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Zhang T, Zhou Z, Zhao F, Sang Z, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Identification of Novel Diarylpyrimidines as Potent HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors by Exploring the Primer Grip Region. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111438. [PMID: 36422568 PMCID: PMC9697031 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle, and RT inhibitors can represent a promising pathway in treating AIDS. To explore the primer grip region of HIV-1 RT, using -CH2O- as a linker, substituted benzene or pyridine rings were introduced into the left wing of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs). A total of 17 compounds with new structures were synthesized. It showed that all compounds exhibited anti-HIV-1 (wild-type) activity values ranging from 7.6−199.0 nM. Among them, TF2 (EC50 = 7.6 nM) showed the most potent activity, which was better than that of NVP (EC50 = 122.6 nM). Notably, compared with RPV (CC50 = 3.98 μM), TF2 (CC50 > 279,329.6 nM) showed low cytotoxicity. For HIV-1 mutant strains K103N and E138K, most compounds showed effective activities. Especially for K103N, TF2 (EC50 = 28.1 nM), TF12 (EC50 = 34.7 nM) and TF13 (EC50 = 28.0 nM) exhibited outstanding activity, being superior to that of NVP (EC50 = 7495.1 nM) and EFV (EC50 = 95.1 nM). Additionally, TF2 also showed the most potent activity against E138K (EC50 = 44.0 nM) and Y181C mutant strains (EC50 = 139.3 nM). In addition, all the compounds showed strong enzyme inhibition (IC50 = 0.036−0.483 μM), which demonstrated that their target was HIV-1 RT. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation studies were implemented to predict the binding mode of TF2 in the binding pocket of wild-type and K103N HIV-1 RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zihao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Peng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (P.Z.); (X.L.)
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Feng D, Zuo X, Jing L, Chen CH, Olotu FA, Lin H, Soliman M, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Lee KH, Kang D, Liu X, Zhan P. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of "dual-site"-binding diarylpyrimidines targeting both NNIBP and the NNRTI adjacent site of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113063. [PMID: 33340914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by our previous efforts to improve the drug-resistance profiles of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), a novel series of "dual-site" binding diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives targeting both the NNRTI adjacent site and NNRTIs binding pocket (NNIBP) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-HIV potency in TZM-bl and MT-4 cells. Eight compounds exhibited moderate to excellent potencies in inhibiting wild-type (WT) HIV-1 replication with EC50 values ranging from 2.45 nM to 5.36 nM, and 14c (EC50 = 2.45 nM) proved to be the most promising inhibitor. Of note, 14c exhibited potent activity against the single mutant strain E138K (EC50 = 10.6 nM), being comparable with ETR (EC50 = 9.80 nM) and 3.5-fold more potent than that of compound 7 (EC50 = 37.3 nM). Moreover, 14c acted as a classical NNRTI with high affinity for WT HIV-1 RT (IC50 = 0.0589 μM). The detailed structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the representative compounds were also determined, and further supported by molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, we envision that the "dual-site"-binding NNRTIs have significant prospects and pave the way for the next round of rational design of potent anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Zuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lanlan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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3
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Kang D, Feng D, Sun Y, Fang Z, Wei F, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Liu X, Zhan P. Structure-Based Bioisosterism Yields HIV-1 NNRTIs with Improved Drug-Resistance Profiles and Favorable Pharmacokinetic Properties. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4837-4848. [PMID: 32293182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- China−Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zengjun Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, 250033 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fenju Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- China−Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- China−Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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4
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Zhao T, Meng Q, Kang D, Ji J, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Liu X, Zhan P. Discovery of novel indolylarylsulfones as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs via structure-guided scaffold morphing. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111619. [PMID: 31434039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For more in-depth exploration of the chemical space around the entrance channel of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), a series of novel indolylarylsulfones (IASs) bearing different chiral N-substituted pyrrolidine, azetidine or substituted sulfonamide groups at indole-2-carboxamide were designed and synthesized as potent HIV NNRTIs by structure-guided scaffold morphing approach. All the IASs exhibited moderate to excellent potency against wild-type HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.0043 μM to 4.42 μM. Notably, compound 27 (EC50 = 4.7 nM, SI = 5183) and 33 (EC50 = 4.3 nM, SI = 7083) were identified as the most potent compounds, which were more active than nevirapine, lamivudine and efavirenz, and also reached the same order of etravirine. Furthermore, some compounds maintained excellent activity against various single HIV-1 mutants (L100I, K103 N, E138K, Y181C) as well as one double mutant (F227L/V106A) with EC50 values in low-micromolar concentration ranges. Notably, 34 displayed outstanding potency against F227L/V106A (EC50 = 0.094 μM), and also showed exceptional activity against E138K (EC50 = 0.014 μM), L100I (EC50 = 0.011 μM) and K103 N (EC50 = 0.025 μM). Additionally, most compounds showed markedly reduced cytotoxicity (CC50) compared to lead compounds, especially 36 (CC50 > 234.91 μM, SI > 18727) and 37 (CC50 > 252.49 μM, SI > 15152). Preliminary SARs and molecular modeling studies were also discussed in detail, which may provide valuable insights for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
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5
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Kang D, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhao T, Ginex T, Luque FJ, Yang Y, Wu G, Feng D, Wei F, Zhang J, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Chen CH, Lee KH, Murugan NA, Steitz TA, Zhan P, Liu X. Identification of Dihydrofuro[3,4- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Promising Antiviral Activities and Desirable Physicochemical Properties. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1484-1501. [PMID: 30624934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To address drug resistance to HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), a series of novel diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives targeting "tolerant region I" and "tolerant region II" of the NNRTIs binding pocket (NNIBP) were designed utilizing a structure-guided scaffold-hopping strategy. The dihydrofuro[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives 13c2 and 13c4 proved to be exceptionally potent against a wide range of HIV-1 strains carrying single NNRTI-resistant mutations (EC50 = 0.9-8.4 nM), which were remarkably superior to that of etravirine (ETV). Meanwhile, both compounds exhibited comparable activities with ETV toward the virus with double mutations F227L+V106A and K103N+Y181C. Furthermore, the most active compound 13c2 showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties with an oral bioavailability of 30.96% and a half-life of 11.1 h, which suggested that 13c2 is worth further investigation as a novel NNRTI to circumvent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) , University of Barcelona , 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB) , University of Barcelona , 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8114 , United States
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Fenju Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Chin Ho Chen
- Surgical Oncology Research Facility , Duke University Medical Center , Box 2926, Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center , China Medical University and Hospital , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Center , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8114 , United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
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Zhou Z, Liu T, Wu G, Kang D, Fu Z, Wang Z, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Targeting the hydrophobic channel of NNIBP: discovery of novel 1,2,3-triazole-derived diarylpyrimidines as novel HIV-1 NNRTIs with high potency against wild-type and K103N mutant virus. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3202-3217. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,2,3-triazole-derived diarylpyrimidines were discovered as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- K.U. Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
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7
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Lai MT, Tawa P, Auger A, Wang D, Su HP, Yan Y, Hazuda DJ, Miller MD, Asante-Appiah E, Melnyk RA. Identification of novel bifunctional HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:109-117. [PMID: 29029095 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The increasing prevalence of mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) that confer resistance to existing NRTIs and NNRTIs underscores the need to develop RT inhibitors with novel mode-of-inhibition and distinct resistance profiles. Methods Biochemical assays were employed to identify inhibitors of RT activity and characterize their mode of inhibition. The antiviral activity of the inhibitors was assessed by cell-based assays using laboratory HIV-1 isolates and MT4 cells. RT variants were purified via avidin affinity columns. Results Compound A displayed equal or greater potency against many common NNRTI-resistant RTs (K103N and Y181C RTs) relative to WT RT. Despite possessing certain NNRTI-like properties, such as being unable to inhibit an engineered variant of RT lacking an NNRTI-binding pocket, we found that compound A was dependent on Mg2+ for binding to RT. Optimization of compound A led to more potent analogues, which retained similar activities against WT and K103N mutant viruses with submicromolar potency in a cell-based assay. One of the analogues, compound G, was crystallized in complex with RT and the structure was determined at 2.6 Å resolution. The structure indicated that compound G simultaneously interacts with the active site (Asp186), the highly conserved primer grip region (Leu234 and Trp229) and the NNRTI-binding pocket (Tyr188). Conclusions These findings reveal a novel class of RT bifunctional inhibitors that are not sensitive to the most common RT mutations, which can be further developed to address the deficiency of current RT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tain Lai
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul Tawa
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Anick Auger
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Deping Wang
- Department of Modeling, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Department of Structure Determination, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Youwei Yan
- Department of Structure Determination, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael D Miller
- Department of Antiviral Research, MRL, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire - Dorval H9R 4P8, Canada
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8
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Discovery of novel piperidine-substituted indolylarylsulfones as potent HIV NNRTIs via structure-guided scaffold morphing and fragment rearrangement. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:190-201. [PMID: 27750153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To further explore the chemical space around the entrance channel of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), a series of novel indolylarylsulfones (IASs) bearing N-substituted piperidine at indole-2-carboxamide were identified as potent HIV NNRTIs by structure-guided scaffold morphing and fragment rearrangement. All the IASs exhibited moderate to excellent potency against wild-type HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.62 μM to 0.006 μM 8 (EC50 = 6 nM) and 18 (EC50 = 9 nM) were identified as the most potent compounds, which were more active than NVP and DLV, and reached the same order of EFV and ETV. Furthermore, most compounds maintained high activity agaist various single HIV-1 mutants (L100I, K103N, E138K, Y181C) as well as one double mutant (F227L/V106A) with EC50 values in low-micromolar to double-digit nanomolar concentration ranges. Especially, 8 displayed outstanding potency against L100I (EC50 = 17 nM with a 2.8-fold resistance ratio) and 18 was relatively more potent to E138K mutant (EC50 = 43 nM with a 4.7-fold resistance ratio). Preliminary SARs and molecular modeling studies were also discussed in detail, which may provide valuable insights for further optimization.
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Kang D, Fang Z, Li Z, Huang B, Zhang H, Lu X, Xu H, Zhou Z, Ding X, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Significantly Improved Drug Resistance Profiles. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7991-8007. [PMID: 27541578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with a piperidine-substituted thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffold, employing a strategy of structure-based molecular hybridization and substituent decorating. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited broad-spectrum activity with low (single-digit) nanomolar EC50 values toward a panel of wild-type (WT), single-mutant, and double-mutant HIV-1 strains. Compound 27 was the most potent; compared with ETV, its antiviral efficacy was 3-fold greater against WT, 5-7-fold greater against Y181C, Y188L, E138K, and F227L+V106A, and nearly equipotent against L100I and K103N, though somewhat weaker against K103N+Y181C. Importantly, 27 has lower cytotoxicity (CC50 > 227 μM) and a huge selectivity index (SI) value (ratio of CC50/EC50) of >159101. 27 also showed favorable, drug-like pharmacokinetic and safety properties in rats in vivo. Molecular docking studies and the structure-activity relationships provide important clues for further molecular elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zengjun Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China.,The Second Hospital, Shandong University , No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xueyi Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
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Nkeze J, Li L, Benko Z, Li G, Zhao RY. Molecular characterization of HIV-1 genome in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:47. [PMID: 26309721 PMCID: PMC4549081 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome (~9 kb RNA) is flanked by two long terminal repeats (LTR) promoter regions with nine open reading frames, which encode Gag, Pol and Env polyproteins, four accessory proteins (Vpu, Vif, Vpr, Nef) and two regulatory proteins (Rev, Tat). In this study, we carried out a genome-wide and functional analysis of the HIV-1 genome in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Results Each one of the HIV-1 genes was cloned and expressed individually in fission yeast. Subcellular localization of each viral protein was first examined. The effect of protein expression on cellular proliferation and colony formations, an indication of cytotoxicity, were observed. Overall, there is a general correlation of subcellular localization of each viral protein between fission yeast and mammalian cells. Three viral proteins, viral protein R (Vpr), protease (PR) and regulator of expression of viral protein (Rev), were found to inhibit cellular proliferation. Rev was chosen for further analysis in fission yeast and mammalian cells. Consistent with the observation in fission yeast, expression of HIV-1 rev gene also caused growth retardation in mammalian cells. However, the observed growth delay was neither due to the cytotoxic effect nor due to alterations in cell cycling. Mechanistic testing of the Rev effect suggests it triggers transient induction of cellular oxidative stress. Conclusions Some of the behavioral and functional similarities of Rev between fission yeast and mammalian cells suggest fission yeast might be a useful model system for further studies of molecular functions of Rev and other HIV-1 viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nkeze
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA.,AIDS Research Department, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Zsigmond Benko
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA.,Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ge Li
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA
| | - Richard Y Zhao
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192 USA
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Piao D, Basavapathruni A, Iyidogan P, Dai G, Hinz W, Ray AS, Murakami E, Feng JY, You F, Dutschman GE, Austin DJ, Parker KA, Anderson KS. Bifunctional inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: a first step in designing a bifunctional triphosphate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1511-8. [PMID: 23380374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The onset of resistance to approved anti-AIDS drugs by HIV necessitates the search for novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Developing single molecular agents concurrently occupying the nucleoside and nonnucleoside binding sites in RT is an intriguing idea but the proof of concept has so far been elusive. As a first step, we describe molecular modeling to guide focused chemical syntheses of conjugates having nucleoside (d4T) and nonnucleoside (TIBO) moieties tethered by a flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. A triphosphate of d4T-6PEG-TIBO conjugate was successfully synthesized that is recognized as a substrate by HIV-1 RT and incorporated into a double-stranded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Piao
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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12
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Vo TS, Kim SK. Potential anti-HIV agents from marine resources: an overview. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2871-92. [PMID: 21339954 PMCID: PMC3039460 DOI: 10.3390/md8122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is a global public health issue. Anti-HIV therapy involving chemical drugs has improved the life quality of HIV/AIDS patients. However, emergence of HIV drug resistance, side effects and the necessity for long-term anti-HIV treatment are the main reasons for failure of anti-HIV therapy. Therefore, it is essential to isolate novel anti-HIV therapeutics from natural resources. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding marine-derived anti-HIV agents such as phlorotannins, sulfated chitooligosaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, lectins and bioactive peptides. This contribution presents an overview of anti-HIV therapeutics derived from marine resources and their potential application in HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Sang Vo
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Kertesz DJ, Brotherton-Pleiss C, Yang M, Wang Z, Lin X, Qiu Z, Hirschfeld DR, Gleason S, Mirzadegan T, Dunten PW, Harris SF, Villaseñor AG, Hang JQ, Heilek GM, Klumpp K. Discovery of piperidin-4-yl-aminopyrimidines as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. N-benzyl derivatives with broad potency against resistant mutant viruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4215-8. [PMID: 20538456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the binding motifs of known HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has led to discovery of novel piperidine-linked aminopyrimidine derivatives with broad activity against wild-type as well as drug-resistant mutant viruses. Notably, the series retains potency against the K103N/Y181C and Y188L mutants, among others. Thus, the N-benzyl compound 5k has a particularly attractive profile. Synthesis and SAR are presented and discussed, as well as crystal structures relating to the binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Kertesz
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has existed for >25 years. Extensive work globally has provided avenues to combat viral infection, but the disease continues to rage on in the human population and infected approximately 4 million people in 2006 alone. In this review, we provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, followed by analysis of one therapeutic target of HIV-1: its reverse transcriptase (RT). We discuss the biochemical characterization of RT in order to place emphasis on possible avenues of inhibition, which now includes both nucleoside and non-nucleoside modalities. Therapies against RT remain a cornerstone of anti-HIV treatment, but the virus eventually resists inhibition through the selection of drug-resistant RT mutations. Current inhibitors and associated resistance are discussed, with the hopes that new therapeutics can be developed against RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Basavapathruni
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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15
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Grobler JA, Dornadula G, Rice MR, Simcoe AL, Hazuda DJ, Miller MD. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase plus-strand initiation exhibits preferential sensitivity to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in vitro. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:8005-10. [PMID: 17172472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608274200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are highly specific and potent allosteric inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. NNRTIs inhibit reverse transcription in a substrate length-dependent manner in biochemical assays and in cell-based HIV-1 replication assays, suggesting a stochastic inhibitory mechanism. Surprisingly, we observed that NNRTIs potently inhibited plus-strand initiation in vitro under conditions in which little or no inhibition of minus-strand DNA synthesis was observed. In assays that recapitulated the initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis, greater inhibition was observed with an RNA PPT primer than with a DNA primer of corresponding sequence and with wild-type reverse transcriptase but not with NNRTI-resistant enzymes. Structural elements that dictate sensitivity to NNRTIs were revealed using modified plus-strand initiation substrates. The data presented here suggest that specific inhibition of plus-strand initiation may be an important mechanism by which NNRTIs block HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Grobler
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Ahn MJ, Yoon KD, Min SY, Lee JS, Kim JH, Kim TG, Kim SH, Kim NG, Huh H, Kim J. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease by phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia cava. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:544-7. [PMID: 15056863 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bioassay-directed isolation of a marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, afforded four phlorotannin derivatives, eckol (1), 8,8'-bieckol (2), 8,4"'-dieckol (3), and phlorofucofuroeckol A (4). Among these compounds, 2 and 3 exhibited an inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease. Specifically, they inhibited the RT more potently than the protease. The inhibitory activity of compound 2 (IC(50), 0.51 microM) against HIV-1 RT was comparable to that of nevirapine (IC(50), 0.28 microM), a reference compound. An enzyme kinetic assay showed that this compound inhibited the RNA-dependent DNA synthesis activity of HIV-1 RT noncompetitively against dUTP/dTTP with a K(i) value of 0.78 microM. With respect to the homopolymeric template/primer, (rA)n(dT)15, 8,8'-bieckol (2) displayed an uncompetitive type of inhibition (K(i), 0.23 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-752, Korea
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Basavapathruni A, Bailey CM, Anderson KS. Defining a molecular mechanism of synergy between nucleoside and nonnucleoside AIDS drugs. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:6221-4. [PMID: 14722107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300523200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies treating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection delay the emergence of drug-resistant virus and exhibit synergistic inhibition. This synergy is observed within the two classes of inhibitors that target the essential viral reverse transcriptase (RT): the chain-terminating nucleoside analogs (NRTIs) and the allosteric nonnucleosides (NNRTIs) that bind in a pocket distinct from the active site. A general mechanism to define the molecular basis for synergy between these two classes remains to be elucidated. Previous mechanistic studies from our laboratory (Spence, R. A., Kati, W. M., Anderson, K. S., and Johnson, K. A. (1995) Science 267, 988-993) have shown that the natural deoxynucleoside triphosphate and the NNRTI can simultaneously bind to their respective sites. This work also suggests communication between the two sites, since the inhibition of RT by NNRTIs is manifested through a remote effect on the chemical step. This interplay between the two sites offers a plausible hypothesis for understanding synergy in which binding of NNRTIs modulates the chain termination by NRTIs. The present study supports this hypothesis by illustrating that the clinically approved NNRTIs, nevirapine and efavirenz, inhibit the ATP-mediated removal of AZTMP, d4TMP, ddCMP, (-)3TCMP, (-)FTCMP, and (+)3TCMP, thereby prolonging the effectiveness of chain termination. This inhibition is mediated through an effect on both the rate of the chemical step and binding of ATP, resulting in an overall decrease in efficiency of removal. This work substantiates communication between the two binding pockets, the sustained use of combination therapy to treat HIV infection, and a molecular basis for understanding synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Basavapathruni
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, USA
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Corbett JW, Rodgers JD. Discovery of second generation quinazolinone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 40:63-105. [PMID: 12516523 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An intensive research effort to identify potent, viable drugs for the management of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) resulted in the development of SUSTIVA (efavirenz), the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) approved by the FDA as a preferred first-line therapy. The search for NNRTIs that possess a broader activity spectrum against mutant viral forms of human immunodeficiency syndrome type-I reverse transcriptase culminated in the discovery that trifluoromethyl-containing quinazolin-2(1H)-ones possess potent activity as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). This chapter reviews the discovery and structure activity relationships that resulted in the identification and subsequent preclinical and clinical development of four quinazolinone NNRTIs at the DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Corbett
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, P. O. Box 80500, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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Shaw-Reid CA, Munshi V, Graham P, Wolfe A, Witmer M, Danzeisen R, Olsen DB, Carroll SS, Embrey M, Wai JS, Miller MD, Cole JL, Hazuda DJ. Inhibition of HIV-1 ribonuclease H by a novel diketo acid, 4-[5-(benzoylamino)thien-2-yl]-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:2777-80. [PMID: 12480948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c200621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) coordinates DNA polymerization and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities using two discrete active sites embedded within a single heterodimeric polyprotein. We have identified a novel thiophene diketo acid, 4-[5-(benzoylamino)thien-2-yl]-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid, that selectively inhibits polymerase-independent RNase H cleavage (IC(50) = 3.2 microm) but has no effect on DNA polymerization (IC(50) > 50 microm). The activity profile of the diketo acid is shown to be distinct from previously described compounds, including the polymerase inhibitor foscarnet and the putative RNase H inhibitor 4-chlorophenylhydrazone. Both foscarnet and the hydrazone inhibit RNase H cleavage and DNA polymerization activities of RT, yet neither inhibits the RNase H activity of RT containing a mutation in the polymerase active site (D185N) or an isolated HIV-1 RNase H domain chimera containing the alpha-C helix from Escherichia coli RNase HI, suggesting these compounds affect RNase H indirectly. In contrast, the diketo acid inhibits the RNase H activity of the isolated RNase H domain as well as full-length RT, and inhibition is not affected by the polymerase active site mutation. In isothermal titration calorimetry studies using the isolated RNase H domain, binding of the diketo acid is independent of nucleic acid but strictly requires Mn(2+) implying a direct interaction between the inhibitor and the RNase H active site. These studies demonstrate that inhibition of HIV-1 RNase H may occur by either direct or indirect mechanisms, and they provide a framework for identifying novel agents such as 4-[5-(benzoylamino)thien- 2-yl]-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid that specifically targets RNase H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A Shaw-Reid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA.
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Min BS, Miyashiro H, Hattori M. Inhibitory effects of quinones on RNase H activity associated with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Phytother Res 2002; 16 Suppl 1:S57-62. [PMID: 11933141 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new drugs preventing the growth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we developed an in vitro assay method of ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity associated with reverse transcriptase (RT) from HIV-1. Some naphthoquinones, such as 1,4-naphthoquinone (1), vitamin K(3) (2), juglone (3) and plumbagin (6), moderately inhibited RNase H activity, and others, including naphthazarin (5) and shikonins (8-9, 18-23), showed weak inhibition. Diterpenoid quinones, tanshinones (24-28), had also moderate inhibition against RNase H activity. Of these quinones, compound 1 showed the most potent inhibition on RNase H activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 9.5 microM, together with moderate inhibition against RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP and DDDP) activities with IC(50) values of 69 and 36 microM, respectively. Compounds 3 and 5 showed significant inhibition against RDDP (IC(50) = 8 and 10 microM, respectively) and DDDP (IC(50) = 5 and 7 microM, respectively) activities. The structure-activity relationship of the naphthoquinones suggested that non-hydroxylated naphthoquinones (1 and 2) showed significant inhibition of RNase H activity, whereas 5-hydroxylated naphthoquinones (3 and 5) showed potent inhibition against RDDP and DDDP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Min
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Maga G, Hübscher U, Pregnolato M, Ubiali D, Gosselin G, Spadari S. Potentiation of inhibition of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptases by combinations of nonnucleoside inhibitors and d- and L-(beta)-dideoxynucleoside triphosphate analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1192-200. [PMID: 11257034 PMCID: PMC90443 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.4.1192-1200.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are currently used in anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy in order to prevent or delay the emergence of resistant virus and to improve the efficacy against viral enzymes carrying resistance mutations. Drug-drug interactions can result in either positive (additive or synergistic inhibition) or adverse (antagonistic interaction, synergistic toxicity) effects. Elucidation of the nature of drug interaction would help to rationalize the choice of antiretroviral agents to be used in combination. In this study, different combinations of nucleoside and nonnucleoside inhibitors, including D- and L-(beta)-deoxy- and -dideoxynucleoside triphosphate analogues, have been tested in in vitro RT assays against either recombinant wild-type RT or RT bearing clinically relevant nonnucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations (L100I, K103N, Y181I), and the nature of the interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic) of these associations was evaluated. The results showed that (i) synergy of a combination was not always equally influenced by the individual agents utilized, (ii) a synergistic combination could improve the sensitivity profile of a drug-resistant mutant enzyme to the single agents utilized, (iii) L-(beta)-enantiomers of nucleoside RT inhibitors were synergistic when combined with nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and (iv) inter- and intracombination comparisons of the relative potencies of each drug could be used to highlight the different contributions of each drug to the observed synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica-CNR, Università degli Studi, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Cabodevilla JF, Odriozola L, Santiago E, Martínez-Irujo JJ. Factors affecting the dimerization of the p66 form of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:1163-72. [PMID: 11231267 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The association and dissociation of the homodimeric p66/p66 form of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were investigated. The effects on the dimerization process of different salt concentrations, pH and the presence of a template/primer and nucleotide substrates were monitored by measuring polymerase activity and analytical size-exclusion HPLC. At submicromolar concentrations of enzyme and physiological salt concentrations, most of the enzyme exists in the inactive monomeric form. Increasing NaCl concentration from 0.05 to 1 M decreased the equilibrium dissociation constant from 2.0 to 0.34 microM. Analysis of the kinetics of the dimerization process indicated it followed a two-step mechanism, with rapid initial association of the two subunits to form an inactive homodimer followed by a slow isomerization step rendering the active enzyme form. The presence of poly(rA)/dT(20) decreased the equilibrium dissociation constant of the homodimer about 30-fold, while the addition of 5 microM dTTP had no effect. The kinetics of the process showed that the template/primer favored dimerization by binding to the inactive homodimer and promoting its isomerization to the active form. These results were confirmed by analyzing the reverse reaction, i.e. the dissociation of the enzyme, by dilution in a low-ionic-strength buffer. The results suggest that binding of immature HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to its natural template/primer may be relevant in both the dimerization process and the selection of its natural primer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cabodevilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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23
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Corbett JW, Kresge KJ, Pan S, Cordova BC, Klabe RM, Rodgers JD, Erickson-Viitanen SK. Trifluoromethyl-containing 3-alkoxymethyl- and 3-aryloxymethyl-2-pyridinones are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:309-12. [PMID: 11212098 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Alkoxymethyl- and 3-aryloxymethyl-2-pyridinones were synthesized and evaluated for activity as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1. It was found that several compounds were potent inhibitors of HIV-1 with the most potent compound 24 exhibiting an IC90 = 32 nM. Compound 24 also possessed a potent resistance profile as demonstrated by submicromolar IC90s against several clinically meaningful mutant virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Corbett
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA.
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24
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Organization, Replication, Transposition, and Repair of DNA. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Hamill TG, Brenner NJ, Eng WS, Burns HD. The synthesis of several tritiated non-nucleoside, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199804)41:4<319::aid-jlcr84>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Demeter LM, Meehan PM, Morse G, Fischl MA, Para M, Powderly W, Leedom J, Holden-Wiltse J, Greisberger C, Wood K, Timpone J, Wathen LK, Nevin T, Resnick L, Batts DH, Reichman RC. Phase I study of atevirdine mesylate (U-87201E) monotherapy in HIV-1-infected patients. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 19:135-44. [PMID: 9768622 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199810010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of atevirdine (ATV), a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, were studied in a phase I/II clinical trial (ACTG 187) of patients with CD4 counts < or =500/mm3. In all, 34 HIV-1-infected patients were randomized to receive ATV for 12 weeks in doses chosen to achieve one of three serum trough levels: 5 to 13 microM, 14 to 22 microM, or 23 to 31 microM. Rash was the most common adverse event, with a grade 3 or 4 rash occurring in 4 patients. No significant change from baseline in HIV-1 plasma RNA mean copy number was detected at week 4 (+0.09 log10 copies/ml; p = .30). However, some evidence indicated moderate antiviral activity at week 4, based on median changes in CD4 count (+23/mm3; p = .05), and viral peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) titer (-0.68 log10) copies/ml; p = .03). In addition, 2 of 4 patients with detectable baseline serum p24 antigen showed declines of >50%. HIV-1 resistance to ATV was detected in 41% of patients and was most commonly associated with RT mutations K103N and Y181C. In contrast, the Y181C mutation was not detected in ATV-resistant isolates obtained from patients enrolled in ACTG 199, a study of ATV given in combination with zidovudine. Under the conditions of this study, ATV failed to demonstrate significant antiretroviral activity. However, transient in vivo activity might have been obscured by rapid development of resistance coupled with inadequate sampling at early time points following initiation of ATV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Demeter
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA
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27
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Carroll SS, Chen E, Viscount T, Geib J, Sardana MK, Gehman J, Kuo LC. Cleavage of oligoribonucleotides by the 2',5'-oligoadenylate- dependent ribonuclease L. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4988-92. [PMID: 8617774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase L, the 2',5' oligoadenylate-dependent ribonuclease, is one of the enzyme systems important in the cellular response to interferon. When activated in the presence of 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates, RNase L can catalyze the cleavage of synthetic oligoribonucleotides that contain dyad sequences of the forms UU, UA, AU, AA, and UG, but it cannot catalyze the cleavage of an oligoribonucleotide containing only cytosines. The primary site of the cleavage reaction with the substrate C11UUC7 has been defined to be 3' of the UU dyad by labeling either the 5' or the 3' end of the oligoribonucleotide and by examining the reaction products on polyacrylamide sequencing gels. Reaction time courses have been used to determine the kinetic parameters of the cleavage reactions. The effect of the overall length of the oligomeric substrate as well as the sequence of the bases around the position of the cleavage site on the kinetics of the cleavage reaction has been examined. The efficiency with which activated RNase L catalyzes the cleavage of the substrate C11UUC7 is 1.9 x 10(7) m-1 s-1. Because the cleavage of the synthetic oligoribonucleotide can be used to monitor the steady-state kinetics of catalysis by activated RNase L, this method offers an advantage over previous methods of assay for RNase L activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Carroll
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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28
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Abstract
Modern molecular biology techniques have provided valuable tools which allow for the expression of large amounts of enzyme in E. coli. For potential therapeutic targets such as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, it is desirable that the enzyme studied is pure and correlates to the active form of the enzyme found in vivo. This poses a particular challenge for those researchers studying HIV-RT since a significant degree of heterogeneity is introduced by nonspecific proteolytic cleavage of the p66 subunit by E. coli proteases. The advantage of the purification protocol presented here is that the association of monomers is facilitated by mixing an excess of p51 subunit, which is truncated at a site that is N-terminal to known bacterial cleavage sites, with p66 protein. This avoids enzymatic processing of the larger subunit since the formation of heterodimeric RT is rapid and the dimer is stable against proteolytic cleavage. Therefore, it is possible to isolate a pure homogeneous p66/p51 heterodimer. An enzyme prepared in this manner yields crystals that defract to a 3.2-A resolution. It has also been used to study both sensitivity of HIV-1 RT mutants to azidothymidine triphosphate and the kinetics of a potent nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (L-743,726). Finally, it is interesting to note the similarity of HIV-1 RT with reverse transcriptases from other lentiviruses (FIV and EIAV RT). Both of these enzymes consist of heterodimers of p66 and p51 subunits and share other biophysical characteristics. Purification of these reverse transcriptases can, in all likelihood, be optimized by using methods similar to those described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Stahlhut
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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29
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Zhang H, Vrang L, Bäckbro K, Lind P, Sahlberg C, Unge T, Oberg B. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 wild-type and mutant reverse transcriptases by the phenyl ethyl thiazolyl thiourea derivatives trovirdine and MSC-127. Antiviral Res 1995; 28:331-42. [PMID: 8669892 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of very potent and selective non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) has recently been identified. The prototype compound trovirdine (LY 300046 HCl) and one analogue, MSC-127, have been studied with respect to inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 RT and RT with various mutations known to give rise to resistance to other non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, namely Leu100-->Ile (Ile100), Glu138-->Arg (Arg138), Tyr181-->Cys (Cys181) and Tyr188-->His (His188). The inhibition of HIV-1 RT by trovirdine and MSC-127 was reversible and template dependent. Trovirdine inhibited HIV-1 RT with an IC50 of 0.007 microM when employing heteropolymeric primer/template (oligo-DNA/ribosomal RNA) and dGTP as substrate. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that inhibition of RT by trovirdine was non-competitive with regard to deoxynucleoside triphosphates and uncompetitive with respect to varied primer/template under steady-state conditions. The amino acid changes Leu100, Tyr181 and Tyr188 gave rise to 25-, 147- and 12-fold decrease in inhibition by trovirdine. Enzyme-kinetic studies on trovirdine have been carried out using various RT mutants and compared to the properties of the earlier reported non-nucleoside RT inhibitors 9-Cl-TIBO, nevirapine and L-697,661.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Medivir AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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30
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Palaniappan C, Fay PJ, Bambara RA. Nevirapine alters the cleavage specificity of ribonuclease H of human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:4861-9. [PMID: 7533167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of the dipyridodiazepinone nevirapine (BI-RG-587) on polymerization and RNase H activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (RT) was examined. Substrates using heteropolymeric DNA primers hybridized to complementary RNA templates were employed. Challenged assays were performed that allowed measurement of activity of the RT resulting from a single round of binding of RT to substrate. Results demonstrated that nevirapine alters the cleavage specificity of the RNase H. Instead of a primary cleavage approximately 18 nucleotides upstream of the DNA 3' terminus, multiple cleavages were observed ahead of and behind this site. This indicated that the compound facilitates sliding of the RT away from the DNA primer terminus allowing cleavage at more sites. The change in specificity occurred whether the primer terminus was at the end or internal on the template. Experiments with RNA primers on circular DNA demonstrated a nevirapine-induced stimulation of RNase H activity beyond the increase expected from the change in cleavage specificity. Examination of polymerization showed that the compound decreased both the number of primers that underwent synthesis and the processive elongation of those primers. The significance of these results with respect to viral replication and recombination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Palaniappan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642
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31
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Spence RA, Kati WM, Anderson KS, Johnson KA. Mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by nonnucleoside inhibitors. Science 1995; 267:988-93. [PMID: 7532321 PMCID: PMC7526747 DOI: 10.1126/science.7532321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by three nonnucleoside inhibitors is described. Nevirapine, O-TIBO, and CI-TIBO each bind to a hydrophobic pocket in the enzyme-DNA complex close to the active site catalytic residues. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis was used to establish the mechanism of inhibition by these noncompetitive inhibitors. Analysis of the pre-steady-state burst of DNA polymerization indicated that inhibitors blocked the chemical reaction, but did not interfere with nucleotide binding or the nucleotide-induced conformational change. Rather, in the presence of saturating concentrations of the inhibitors, the nucleoside triphosphate bound tightly (Kd, 100 nM), but nonproductively. The data suggest that an inhibitor combining the functionalities of a nonnucleoside inhibitor and a nucleotide analog could bind very tightly and specifically to reverse transcriptase and could be effective in the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spence
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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32
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Carroll SS, Stahlhut M, Geib J, Olsen DB. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by a quinazolinone and comparison with inhibition by pyridinones. Differences in the rates of inhibitor binding and in synergistic inhibition with nucleoside analogs. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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33
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Beard WA, Wilson SH. Site-directed mutagenesis of HIV reverse transcriptase to probe enzyme processivity and drug binding. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994; 5:414-21. [PMID: 7520785 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(94)90051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis has demonstrated that changes within the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase coding sequence alone can account for viral resistance to inhibitors. Inhibitor sensitivity of mutant enzymes in vitro correlates with the sensitivity of the virus to non-nucleoside inhibitors observed in vivo, but this is not the case with nucleoside analogs. Recent structural, kinetic, and site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrate the importance of enzyme-nucleic acid contacts in determining enzyme sensitivity to inhibitors in vitro, as well as how accurately the reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Beard
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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34
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Effect of a thiobenzimidazolone derivative on DNA strand transfer catalyzed by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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35
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Idriss H, Stammers DK. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by defined template/primer DNA oligonucleotides: effect of template length and binding characteristics. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1994; 8:97-112. [PMID: 7539076 DOI: 10.3109/14756369409020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of partially double stranded DNA oligonucleotides with HIV-1 RT was studied by investigating their ability to inhibit the homopolymeric poly(rC) directed (dG) synthesis reaction. A 20/18mer oligonucleotide, with a sequence based on the Lys3-tRNA primer region, showed stronger inhibition of the homopolymeric RT reaction than a G/C rich oligonucleotide series lacking or possessing a hairpin moiety. Interaction of the enzyme with the G/C rich oligonucleotides, as determined by IC50 measurements, was insensitive to the extent of the unpaired template region at the 3' or 5' position. Addition of a hairpin moiety, composed of four thymidine bases, onto G/C rich oligonucleotides increase their inhibitory potency (at least six times) and shifted the mode of inhibition of RT to competitive with respect to poly (rC).(dG), which was otherwise mixed (competitive/noncompetitive) for the linear G/C rich and 20/18mer oligonucleotides. The results indicate that interaction of the enzyme with the primer/template stem, but not with the unpaired template region, is an important step in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Idriss
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Sciences, Beckenham, Kent, England
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