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Revilla-Zúñiga J, Cornejo-Del Carpio J, Cruzado L. Hepatoxicity induced by clozapine: Case report and brief review. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 52:165-170. [PMID: 37460343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antipsychotics are drugs that can produce transient elevations of hepatic enzymes. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and there is evidence that it can produce elevations of hepatic transaminases, expression of liver damage in a hepatocellular pattern. METHODS Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 39-year-old woman with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia attended the emergency department of a general hospital for nausea, vomiting and jaundice that appeared after the initiation of clozapine. There was no clinical improvement during hospitalisation, and death occurred after 44 days. LITERATURE REVIEW Clozapine can increase the liver enzyme levels transiently and asymptomatically; however, there are clinical criteria that recommend the withdrawal of the antipsychotic. CONCLUSIONS This is the third case reported in the literature of a fatal outcome of clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshep Revilla-Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Lizardo Cruzado
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Grant RK, Brindle WM, Donnelly MC, McConville PM, Stroud TG, Bandieri L, Plevris JN. Gastrointestinal and liver disease in patients with schizophrenia: A narrative review. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5515-5529. [PMID: 36304087 PMCID: PMC9594005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i38.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness which can have a devastating impact on an individual's quality of life. Comorbidities are high amongst patients and life expectancy is approximately 15 years less than the general population. Despite the well-known increased mortality, little is known about the impact of gastrointestinal and liver disease on patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to review the literature and to make recommendations regarding future care. Literature searches were performed on PubMed to identify studies related to gastrointestinal and liver disease in patients with schizophrenia. High rates of chronic liver disease were reported, with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease being of particular concern; antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome were contributing factors. Rates of acute liver failure were low but have been associated with antipsychotic use and paracetamol overdose. Coeliac disease has historically been linked to schizophrenia; however, recent research suggests that a causal link is yet to be proven. Evidence is emerging regarding the relationships between schizophrenia and peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome; clinical vigilance regarding these conditions should be high. Patients with schizophrenia poorly engage with bowel cancer screening programmes, leading to late diagnosis and increased mortality. Clozapine induced constipation is a significant issue for many patients and requires close monitoring. There is a significant burden of gastrointestinal and liver disease amongst patients with schizophrenia. Better levels of support from all members of the medical team are essential to ensure that appropriate, timely care is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Grant
- The Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - William M Brindle
- The Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mhairi C Donnelly
- The Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline M McConville
- General Adult Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Stroud
- General Adult Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Bandieri
- General Adult Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - John N Plevris
- The Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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Revilla-Zúñiga J, Cornejo-Del Carpio J, Cruzado L. Hepatoxicity Induced by Clozapine: Case Report and Brief Review. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00087-1. [PMID: 34167791 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antipsychotics are drugs that can produce transient elevations of hepatic enzymes. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and there is evidence that it can produce elevations of hepatic transaminases, expression of liver damage in a hepatocellular pattern. METHODS Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 39-year-old woman with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia attended the emergency department of a general hospital for nausea, vomiting and jaundice that appeared after the initiation of clozapine. There was no clinical improvement during hospitalisation, and death occurred after 44 days. LITERATURE REVIEW Clozapine can increase the liver enzyme levels transiently and asymptomatically; however, there are clinical criteria that recommend the withdrawal of the antipsychotic. CONCLUSIONS This is the third case reported in the literature of a fatal outcome of clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshep Revilla-Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi, Lima, Perú; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
| | | | - Lizardo Cruzado
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi, Lima, Perú; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Prieto de Paula JM, Martín-Luquero Ibáñez M, Martín Guerra J, Cepedello Pérez S, Franco Hidalgo S, Prieto Dehesa M, Martín Asenjo M. Clozapina and acute hepatitis. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2020; 13:49-50. [PMID: 30971381 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Martín Guerra
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Sandra Cepedello Pérez
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Silvia Franco Hidalgo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, España
| | - Mario Prieto Dehesa
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de Salud Covaresa, Valladolid Oeste, Valladolid, España
| | - Miguel Martín Asenjo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
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Takács A, Sollychin M, Thomas N, Connally F, Pantelis C. Clozapine rechallenge in a patient with clozapine-induced hepatitis. Australas Psychiatry 2019; 27:535. [PMID: 31545088 DOI: 10.1177/1039856219848824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shehu AI, Ma X. Pregnane X receptor in drug-induced liver injury: Friend or foe? LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hepatitis, Interstitial Nephritis, and Pancreatitis in Association With Clozapine Treatment: A Systematic Review of Case Series and Reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 38:520-527. [PMID: 30059436 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Clozapine is the criterion standard in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We sought to review data on several inflammatory effects associated with clozapine, specifically interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. METHODS/PROCEDURES We conducted a systematic review to identify studies, published up until December 2017, describing clozapine-induced hepatitis, nephritis, and pancreatitis. The primary objective was to characterize the clinical characteristics associated with each of the specific inflammatory reactions to clozapine. FINDINGS/RESULTS We identified 42 cases of inflammatory reactions associated with clozapine treatment- 20 :cases of clozapine-induced hepatitis, 11 cases of nephritis, and 11 of pancreatitis. The mean (SD) age was 38.8 (11.9) years. The mean (SD) dose of clozapine used was 252.4 (133.7) mg. Time to onset of pancreatitis (17.9 [11.2] days; range 4-35 days) was shorter than that for hepatitis (34.2 [20.1] days; range, 12-90 days) and nephritis (27.9 [27.0]; range, 8-90 days) but was not statistically significant (F = 2.267, P = 0.117). The mean (SD) time to recovery was shorter for cases of pancreatitis (15.7 [18.4] days) compared with cases of hepatitis (25.9 [16.5] days) and nephritis (24.5 [18.9] days). Three cases with hepatitis died. Seven of the cases had a clozapine rechallenge (hepatitis [n = 3], nephritis [n = 1], pancreatitis [n = 3]), with 5 having a recurrence at a mean (SD) onset of 3.5 (2.5) days (range, 1-7 days); 2 hepatitis cases were successfully rechallenged. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS Clozapine-induced hepatitis, nephritis, and pancreatitis are uncommon adverse events, reflected in the paucity of case studies in the literature. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of clozapine-associated hepatitis, nephritis, and pancreatitis is important, as when identified, clozapine should be urgently discontinued. Clozapine is associated with evidence of benign inflammatory processes; the extent to which hepatitis, and other inflammatory reactions, may be on a continuum with these more benign and self-limiting reactions is unclear, and this can only be resolved by prospectively following cohorts of clozapine-treated patients.
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Abstract
The newer atypical antipsychotic agents (AAPs) represent an attractive therapeutic option for a wide range of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar mania, because of the reduced risk of disabling extrapyramidal symptoms. However, their growing use has raised questions about their tolerability over the endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular axes. Indeed, atypical antipsychotic drugs are associated, to differing extents, with mild elevation of aminotransferases related to weight gain, AAP-induced metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the hepatic safety of new AAPs seems improved over that of chlorpromazine, they can occasionally cause idiosyncratic liver injury with varying phenotypes and, rarely, lead to acute liver failure. However, AAPs are a group of heterogeneous, chemically unrelated compounds with distinct pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties and substantially different safety profiles, which precludes the notion of a class effect for hepatotoxicity risk and highlights the need for an individualized therapeutic approach. We discuss the current evidence on the hepatotoxicity potential of AAPs, the emerging underlying mechanisms, and the limitations inherent to this group of drugs for both establishing a proper causality assessment and developing strategies for risk management.
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Telles-Correia D, Barbosa A, Cortez-Pinto H, Campos C, Rocha NBF, Machado S. Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2017; 8:26-38. [PMID: 28217372 PMCID: PMC5292604 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the organ by which the majority of substances are metabolized, including psychotropic drugs. There are several pharmacokinetic changes in end-stage liver disease that can interfere with the metabolization of psychotropic drugs. This fact is particularly true in drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism, highly protein bound drugs and drugs depending on phase I hepatic metabolic reactions. Psychopharmacological agents are also associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity. The evidence is insufficient for definite conclusions regarding the prevalence and severity of psychiatric drug-induced liver injury. High-risk psychotropics are not advised when there is pre-existing liver disease, and after starting a psychotropic agent in a patient with hepatic impairment, frequent liver function/lesion monitoring is advised. The authors carefully review the pharmacokinetic disturbances induced by end-stage liver disease and the potential of psychopharmacological agents for liver toxicity.
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Abstract
Objective: To describe a case of a patient who developed drug-induced cholestasis after being on risperidone maintenance therapy for 8 years. Case Summary: A 30-year-old male with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had been stable on risperidone 6 mg at night for 8 years. His other medications included lithium 900 mg twice daily and enalapril 5 mg daily, as well as regular insulin and NPH insulin as needed. The patient developed cholestasis that resolved once risperidone was discontinued. Over the next 11 months, he tolerated trials of ziprasidone and olanzapine. When quetiapine was initiated, the patient developed signs and symptoms of cholestasis within 3 weeks after starting this medication. The signs and symptoms of cholestasis resolved with removal of quetiapine. The Naranjo probability scale indicated that these atypical antipsychotics (risperidone and quetiapine) were the probable cause of cholestasis in this patient. Discussion: It is well known that atypical antipsychotics can cause isolated asymptomatic increases in aminotransferase levels. Liver injury, both the hepatic and cholestatic type, has been described previously, although the incidence with atypical antipsychotics is rare. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first case of cholestasis that developed after years of treatment and reappeared with another antipsychotic agent. Given that liver failure, of either the hepatic or cholestatic type, is a relatively rare phenomenon with atypical antipsychotics, it seems that the most reasonable approach to manage this risk is through education. By educating patients on early warning signs of hepatotoxicity, this rare but potentially fatal consequence could be detected early to allow appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Wright
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Friedrich ME, Akimova E, Huf W, Konstantinidis A, Papageorgiou K, Winkler D, Toto S, Greil W, Grohmann R, Kasper S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury during Antidepressant Treatment: Results of AMSP, a Drug Surveillance Program. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv126. [PMID: 26721950 PMCID: PMC4851269 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury is a common cause of liver damage and the most frequent reason for withdrawal of a drug in the United States. The symptoms of drug-induced liver damage are extremely diverse, with some patients remaining asymptomatic. METHODS This observational study is based on data of Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie, a multicenter drug surveillance program in German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) recording severe drug reactions in psychiatric inpatients. Of 184234 psychiatric inpatients treated with antidepressants between 1993 and 2011 in 80 psychiatric hospitals, 149 cases of drug-induced liver injury (0.08%) were reported. RESULTS The study revealed that incidence rates of drug-induced liver injury were highest during treatment with mianserine (0.36%), agomelatine (0.33%), and clomipramine (0.23%). The lowest probability of drug-induced liver injury occurred during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([0.03%), especially escitalopram [0.01%], citalopram [0.02%], and fluoxetine [0.02%]). The most common clinical symptoms were nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. In contrast to previous findings, the dosage at the timepoint when DILI occurred was higher in 7 of 9 substances than the median overall dosage. Regarding liver enzymes, duloxetine and clomipramine were associated with increased glutamat-pyruvat-transaminase and glutamat-oxalat-transaminase values, while mirtazapine hardly increased enzyme values. By contrast, duloxetine performed best in terms of gamma-glutamyl-transferase values, and trimipramine, clomipramine, and venlafaxine performed worst. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are less likely than the other antidepressants, examined in this study, to precipitate drug-induced liver injury, especially in patients with preknown liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela-Elena Friedrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Elena Akimova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Wolfgang Huf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Anastasios Konstantinidis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Konstantinos Papageorgiou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Dietmar Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Sermin Toto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Waldemar Greil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Renate Grohmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Drs Friedrich, Akimova, Konstantinidis, Papageorgiou, Winkler, and Kasper); Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Dr Toto); Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland (Dr Greil); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Drs Greil and Grohmann); Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Dr Huf)
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Comparison of trapping profiles between d-peptides and glutathione in the identification of reactive metabolites. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1024-1032. [PMID: 28962444 PMCID: PMC5598498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative trapping profile of reactive metabolites arising from six structurally different compounds was tested with three different d-peptide isomers (Peptide 1, gly–tyr–pro–cys–pro–his-pro; Peptide 2, gly–tyr–pro–ala–pro–his–pro; Peptide 3, gly–tyr–arg–pro–cys–pro–his–lys–pro) and glutathione (GSH) using mouse and human liver microsomes as the biocatalyst. The test compounds were classified either as clinically “safe” (amlodipine, caffeine, ibuprofen), or clinically as “risky” (clozapine, nimesulide, ticlopidine; i.e., associated with severe clinical toxicity outcomes). Our working hypothesis was as follows: could the use of short different amino acid sequence containing d-peptides in adduct detection confer any add-on value to that obtained with GSH? All “risky” agents’ resulted in the formation of several GSH adducts in the incubation mixture and with at least one peptide adduct with both microsomal preparations. Amlodipine did not form any adducts with any of the trapping agents. No GSH and peptide 2 and 3 adducts were found with caffeine, but with peptide 1 one adduct with human liver microsomes was detected. Ibuprofen produced one Peptide 1-adduct with human and mouse liver microsomes but not with GSH. In conclusion, GSH still remains the gold trapping standard for reactive metabolites. However, targeted d-peptides could provide additional information about protein binding potential of electrophilic agents, but their clinical significance needs to be clarified using a wider spectrum of chemicals together with other safety estimates.
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Jia LL, Zhong ZY, Li F, Ling ZL, Chen Y, Zhao WM, Li Y, Jiang SW, Xu P, Yang Y, Hu MY, Liu L, Liu XD. The Aggravation of Clozapine-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:468-79. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13257fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Wu Chou AI, Lu ML, Shen WW. Hepatotoxicity induced by clozapine: a case report and review of literature. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1585-7. [PMID: 25210451 PMCID: PMC4155895 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s67654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic drug but is associated with serious side effects. Most treatment guidelines give no clear recommendations on regular monitoring of liver function tests, even though up to 60% of patients experience elevations in hepatic transaminases, with 15% to 30% experiencing an elevation two to three times greater than normal. Though elevations in liver function tests are often transient and asymptomatic, there are many reported cases of clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity, with damage to the liver, involvement of multiple organs, and even fulminant liver failure arising with moderate clozapine doses. This case report describes a Chinese woman who developed hepatotoxicity on a low dose of clozapine, and reviews the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Wu Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston W Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tucker
- Concord Centre for Mental Health, Concord, Australia
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Kang SH, Lee JI. Eosinophilia, pleural effusion, hepatitis, and jaundice occurring early in clozapine treatment. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 11:103-5. [PMID: 24023555 PMCID: PMC3766753 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine use is associated with various adverse events, some of which have received little attention, including eosinophilia, pleural effusion, and hepatitis. Because of the fatality of jaundice with hepatitis, it is necessary to understand the course and management of clozapine-induced eosinophilia and hepatitis. We report on a case in which the eosinophil count began to increase shortly after clozapine use, and pleural effusion and fever then developed at the time eosinophilia was at its peak level. Jaundice with hepatitis consecutively developed when all the above symptoms subsided. The liver function recovered rapidly after clozapine was discontinued. We recommend that patients who develop rapid eosinophilia at the beginning of clozapine treatment should be monitored with LFTs, chest X-rays, and urine analysis tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hyun Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Stark A, Scott J. A review of the use of clozapine levels to guide treatment and determine cause of death. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012; 46:816-25. [PMID: 22327098 DOI: 10.1177/0004867412438871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature to examine the use of clozapine levels to (i) guide therapy and prevent toxicity in clinical care and (ii) determine cause of death in post-mortem examination of patients who were treated with clozapine. METHODS MEDLINE was searched in December 2010 using the following keywords: 'clozapine levels', 'clozapine and toxicity', 'clozapine and death', 'clozapine and mortality' and 'post-mortem redistribution'. Data was also collected from the 2010 MIMS Annual. RESULTS The literature reported significant variation in clozapine levels attained with any given dose, and considerable variability in the clinical response achieved at any given clozapine level. The lowest effective clozapine levels ranged from 250 to 550 µg/L, while the recommended upper limit to prevent toxicity varied from 600 to 2000 µg/L. There was minimal correlation between clozapine levels and side effects, with the exception of sedation, hypotension and seizure activity. The risk of seizures increased with plasma clozapine levels greater than 600 µg/L or rapid upward titration. In addition to prescribed dose, there are many factors that influence plasma clozapine levels. After death, the process of post-mortem drug redistribution resulted in 3.00 to 4.89 times increases in clozapine levels in central blood vessels and 1.5 fold increases in peripheral vessels compared to ante-mortem levels. CONCLUSIONS The exact range of clozapine levels that corresponds to toxicity remains unclear. However, levels between 350 µg/L and 1000 µg/L achieved with gradual upward titration are more likely to be effective and less likely to cause toxicity. Ongoing clozapine level monitoring is indicated, especially when (i) prescribing higher doses (> 600 mg/day) of clozapine, (ii) there has been a change in a patient's concomitant pharmacotherapy or cigarette use and (iii) there has been a suboptimal response to treatment. The use of post-mortem clozapine levels to determine clozapine toxicity as a cause of death is unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Stark
- Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Li Y, Weidolf L, Page K, Wilson I, Swallow S, Middleton B, Stahl S, Foster AJ, Dolgos H, Weaver R, Kenna JG. In Vitro Approach to Assess the Potential for Risk of Idiosyncratic Adverse Reactions Caused by Candidate Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1616-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Yan Li
- Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca, Wilmington,
Delaware, United States
| | - Lars Weidolf
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Ken Page
- DMPK
Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Wilson
- DMPK
Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Swallow
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Middleton
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Stahl
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J. Foster
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Richard Weaver
- Discovery
DMPK, AstraZeneca, Loughborough, Leicestershire
LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - J. Gerry Kenna
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Wong YC, Qian S, Zuo Z. Regioselective biotransformation of CNS drugs and its clinical impact on adverse drug reactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:833-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.688027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sedky K, Nazir R, Joshi A, Kaur G, Lippmann S. Which psychotropic medications induce hepatotoxicity? Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012; 34:53-61. [PMID: 22133982 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Safe prescribing practices to minimize pharmaceutically induced liver damage or worsening of preexisting conditions require knowledge about medicines with hepatotoxic potential. This paper reviews psychotropic medications and their effects on the liver. METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed utilizing the phrase "drug-induced liver injury" with various categories of psychiatric drugs. Only articles written in English were utilized. RESULTS Hepatotoxicity can be acute or chronic in nature. Medication discontinuation is necessary in acute forms, while close monitoring is required in milder forms of medication-induced chronic liver damage. Nefazodone, pemoline and/or tacrine are the highest offenders. Carbamazepine and valproate products (e.g., divalproex) can lead to this adverse event and should be avoided in patients with liver disease, persons with alcohol misuse or those consuming high doses of acetaminophen. CONCLUSION Knowing the risk levels associated with various medicines is important; prescribing multiple drugs with hepatotoxic effects should be avoided. One should educate patients about early warning signs of liver injury. Always provide clinical and laboratory monitoring before and during the use of hepatotoxic drugs. Clinical features and laboratory results govern medication prescribing with ongoing risk-to-benefit ratio assessment during pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sedky
- Department of Psychiatry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19124, USA.
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Re: Recent case report of clozapine-induced acute hepatic failure. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2011; 24:739-40; author reply 741. [PMID: 21165382 DOI: 10.1155/2010/535026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gómez Espín R, Sánchez Quiles I, Hallal H, Plaza J. [Acute hepatocellular lesion after successive exposure to clozapine and olanzapine in a patient with chronic hepatitis C infection]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2010; 33:150-152. [PMID: 19914745 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
Drugs are generally converted to biologically inactive forms and eliminated from the body, principally by hepatic metabolism. However, certain drugs undergo biotransformation to metabolites that can interfere with cellular functions through their intrinsic chemical reactivity towards glutathione, leading to thiol depletion, and functionally critical macromolecules, resulting in reversible modification, irreversible adduct formation, and irreversible loss of activity. There is now a great deal of evidence which shows that reactive metabolites are formed from drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity, such as acetaminophen, tamoxifen, isoniazid, and amodiaquine. The main theme of this article is to review the evidence for chemically reactive metabolites being initiating factors for the multiple downstream biological events culminating in toxicity. The major objectives are to understand those idiosyncratic hepatotoxicities thought to be caused by chemically reactive metabolites and to define the role of toxic metabolites.
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Clozapine-induced fatal fulminant hepatic failure: a case report. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2009; 23:376-8. [PMID: 19440569 DOI: 10.1155/2009/503916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) refers to the rapid development of severe acute liver injury with impaired synthetic function and encephalopathy in a person who previously had a normal liver or had wellcompensated liver disease. The potential causes of FHF are numerous, but viral or toxin-induced hepatitis are the most common. Clozapineinduced hepatotoxicity has rarely been reported in the literature, occurs via an unknown mechanism and results in liver biochemical abnormalities that are usually of no clinical significance. In approximately 30% to 50% of patients treated with clozapine, there is an asymptomatic rise in serum aminotransaminase levels; however, there are no current guidelines for routine monitoring of liver function tests and liver enzymes during its use. Fatal fulminant hepatitis has only been reported in three patients receiving clozapine. A case of fatal FHF that occurred in a schizophrenic woman who began clozapine therapy shortly before her illness developed is described.
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Walgren JL, Mitchell MD, Thompson DC. Role of Metabolism in Drug-Induced Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:325-61. [PMID: 15989140 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590935620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rare adverse reactions to drugs that are of unknown etiology, or idiosyncratic reactions, can produce severe medical complications or even death in patients. Current hypotheses suggest that metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is a necessary, yet insufficient, step in the generation of an idiosyncratic reaction. We review evidence for this hypothesis with drugs that are associated with hepatotoxicity, one of the most common types of idiosyncratic reactions in humans. We identified 21 drugs that have either been withdrawn from the U.S. market due to hepatotoxicity or have a black box warning for hepatotoxicity. Evidence for the formation of reactive metabolites was found for 5 out of 6 drugs that were withdrawn, and 8 out of 15 drugs that have black box warnings. For the other drugs, either evidence was not available or suitable studies have not been carried out. We also review evidence for reactive intermediate formation from a number of additional drugs that have been associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity but do not have black box warnings. Finally, we consider the potential role that high dosages may play in these adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Walgren
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Worldwide Safety Sciences, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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Huang W, Qu ZQ, Li XD, He P, Ding N, Zhang SL, Wu M. The effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization on CYP1A2 activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Pharm Ther 2008; 33:489-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu Y, Meng Q, Zhang G, Bei X. Clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes by gel entrapment and monolayer culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1754-60. [PMID: 18761400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is limitedly used due to its adverse effect including agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of clozapine toxicity is still not clear. The previous in vitro studies on microsomes proposed a possible mediation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in producing reactive metabolites. In this paper, clozapine toxicity was, respectively, examined in two cultures of rat hepatocytes. Gel entrapment culture of hepatocytes with higher expression on CYP activities showed higher sensitivity to clozapine treatment than hepatocyte monolayer, indicating the possible involvement of CYP in hepatotoxicity of clozapine. Moreover, in each culture, CYP inhibitors were used to confirm the possible mediation of CYP enzymes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with CYP 3A inhibitor (ketoconazole), CYP 2E1 inhibitor (diethyldithiocarbamate, DDC) and non-specific inhibitor (cimetidine) significantly reduced the toxicity of clozapine. But the pretreatment with CYP 1A2 inhibitor (fluvoxamine) had no such protective effect indicative of non-function of CYP 1A2 in clozapine toxicity. In addition, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), also inhibited the adverse response to clozapine, suggesting the positive involvement of oxidant pressure. Thus, it could be concluded that clozapine-induced toxicity was mediated by CYP, particularly CYP 3A and CYP 2E1, and oxidant pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Lu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
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Ip J, Uetrecht JP. Testing the Hypothesis that Selenium Deficiency is a Risk Factor for Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis in Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:874-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ip
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jack P. Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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Takakusa H, Masumoto H, Mitsuru A, Okazaki O, Sudo K. Markers of Electrophilic Stress Caused by Chemically Reactive Metabolites in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:816-23. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.018002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Cruz-Monteagudo M, Cordeiro MNDS, Borges F. Computational chemistry approach for the early detection of drug-induced idiosyncratic liver toxicity. J Comput Chem 2007; 29:533-49. [PMID: 17705164 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug toxicity (IDT), considered as a toxic host-dependent event, with an apparent lack of dose response relationship, is usually not predictable from early phases of clinical trials, representing a particularly confounding complication in drug development. Albeit a rare event (usually <1/5000), IDT is often life threatening and is one of the major reasons new drugs never reach the market or are withdrawn post marketing. Computational methodologies, like the computer-based approach proposed in the present study, can play an important role in addressing IDT in early drug discovery. We report for the first time a systematic evaluation of classification models to predict idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA), artificial neural networks (ANN), and machine learning algorithms (OneR) in conjunction with a 3D molecular structure representation and feature selection methods. These modeling techniques (LDA, feature selection to prevent over-fitting and multicollinearity, ANN to capture nonlinear relationships in the data, as well as the simple OneR classifier) were found to produce QSTR models with satisfactory internal cross-validation statistics and predictivity on an external subset of chemicals. More specifically, the models reached values of accuracy/sensitivity/specificity over 84%/78%/90%, respectively in the training series along with predictivity values ranging from ca. 78 to 86% of correctly classified drugs. An LDA-based desirability analysis was carried out in order to select the levels of the predictor variables needed to trigger the more desirable drug, i.e. the drug with lower potential for idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Finally, two external test sets were used to evaluate the ability of the models in discriminating toxic from nontoxic structurally and pharmacologically related drugs and the ability of the best model (LDA) in detecting potential idiosyncratic hepatotoxic drugs, respectively. The computational approach proposed here can be considered as a useful tool in early IDT prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Cruz-Monteagudo
- Physico-Chemical Molecular Research Unit, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-047 Porto, Portugal
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Atasoy N, Erdogan A, Yalug I, Ozturk U, Konuk N, Atik L, Ustundag Y. A review of liver function tests during treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs: a chart review study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1255-60. [PMID: 17600607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atypical antipsychotic drugs commonly cause asymptomatic increase in the liver enzymes and serum bilirubin levels. However they rarely may induce a serious hepatic toxicity. In this article we aimed to evaluate the effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs namely olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine on the hepatic enzymes and serum bilirubin levels in psychiatric patients. METHOD Chart reviews of 312 patient followed-up at Psychiatry Department of Zonguldak Karaelmas University Hospital were examined in detail. The patients whose baseline and follow-up liver function tests including alanine aminotransfeaminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphotase (ALP) and serum bilirubin that were measured before and within the treatment period of first and sixth months were enrolled. Forty eight males and 62 females whose ages ranging from 12 to 65 years were eligible for this study (no pregnant case was present). RESULTS The repartition according to treatment is as follows: olanzapine (n=33), risperidone (n=29), and quetiapine (n=48). Two of the 110 patients (1.8%) presented with increased AST levels of up to 4 fold and ALT of thrice the basal level and needed to stop treatment (AST increase in one female with olanzapine 20 mg/day; ALT increase in one male with olanzapine 30 mg/day). Thirty of the 110 patients (27.2%) showed asymptomatic increases in ALT, AST, GGT and serum bilirubin levels in the first month of the study. After 6 months of the treatment, abnormalities in the liver function tests were observed in 25 patients (22.7%). CONCLUSION These results were in accordance with previous studies that asymptomatic increase of liver enzymes are common but significant liver enzyme elevations are rare during atypical antipsychotic treatment. We suggest that obtaining baseline liver enzyme tests before atypical antipsychotic therapy and monitoring regularly specifically in patients with risk factors for liver damage during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Atasoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Kłys M, Rojek S, Rzepecka-Woźniak E. Neonatal death following clozapine self-poisoning in late pregnancy: an unusual case report. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 171:e5-e10. [PMID: 17544236 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The report presents a fatal poisoning of a neonate occurring in the final stage of gestational life and evoked by his mother, who, while 9 months pregnant, took a toxic dose of clozapine aiming at committing suicide. She was also severely poisoned, but ultimately was saved. The woman had been taking the medication due to schizophrenia and depression prior to conception, and the discontinuation of the drug in the course of pregnancy increased the risk of the woman attempting suicide. In the course of comprehensive toxicological analysis based on the developed analytical procedure with the use of LC-APCI-MS, clozapine and its two metabolites, norclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide, were determined in postmortem blood, liver and kidney in concentrations explaining the death of the neonate. The interpretation of the above-described case is complex and--apart from toxicological aspects--also involves issues associated with psychiatry, pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and medicolegal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kłys
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, 16 Grzegórzecka St., Kraków, Poland.
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Berk M, Fitzsimons J, Lambert T, Pantelis C, Kulkarni J, Castle D, Ryan EW, Jespersen S, McGorry P, Berger G, Kuluris B, Callaly T, Dodd S. Monitoring the safe use of clozapine: a consensus view from Victoria, Australia. CNS Drugs 2007; 21:117-27. [PMID: 17284094 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is an important antipsychotic agent that has a unique profile of clinical benefits, but that has also been associated with several serious and potentially life-threatening safety concerns. In order to minimise the impact of haematological adverse events, health professionals treating patients with clozapine are currently required to register their patients on a centrally administered data network and to conform to strict protocols. The consensus statement documented in this article extends existing protocols by recommending monitoring of patients treated with clozapine for additional adverse effects during treatment. This consensus statement reflects the current practice at five major public psychiatric hospitals in Victoria, Australia, for the monitoring and management of clozapine-related adverse events, and has been implemented at these sites because of emerging safety concerns associating clozapine with cardiovascular and metabolic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berk
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Barwon Health, The University of Melbourne, Geelong, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luo
- North Shore Hospital, Waitemata Health, Auckland, New Zealand
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37
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García-Cortés M, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, González-Grande R, Camargo R, Fernández-Bonilla E, Martos JV, Alcántara R. Hepatotoxicidad secundaria a fármacos de uso común. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2005; 28:461-72. [PMID: 16185582 DOI: 10.1157/13079002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M García-Cortés
- Unidad de Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Victoria, Facultad de Medicina, Málaga, Spain
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Erdogan A, Kocabasoglu N, Yalug I, Ozbay G, Senturk H. Management of marked liver enzyme increase during clozapine treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Psychiatry Med 2004; 34:83-9. [PMID: 15242144 DOI: 10.2190/44wa-wxf7-3uha-fdv1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity is not infrequent and usually transient. It mostly causes asymptomatic elevation of liver transaminases. "Elevation in liver enzymes to what extent should preclude further treatment?" or "Is only a dose-reduction sufficient?" are questions yet to be answered. The present article uses a case report to discuss the treatment alternatives when liver enzymes reach three times the upper normal limits during the clozapine therapy. METHODS In the following case report, the authors describe a 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with schizophrenia, resistant to different atypical and typical antipsychotics. Based on the pathological findings of our patient and a review of the literature, the author summarizes the reasons for the liver enzymes increase and treatment alternatives during clozapine treatment. RESULTS Substantial improvement was achieved with clozapine therapy. Increase in liver enzymes at the beginning of the clozapine treatment was successfully managed with a multidisciplinary approach: the treatment was initially withdrawn, afterwards restarted, and carefully continued. CONCLUSION The authors demonstrate that clozapine may be cautiously continued in selected patients who showed marked psychiatric improvement with clozapine in the face of liver enzyme elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayten Erdogan
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Tip Fakultesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali, Turkey.
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Abstract
Since 1989, several novel antipsychotic drugs have become available for use including clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone. These agents represent a substantial improvement in the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders and are considered to have a favourable adverse effect profile relative to traditional antipsychotics. Nonetheless, in rare cases, people have died as a result of taking atypical antipsychotic drugs at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses. Toxic doses of atypical antipsychotics are highly variable: some patients have died while taking therapeutic doses and others have survived massive overdoses. Toxicity may be increased by coingestion of other agents, particularly drugs with similar metabolic pathways. Atypical antipsychotics are metabolised predominantly by cytochrome p450 (CYP) isoenzymes, particularly CYP1A2 (clozapine and olanzapine), CYP3A4 (clozapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone) and CYP2D6 (olanzapine and risperidone). Concurrent prescription of other drugs that inhibit these isoenzymes may increase the probability of adverse events in patients taking atypical antipsychotics. Deaths due to atypical antipsychotic toxicity are often related to cardiovascular complications, but pulmonary, neurological, endocrine and gastrointestinal complications have also caused fatalities. Prevention and management of atypical antipsychotic overdose are of increased clinical relevance as prescription of these drugs increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Trenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Gaertner I, Altendorf K, Batra A, Gaertner HJ. Relevance of liver enzyme elevations with four different neuroleptics: a retrospective review of 7,263 treatment courses. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:215-22. [PMID: 11270919 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200104000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Data on liver enzyme elevations were collected in a retrospective study of 7,263 treatment courses with haloperidol, clozapine, perphenazine, and perazine. Charts of 233 patients hospitalized between 1980 and 1992 at Tübingen University Psychiatric Clinic were selected because clinically relevant increases of liver enzymes had been detected during monotherapy with one of the four examined neuroleptics. At least one hepatic enzyme (mostly alanine aminotransferase [ALAT]) exceeded the established reference range of 3-fold elevations of ALAT, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutamate dehydrogenase and 2-fold elevations of alkaline phosphatase (AP) during monotherapy with clozapine in 15%, perazine in 7.6%, perphenazine in 4%, and haloperidol in 2.4% of the cases. If all liver enzyme abnormalities with any elevation greater than the conventional upper limits are considered, incidences were as follows: clozapine, 78%; perphenazine, 62%; perazine, 59%; and haloperidol, 50%. Testing for overall differences within the four neuroleptics resulted in significantly different incidences of liver enzyme elevations (chi2 test,p < 0.0001). Threefold increases of AP (>540 U/L) were seen in three patients receiving haloperidol (0.3%) only. Twofold increases of AP (>360 U/L) were distributed as follows: clozapine, 1%; haloperidol, 0.8%; perazine, 0.3%; and perphenazine, 0.1%. Only in the group with 1-fold elevations of AP (>180 U/L) were the differences within the drug regimens significant (clozapine, 40.3%; haloperidol, 33.2%; perphenazine, 23.4%; and perazine, 23.1%; chi2 test, p < 0.0001). In the period under study, no instance of icterus occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gaertner
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany.
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