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Jiang M, Zhou C, Wang S, Liu L, Zhang S, Wang L, Pan X. Identification of a Tetrahymena species infecting guppies, pathology, and expression of beta-tubulin during infection. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:104. [PMID: 38240890 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahymenosis is caused by the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena and is responsible for serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, information regarding the molecular mechanism leading to tetrahymenosis is limited. In previous transcriptome sequencing work, it was found that one of the two β-tubulin genes in T. pyriformis was significantly expressed in infected fish, we speculated that β-tubulin is involved in T. pyriformis infecting fish. Herein, the potential biological function of the β-tubulin gene in Tetrahymena species when establishing infection in guppies was investigated by cloning the full-length cDNA of this T. pyriformis β-tubulin (BTU1) gene. The full-length cDNA of T. pyriformis BTU1 gene was 1873 bp, and the ORF occupied 1134 bp, whereas 5' UTR 434 bp, and 3' UTR 305 bp whose poly (A) tail contained 12 bases. The predicted protein encoded by T. pyriformis BTU1 gene had a calculated molecular weight of 42.26 kDa and pI of 4.48. Moreover, secondary structure analysis and tertiary structure prediction of BTU1 protein were also conducted. In addition, morphology, infraciliature, phylogeny, and histopathology of T. pyriformis isolated from guppies from a fish market in Harbin were also investigated. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis and experimental infection assays indicated that the expression of BTU1 gene resulted in efficient cell proliferation during infection. Collectively, our data revealed that BTU1 is a key gene involved in T. pyriformis infection in guppies, and the findings discussed herein provide valuable insights for future studies on tetrahymenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Jiang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Shuixian Zhang
- Panzhou No.4 Primary School, Panzhou, 553599, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xuming Pan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Bregier C, Krzemień-Ojak L, Włoga D, Jerka-Dziadosz M, Joachimiak E, Batko K, Filipiuk I, Smietanka U, Gaertig J, Fabczak S, Fabczak H. PHLP2 is essential and plays a role in ciliogenesis and microtubule assembly in Tetrahymena thermophila. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2175-89. [PMID: 23588994 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the phosducin-like protein-2 (PHLP2) in regulation of CCT, a chaperonin whose activity is essential for folding of tubulin and actin. However, the exact molecular function of PHLP2 is unclear. Here we investigate the significance of PHLP2 in a ciliated unicellular model, Tetrahymena thermophila, by deleting its single homolog, Phlp2p. Cells lacking Phlp2p became larger and died within 96 h. Overexpressed Phlp2p-HA localized to cilia, basal bodies, and cytosol without an obvious change in the phenotype. Despite similar localization, overexpressed GFP-Phlp2p caused a dominant-negative effect. Cells overproducing GFP-Phlp2p had decreased rates of proliferation, motility and phagocytosis, as compared to wild type cells or cells overproducing a non-tagged Phlp2p. Growing GFP-Phlp2p-overexpressing cells had fewer cilia and, when deciliated, failed to regenerate cilia, indicating defects in cilia assembly. Paclitaxel-treated GFP-Phlp2p cells failed to elongate cilia, indicating a change in the microtubules dynamics. The pattern of ciliary and cytosolic tubulin isoforms on 2D gels differed between wild type and GFP-Phlp2p-overexpressing cells. Thus, in Tetrahymena, PhLP2 is essential and under specific experimental conditions its activity affects tubulin and microtubule-dependent functions including cilia assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Bregier
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Abstract
Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are important structures required for the motility of cells, the movement of medium across the surfaces of cells, and the connections between the receptor and synthetic portions of sensory cells. The axoneme forms the cytoskeleton of the cilium comprising several hundreds of proteins that assemble into the 9 + 2 arrangement of outer doublet and central pair microtubules, the inner and outer rows of dynein arms, and many other structures. Tetrahymena thermophila is an excellent model organism for the study of cilia and ciliogenesis. The cell is covered by about 1,000 cilia which are essential for survival. Additionally, the Tetrahymena genome is available and targeted genetic manipulations are straightforward. In this chapter, we describe five protocols that examine properties of cilia: (a) measuring mRNA levels to see the effect of deciliation on gene expression; (b) swimming velocity and linearity; (c) ciliary length and density; (d) phagocytosis that occurs through the ciliated oral apparatus; and (e) depolarization-induced ciliary reversal.
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Rajagopalan V, Subramanian A, Wilkes DE, Pennock DG, Asai DJ. Dynein-2 affects the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:708-20. [PMID: 19019986 PMCID: PMC2626569 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are assembled and maintained by the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT). Studies in alga, nematode, and mouse have shown that the heavy chain (Dyh2) and the light intermediate chain (D2LIC) of the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex are essential for retrograde intraflagellar transport. In these organisms, disruption of either dynein-2 component results in short cilia/flagella with bulbous tips in which excess IFT particles have accumulated. In Tetrahymena, the expression of the DYH2 and D2LIC genes increases during reciliation, consistent with their roles in IFT. However, the targeted elimination of either DYH2 or D2LIC gene resulted in only a mild phenotype. Both knockout cell lines assembled motile cilia, but the cilia were of more variable lengths and less numerous than wild-type controls. Electron microscopy revealed normally shaped cilia with no swelling and no obvious accumulations of material in the distal ciliary tip. These results demonstrate that dynein-2 contributes to the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E. Wilkes
- *Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711
| | | | - David J. Asai
- *Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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5
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Wilkes DE, Bennardo N, Chan CW, Chang YL, Corpuz EO, DuMond J, Eboreime JA, Erickson J, Hetzel J, Heyer EE, Hubenschmidt MJ, Kniazeva E, Kuhn H, Lum M, Sand A, Schep A, Sergeeva O, Supab N, Townsend CR, Ryswyk LV, Watson HE, Wiedeman AE, Rajagopalan V, Asai DJ. Identification and Characterization of Dynein Genes in Tetrahymena. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 92:11-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)92002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Joachimiak E, Pucciarelli S, Barchetta S, Ballarini P, Kaczanowska J, Miceli C. Cell Cycle-dependent Expression of γ-Tubulin in the Amicronuclear Ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Protist 2007; 158:39-50. [PMID: 17023214 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, different microtubular structures are nucleated from diverse Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs). gamma-Tubulin is a tubulin superfamily member that plays an essential role in microtubule nucleation at the MTOCs. However, little is known about mechanisms regulating the activity of gamma-tubulin on different MTOCs and during the cell cycle. In Tetrahymena thermophila, the alpha- and beta-tubulin expression is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, and changes in the ratio of polymerized/unpolymerized tubulin dimers lead to an increase or decrease of alpha- and beta-tubulin transcription. This study deals with the characterization of gamma-tubulin in the amicronuclear ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Sequence analysis revealed some specific substitutions in nucleotide-binding loops characteristic of the Tetrahymena genus and putative conserved phosphorylation sites located on the external surface of the gamma-tubulin molecule. gamma-Tubulin expression during the cell cycle, in the presence of microtubular poisons and after deciliation, was also characterized. We found that gamma-tubulin mRNA levels are correlated with basal body proliferation and gamma-tubulin nuclear localization. We also found that gamma-tubulin expression changes during anti-microtubular drugs treatment, but does not changes during reciliation. These findings suggest a relationship between the level of unpolymerized tubulin dimers and gamma-tubulin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Joachimiak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, v. Camerini 2, Italy
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Seixas C, Casalou C, Melo LV, Nolasco S, Brogueira P, Soares H. Subunits of the chaperonin CCT are associated with Tetrahymena microtubule structures and are involved in cilia biogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:303-21. [PMID: 14567989 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic chaperonin CCT is a heterooligomeric complex of about 900 kDa that mediates the folding of cytoskeletal proteins. We observed by indirect immunofluorescence that the Tetrahymena TpCCTalpha, TpCCTdelta, TpCCTepsilon, and TpCCTeta-subunits colocalize with tubulin in cilia, basal bodies, oral apparatus, and contractile vacuole pores. TpCCT-subunits localization was affected during reciliation. These findings combined with atomic force microscopy measurements in reciliating cells indicate that these proteins play a role during cilia biogenesis related to microtubule nucleation, tubulin transport, and/or axoneme assembly. The TpCCT-subunits were also found to be associated with cortex and cytoplasmic microtubules suggesting that they can act as microtubule-associated proteins. The TpCCTdelta being the only subunit found associated with the macronuclear envelope indicates that it has functions outside of the 900 kDa complex. Tetrahymena cytoplasm contains granular/globular-structures of TpCCT-subunits in close association with microtubule arrays. Studies of reciliation and with cycloheximide suggest that these structures may be sites of translation and folding. Combined biochemical techniques revealed that reciliation affects the oligomeric state of TpCCT-subunits being tubulin preferentially associated with smaller CCT oligomeric species in early stages of reciliation. Collectively, these findings indicate that the oligomeric state of CCT-subunits reflects the translation capacity of the cell and microtubules integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Seixas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, P-2781 Oeiras codex, Portugal
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Casalou C, Cyrne L, Rosa MR, Soares H. Microtubule cytoskeleton perturbation induced by taxol and colchicine affects chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) subunit gene expression in Tetrahymena cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1522:9-21. [PMID: 11718895 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the existence of a CCT epsilon subunit gene that encodes subunit epsilon of the chaperonin CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1) in Tetrahymena pyriformis. This work focuses on the study of the effects of the microtubule polymerizing agent taxol and the depolymerizing agent colchicine on microtubule dynamics and their role in the regulation of tubulin and CCT subunit genes. Under taxol treatment some TpCCT and tubulin genes are distinctly expressed until 30 min of treatment. Cytoplasmic TpCCT mRNA levels slightly decrease while tubulin transcripts are increasing. In colchicine treated cells TpCCT and tubulin transcripts decrease in the initial 30 min of treatment and then start to increase. However, both antimitotic agents induce TpCCT and tubulin gene transcription. This induction does not correlate with increased steady-state levels of TpCCT proteins and seems to be necessary to replete cytoplasmic TpCCT mRNAs. Moreover, we found that TpCCT epsilon and TpCCT alpha but not TpCCT eta are present in the insoluble fraction after a postmitochondrial fractionation that contains components of the ciliate cortex structure, basal bodies and cilia. This suggests that some TpCCT subunits may be associated with these structures. The association of TpCCT epsilon subunit is stimulated either by taxol or colchicine treatment. These observations support the idea that CCT subunits could have additional roles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casalou
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciéncia, Oeiras, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Domingues C, Soares H, Rodrigues-Pousada C, Cyrne L. Structure of Tetrahymena CCT theta gene and its expression under colchicine treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1446:443-9. [PMID: 10524223 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the cloning and the characterization of the Tetrahymena pyriformis chaperonin-containing-TCP1 theta gene (TpCCT theta), an orthologue of the mouse chaperonin gene CCT theta. TpCCT theta gene is interrupted by eight introns, ranging in size between 91 and 419 nucleotides, and encodes a protein consisting of 540 amino acid residues (59.1 kDa), with a putative pI of 5.73. The amino acid sequence of TpCCT theta reveals 39.4-46.0% identity with the sequences of Candida albicans and mouse CCT theta subunits and 28.0-32.6% identity with the other TpCCT subunits known so far. We have studied the expression of this gene in exponentially growing Tetrahymena cells and in cells treated with colchicine for different times. The steady-state levels of CCT theta mRNA rapidly decrease in the first 30 min of colchicine treatment. Interestingly, treatment for subsequent 60 min gives expression levels higher than those found in exponentially growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domingues
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Abstract
In this report, by using mono- and two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis, we demonstrate that deciliation on sea urchin embryos induces a stress response. Deciliation indeed causes not only the activation of ciliary subroutine, but also a transient decrease of bulk protein synthesis. This decrease is in agreement with our previous results on heat shock response in sea urchin, although deciliation does not induce the expression of the same main hsp set. We were able to characterize one main deciliation-stress protein of 40 kDa whose expression is transiently induced by deciliation and whose localisation is likely to be nuclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casano
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo A. Monroy, Università di Palermo, Italy
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12
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Palmedo G, Ammermann D. Cloning and characterization of the Oxytricha granulifera chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 gamma gene. Eur J Biochem 1997; 247:877-83. [PMID: 9288910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the cloning and characterization of the Oxytricha granulifera CCTgamma (chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1) gene encoding a protein that consists of 559 amino acids. The derived amino acid sequence shares 68% identity with Tetrahymena pyriformis CCTgamma and 58% identity with Mus musculus CCTgamma. The O. granulifera CCTgamma gene is located on a 2.07-kbp macronuclear gene-sized piece. Its transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension analysis. The expression of the CCTgamma gene was investigated by northern blot hybridization of the coding region with exponentially growing cells, heat shocked cells, and cells treated with 50 microM CdCl2. After heat shock, a decrease in the amount of the transcript compared to that of exponentially growing cells could be shown. In contrast, higher amounts of the transcript could be detected after treatment with CdCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palmedo
- Zoologisches Institut, Abteilung Zellbiologie, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Cyrne L, Guerreiro P, Cardoso AC, Rodrigues-Pousada C, Soares H. The Tetrahymena chaperonin subunit CCT eta gene is coexpressed with CCT gamma gene during cilia biogenesis and cell sexual reproduction. FEBS Lett 1996; 383:277-83. [PMID: 8925913 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report here the cloning and the characterization of the T. pyriformis CCT eta gene (TpCCT eta) and also a partial sequence of the corresponding T. thermophila gene (TtCCT eta). The TpCCt eta gene encodes a protein sharing a 60.3% identity with the mouse CCT eta. We have studied the expression of these genes in Tetrahymena exponentially growing cells, cells regenerating their cilia for different periods and during different stages of the cell sexual reproduction. These genes have similar patterns of expression to those of the previously identified TpCCt gamma gene. Indeed, the Tetrahymena CCT eta and CCT gamma genes are up-regulated at 60-120 min of cilia recovery, and in conjugation when vegetative growth was resumed and cell division took place. Our results seem to indicate that both CCT subunits play an important role in the biogenesis of the newly synthesized cilia of Tetrahymena and during its cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cyrne
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Portugal
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Abstract
One major milestone in the development of the sea urchin embryo is the assembly of a single cilium on each blastomere just before hatching. These cilia are constructed both from pre-existing protein building blocks, such as tubulin and dynein, and from a number of 9 + 2 architectural elements that are synthesized de novo at ciliogenesis. The finite or quantal synthesis of certain key architectural proteins is coincident with ciliary elongation and proportional to ciliary length. Upon deciliation, the synthesis of architectural proteins occurs anew, a new cilium grows, and the stores of various building blocks are replenished. This routine of coordinated ciliary gene expression may be replayed experimentally many times without delaying normal development. The ability to regenerate cilia has allowed elucidation of these various protein synthetic relationships and has led to the discovery of the pathways by which membrane-associated tubulin and axoneme-associated architectural proteins are conveyed into the highly compartmentalized growing cilium. The sea urchin embryo thus provides a very convenient model system for studies of ciliary assembly and maintenance, coordinate gene expression and membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Stephens
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Soares H, Penque D, Mouta C, Rodrigues-pousada C. A Tetrahymena orthologue of the mouse chaperonin subunit CCT gamma and its coexpression with tubulin during cilia recovery. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:29299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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