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Hu S, Ottemann KM. Helicobacter pylori initiates successful gastric colonization by utilizing L-lactate to promote complement resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1695. [PMID: 36973281 PMCID: PMC10042806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system has long been appreciated for its role in bloodborne infections, but its activities in other places, including the gastrointestinal tract, remain elusive. Here, we report that complement restricts gastric infection by the pathogen Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium colonized complement-deficient mice to higher levels than wild-type counterparts, particularly in the gastric corpus region. H. pylori uses uptake of the host molecule L-lactate to create a complement-resistant state that relies on blocking the deposition of the active complement C4b component on H. pylori's surface. H. pylori mutants unable to achieve this complement-resistant state have a significant mouse colonization defect that is largely corrected by mutational removal of complement. This work highlights a previously unknown role for complement in the stomach, and has revealed an unrecognized mechanism for microbial-derived complement resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Karen M Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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2
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Sajidah ES, Lim K, Yamano T, Nishide G, Qiu Y, Yoshida T, Wang H, Kobayashi A, Hazawa M, Dewi FRP, Hanayama R, Ando T, Wong RW. Spatiotemporal tracking of small extracellular vesicle nanotopology in response to physicochemical stresses revealed by HS-AFM. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12275. [PMID: 36317784 PMCID: PMC9623819 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a crucial role in local and distant cell communication. The intrinsic properties of sEVs make them compatible biomaterials for drug delivery, vaccines, and theranostic nanoparticles. Although sEV proteomics have been robustly studied, a direct instantaneous assessment of sEV structure dynamics remains difficult. Here, we use the high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) to evaluate nanotopological changes of sEVs with respect to different physicochemical stresses including thermal stress, pH, and osmotic stress. The sEV structure is severely altered at high-temperature, high-pH, or hypertonic conditions. Surprisingly, the spherical shape of the sEVs is maintained in acidic or hypotonic environments. Real-time observation by HS-AFM imaging reveals an irreversible structural change in the sEVs during transition of pH or osmolarity. HS-AFM imaging provides both qualitative and quantitative data at high spatiotemporal resolution (nanoscopic and millisecond levels). In summary, our study demonstrates the feasibility of HS-AFM for structural characterization and assessment of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamano
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Department of ImmunologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Goro Nishide
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Yujia Qiu
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Department of ImmunologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Hanbo Wang
- Cell‐Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Cell‐Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Cell‐Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Firli R. P. Dewi
- Cell‐Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Department of ImmunologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- WPI‐Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
- Cell‐Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI)Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawaJapan
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3
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An H, Lee J, Kee H, Park S. pH Sensor-Embedded Magnetically Driven Capsule for H. pylori Infection Diagnosis. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3189155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heesu An
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Lee
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Kee
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukho Park
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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4
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Anti-Helicobacter pylori, anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Trunk Bark of Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9022135. [PMID: 36158881 PMCID: PMC9499789 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9022135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An ulcer is an erosion of the gastric mucosa that occurs following an imbalance between the aggression and protective factors and/or an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). About 90-100% of duodenal ulcers and 70-80% of gastric ulcers are caused by H. pylori. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro the anti-H. pylori activity and then the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of aqueous and methanol extracts of Alstonia boonei. The anti-H. pylori tests (CMI and antiureasic activity) were determined using the agar well diffusion method, the microbroth dilution method, and the measurement of ammonia production by the indophenol method; the anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by inhibition of proteinases, denaturation of albumin, production of NO by macrophages, cell viability, and hemolysis of red blood cells by heat; then, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by the FRAP method (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test. The results show that the best trapping of the DPPH radical was obtained with the methanol extract (EC50 = 8.91 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (EC50 = 19.86 μg/mL). The methanol extract also showed greater iron-reducing activity than the aqueous extract and vitamin C. Furthermore, at the concentration of 200 μg/mL, the methanol extract showed a percentage (96.34%) strains of H. pylori higher than that of the aqueous extract (88.52%). The MIC90 of the methanol extract was lower than that of the aqueous extract. The methanol extract showed a higher percentage inhibition (85%) of urease than the aqueous extract (73%). The methanol extract at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL showed the greatest ability to inhibit proteinase activity, albumin denaturation, and red blood cell hemolysis; on the other hand, maximum cell viability and greater production of nitrite oxide by macrophages were obtained with the aqueous extract. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Alstonia boonei possess anti-H. pylori which would probably be linked to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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5
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Importance of Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio in Microbial Cement Production: Insights through Experiments and Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Courtney C, Randall DG. Concentrating stabilized urine with reverse osmosis: How does stabilization method and pre-treatment affect nutrient recovery, flux, and scaling? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117970. [PMID: 34936975 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human urine can be used as a fertilizer, however, due to the high water content (97%), concentration is required to make transportation economically feasible. Reverse osmosis (RO) has been identified as an energy efficient concentration method. Furthermore, to maximize nitrogen recovery from source-separated urine it should be stabilized with an acid or base to prevent urea hydrolysis. However, the method of stabilization will have an impact on the downstream RO process. Calcium hydroxide is often used as a base stabilization method for human urine but would require pre-treatment to remove excess calcium and subsequent membrane scaling. Three pre-treatment methods such as air bubbling, NaHCO3 addition, and NH4HCO3 addition, were investigated in this study. Each method successfully reduced the scaling potential and air bubbling was determined to be the most effective method as it resulted in the highest nutrient recovery during concentration and did not require the addition of any chemicals. Base stabilization with air bubbling pre-treatment was then compared to urine stabilized with citric acid. Acid stabilized urine had a higher nitrogen recovery (7.6% higher). However, solids formed in the real acidified urine and during concentration a brown organic compound formed on the membrane surface. The crystals were identified as uric acid dihydrate and the brown organic fouling resulted in a significant decrease in permeate flux as compared to the base stabilized urine with air bubbling pre-treatment. At a 60% water recovery, 85.5% of the urea and 99.2% of the potassium was recovered in the brine stream and more than 99.9% of the phosphorus was recovered as a separate solid calcium phosphate fertilizer. Whilst nutrient recovery was higher with acid stabilization, the membrane fouling that occurred with this stabilization method meant that base stabilization with air bubbling pre-treatment was the preferred treatment option. It is recommended that acid stabilized urine be concentrated using evaporation processes instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Courtney
- Civil Engineering Department & Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Dyllon G Randall
- Civil Engineering Department & Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
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Yang S, Sterck FJ, Sass-Klaassen U, Cornelissen JHC, van Logtestijn RSP, Hefting M, Goudzwaard L, Zuo J, Poorter L. Stem Trait Spectra Underpin Multiple Functions of Temperate Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:769551. [PMID: 35310622 PMCID: PMC8930200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.769551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A central paradigm in comparative ecology is that species sort out along a slow-fast resource economy spectrum of plant strategies, but this has been rarely tested for a comprehensive set of stem traits and compartments. We tested how stem traits vary across wood and bark of temperate tree species, whether a slow-fast strategy spectrum exists, and what traits make up this plant strategy spectrum. For 14 temperate tree species, 20 anatomical, chemical, and morphological traits belonging to six key stem functions were measured for three stem compartments (inner wood, outer wood, and bark). The trait variation was explained by major taxa (38%), stem compartments (24%), and species within major taxa (19%). A continuous plant strategy gradient was found across and within taxa, running from hydraulic safe gymnosperms to conductive angiosperms. Both groups showed a second strategy gradient related to chemical defense. Gymnosperms strongly converged in their trait strategies because of their uniform tracheids. Angiosperms strongly diverged because of their different vessel arrangement and tissue types. The bark had higher concentrations of nutrients and phenolics whereas the wood had stronger physical defense. The gymnosperms have a conservative strategy associated with strong hydraulic safety and physical defense, and a narrow, specialized range of trait values, which allow them to grow well in drier and unproductive habitats. The angiosperm species show a wider trait variation in all stem compartments, which makes them successful in marginal- and in mesic, productive habitats. The associations between multiple wood and bark traits collectively define a slow-fast stem strategy spectrum as is seen also for each stem compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Shanshan Yang, ;
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Systems Ecology, VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard S. P. van Logtestijn
- Department of Ecological Science, Systems Ecology, VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariet Hefting
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Juan Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Lin WY, Liaw SJ. Deacidification by FhlA-dependent hydrogenase is involved in urease activity and urinary stone formation in uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19546. [PMID: 33177598 PMCID: PMC7658346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is an important uropathogen, featured with urinary stone formation. Formate hydrogenlyase (FHL), consisting of formate dehydrogenase H and hydrogenase for converting proton to hydrogen, has been implicated in virulence. In this study, we investigated the role of P. mirabilis FHL hydrogenase and the FHL activator, FhlA. fhlA and hyfG (encoding hydrogenase large subunit) displayed a defect in acid resistance. fhlA and hyfG mutants displayed a delay in medium deacidification compared to wild-type and ureC mutant failed to deacidify the medium. In addition, loss of fhlA or hyfG decreased urease activity in the pH range of 5-8. The reduction of urease activities in fhlA and hyfG mutants subsided gradually over the pH range and disappeared at pH 9. Furthermore, mutation of fhlA or hyfG resulted in a decrease in urinary stone formation in synthetic urine. These indicate fhlA- and hyf-mediated deacidification affected urease activity and stone formation. Finally, fhlA and hyfG mutants exhibited attenuated colonization in mice. Altogether, we found expression of fhlA and hyf confers medium deacidification via facilitating urease activity, thereby urinary stone formation and mouse colonization. The link of acid resistance to urease activity provides a potential strategy for counteracting urinary tract infections by P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Chang-Te Street, Taipei, 10016, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shwu-Jen Liaw
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Chang-Te Street, Taipei, 10016, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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9
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Wang YC, Chen YP, Ho CY, Liu TW, Chu CH, Wang HY, Liou TC. The Impact of Gastric Juice pH on the Intraluminal Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061852. [PMID: 32545856 PMCID: PMC7356802 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can be topically eradicated in stomach lumen on endoscopic examination. The procedures of intraluminal therapy for H. pylori infection (ILTHPI) include the control of intragastric pH, mucolytic irrigation of the gastric mucosal surface, and a single-dose medicament containing antimicrobial agents. Aims: To detect gastric juice pH and evaluate its impact on the success rate of ILTHPI. Methods: We enrolled 324 patients with upper abdominal discomfort for endoscopic examinations. Among them, 13C-urea breath test was positive in 218 patients, where 100 underwent ILTHPI, and negative in 106. All patients had their gastric juice pH detected and set into three ranges, including normal acidity (pH < 4.0), low-level hypoacidity (pH 4.0–5.5), and high-level hypoacidity (pH ≥ 6.0). The impact of gastric juice pH on the success rate of ILTHPI was evaluated. Results: Distribution of pH level showed no significant difference between two groups of H. pylori-infected patients (p = 0.942). The eradication rate of ILTHPI is significantly lower in patients with gastric juice pH below 4 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Detection of gastric juice pH in ILTHPI is extremely important. Rapid control of stomach pH at or above 4 for patients prior to ILTHPI is strongly recommended. (NCT03124420).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chio Wang
- Department of General Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-W.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Yen-Po Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25173, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25173, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Liu
- Department of General Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-W.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chu
- Department of General Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-W.L.); (C.-H.C.)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Cherng Liou
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (H.-Y.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25173, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-62-2543-3535 (ext. 3993)
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Ogasawara K, Nakajima S, Sato H, Sasaki T. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Using Laser Endoscope and Methylene Blue. Laser Ther 2020; 29:19-27. [PMID: 32904076 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.20-or-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication has become increasingly unsuccessful due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. To address this global issue, a novel strategy for eradication without antibiotics must be developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of methylene blue (MB) with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on H. pylori using photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Materials and Methods MB was basified using NaHCO3. The basic effect of MB with NaHCO3 was examined using an endoscope equipped with a laser light source. H. pylori was smeared on the culture media with basic MB, followed by illumination at approximately 1,100 lux for 10 and 20 seconds.After 4 days of culture, the basic effects were determined according to the bacterial growth. Results The basic effects of MB appeared at a pH from 8.6 to 9.0 and at NaHCO3 concentrations between 2% and 6.5%. MB concentrations of > 0.05% exhibited the basic effects. The duration of irradiation had no remarkable effects. Conclusions Our results showed that the laser endoscope and basic MB were effective for H. pylori eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Ogasawara
- Sarufutsu Village National Health Insurance Hospital, Japan.,Asahikawa Medical University, Respiratory Center, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Sato
- Sarufutsu Village National Health Insurance Hospital
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Testerman TL, Semino-Mora C, Cann JA, Qiang B, Peña EA, Liu H, Olsen CH, Chen H, Appt SE, Kaplan JR, Register TC, Merrell DS, Dubois A. Both diet and Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to atherosclerosis in pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222001. [PMID: 31490998 PMCID: PMC6730863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses and bacterial species have been implicated as contributors to atherosclerosis, potentially providing novel pathways for prevention. Epidemiological studies examining the association between Helicobacter pylori and cardiovascular disease have yielded variable results and no studies have been conducted in nonhuman primates. In this investigation, we examined the relationship between H. pylori infection and atherosclerosis development in socially housed, pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques consuming human-like diets. Ninety-four premenopausal cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed for 36 months an atherogenic diet deriving its protein from either casein lactalbumin(CL) or high isoflavone soy (SOY). Animals were then ovariectomized and fed either the same or the alternate diet for an additional 36 months. Iliac artery biopsies were obtained at the time of ovariectomy and iliac and coronary artery sections were examined at the end of the study. Evidence of H. pylori infection was found in 64% of the monkeys and 46% of animals had live H. pylori within coronary atheromas as determined by mRNA-specific in situ hybridization. There was a significant linear relationship between the densities of gastric and atheroma organisms. Helicobactor pylori infection correlated with increased intimal plaque area and thickness at both the premenopausal and postmenopausal time points and regardless of diet (p< 0.01), although animals consuming the SOY diet throughout had the least amount of atherosclerosis. Additionally, plasma lipid profiles, intimal collagen accumulation, ICAM-1, and plaque macrophage densities were adversely affected by H. pylori infection among animals consuming the CL diet, while the SOY diet had the opposite effect. Plaque measurements were more highly associated with the densities of cagA-positive H. pylori within coronary atheromas than with the densities of gastric organisms, whereas plasma lipid changes were associated with H. pylori infection, but not cagA status. This study provides strong evidence that live H. pylori infects atheromas, exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque development, and alters plasma lipid profiles independently of diet or hormonal status. Finally, socially subordinate animals relative to their dominant counterparts had a greater prevalence of H. pylori, suggesting a stress effect. The results indicate that early H. pylori eradication could prevent or delay development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L. Testerman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Cristina Semino-Mora
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Beidi Qiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States of America
| | - Edsel A. Peña
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cara H. Olsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Haiying Chen
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Jay R. Kaplan
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Merrell
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Andre Dubois
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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12
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Zarzecka U, Modrak-Wójcik A, Figaj D, Apanowicz M, Lesner A, Bzowska A, Lipinska B, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Backert S, Skorko-Glonek J. Properties of the HtrA Protease From Bacterium Helicobacter pylori Whose Activity Is Indispensable for Growth Under Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31130939 PMCID: PMC6509562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease high temperature requirement A from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (HtrAHp) belongs to the well conserved family of serine proteases. HtrAHp is an important secreted virulence factor involved in the disruption of tight and adherens junctions during infection. Very little is known about the function of HtrAHp in the H. pylori cell physiology due to the lack of htrA knockout strains. Here, using a newly constructed ΔhtrA mutant strain, we found that bacteria deprived of HtrAHp showed increased sensitivity to certain types of stress, including elevated temperature, pH and osmotic shock, as well as treatment with puromycin. These data indicate that HtrAHp plays a protective role in the H. pylori cell, presumably associated with maintenance of important periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. Purified HtrAHp was shown to be very tolerant to a wide range of temperature and pH values. Remarkably, the protein exhibited a very high thermal stability with the melting point (Tm) values of above 85°C. Moreover, HtrAHp showed the capability to regain its active structure following treatment under denaturing conditions. Taken together, our work demonstrates that HtrAHp is well adapted to operate under harsh conditions as an exported virulence factor, but also inside the bacterial cell as an important component of the protein quality control system in the stressed cellular envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Modrak-Wójcik
- Division of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Apanowicz
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Jain SK, Patel K, Rajpoot K, Jain A. Development of a Berberine Loaded Multifunctional Design for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Induced Gastric Ulcer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2210303108666181120110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The H. pylori infection causes chronic inflammation and significantly
increases the risk of developing duodenal and gastric ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Infection
with H. pylori is the well-known risk factor for gastric cancer. It is highly desirable to develop a
delivery system that localizes the antibiotic at the site of infection to achieve bactericidal concentration
for a longer period of time. Thus, present work aimed to develop Concanavalin-A (Con-A) conjugated
gastro-retentive microspheres of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) containing
berberine hydrochloride (BBR) for the treatment of H. pylori infection.
</P><P>
Methods: Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterized by particles
size distribution, surface morphology, % drug entrapment and in vitro drug release in the simulated gastric
fluid. Optimized microspheres were conjugated with Con-A and further characterized for Con-A
conjugation efficiency, in vitro drug release and ex vivo mucoadhesive properties.
</P><P>
Results and Conclusion: Enhanced mucoadhesion (88±1.9%) was shown by Con-A conjugated microspheres
as compared with non-conjugated microspheres (14.5±3.6%). This significant difference
(p<0.05) in the mucoadhesion may be due to affinity of the Con-A towards glycoproteins of mucus
membrane of stomach. Attachment of lectin (Con-A) to the microspheres significantly enhanced the
mucoadhesiveness as well as also controlled the berberine release for 10 h study period. The preliminary
results from this study advised that Con-A conjugated PMMA and PEO microspheres could be
used to incorporate some more herbal drugs and may be used for oral administration against H. pylori in
the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.) 495 009, India
| | - Kamlesh Patel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.) 495 009, India
| | - Kuldeep Rajpoot
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.) 495 009, India
| | - Akhlesh Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.) 495 009, India
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Shi F, Shang D, Wang Z. An rGQD/chitosan nanocomposite-based pH-sensitive probe: application to sensing in urease activity assays. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We used the intriguing pH-responsive protonation/deprotonation transitions of chitosan and the fluorescence properties of reduced graphene quantum dots to design a novel pH probe and realize the real-time monitoring of urease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Shi
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Shandong 266071
- P. R. China
| | - Danyi Shang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Shandong 266071
- P. R. China
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Oshima T, Miwa H. Potent Potassium-competitive Acid Blockers: A New Era for the Treatment of Acid-related Diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:334-344. [PMID: 29739175 PMCID: PMC6034668 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used as a first-line therapy to treat acid-related diseases worldwide. However, they have a number of limitations including slow onset of action, influence by cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, unsatisfactory effects at night, and instability in acidic conditions. Alternative formulations of conventional PPIs have been developed to overcome these problems; however, these drugs have only introduced small advantages for controlling acid secretion compared to conventional PPIs. Potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) were developed and have beneficial effects including rapid, long-lasting, and reversible inhibition of the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase, the proton pump of the stomach. Vonoprazan was recently innovated as a novel, orally active P-CAB. It is currently indicated for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, reflux esophagitis, and prevention of low-dose aspirin- or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related gastric and duodenal ulcer recurrence in Japan. Vonoprazan does not require enteric coating as it is acid-stable, and it can be taken without food because it is quickly absorbed. Vonoprazan accumulates in parietal cells under both acidic and neutral conditions. It does not require an acidic environment for activation, has long-term stability at the site of action, and has satisfactory safety and tolerability. Thus, vonoprazan may address the unmet medical need for the treatment of acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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16
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Jing ZW, Luo M, Jia YY, Li C, Zhou SY, Mei QB, Zhang BL. Anti-Helicobacterpylori effectiveness and targeted delivery performance of amoxicillin-UCCs-2/TPP nanoparticles based on ureido-modified chitosan derivative. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:367-374. [PMID: 29660462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amoxicillin-UCCs-2/TPP nanoparticles constructed with ureido-modified chitosan derivative UCCs-2 and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) played an important role to deliver drug to achieve more efficacious and specific eradication of Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori) in vitro. In this study, the anti-H. pylori effectiveness in vivo and uptake mechanism was investigated in details, including the effect of temperature, pH values and the addition of competitive substrate urea on uptake. Compared with unmodified nanoparticles, a more efficacious and specific anti-H. pylori activities were obtained in vivo by using this biological chitosan derivative UCCs-2. Histological staining and immunological analysis verified that the amoxicillin-UCCs-2/TPP nanoparticles could diminish the proinflammatory cytokines levels and alleviate the inflammatory damages caused by H. pylori infection. The uredio-modified nanoparticles also have favorable gastric retention property, which is beneficial for the oral drug delivery to targeted eradicate H. pylori infection in stomach. These findings suggest that this targeted drug delivery system may serve for specific treatment of H. pylori infection both in vitro and in vivo, which can also be used as promising nanocarriers for other therapeutic reagents to target H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi-Yang Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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17
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Takimoto M, Tomita T, Yamasaki T, Fukui S, Taki M, Okugawa T, Kondo T, Kono T, Tozawa K, Arai E, Ohda Y, Oshima T, Fukui H, Watari J, Miwa H. Effect of Vonoprazan, a Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker, on the 13C-Urea Breath Test in Helicobacter pylori-Positive Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:739-745. [PMID: 28083842 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Vonoprazan (VPZ) is a new oral potassium-competitive acid blocker that has recently become available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of VPZ on the urease activity of H. pylori as measured by the 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 60 patients (26 men, 34 women; mean age 53.2 ± 13.6 years) who were diagnosed as H. pylori-positive were recruited. The patients were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: lansoprazole (LPZ) 30 mg (n = 20), VPZ 20 mg (n = 20) once daily for 3 weeks, or the control group (n = 20). The 13C-UBT was carried out at baseline and after 3 weeks of treatment, and the baseline and after treatment results then compared. Δ13C‰ ≥ 2.5‰ was considered H. pylori-positive. RESULTS Four patients failed to complete the medication and were omitted from the analysis; data from the LPZ group (n = 18), VPZ group (n = 18), and control group (n = 20) were analyzed. The control group showed no significant change in 13C-UBT data between baseline and the completion of 3-week treatment (baseline: 26.6 ± 23.0‰, completion: 21.1 ± 13.1‰). The 13C-UBT data at week 3 were significantly decreased in both the VPZ group (baseline: 32.8 ± 22.7‰, completion: 7.6 ± 9.2‰, p = 0.0002) and the LPZ group (baseline: 41.8 ± 33.4‰; completion: 9.6 ± 8.8‰, p = 0.0006) compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS VPZ treatment reduced the value of UBT, warning that UBT for patients with VPZ treatment should be evaluated carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Takimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Yamasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Taki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Okugawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Eitatsu Arai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nishinomiya Kyoritsu Neurosurgical Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
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Jain SK, Haider T, Kumar A, Jain A. Lectin-Conjugated Clarithromycin and Acetohydroxamic Acid-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: a Novel Approach for Effective Treatment of H. pylori. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1131-40. [PMID: 26566630 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection remains challenging as it mainly colonized beneath the deep gastric mucosa and adheres to epithelial cells of the stomach. Concanavalin-A (Con-A)-conjugated gastro-retentive poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and clarithromycin (CLR) were prepared and evaluated under in vitro conditions. Solvent evaporation method was employed for preparation of nanoparticles and characterized for particle size distribution, surface morphology, percent drug entrapment, and in vitro drug release in simulated gastric fluid. Optimized nanoparticles were conjugated with Con-A and further characterized for Con-A conjugation efficiency and mucoadhesion and tested for in vitro anti-H. pylori activity. The conjugation with Con-A further sustained the drug release over a period of 8 h when compared to non-conjugated nanoparticles of AHA and CLR. In vitro anti H. pylori study confirmed that Con-A-conjugated nanoparticles containing both drugs, i.e., CLR and AHA, had shown maximum zone of inhibition compared to other formulations. In a nut shell, results suggest that the developed systems could be used for better therapeutic activity against H. pylori infection.
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Jamkhande PG, Gattani SG, Farhat SA. Helicobacter pylori and cardiovascular complications: a mechanism based review on role of Helicobacter pylori in cardiovascular diseases. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:244-249. [PMID: 28462125 PMCID: PMC5390428 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease comprises a wide class of cardiovascular abnormalities, including ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. It is the leading cause of death all over the world. Several traditional and novel risk factors, such as infectious and noninfectious agents, have been associated with heart disease. Out of these, Helicobacter pylori has been recently introduced as an important etiological factor for heart disease. Numerous seroepidemiological findings observed H. pylori antibodies in the blood of a patient with cardiovascular complications. The bacteria survive in the epithelial cells of gastric organs and cause digestive complications. Excess inflammatory pathogenesis and prognosis stimulate an immune response that further causes significant disturbances in various factors like cytokines, fibrinogen, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, heat shock protein, and white blood cell count, and provoke a number of problems such as atherosclerosis and prothrombic state, and cross-reactivity which eventually leads to heart diseases. H. pylori releases toxigenic nutrients, chiefly vacuolating cytotoxin gen A (Vac A) and cytotoxin associated gene A (Cag A), of which Cag A is more virulent and involved in the formation of cholesterol patches in arteries, induction of autoimmune disorder, and release of immune mediated response. Although numerous mechanisms have been correlated with H. pylori and heart disease, the exact role of bacteria is still ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G Jamkhande
- School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Maharashtra, India
| | - Surendra G Gattani
- School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shaikh Ayesha Farhat
- School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Maharashtra, India
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Shirin D, Matalon S, Avidan B, Broide E, Shirin H. Real-world Helicobacter pylori diagnosis in patients referred for esophagoduodenoscopy: The gap between guidelines and clinical practice. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4:762-769. [PMID: 28408993 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615626052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Histopathology is the most accurate test to detect H. pylori when performed correctly with unknown validity in daily practice clinic settings. We aimed to determine the rate of potentially false-negative H. pylori results that might be due to continued use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in routine endoscopy practice. We also aimed to establish whether gastroenterologists recommend routine cessation of PPIs before esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and whether they regularly document that biopsies for H. pylori testing have been taken while the patients are on PPI treatment. METHODS Detailed information about three known factors (PPIs, antibiotics and prior H. pylori eradication treatment), which may cause histology or rapid urease test (RUT) to be unreliable, had been prospectively collected through interviews using a questionnaire before each test. Gastric biopsies were stained with H&E for histological analysis. RESULTS A total of 409 individuals at three academic gastroenterology institutions were tested 200 times with histology. Fifty-six per cent (68 of 122) of all negative tests fell in the category of continuing PPI use, which had the potential to make the histology and RUT results unreliable. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a clear and important gap between current guidelines and real-world practice with regards to the diagnosis of H. pylori during EGD. A negative histology or RUT should be considered false negative until potential protocol violations are excluded. Documentation of PPI use during the EGD should be an integral part of the EGD report. The current practice of taking biopsies for H. pylori testing in patients under PPIs should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Shirin
- The Kamila Gonczarowski Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Shay Matalon
- The Kamila Gonczarowski Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Benjamin Avidan
- Gastroenterology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Broide
- The Kamila Gonczarowski Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Shirin
- The Kamila Gonczarowski Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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21
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Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Albrecht P, Mandetta D, Kamerow H, Ford JP. Differential nucleobase protection against 5-fluorouracil toxicity for squamous and columnar cells: implication for tissue function and oncogenesis. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1003-11. [PMID: 26123924 PMCID: PMC4768230 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The goal of these studies was to test if local excess of a normal nucleobase substrate prevents the toxicity of protracted 5FU exposure used in human cancer treatment. Methods Messenger RNA expression studies were performed of 5FU activating enzymes in human colon cancer cells lines (CaCo-2, HT-29), primary human gingival cells (HEGP), and normal esophageal and gastric clinical tissue samples. Excess nucleobase was then used in vitro to protect cells from 5FU toxicity. Results Pyrimidine salvage pathways predominate in squamous cells of the gingiva (HEGP) and esophageal tissue. Excess salvage nucleobase uracil but not adenine prevented 5FU toxicity in HEGP cells. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis predominates in columnar Caco-2, HT-29 and gastric tissue. Excess nucleobase adenine but not uracil prevented 5FU toxicity to Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. Conclusion The directed application of the normal nucleobase uracil to the squamous cells of the oral mucosa and palms and soles together with the delivery of the normal nucleobase adenine to the columnar cells of the GI tract may enable the safe delivery of higher 5FU dose intensity. These results also suggest a feature of tissue function where squamous cells grow largely by recycling overlying tissue cell components. Columnar cells use absorbed surface nutrients for de novo growth. A disruption of this tissue function can result in growth derived from an underlying nutrient source. That change would also cause the loss of the region of cell turnover at the tissue surface. Subsequent cell proliferation with limiting nutrient availability could promote oncogenesis in such initiated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, 325 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,INDIGO Biosciences, Inc., 1981 Pine Hall Road, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Jerry T Thompson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, 325 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Prajakta Albrecht
- INDIGO Biosciences, Inc., 1981 Pine Hall Road, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Donald Mandetta
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Harry Kamerow
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - John P Ford
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA, 16803, USA. .,Asymmetric Therapeutics LLC, 141 Main St., PO Box J, Unadilla, NY, 13849, USA.
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22
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Liu Y, Tang H, Lin Z, Xu P. Mechanisms of acid tolerance in bacteria and prospects in biotechnology and bioremediation. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1484-92. [PMID: 26057689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidogenic and aciduric bacteria have developed several survival systems in various acidic environments to prevent cell damage due to acid stress such as that on the human gastric surface and in the fermentation medium used for industrial production of acidic products. Common mechanisms for acid resistance in bacteria are proton pumping by F1-F0-ATPase, the glutamate decarboxylase system, formation of a protective cloud of ammonia, high cytoplasmic urease activity, repair or protection of macromolecules, and biofilm formation. The field of synthetic biology has rapidly advanced and generated an ever-increasing assortment of genetic devices and biological modules for applications in biofuel and novel biomaterial productions. Better understanding of aspects such as overproduction of general shock proteins, molecular mechanisms, and responses to cell density adopted by microorganisms for survival in low pH conditions will prove useful in synthetic biology for potential industrial and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanglin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, One Tsinghua Garden Road, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Broide E, Shirin H. Evaluation of Exalenz Bioscience's BreathID for Helicobacter pylori detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:299-312. [PMID: 25634297 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.982537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-labeled urea breath tests, which have high sensitivity and specificity, are the preferred method used in epidemiological studies, screening dyspeptic patients and assessing eradication or recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection. The principle of the (13)C-urea breath test relies upon the ability of the H. pylori urease to hydrolyze the orally administered (13)C-urea. The BreathID (Exalenz Bioscience Inc., Union, NJ, USA) provides a competitive solution for breath testing, including unique features such as automatic continuous breath collection and analysis. This is an unattended convenient test, with no human error as the correct part of the breath is collected and patients' assistance is not required. The test results are available in real time at the point of care and enable shortened breath testing procedures. Additionally, several studies showing expanded utility of the BreathID in pediatrics, after therapy and during proton pump inhibitors intake, further support the safety and performance of the BreathID in the diagnosis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Broide
- The Kamila Gonczarowski, Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, 70300 Israel
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EL-Hefnawy ME, Sakran M, Ismail AI, Aboelfetoh EF. Extraction, purification, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of urease from germinating Pisum Sativum L. seeds. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:15. [PMID: 25065975 PMCID: PMC4121304 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urease, one of the highly efficient known enzymes, catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The present study aimed to extract urease from pea seeds (Pisum Sativum L). The enzyme was then purified in three consequence steps: acetone precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography (Sephacryl S-200 column). RESULTS The purification fold was 12.85 with a yield of 40%. The molecular weight of the isolated urease was estimated by chromatography to be 269,000 Daltons. Maximum urease activity (190 U/g) was achieved at the optimum conditions of 40°C and pH of 7.5 after 5 min of incubation. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, were estimated by Lineweaver-Burk fits and found to be 500 mM and 333.3 U/g, respectively. The thermodynamic constants of activation, ΔH, Ea, and ΔS, were determined using Arrhenius plot and found to be 21.20 kJ/mol, 23.7 kJ/mol, and 1.18 kJ/mol/K, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Urease was purified from germinating Pisum Sativum L. seeds. The purification fold, yield, and molecular weight were determined. The effects of pH, concentration of enzyme, temperature, concentration of substrate, and storage period on urease activity were examined. This may provide an insight on the various aspects of the property of the enzyme. The significance of extracting urease from different sources could play a good role in understanding the metabolism of urea in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E EL-Hefnawy
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sakran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ali I Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
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Som S, Maity A, Banik GD, Ghosh C, Chaudhuri S, Daschakraborty SB, Ghosh S, Pradhan M. Excretion kinetics of 13C-urea breath test: influences of endogenous CO2 production and dose recovery on the diagnostic accuracy of Helicobacter pylori infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5405-12. [PMID: 24939135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the excretion kinetics of the percentage dose of (13)C recovered/h ((13)C-PDR %/h) and cumulative PDR, i.e. c-PDR (%) to accomplish the highest diagnostic accuracy of the (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection without any risk of diagnostic errors using an optical cavity-enhanced integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) method. An optimal diagnostic cut-off point for the presence of H. pylori infection was determined to be c-PDR (%) = 1.47 % at 60 min, using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis to overcome the "grey zone" containing false-positive and false-negative results of the (13)C-UBT. The present (13)C-UBT exhibited 100 % diagnostic sensitivity (true-positive rate) and 100 % specificity (true-negative rate) with an accuracy of 100 % compared with invasive endoscopy and biopsy tests. Our c-PDR (%) methodology also manifested both diagnostic positive and negative predictive values of 100 %, demonstrating excellent diagnostic accuracy. We also observed that the effect of endogenous CO2 production related to basal metabolic rates in individuals was statistically insignificant (p = 0.78) on the diagnostic accuracy. However, the presence of H. pylori infection was indicated by the profound effect of urea hydrolysis rate (UHR). Our findings suggest that the current c-PDR (%) is a valid and sufficiently robust novel approach for an accurate, specific, fast and noninvasive diagnosis of H. pylori infection, which could routinely be used for large-scale screening purposes and diagnostic assessment, i.e. for early detection and follow-up of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Som
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata, 700098, India
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Abdou AM, Ahmed MME, Yamashita Y, Kim M. Immunoglobulin: A Natural Way to Suppress <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in Humans. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.68100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Alvarez-Ortega C, Olivares J, Martínez JL. RND multidrug efflux pumps: what are they good for? Front Microbiol 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23386844 PMCID: PMC3564043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded genetic elements capable of mediating resistance to toxic compounds in several life forms. In bacteria, these elements are involved in intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. Unlike other well-known horizontally acquired antibiotic resistance determinants, genes encoding for multidrug efflux pumps belong to the core of bacterial genomes and thus have evolved over millions of years. The selective pressure stemming from the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections is relatively recent in evolutionary terms. Therefore, it is unlikely that these elements have evolved in response to antibiotics. In the last years, several studies have identified numerous functions for efflux pumps that go beyond antibiotic extrusion. In this review we present some examples of these functions that range from bacterial interactions with plant or animal hosts, to the detoxification of metabolic intermediates or the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez-Ortega
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Schmilovitz-Weiss H, Sehayek-Shabat V, Eliakim R, Skapa E, Avni Y, Shirin H. Applicability of a short/rapid 13C-urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori: retrospective multicenter chart review study. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22260296 PMCID: PMC3292456 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon labeled urea breath tests usually entail a two point sampling with a 20 to 30-minute gap. Our aim was to evaluate the duration of time needed for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori by the BreathID® System. METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter chart review study. Test location, date, delta over baseline, and duration of the entire test were recorded. Consecutively 13C urea breath tests results were extracted from the files over a nine year period. RESULTS Of the 12,791 tests results, 35.1% were positively diagnosed and only 0.1% were inconclusive. A statistically significant difference in prevalence among the countries was found: Germany showing the lowest, 13.3%, and Israel the highest, 44.1%. Significant differences were found in time to diagnosis: a positive diagnosis had the shortest and an inconclusive result had the longest. Overall test duration averaged 15.1 minutes in Germany versus approximately 13 minutes in other countries. Diagnosis was achieved after approximately 9 minutes in Israel, Italy and Switzerland, but after 10 on average in the others. The mean delta over baseline value for a negative diagnosis was 1.03 ± 0.86, (range, 0.9 - 5), versus 20.2 ± 18.9, (range, 5.1 - 159.4) for a positive one. CONCLUSIONS The BreathID® System used in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori can safely shorten test duration on average of 10-13 minutes without any loss of sensitivity or specificity and with no test lasting more than 21 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemda Schmilovitz-Weiss
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Liu J, Xu Y, Nie Y, Zhao GA. Optimization production of acid urease by Enterobacter sp. in an approach to reduce urea in Chinese rice wine. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:651-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Leal YA, Flores LL, Fuentes-Pananá EM, Cedillo-Rivera R, Torres J. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2011; 16:327-37. [PMID: 21762274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The (13) C-urea breath test ((13) C-UBT) is a safe, noninvasive and reliable method for diagnosing H. pylori infection in adults. However, the test has shown variable accuracy in the pediatric population, especially in young children. We aimed to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the performance of the (13) C-UBT diagnostic test for H. pylori infection in children. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed, Embase and Liliacs databases including studies from January 1998 to May 2009. Selection criteria included studies with at least 30 children and reporting the comparison of (13) C-UBT against a gold standard for H. pylori diagnosis. Thirty-one articles and 135 studies were included for analysis. Children were stratified in subgroups of <6 and ≥6 years of age, and we considered variables such as type of meal, cutoff value, tracer dose, and delta time for the analysis. DISCUSSION The (13) C-UBT performance meta-analyses showed 1, good accuracy in all ages combined (sensitivity 95.9%, specificity 95.7%, LR+ 17.4, LR- 0.06, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 424.9), 2, high accuracy in children >6 years (sensitivity 96.6%, specificity 97.7%, LR+ 42.6, LR- 0.04, DOR 1042.7), 3, greater variability in accuracy estimates and on average a few percentage points lower, particularly specificity, in children ≤6 years (sensitivity 95%, specificity 93.5%, LR+ 11.7, LR- 0.12, DOR 224.8). Therefore, the meta-analysis shows that the (13) C-UBT test is less accurate for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in young children, but adjusting cutoff value, pretest meal, and urea dose, this accuracy can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda A Leal
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad de Mérida, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yuc, México.
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Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53:230-43. [PMID: 21558964 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182227e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the clinical implications of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents continue to evolve, ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN jointly renewed clinical guidelines using a standardized evidence-based approach to develop updated recommendations for children and adolescents in North America and Europe. METHODS An international panel of 11 pediatric gastroenterologists, 2 epidemiologists, 1 microbiologist, and 1 pathologist was selected by societies that developed evidence-based guidelines based on the Delphi process with anonymous voting in a final face-to-face meeting. A systematic literature search was performed on 8 databases of relevance including publications from January 2000 to December 2009. After excluding nonrelevant publications, tables of evidence were constructed for different focus areas according to the Oxford classification. Statements and recommendations were formulated in the following areas: whom to test, how to test, whom to treat, and how to treat. Grades of evidence were assigned to each recommendation based on the GRADE system. RESULTS A total of 2290 publications were identified, from which 738 were finally reviewed. A total of 21 recommendations were generated, and an algorithm was proposed by the joint committee providing evidence-based guidelines on the diagnostic workup and treatment of children with H pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS These clinical practice guidelines represent updated, best-available evidence and are meant for children and adolescents living in Europe and North America, but they may not apply to those living on other continents, particularly in developing countries with a high H pylori infection rate and limited health care resources.
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A cis-encoded antisense small RNA regulated by the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system controls expression of ureB in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:40-51. [PMID: 20971914 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00800-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of urease is essential for gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori. The increased level of urease in gastric acidity is due, in part, to acid activation of the two-component system (TCS) consisting of the membrane sensor HP0165 and its response regulator, HP0166, which regulates transcription of the seven genes of the urease gene cluster. We now find that there are two major ureAB transcripts: a 2.7-kb full-length ureAB transcript and a 1.4-kb truncated transcript lacking 3' ureB. Acidic pH (pH 4.5) results in a significant increase in transcription of ureAB, while neutral pH (pH 7.4) increases the truncated 1.4-kb transcript. Northern blot analysis with sense RNA and strand-specific oligonucleotide probes followed by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends detects an antisense small RNA (sRNA) encoded by the 5' ureB noncoding strand consisting of ∼290 nucleotides (5'ureB-sRNA). Deletion of HP0165 elevates the level of the truncated 1.4-kb transcript along with that of the 5'ureB-sRNA at both pH 7.4 and pH 4.5. Overexpression of 5'ureB-sRNA increases the 1.4-kb transcript, decreases the 2.7-kb transcript, and decreases urease activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay shows that unphosphorylated HP0166 binds specifically to the 5'ureB-sRNA promoter. The ability of the HP0165-HP0166 TCS to both increase and decrease ureB expression at low and high pHs, respectively, facilitates gastric habitation and colonization over the wide range of intragastric pHs experienced by the organism.
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Follmer C. Ureases as a target for the treatment of gastric and urinary infections. J Clin Pathol 2010; 63:424-30. [PMID: 20418234 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.072595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urease is known to be a major contributor to pathologies induced by Helicobacter pylori and Proteus species. In H pylori, urease allows the bacteria to survive in an acidic gastric environment during colonisation, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric and peptic ulcers. Ureolytic activity also results in the production of ammonia in close proximity to the gastric epithelium, causing cell damage and inflammation. In the case of Proteus species (notably Proteus mirabilis) infection, stones are formed due to the presence of ammonia and carbon dioxide released by urease action. In addition, the ammonia released is able to damage the glycosaminoglycan layer, which protects the urothelial surface against bacterial infection. In this context, the administration of urease inhibitors may be an effective therapy for urease-dependent pathogenic bacteria. This is a review of the role of ureases in H pylori and Proteus species infections, focussing on the biochemical and clinical aspects of the most promising and/or potent urease inhibitors for the treatment of gastric and urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Follmer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil.
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Coupled amino acid deamidase-transport systems essential for Helicobacter pylori colonization. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2782-92. [PMID: 20368342 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00149-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their classical roles as carbon or nitrogen sources, amino acids can be used for bacterial virulence, colonization, or stress resistance. We found that original deamidase-transport systems impact colonization by Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen associated with gastric pathologies, including adenocarcinoma. We demonstrated that l-asparaginase (Hp-AnsB) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (Hp-gammaGT) are highly active periplasmic deamidases in H. pylori, producing ammonia and aspartate or glutamate from asparagine and glutamine, respectively. Hp-GltS was identified as a sole and specialized transporter for glutamate, while aspartate was exclusively imported by Hp-DcuA. Uptake of Gln and Asn strictly relies on indirect pathways following prior periplasmic deamidation into Glu and Asp. Hence, in H. pylori, the coupled action of periplasmic deamidases with their respective transporters enables the acquisition of Glu and Asp from Gln and Asn, respectively. These systems were active at neutral rather than acidic pH, suggesting their function near the host epithelial cells. We showed that Hp-DcuA, the fourth component of these novel deamidase-transport systems, was as crucial as Hp-gammaGT, Hp-AnsB, and Hp-GltS for animal model colonization. In conclusion, the pH-regulated coupled amino acid deamidase-uptake system represents an original optimized system that is essential for in vivo colonization of the stomach environment by H. pylori. We propose a model in which these two nonredundant systems participate in H. pylori virulence by depleting gastric or immune cells from protective amino acids such as Gln and producing toxic ammonia close to the host cells.
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Role of Helicobacter Pylori in Pathogenesis of Upper Respiratory System Diseases. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:1224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sachs G, Kraut JA, Wen Y, Feng J, Scott DR. Urea transport in bacteria: acid acclimation by gastric Helicobacter spp. J Membr Biol 2007; 212:71-82. [PMID: 17264989 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-006-0867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urea transporters in bacteria are relatively rare. There are three classes, the ABC transporters such as those expressed by cyanobacteria and Corynebacterium glutamicum, the Yut protein expressed by Yersinia spp and the UreI expressed by gastric Helicobacter spp. This review focuses largely on the UreI proton-gated channel that is part of the acid acclimation mechanism essential for gastric colonization by the latter. UreI is a six-transmembrane polytopic integral membrane protein, N and C termini periplasmic, and is expressed in all gastric Helicobacter spp that have been studied but also in Helicobacter hepaticus and Streptococcus salivarius. The first two are proton-gated, the latter is pH insensitive. Site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric constructs have identified histidines and dicarboxylic amino acids in the second periplasmic loop of H. pylori and the first loop of H. hepaticus UreI and the C terminus of both as involved in a hydrogen-bonding dependence of proton gating, with the membrane domain in these but not in the UreI of S. salivarius responding to the periplasmic conformational changes. UreI and urease are essential for gastric colonization and urease associates with UreI during acid exposure, facilitating activation of the UreA and UreB apoenzyme complex by Ni2+ insertion by the UreF-UreH and UreE-UreG assembly proteins. Transcriptome analysis of acid responses of H. pylori also identified a cytoplasmic and periplasmic carbonic anhydrase as responding specifically to changes in periplasmic pH and these have been shown to be essential also for acid acclimation. The finding also of upregulation of the two-component histidine kinase HP0165 and its response element HP0166, illustrates the complexity of the acid acclimation processes involved in gastric colonization by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sachs
- Department of Physiology, Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Wen Y, Feng J, Scott DR, Marcus EA, Sachs G. The HP0165-HP0166 two-component system (ArsRS) regulates acid-induced expression of HP1186 alpha-carbonic anhydrase in Helicobacter pylori by activating the pH-dependent promoter. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2426-34. [PMID: 17220228 PMCID: PMC1899393 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01492-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The periplasmic alpha-carbonic anhydrase of Helicobacter pylori is essential for buffering the periplasm at acidic pH. This enzyme is an integral component of the acid acclimation response that allows this neutralophile to colonize the stomach. Transcription of the HP1186 alpha-carbonic anhydrase gene is upregulated in response to low environmental pH. A binding site for the HP0166 response regulator (ArsR) has been identified in the promoter region of the HP1186 gene. To investigate the mechanism that regulates the expression of HP1186 in response to low pH and the role of the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system (ArsRS) in this acid-inducible regulation, Northern blot analysis was performed with RNAs isolated from two different wild-type H. pylori strains (26695 and 43504) and mutants with HP0165 histidine kinase (ArsS) deletions, after exposure to either neutral pH or low pH (pH 4.5). ArsS-dependent upregulation of HP1186 alpha-carbonic anhydrase in response to low pH was found in both strains. Western blot analysis of H. pylori membrane proteins confirmed the regulatory role of ArsS in HP1186 expression in response to low pH. Analysis of the HP1186 promoter region revealed two possible transcription start points (TSP1 and TSP2) located 43 and 11 bp 5' of the ATG start codon, respectively, suggesting that there are two promoters transcribing the HP1186 gene. Quantitative primer extension analysis showed that the promoter from TSP1 (43 bp 5' of the ATG start codon) is a pH-dependent promoter and is regulated by ArsRS in combating environmental acidity, whereas the promoter from TSP2 may be responsible for control of the basal transcription of HP1186 alpha-carbonic anhydrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- The Membrane Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
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Sgouros SN, Bergele C. Clinical outcome of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: the bug, the host, or the environment? Postgrad Med J 2006; 82:338-42. [PMID: 16679473 PMCID: PMC2563779 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.038273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that only a minority of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection develop severe inflammation leading to peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the virulence factors of the organism do not seem crucial in the progression of inflammation towards a more severe disease. It seems probable that other host derived and environmental factors are more significant in determining clinical outcome but additional studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Sgouros
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Aristoteli LP, O'Rourke JL, Danon S, Larsson H, Mellgard B, Mitchell H, Lee A. Urea, fluorofamide, and omeprazole treatments alter helicobacter colonization in the mouse gastric mucosa. Helicobacter 2006; 11:460-8. [PMID: 16961809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. Its urease enzyme allows survival in acid conditions and drives bacterial intracellular metabolism. We aimed to investigate the role of urease in determining the intragastric distribution of Helicobacter species in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The C57BL/6 mouse model of gastritis was used for infection with Helicobacter felis (CS1) or H. pylori (SS1). Urease-modulating compounds urea and/or fluorofamide (urease inhibitor) were administered to mice over 7 days. Concurrent gastric acid inhibition by omeprazole was also examined. Bacterial distribution in the antrum, body, antrum/body, and body/cardia transitional zones was graded "blindly" by histologic evaluation. Bacterial colony counts on corresponding tissue were also conducted. RESULTS Urease inhibition by fluorofamide decreased H. pylori survival in most gastric regions (p < .05); however, there were no marked changes to H. felis colonization after this treatment. There was a consistent trend for decreased antral colonization, and an increase in antrum/body transitional zone and body colonization with excess 5% or 6% (w/v) urea treatment. Significant reductions of both Helicobacter species were observed with the co-treatment of urea and fluorofamide (p < .05). Collateral treatment with omeprazole did not alter H. pylori colonization patterns caused by urea/fluorofamide. CONCLUSIONS Urease perturbations affect colonization patterns of Helicobacter species. Combined urea and fluorofamide treatment reduced the density of both Helicobacter species in our infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Panayiota Aristoteli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zhang L, Mulrooney SB, Leung AFK, Zeng Y, Ko BBC, Hausinger RP, Sun H. Inhibition of urease by bismuth(III): Implications for the mechanism of action of bismuth drugs. Biometals 2006; 19:503-11. [PMID: 16937256 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-005-5449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth compounds are widely used for the treatment of peptic ulcers and Helicobacter pylori infections. It has been suggested that enzyme inhibition plays an important role in the antibacterial activity of bismuth towards this bacterium. Urease, an enzyme that converts urea into ammonia and carbonic acid, is crucial for colonization of the acidic environment of the stomach by H. pylori. Here, we show that three bismuth complexes exhibit distinct mechanisms of urease inhibition, with some differences dependent on the source of the enzyme. Bi(EDTA) and Bi(Cys)(3) are competitive inhibitors of jack bean urease with K(i) values of 1.74 +/- 0.14 and 1.84 +/- 0.15 mM, while the anti-ulcer drug, ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) is a non-competitive inhibitor with a K (i) value of 1.17 +/- 0.09 mM. A (13)C NMR study showed that Bi(Cys)(3) reacts with jack bean urease during a 30 min incubation, releasing free cysteines from the metal complex. Upon incubation with Bi(EDTA) and RBC, the number of accessible cysteine residues in the homohexameric plant enzyme decreased by 5.80 +/- 0.17 and 11.94 +/- 0.13, respectively, after 3 h of reaction with dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Kinetic analysis showed that Bi(EDTA) is both a competitive inhibitor and a time-dependent inactivator of the recombinant Klebsiella aerogenes urease. The active C319A mutant of the bacterial enzyme displays a significantly reduced sensitivity toward inactivation by Bi(EDTA) compared with the wild-type enzyme, consistent with binding of Bi(3+) to the active site cysteine (Cys(319)) as the mechanism of enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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41
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Stähler FN, Odenbreit S, Haas R, Wilrich J, Van Vliet AHM, Kusters JG, Kist M, Bereswill S. The novel Helicobacter pylori CznABC metal efflux pump is required for cadmium, zinc, and nickel resistance, urease modulation, and gastric colonization. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3845-52. [PMID: 16790756 PMCID: PMC1489693 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02025-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining metal homeostasis is crucial for the adaptation of Helicobacter pylori to the gastric environment. Iron, copper, and nickel homeostasis has recently been demonstrated to be required for the establishment of H. pylori infection in animal models. Here we demonstrate that the HP0969-0971 gene cluster encoding the Czc-type metal export pump homologs HP0969, HP0970, and the H. pylori-specific protein HP0971 forms part of a novel H. pylori metal resistance determinant, which is required for gastric colonization and for the modulation of urease activity. Insertional mutagenesis of the HP0971, HP0970, or HP0969 genes in H. pylori reference strain 26695 resulted in increased sensitivity to cadmium, zinc, and nickel (czn), suggesting that the encoded proteins constitute a metal-specific export pump. Accordingly, the genes were designated cznC (HP0971), cznB (HP0970), and cznA (HP0969). The CznC and CznA proteins play a predominant role in nickel homeostasis, since only the cznC and cznA mutants but not the cznB mutant displayed an 8- to 10-fold increase in urease activity. Nickel-specific affinity chromatography demonstrated that recombinant versions of CznC and CznB can bind to nickel and that the purified CznB protein interacted with cadmium and zinc, since both metals competitively inhibited nickel binding. Finally, single cznA, cznB, and cznC mutants did not colonize the stomach in a Mongolian gerbil-based animal model. This demonstrates that the metal export functions of H. pylori cznABC are essential for gastric colonization and underlines the extraordinary importance of metal ion homeostasis for the survival of H. pylori in the gastric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Nils Stähler
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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42
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Bury-Moné S, Kaakoush NO, Asencio C, Mégraud F, Thibonnier M, De Reuse H, Mendz GL. Is Helicobacter pylori a true microaerophile? Helicobacter 2006; 11:296-303. [PMID: 16882333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no general consensus about the specific oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is considered a microaerophile and consequently, it is grown under atmospheres at oxygen tensions 5-19% and carbon dioxide tensions 5-10%, both for clinical and basic and applied research purposes. The current study compared the growth of H. pylori in vitro, under various gas atmospheres, and determined some specific changes in the physiology of bacteria grown under different oxygen partial pressures. METHODS Measurements of bacterial growth under various conditions were carried out employing classical solid and liquid culture techniques. Enzymatic activities were measured using spectrophotometric assays. RESULTS H. pylori and all the other Helicobacter spp. tested had an absolute requirement for elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in the growth atmosphere. In contrast with other Helicobacter spp., H. pylori can tolerate elevated oxygen tensions when grown at high bacterial concentrations. Under 5% CO(2), the bacterium showed similar growth in liquid cultures under oxygen tensions from microaerobic (< 5%) to fully aerobic (21%) at cell densities higher than 5 x 10(5) cfu/ml for media supplemented with horse serum and 5 x 10(7) cfu/ml for media supplemented with beta-cyclodextrin. Evidence that changes occurred in the physiology of H. pylori was obtained by comparing the activities of ferredoxin:NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidoreductases of bacteria grown under microaerobic and aerobic atmospheres. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori is a capnophile able to grow equally well in vitro under microaerobic or aerobic conditions at high bacterial concentrations, and behaved like oxygen-sensitive microaerophiles at low cell densities. Some characteristics of H. pylori cells grown in vitro under microaerobic conditions appeared to mimic better the physiology of organisms grown in their natural niche in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bury-Moné
- Unité de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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43
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Wen Y, Feng J, Scott DR, Marcus EA, Sachs G. Involvement of the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system in expression of some acidic-pH-upregulated genes of Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1750-61. [PMID: 16484186 PMCID: PMC1426556 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.5.1750-1761.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
About 200 genes of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori increase expression at medium pHs of 6.2, 5.5, and 4.5, an increase that is abolished or much reduced by the buffering action of urease. Genes up-regulated by a low pH include the two-component system HP0165-HP0166, suggesting a role in the regulation of some of the pH-sensitive genes. To identify targets of HP0165-HP0166, the promoter regions of genes up-regulated by a low pH were grouped based on sequence similarity. Probes for promoter sequences representing each group were subjected to electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with recombinant HP0166-His(6) or a mutated response regulator, HP0166-D52N-His(6), that can specifically determine the role of phosphorylation of HP0166 in binding (including a control EMSA with in-vitro-phosphorylated HP0166-His(6)). Nineteen of 45 promoter-regulatory regions were found to interact with HP0166-His(6). Seven promoters for genes encoding alpha-carbonic anhydrase, omp11, fecD, lpp20, hypA, and two with unknown function (pHP1397-1396 and pHP0654-0675) were clustered in gene group A, which may respond to changes in the periplasmic pH at a constant cytoplasmic pH and showed phosphorylation-dependent binding in EMSA with HP0166-D52N-His(6). Twelve promoters were clustered in groups B and C whose up-regulation likely also depends on a reduction of the cytoplasmic pH at a medium pH of 5.5 or 4.5. Most of the target promoters in groups B and C showed phosphorylation-dependent binding with HP0166-D52N-His(6), but promoters for ompR (pHP0166-0162), pHP0682-0681, and pHP1288-1289 showed phosphorylation-independent binding. These findings, combined with DNase I footprinting, suggest that HP0165-0166 is an acid-responsive signaling system affecting the expression of pH-sensitive genes. Regulation of these genes responds either to a decrease in the periplasmic pH alone (HP0165 dependent) or also to a decrease in the cytoplasmic pH (HP0165 independent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Croxen MA, Sisson G, Melano R, Hoffman PS. The Helicobacter pylori chemotaxis receptor TlpB (HP0103) is required for pH taxis and for colonization of the gastric mucosa. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2656-65. [PMID: 16547053 PMCID: PMC1428400 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2656-2665.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The location of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of mammals is defined by natural pH gradients within the gastric mucus, which are more alkaline proximal to the mucosal epithelial cells and more acidic toward the lumen. We have used a microscope slide-based pH gradient assay and video data collection system to document pH-tactic behavior. In response to hydrochloric acid (HCl), H. pylori changes its swimming pattern from straight-line random swimming to arcing or circular patterns that move the motile population away from the strong acid. Bacteria in more-alkaline regions did not swim toward the acid, suggesting the pH taxis is a form of negative chemotaxis. To identify the chemoreceptor(s) responsible for the transduction of pH-tactic signals, a vector-free allelic replacement strategy was used to construct mutations in each of the four annotated chemoreceptor genes (tlpA, tlpB, tlpC, and tlpD) in H. pylori strain SS1 and a motile variant of strain KE26695. All deletion mutants were motile and displayed normal chemotaxis in brucella soft agar, but only tlpB mutants were defective for pH taxis. tlpD mutants exhibited more tumbling and arcing swimming, while tlpC mutants were hypermotile and responsive to acid. While tlpA, tlpC, and tlpD mutants colonized mice to near wild-type levels, tlpB mutants were defective for colonization of highly permissive C57BL/6 interleukin-12 (IL-12) (p40-/-)-deficient mice. Complementation of the tlpB mutant (tlpB expressed from the rdxA locus) restored pH taxis and infectivity for mice. pH taxis, like motility and urease activity, is essential for colonization and persistence in the gastric mucosa, and thus TlpB function might represent a novel target in the development of therapeutics that blind tactic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Croxen
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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45
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Pflock M, Kennard S, Delany I, Scarlato V, Beier D. Acid-induced activation of the urease promoters is mediated directly by the ArsRS two-component system of Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6437-45. [PMID: 16177315 PMCID: PMC1230922 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6437-6445.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nickel-containing enzyme urease is an essential colonization factor of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori which enables the bacteria to survive the low-pH conditions of the stomach. Transcription of the urease genes is positively controlled in response to increasing concentrations of nickel ions and acidic pH. Here we demonstrate that acid-induced transcription of the urease genes is mediated directly by the ArsRS two-component system. Footprint analyses identify binding sites of the phosphorylated ArsR response regulator within the ureA and ureI promoters. Furthermore, deletion of a distal upstream ArsR binding site of the ureA promoter demonstrates its role in acid-dependent activation of the promoter. In addition, acid-induced transcription of the ureA gene is unaltered in a nikR mutant, providing evidence that pH-responsive regulation and nickel-responsive regulation of the ureA promoter are mediated by independent mechanisms involving the ArsR response regulator and the NikR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pflock
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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46
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Kopácová M, Bures J, Vorísek V, Konstacký M, Rejchrt S, Zivný P, Douda T, Palicka V. Comparison of different protocols for 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in healthy volunteers. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2005; 65:491-8. [PMID: 16179282 DOI: 10.1080/00365510500209199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) is the most accurate non-invasive method for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, several methodological issues have not been resolved yet. The aim of this study was to test different protocols of (13)C-UBT to find the optimal test drink and sampling interval. MATERIAL AND METHODS (13)C-UBT was performed at 3-day intervals in 27 healthy volunteers using citric acid (test A), orange juice (B) and still water (C) as test drinks. Breath samples were collected from time 5 to 60 min. A total number of 2106 breath samples were analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (cut-off value 3.5). RESULTS Differences in delta values were greater than would be expected by chance (A versus B and A versus C at times 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 min, p<0.05, Dunnett's method). There were no grey zone- or false-negative results among H. pylori-positive persons in test A at any time, but some were found in tests B and C. Optimal intervals for breath sampling are at times 20 or 25 min after (13)C-urea ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Citric acid solution as a test drink and 20- or 25-min breath sampling intervals are optimal for the (13)C-UBT in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kopácová
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Maroncle N, Rich C, Forestier C. The role of Klebsiella pneumoniae urease in intestinal colonization and resistance to gastrointestinal stress. Res Microbiol 2005; 157:184-93. [PMID: 16139482 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first step in nosocomial infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae is colonization of the patient's gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In a previous work, signature-tagged mutagenesis was used in a murine model to identify 13 genes required for efficient colonization, two of which were involved in urea metabolism. The role of urease was further investigated by the construction and analysis of an isogenic urease-deficient mutant. The behavior of both the wild-type strain and the urease-deficient mutant was tested under hostile conditions, reproducing stresses encountered in the GI environment. The wild-type strain had an acid tolerance response (ATR) to inorganic acid, was resistant to organic acids (38.5% survival) and was able to survive concentrations of bile encountered in vivo. The absence of urease did not affect the resistance of K. pneumoniae to acid and bile stresses, but the enhanced adhesion response to Int-407 cells after exposure to bile observed with the wild-type strain was no longer detected with the urease mutant. When tested in the murine intestinal colonization model, both strains were mainly recovered in the large intestine parts, and the mutant was impaired in its colonization capacities, but only when tested in competition with the wild-type strain. These findings emphasize the prominent role played by metabolic function in the colonization process of such a complex ecosystem as the host GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Maroncle
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université d'Auvergne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 28 place H. Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Levine A, Shevah O, Shabat-Sehayek V, Aeed H, Boaz M, Moss SF, Niv Y, Avni Y, Shirin H. Masking of 13C urea breath test by proton pump inhibitors is dependent on type of medication: comparison between omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole and esomeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20:117-22. [PMID: 15225178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need to withhold acid suppression therapy while awaiting urea breath test results is a common clinical problem in symptomatic patients. It is unclear at present if the dose or type of proton pump inhibitor or the type of test meal govern the apparent masking effect of proton pump inhibitors on the urea breath test. AIM To prospectively evaluate Helicobacter pylori detection rates during treatment with four different proton pump inhibitors, utilizing a high-dose citric acid-based 13C urea breath test. METHODS Patients positive for Helicobacter pylori by urea breath test were randomized to receive either omeprazole 20 mg/day, pantoprazole 40 mg/day, lansoprazole 30 mg/day or esomeprazole 40 mg/day for 14 days. A repeat breath test was performed on day 14 of treatment. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-nine patients, mean age 45.8 +/- 16.8, completed the study. Treatment with omeprazole or pantoprazole prior to urea breath test (UBT) was associated with low false negative results, while lansoprazole and esomeprazole caused clinically unacceptable high false negative rates (pantoprazole 2.2% vs. lansoprazole 16.6%, P = 0.02, vs. esomeprazole 13.6%, P = 0.05; omeprazole 4.1% vs. lansoprazole 16.6%, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Proton pump inhibitor-induced false negative results on high-dose citric acid based urea breath test vary with the type of proton pump inhibitor used. Selection of the appropriate test meal and proton pump inhibitor may allow symptomatic individuals to continue their proton pump inhibitors prior to performing a urea breath test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levine
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Levine A, Shevah O, Miloh T, Wine E, Niv Y, Bujanover Y, Avni Y, Shirin H. Validation of a novel real time 13C urea breath test for rapid evaluation of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2004; 145:112-4. [PMID: 15238917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We prospectively evaluated a (13)C urea breath test (UBT) that involves passive continuous sampling for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in 72 children. Results were obtained within 10 minutes in 96% of patients. The test is rapid, user-friendly, and has 100% concordance with conventional diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Levine
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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50
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Pflock M, Dietz P, Schär J, Beier D. Genetic evidence for histidine kinase HP165 being an acid sensor ofHelicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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