revised: 02/21/2002] [Accepted: 02/25/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthranoid laxatives, belonging to the anthraquinones as do anthracyclines, possibly increase colorectal cancer risk. Anthracyclines interfere with topoisomerase II, intercalate DNA and are substrates for P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 protect colonic epithelial cells against xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to analyse the interference of anthranoids with these natural defence mechanisms and the direct cytotoxicity of anthranoids in cancer cell lines expressing these mechanisms in varying combinations. A cytotoxicity profile of rhein, aloe emodin and danthron was established in related cell lines exhibiting different levels of topoisomerases, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and P-glycoprotein. Interaction of rhein with multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 was studied by carboxy fluorescein efflux and direct cytotoxicity by apoptosis induction. Rhein was less cytotoxic in the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 overexpressing GLC4/ADR cell line compared to GLC4. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 inhibition with MK571 increased rhein cytotoxicity. Carboxy fluorescein efflux was blocked by rhein. No P-glycoprotein dependent rhein efflux was observed, nor was topoisomerase II responsible for reduced toxicity. Rhein induced apoptosis but did not intercalate DNA. Aloe emodin and danthron were no substrates for MDR mechanisms. Rhein is a substrate for multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and induces apoptosis. It could therefore render the colonic epithelium sensitive to cytotoxic agents, apart from being toxic in itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A P van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang SE, Hsieh MT, Tsai TH, Hsu SL. Down-modulation of Bcl-XL, release of cytochrome c and sequential activation of caspases during honokiol-induced apoptosis in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1641-51. [PMID: 12007567 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol is a phenolic compound purified from Magnolia officinalis, which induced the apoptotic cell death in several types of human cancer cells. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of honokiol-mediated apoptotic process was examined in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells. Here, we found that honokiol-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by upregulation of Bad and downregulation of Bcl-XL, while honokiol had no effect on the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-XS, Bag-1, Bax and Bak proteins. Moreover, honokiol treatment caused the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol and sequential activation of caspases. Proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP, an in vivo substrate for caspase-3, were observed in honokiol-treated CH27 cells. Furthermore, treatment with caspase inhibitors z-DEVD-fmk and z-VAD-fmk markedly blocked honokiol-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrated that modulation of Bcl-XL and Bad proteins, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, participated in honokiol-triggered apoptotic process in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Er Yang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Salih HR, Starling GC, Brandl SF, Pelka-Fleischer R, Haferlach T, Hiddemann W, Kiener PA, Nuessler V. Differentiation of promyelocytic leukaemia: alterations in Fas (CD95/Apo-1) and Fas ligand (CD178) expression. Br J Haematol 2002; 117:76-85. [PMID: 11918536 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The survival of leukaemic blasts contributes to the pathological mechanism of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). While treatment of APL using retinoic acid (RA) is a model of differentiation therapy, little is known about possible effects of this treatment on the Fas/FasL system. Investigation of APL cells from patients undergoing differentiation therapy with RA and of promyelocytic HL-60 and monoblastic U-937 cells cultured with RA revealed a reduction of surface expression of both Fas and its ligand. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the cells to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis decreased proportionally and the reduced expression of FasL resulted in a decreased ability of the leukaemic cells to induce apoptosis in T cells. Our findings demonstrate that there are significant changes in Fas and FasL expression during RA treatment of APL, which probably have consequences for the interaction between host immune and leukaemia cells, and thus may be involved in the beneficial effects of differentiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut R Salih
- Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Pulmonary Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lorenzo E, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Quesada AJ, Hernández G, Rodríguez A, López-Rivas A, Redondo JM. Doxorubicin induces apoptosis and CD95 gene expression in human primary endothelial cells through a p53-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:10883-92. [PMID: 11779855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107442200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the homeostasis of vascular endothelium is critical for the processes of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we show that doxorubicin (Dox), a drug used in antitumor therapy, triggered a marked accumulation of p53 and induced CD95 gene expression and apoptosis in proliferating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Transfection and site-directed mutagenesis experiments using the CD95 promoter fused to an intronic enhancer indicated the requirement for a p53 site for Dox-induced promoter activation. Furthermore, the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-alpha (PFT-alpha) blocked both promoter inducibility and protein up-regulation of CD95 in response to Dox. Up-regulated CD95 in Dox-treated cells was functional in eliciting apoptosis upon incubation of the cells with an agonistic CD95 antibody. However, Dox-mediated apoptosis was independent of CD95/CD95L interaction. The analysis of apoptosis in the presence of PFT-alpha and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-dl-Asp-fluoromethylketone revealed that both p53 and caspase activation are required for Dox-mediated apoptosis of HUVECs. Finally, Dox triggered Bcl-2 down-regulation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and the activation of caspases 9 and 3, suggesting the involvement of a mitochondrially operated pathway of apoptosis. These results highlight the role of p53 in the response of primary endothelial cells to genotoxic drugs and may reveal a novel mechanism underlying the antitumoral properties of Dox, related to its ability to induce apoptosis in proliferating endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lorenzo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Milner AE, Palmer DH, Hodgkin EA, Eliopoulos AG, Knox PG, Poole CJ, Kerr DJ, Young LS. Induction of apoptosis by chemotherapeutic drugs: the role of FADD in activation of caspase-8 and synergy with death receptor ligands in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:287-300. [PMID: 11859411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2000] [Revised: 07/04/2001] [Accepted: 08/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ovarian tumours initially respond to chemotherapy, they gradually acquire drug resistance. The aims of this study were to identify how chemotherapeutic drugs with diverse cellular targets activate apoptotic pathways and to investigate the mechanism by which exposure to a combination of drugs plus death receptor ligands can increase tumour cell kill. The results show that drugs with distinct cellular targets differentially up-regulate TRAIL and TNF as well CD95L, but do not require interaction of these ligands with their receptor partners to induce cell death. Factors that were critical in drug-induced apoptosis were activation of caspases, with caspase-8 being activated by diverse drugs in a FADD-independent manner. Certain drugs also demonstrated some dependence on FADD in the induction of cell death. Caspase-9 was activated more selectively by chemotherapeutic agents. Combining ligation of death receptors with exposure to drugs increased tumour cell kill in both drug resistant cell lines and primary ovarian carcinoma cells, even though these cells were not sensitive to death receptor ligation alone. CD95L was more consistent at combining with drugs than TRAIL or TNF. Investigation of the mechanism by which a combination of drugs plus CD95 ligation can increase cell death showed that caspase-8 was activated in cells exposed to a combination of cisplatin and anti-CD95, but not in cells exposed to either agent alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Milner
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, Clinical Research Block, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Anticancer treatment using cytotoxic drugs is considered to mediate cell death by activating key elements of the apoptosis program and the cellular stress response. While proteolytic enzymes (caspases) serve as main effectors of apoptosis, the mechanisms involved in activation of the caspase system are less clear. Two distinct pathways upstream of the caspase cascade have been identified. Death receptors, eg, CD95 (APO-1/Fas), trigger caspase-8, and mitochondria release apoptogenic factors (cytochrome c, Apaf-1, AIF), leading to the activation of caspase-9. The stressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributes to apoptosis by the unfolded protein response pathway, which induces ER chaperones, and by the ER overload response pathway, which produces cytokines via nuclear factor-kappaB. Multiple other stress-inducible molecules, such as p53, JNK, AP-1, NF-kappaB, PKC/MAPK/ERK, and members of the sphingomyelin pathway have a profound influence on apoptosis. Understanding the complex interaction between different cellular programs provides insights into sensitivity or resistance of tumor cells and identifies molecular targets for rational therapeutic intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Herr
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jones DT, Ganeshaguru K, Virchis AE, Folarin NI, Lowdell MW, Mehta AB, Prentice HG, Hoffbrand AV, Wickremasinghe RG. Caspase 8 activation independent of Fas (CD95/APO-1) signaling may mediate killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by cytotoxic drugs or gamma radiation. Blood 2001; 98:2800-7. [PMID: 11675354 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the cell-surface Fas molecule by its ligand (Fas-L) or agonistic anti-Fas monoclonal antibodies results in the cleavage and activation of the cysteine protease procaspase 8 followed by the activation of procaspase 3 and by apoptosis. In some leukemia cell lines, cytotoxic drugs induce expression of Fas-L, which may contribute to cell killing through the ligation of Fas. The involvement of Fas, Fas-L, and caspase 8 was studied in the killing of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells by chlorambucil, fludarabine, or gamma radiation. Spontaneous apoptosis was observed at 24-hour incubation, with additional apoptosis induced by each of the cytotoxic treatments. Although Fas mRNA expression was elevated after exposure to chlorambucil, fludarabine, or gamma radiation, Fas protein levels only increased after irradiation. Therefore, Fas expression may be regulated by multiple mechanisms that allow the translation of Fas mRNA only in response to restricted cytotoxic stimuli. None of the cytotoxic stimuli studied here induced Fas-L expression. An agonistic anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (CH-11) did not significantly augment apoptosis induction by any of the death stimuli. A Fas-blocking antibody (ZB4) did not inhibit spontaneous, chlorambucil-, fludarabine-, or radiation-induced apoptosis. However, procaspase 8 processing was induced by all cytotoxic stimuli. These data suggest that the Fas/Fas-L signaling system does not play a major role in the induction of apoptosis in B-CLL cells treated with cytotoxic drugs or radiation. However, Fas-independent activation of caspase 8 may play a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis in these cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Caspases/pharmacology
- Drug Interactions
- Enzyme Activation
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Gamma Rays
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/radiotherapy
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Signal Transduction
- fas Receptor/analysis
- fas Receptor/immunology
- fas Receptor/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Jones
- Department of Hematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Marzo I, Pérez-Galán P, Giraldo P, Rubio-Félix D, Anel A, Naval J. Cladribine induces apoptosis in human leukaemia cells by caspase-dependent and -independent pathways acting on mitochondria. Biochem J 2001; 359:537-46. [PMID: 11672427 PMCID: PMC1222174 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of caspases and mitochondria in apoptosis induced by 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) in several human leukaemic cell lines. Cladribine treatment induced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) loss, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase activation and development of typical apoptotic morphology in JM1 (pre-B), Jurkat (T) and U937 (promonocytic) cells. Western-blot analysis of cell extracts revealed the activation of at least caspases 3, 6, 8 and 9. Co-treatment with Z-VAD-fmk (benzyloxy-carbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone), a general caspase inhibitor, significantly prevented cladribine-induced death in JM1 and Jurkat cells for the first approximately 40 h, but not for longer times. Z-VAD-fmk also partly prevented some morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in U937 cells, but not cell death. Co-incubation with selective caspase inhibitors Ac-DEVD-CHO (N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde), Ac-LEHD-CHO (N-acetyl-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-aldehyde) or Z-IETD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-fluoromethylketone), inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide or cell-cycle arrest with aphidicolin did not prevent cell death. Overexpression of Bcl-2, but not CrmA, efficiently prevented death in Jurkat cells. In all cell lines, death was always preceded by Delta Psi(m) loss and accompanied by the translocation of the protein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus. These results suggest that caspases are differentially involved in induction and execution of apoptosis depending on the leukaemic cell lineage. In any case, Delta Psi(m) loss marked the point of no return in apoptosis and may be caused by two different pathways, one caspase-dependent and the other caspase-independent. Execution of apoptosis was always performed after Delta Psi(m) loss by a caspase-9-triggered caspase cascade and the action of AIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Marzo
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Poulaki V, Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades N. The role of Fas and FasL as mediators of anticancer chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:233-42. [PMID: 11991678 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2001.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fas Ligand (FasL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that induces apoptosis in susceptible cells upon cross-linking of its own receptor, Fas (Apo-1/CD95). FasL-induced apoptosis contributes to immune homeostasis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Several groups have suggested that it also participates in the mechanism of action of DNA-damaging anticancer drugs. However, others have disputed this hypothesis, based largely on the inability of exogenously added anti-Fas/FasL reagents to attenuate drug-induced apoptosis in their studies. In this minireview, we discuss the most recent evidence for and against the involvement of FasL/Fas in the sensitivity and resistance to chemotherapy in a variety of models. In our own model of Ewing's sarcoma (ES), we have extensively investigated the involvement of the FasL/Fas pathway in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced apoptosis. We have generated clones of the Fas-sensitive, Dox-sensitive ES cell line SK-N-MC that were either Fas-resistant or FasL-deficient, and found that they were significantly resistant to Dox. Cleavage of FasL by MMP-7 (matrilysin) protected the parental SK-N-MC cells from Dox, whereas inhibition of MMP-7 activity increased their sensitivity. Transfection of a construct encoding soluble (decoy) Fas protected SK-N-MC cells from Dox. However, incubation with anti-Fas or anti-FasL neutralizing antibodies or exogenous addition of pre-synthesized recombinant soluble Fas decoy protein had no protective effect. This raises the possibility that the proposed Fas/FasL suicidal interaction may take place in an intracellular compartment and thus is not accessible to exogenously added reagents. Therefore, commercially available Fas/FasL neutralizing reagents may not be a reliable indicator of the involvement of the Fas pathway in anticancer-drug-induced apoptosis and experiments using these agents should be carefully re-evaluated. The combined use of MMP inhibitors with conventional, cytotoxic chemotherapy may hold therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Poulaki
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Murata T, Yamawaki H, Hori M, Sato K, Ozaki H, Karaki H. Chronic vascular toxicity of doxorubicin in an organ-cultured artery. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:1365-73. [PMID: 11264228 PMCID: PMC1572694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated the chronic effects of doxorubicin (DXR) on morphological and functional changes in the rabbit mesenteric artery using an organ culture system. 2. In arteries cultured with 0.3 microM DXR for 7 days, the contractions induced by noradrenaline, but not those induced by endothelin-1 or high K(+), were strongly inhibited. This reaction was followed by a decrease in the induction of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor without any change in the mRNA level. Inhibition of noradrenaline-induced contractions by DXR was attenuated by superoxide dismutase, and alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor protein expression recovered. 3. In the arteries cultured with 1 microM DXR for 7 days, contractions induced by endothelin-1 or high K(+) and absolute force in the permeabilized muscles were also inhibited. Morphological examinations revealed the existence of concentrated nuclei and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL)-positive smooth muscle cells, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was also detected, indicating the induction of apoptosis. 4. In the arteries cultured with 10 microM DXR for 7 days, nuclear swelling, karyolysis and random DNA fragmentation indicative of necrosis were observed, and muscle contractility was abolished. 5. These results suggest that 0.3 microM DXR selectively down-regulates the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor protein expression, resulting in a decrease in the noradrenaline-induced contraction. This down-regulation may be at least partly due to the production of a superoxide radical. DXR also caused a decrease in muscle contractility followed by apoptotic changes at 1 microM and necrotic changes at 10 microM. These changes might be responsible for the disturbance of the circulatory system that is often observed during the course of repetitive chemotherapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Organ Culture Techniques/methods
- Potassium/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Type C Phospholipases/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Murata
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Hideaki Karaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stepczynska A, Lauber K, Engels IH, Janssen O, Kabelitz D, Wesselborg S, Schulze-Osthoff K. Staurosporine and conventional anticancer drugs induce overlapping, yet distinct pathways of apoptosis and caspase activation. Oncogene 2001; 20:1193-202. [PMID: 11313863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Revised: 12/14/2000] [Accepted: 01/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be induced by various stimuli including DNA-damaging anticancer drugs and the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. It is generally believed that the molecular events during execution of apoptosis are shared, as both anticancer drugs and staurosporine derivatives induce mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release and the activation of the caspase-9 proteolytic cascade. In the present study we show that overexpression of a dominant-negative caspase-9 mutant abolished the activation of endogenous caspase-9, caspase-3 and the cleavage of the caspase substrate Bid in response to anticancer drug treatment. Surprisingly, however, only marginal effects were observed during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we describe a Jurkat T-cell clone that is completely resistant towards different anticancer drugs, but remains sensitive towards staurosporine-induced apoptosis. In these cells only staurosporine, but neither anti-CD95 nor anticancer drugs were able to trigger caspase activity and the cleavage of caspase substrates. Our results therefore suggest that the mechanism of staurosporine-induced apoptosis is more complex and at least partially differs from anticancer drug-induced caspase activation. These distinct features of staurosporine may allow to bypass chemoresistance of tumor cells and may encourage further clinical trials for the use of staurosporine derivatives in antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Stepczynska
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kurita-Ochiai T, Ochiai K, Fukushima K. Butyric acid-induced T-cell apoptosis is mediated by caspase-8 and -9 activation in a Fas-independent manner. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:325-32. [PMID: 11238216 PMCID: PMC96057 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.325-332.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2000] [Accepted: 11/22/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that butyric acid, an extracellular metabolite of periodontopathic bacteria, induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes, splenic T cells, and human Jurkat cells. In this study, we examined whether CD95 ligand-receptor interaction is involved in butyric acid-induced T-cell apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that expression of Fas in Jurkat and T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not affected by butyric acid treatment. Furthermore, the expression of Fas and FasL protein in Western blotting was not affected by butyric acid treatment. Coincubation with blocking anti-Fas antibodies prevented Fas-induced apoptosis but not butyric acid-induced apoptosis. Anti-FasL antibodies also did not prevent butyric acid-induced apoptosis at any dose examined. Although cytotoxic anti-Fas antibody affected butyric acid-induced apoptosis, a synergistic effect was not seen. Time-dependent activation of caspase-8 and -9 was recognized in butyric acid- as well as Fas-mediated apoptosis. IETD-CHO and LEHD-CHO, specific inhibitors of caspase-8 and -9, respectively, completely blocked Fas-mediated apoptosis and partially prevented butyric acid-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that the Fas-FasL interaction is not involved in butyric acid-induced apoptosis and that caspase-8 and -9-dependent apoptosis plays an important role in butyric acid-induced apoptosis, as well as Fas-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|