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Ilomäki MA, Polari L, Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Kähärä K, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Defining a timeline of colon pathologies after keratin 8 loss: rapid crypt elongation and diarrhea are followed by epithelial erosion and cell exfoliation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G67-G77. [PMID: 37962942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are epithelial intermediate filament proteins that play a crucial role in cellular stress protection, with K8 being the most abundant in the colon. The intestinal epithelial-specific K8-deficient mouse model (K8flox/flox;Villin-Cre) exhibits characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease, including diarrhea, crypt erosion, hyperproliferation, and decreased barrier function. Nevertheless, the order in which these events occur and whether they are a direct cause of K8 loss or a consequence of one event inducing another remains unexplored. Increased knowledge about early events in the disruption of colon epithelial integrity would help to understand the early pathology of inflammatory and functional colon disorders and develop preclinical models and diagnostics of colonic diseases. Here, we aimed to characterize the order of physiological events after Krt8 loss by utilizing K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice with tamoxifen-inducible Krt8 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells, and assess stool analysis as a noninvasive method to monitor real-time gene expression changes following Krt8 loss. K8 protein was significantly decreased within a day after induction, followed by its binding partners, K18 and K19 from day 4 onward. The sequential colonic K8 downregulation in adult mice leads to immediate diarrhea and crypt elongation with activation of proliferation signaling, followed by crypt loss and increased neutrophil activity within 6-8 days, highlighting impaired water balance and crypt elongation as the earliest colonic changes upon Krt8 loss. Furthermore, epithelial gene expression patterns were comparable between colon tissue and stool samples, demonstrating the feasibility of noninvasive monitoring of gut epithelia in preclinical research utilizing Cre-LoxP-based intestinal disease models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the order in which physiological and molecular events occur helps to recognize the onset of diseases and improve their preclinical models. We utilized Cre-Lox-based inducible keratin 8 deletion in mouse intestinal epithelium to characterize the earliest events after keratin 8 loss leading to colitis. These include diarrhea and crypt elongation, followed by erosion and neutrophil activity. Our results also support noninvasive methodology for monitoring colon diseases in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirah Kähärä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Zhao X, McHugh C, Coffey SR, Jimenez DA, Adams E, Carroll JB, Usdin K. Stool is a sensitive and noninvasive source of DNA for monitoring expansion in repeat expansion disease mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275011. [PMID: 35403689 PMCID: PMC9118036 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat expansion diseases are a large group of human genetic disorders caused by expansion of a specific short tandem repeat tract. Expansion in somatic cells affects age of onset and disease severity in some of these disorders. However, alleles in DNA derived from blood, a commonly used source of DNA, usually show much less expansion than disease-relevant cells in the central nervous system in both humans and mouse models. Here we examined the extent of expansion in different DNA sources from mouse models of the fragile X-related disorders, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. We found that DNA isolated from stool is a much better indicator of somatic expansion than DNA from blood. As stool is a sensitive and noninvasive source of DNA, it can be useful for studies of factors affecting the risk of expansion, or the monitoring of treatments aimed at reducing expansion in preclinical trials, as it would allow expansions to be examined longitudinally in the same animal and allow significant changes in expansion to be observed much earlier than is possible with other DNA sources. Summary: Stool is a readily available, noninvasive and sensitive source of DNA for monitoring repeat expansion in mouse models of four different repeat expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cassandra McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Diego Antonio Jimenez
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fahmy A, Abuelenain GL, Rasheed N, Abdou A. 'de Novo' repurposing of Daflon as anti-intestinal parasitic drug in experimental giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 226-227:108124. [PMID: 34139241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a necessity to develop or discover an alternative drug to combat the drug resistance by Giardia duodenalis and minimize the multiple doses and frequency of the conventional drug administration. Progressive repositioning or 'repurposing' of drugs has become widespread due to economic circumstances and medical emergency needs. Daflon 500 mg (DFL) is a natural product used safely as a nutrient supplement and an antidiabetic drug in many European countries and the US. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the efficiency of DFL, in vivo, in a murine model as a safe alternative or co-drug for giardiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss Albino mice (n = 32) were inoculated with 1X104Giardia cysts and assigned to four groups: One group was the infected non-treated control mice and three experimental groups that were treated differently, either with Metronidazole (MTZ), DFL, or combined therapy of DFL/MTZ. Also, eight normal mice served as a control group. All mice were sacrificed 13 days post-infection for the parasitic, histopathological, and oxidative stress analysis. RESULTS MTZ, DFL, and the combined therapy significantly reduced the number of trophozoites and cysts compared to their counterparts of the infected mice. The histopathological analysis of the small intestines of the mice treated with the combined therapy retained typical intestinal architecture and normal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione. CONCLUSION This study indicated promising actions of Daflon 500 as an anti-giardial drug, and the results demonstrated its potential effect in improving the intestinal epithelial tissue and disturbing the Giardia stages when it was taken collectively with Metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Fahmy
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt
| | - Gehan Labib Abuelenain
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt.
| | | | - Amr Abdou
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, NRC, Giza, Egypt
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Smith LIF, Hill TG, Bowe JE. Generating Beta-Cell-Specific Transgenic Mice Using the Cre-Lox System. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2128:181-205. [PMID: 32180194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0385-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cell-specific transgenic mice provide an invaluable model for dissecting the direct signaling mechanisms involved in regulating beta-cell structure and function. Furthermore, generating novel transgenic models is now easier and more cost-effective than ever, thanks to exciting novel approaches such as CRISPR.Here, we describe the commonly used approaches for generating and maintaining beta-cell-specific transgenic models and some of the considerations involved in their use. This includes the use of different beta-cell-specific promoters (e.g., pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (Pdx1), rat insulin 2 promoter (RIP), and mouse insulin 1 promoter (MIP)) to drive site-specific recombinase technology. Important considerations during selection include level and uniformity of expression in the beta-cell population, ectopic transgene expression, and the use of inducible models.This chapter provides a guide to the procurement, generation, and maintenance of a beta-cell-specific transgene colony from preexisting Cre and loxP mouse strains, providing methods for crossbreeding and genotyping, as well as subsequent maintenance and, in the case of inducible models, transgenic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna I F Smith
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Thomas G Hill
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James E Bowe
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Balafas E, Katsila T, Melissa P, Doulou A, Moltsanidou E, Agapaki A, Patrinos GP, Kostomitsopoulos N. A Noninvasive Ocular (Tear) Sampling Method for Genetic Ascertainment of Transgenic Mice and Research Ethics Innovation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:312-317. [PMID: 31099704 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models, animal welfare and research ethics are both facilitators and gatekeepers for Big Data generation in genomics and multi-omics R&D. Safeguarding animal welfare is also a research ethics issue that can benefit from technical innovations in biosample collection in particular. Animal welfare draws from the guiding principles of 3R, namely, "Replacement" (methods avoiding the use of animals in research), "Reduction" (methods using fewer animals or derive more information from the same number of animals), and "Refinement" (methods removing or minimizing pain or distress). We report here that noninvasive ocular (tear) sampling for genetic ascertainment of transgenic mice can serve as an innovative ethical safeguard for animal welfare, and as a veritable alternative to the surgical tail biopsies, ear puncture, or blood sampling from the weanling transgenic mice. We compared ocular versus tail biopsy sampling in regard to ascertainment, by genotyping, of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) transgenic weanling mice (n = 60) by one-round polymerase chain reaction analysis. We found that ocular sampling compares to the results obtained by tail sampling with the obvious benefit of being noninvasive and improving the 3R, especially for the Refinement principle of animal welfare. To place the importance of this new biosample collection approach into further context, transgenic mice research and animal models are at the epicenter of Big Data translation to health innovation. We suggest that ocular sampling is considered and evaluated further in transgenic mice models, not to mention warrant exploration for applications in other types of animal models that require noninvasive biosample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Balafas
- 1 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- 2 Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Melissa
- 3 Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Doulou
- 1 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Moltsanidou
- 1 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Agapaki
- 4 Histochemistry Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- 5 Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,6 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- 1 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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References. Lab Anim 2016. [DOI: 10.1258/002367703766452985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Picazo MG, García-Olmo DC. DNA from tissues of young mice is optimal for genotyping. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bonaparte (Convenor) D, Cinelli P, Douni E, Hérault Y, Maas A, Pakarinen P, Poutanen M, Lafuente MS, Scavizzi F. FELASA guidelines for the refinement of methods for genotyping genetically-modified rodents. Lab Anim 2013; 47:134-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677212473918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically-modified (GM) animals as research models continues to grow. The completion of the mouse genome sequence, together with the high-throughput international effort to introduce mutations across the mouse genome in the embryonic stem (ES) cells ( www.knockoutmouse.org ) facilitates an efficient way to obtain mutated mouse strains as research models. The increasing number of available mutated mouse strains and their combinations, together with the increasing complexity in the targeting approaches used, reinforces the need for guidelines that will provide information about the mouse strains and the robust and reliable methods used for their genotyping. This information, however, should be obtained with a method causing minimal discomfort to the experimental animals. We have, therefore, compiled the present document which summarizes the currently available methods for obtaining genotype information. It provides updated guidelines concerning animal identification, DNA sampling and genotyping, and the information to be kept and distributed for any mutated rodent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Bonaparte (Convenor)
- SPCAL, Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências em Animais de Laboratório
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- SGV, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Douni
- HSBLAS, Hellenic Society of Biomedical and Laboratory Animal Science
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Science Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, Athens, Greece
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yann Hérault
- AFSTAL, Association Française des Sciences et Techniques de l'Animal de Laboratoire
- Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institut de Génétique de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alex Maas
- NVP, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Proefdierkunde
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Pakarinen
- ScandLAS, Scandinavian Society for Laboratory Animal Science
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- ScandLAS, Scandinavian Society for Laboratory Animal Science
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirentxu Santos Lafuente
- SECAL, Sociedad Española para las Ciencias del Animal de Laboratorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- AISAL Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, European Mouse Mutant Archive, Monterotondo, Italy
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Sysol JR, Kempf C, Helton MN, Dong Y, Zhu D, Sun H, Garcia JGN, Machado RF, Chen J. Evaluation of a reliable and cost-effective method of DNA isolation for mouse genotyping. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:509-14. [PMID: 23242499 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping is commonly used to define specific gene alterations or the presence of transgenes in mice. This procedure is typically done using DNA isolated from mouse tail tissue. Although there are commercially available kits for tail DNA isolation, they can be time consuming and costly for routine genotyping. In this study, we describe a rapid, "crude" DNA isolation method using mouse tail tissue and compare it to a frequently used, commercially available kit in the genotyping of over 1,000 total mice from 8 genetic lines. Our genotyping results were obtained faster and less expensively but with the same success rate (Crude method: 97.7 %, Kit method: 98.4 %). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to compare the reliability of this crude DNA isolation method for mouse genotyping compared to a commercially available kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Sysol
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Chen Z, Mantha RR, Chen JS, Slivano OJ, Takahashi H. Non-invasive genotyping of transgenic animals using fecal DNA. Lab Anim (NY) 2012; 41:102-7. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0412-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Symonds EL, Fenech M. A method for non-invasive genotyping of APCmin/+ mice using fecal samples. Biol Proced Online 2012; 14:1. [PMID: 22284906 PMCID: PMC3293049 DOI: 10.1186/1480-9222-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The APCmin/+ mouse is commonly used in cancer research and is just one of many genetically altered models that is currently being developed. With high numbers of breeding programs, it is important to have a simple method that can be used to genotype the mice non-invasively. Here we report a reproducible method for genotyping mice with DNA extracted from fecal samples. Comparison of fecal results with those obtained from intestinal tissue DNA and clinical outcome (presence/absence of tumors) showed this technique to have 100% accuracy. This non-invasive method of genotyping may be applied to other transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Symonds
- Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, CSIRO- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia.
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Use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to compare quantity and stability of isolated murine DNA. Lab Anim (NY) 2010; 39:283-9. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0910-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kalippke K, Werwitzke S, von Hornung M, Mischke R, Ganser A, Tiede A. DNA analysis from stool samples: a fast and reliable method avoiding invasive sampling methods in mouse models of bleeding disorders. Lab Anim 2009; 43:390-3. [PMID: 19237460 DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.008057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models with targeted disruptions of coagulation factor genes are used to study disorders of haemostasis such as haemophilia. Standard protocols to obtain biopsies for genotyping in breeding programmes are based on invasive sampling methods such as tail clipping. These procedures imply a high risk of fatal bleeding, especially in haemophilic mouse models. Here we used a non-invasive sampling method obtaining stool samples for DNA isolation in a breeding programme, aiming to introduce targeted disruptions of Fc receptor genes (Fc gamma receptor IIB and III) into the haemophilia A mouse model (factor VIII deficiency). Faecal pellets were reliably obtained from individual mice and high-quality DNA was extracted with a mean yield of 7.1 microg/pellet. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of wild-type and knockout alleles for Fc receptor and factor VIII genes was similar, comparing stool and peripheral blood as the source of genomic DNA. Definite genotype identification was achieved in a first attempt in 336 of 352 analyses (95%). Repeated analysis of homozygous knockout animals confirmed the first result in all cases. No animal was lost due to bleeding from the procedure. In conclusion, DNA isolation from stool is a preferable method for genotyping in laboratory animals, especially in models of bleeding disorders. Avoiding loss of animals due to bleeding implies a substantial improvement in animal welfare by reducing the number of animals used and may also advance the effectiveness of breeding programmes in these disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Kalippke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Feodor Lynen Str. 5, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Murgatroyd C, Bilko D, Spengler D. Isolation of high-quality DNA for genotyping from feces of rodents. Anal Biochem 2006; 348:160-2. [PMID: 16289443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schneider MR, Wolf E. Genotyping of transgenic mice: Old principles and recent developments. Anal Biochem 2005; 344:1-7. [PMID: 16105546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Buehr M, Hjorth JP, Hansen AK, Sandøe P. Genetically modified laboratory animals--what welfare problems do they face? J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2004; 6:319-38. [PMID: 14965786 DOI: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0604_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we respond to public concern expressed about the welfare of genetically modified (GM) nonhuman animals. As a contribution to the debate on this subject, we attempt in this article to determine in what situations the practice of genetic modification in rodents may generate significant welfare problems. After a brief discussion of the principles of animal welfare, we focus on the problem of animal suffering and review some types of gene modifications likely to cause predictable welfare problems. In this article, we also consider suffering that may be involved in the process of generating GM animals. Finally, we discuss the role of GM animals in attempts to reduce, replace, and refine the use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Buehr
- Center for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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