1
|
Quantitative Disaccharide Profiling of Glycosaminoglycans from Two Different Preparations by PMP and Deuterated PMP Labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fine structures from the same animal cells and tissues are controlled not only by the biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes but also by other environmental factors, such as chemicals, growth factors, nutritional factors, and isolation procedures. To facilitate direct quantitative comparison of disaccharide compositions from different GAG preparations, several stable isotope labeling strategies have been developed. In this report, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) and deuterated d5-PMP are used for differential disaccharide labeling and profiling of chondroitin sulfate GAG by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS).
Collapse
|
2
|
Ikegami T. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of biopharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic peptides: A review based on the separation characteristics of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:130-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical (Bio-) Analysis; Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Lu Y, Han J, Jin W, Li L, Zhang Y, Song X, Huang L, Wang Z. Simultaneous Release and Labeling of O- and N-Glycans Allowing for Rapid Glycomic Analysis by Online LC-UV-ESI-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2345-2357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Lingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4117, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Windwarder M, Figl R, Svehla E, Mócsai RT, Farcet JB, Staudacher E, Kosma P, Altmann F. "Hypermethylation" of anthranilic acid-labeled sugars confers the selectivity required for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2016; 514:24-31. [PMID: 27640150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the monosaccharides of complex carbohydrates is often performed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Unfortunately, methylated sugars, unusual amino- or deoxysugars and incomplete hydrolysis can lead to erroneous assignments of peaks. Here, we demonstrate that a volatile buffer system is suitable for the separation of anthranilic acid labeled sugars. It allows off-line examination of peaks by electrospray mass spectrometry. Approaches towards on-line mass spectrometric detection using reversed-phase or porous graphitic carbon columns fell short of achieving sufficient separation of the relevant isobaric sugars. Adequate chromatographic performance for isomeric sugars was achieved with reversed-phase chromatography of "hyper"-methylated anthranilic acid-labeled monosaccharides. Deuteromethyl iodide facilitates the discovery of naturally methylated sugars and identification of their parent monosaccharide as demonstrated with N-glycans of the snail Achatina fulica, where two thirds of the galactoses and a quarter of the mannoses were methylated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Svehla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Réka Tünde Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Current landscape of protein glycosylation analysis and recent progress toward a novel paradigm of glycoscience research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:273-300. [PMID: 27461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basics and some applications of methodologies for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. Analytical techniques used for glycoprotein glycans, including liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-throughput analytical methods based on microfluidics, were described to supply the essentials about biopharmaceutical and biomarker glycoproteins. We will also describe the MS analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides as well as the chemical and enzymatic releasing methods of glycans from glycoproteins and the chemical reactions used for the derivatization of glycans. We hope the techniques have accommodated most of the requests from glycoproteomics researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He Y, Xie Q, Wang Y, Liang Y, Xu X, Li Y, Miao J, Chen Z, Li Y. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based O-glycomics to evaluate glycosylation alterations in gastric cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:206-15. [PMID: 26255982 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant cancer worldwide. Important for tumorigenesis and progression, aberrant glycosylation occurs frequently in cancers. We investigated the differences in O-glycosylation in the serum of 157 gastric cancer patients (GC) and 144 healthy donors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used the method of labeling O-glycans (released from proteins) with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone followed by LC-MS analysis. Analyzing the LC-MS data by partial least squares discriminant and unpaired Student t test, combined with the structural information of O-glycans from LC-MS/MS in positive mode. RESULTS The expression level of core1, core2, ST antigen, and core2 complex O-glycans (m/z 733.33, m/z 809.42) were increased significantly (p < 0.0001), whereas m/z 529.75 and diST-antigen were decreased in the serum of GC compared with controls (p < 0.001). In addition, there were significant correlations between the abundance of the O-glycans and glycoproteins (MUC1, CEA) in the serum of GC. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Glycomics approaches identified multiple candidate antigens for patients with GC. The O-glycan structures are increased in the serum of GC, they may be candidates for carbohydrate tumor markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian, P. R. China
| | - Xiukun Xu
- Suzhou Zhongying Medical Sciences and Technologies Company, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Suzhou Pharmavan Cancer Research Center Company, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunsen Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Novel strategy for herbal species classification based on UPLC-HRMS oligosaccharide profiling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:14-20. [PMID: 25828508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, which exist widely in herbs, present diverse important pharmacological activities. However, the complexity of oligosaccharides seriously challenges their profiling, quality control, and elucidation of activity. In this paper, a novel oligosaccharide analytical method based on a new derivatization pretreatment and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) procedure was developed to rapidly profile and identify the oligosaccharides of Epimedium. Oligosaccharides are easily derivatized by 2,4-bis(diethylamino)-6-hydrazino-1,3,5-triazine under convenient and mild conditions. Without any further purification steps, oligosaccharides were analyzed by an established UPLC-HRMS/MS method with high sensitivity, good separation efficiency and speed. Benefitting from the derivatization, the oligosaccharides generated a response in the MS two orders of magnitude higher than that of the free oligosaccharide. Oligosaccharides of 52 Epimedium samples were profiled and identified based on the high-resolution mass spectral data. A total of 66 oligosaccharide compounds detected in 52 Epimedium herbs were relatively quantified and statistically processed by principal component analysis (PCA). The 52 Epimedium herbs could be classified into different species based on their oligosaccharide composition and content. Thirteen oligosaccharide compounds demonstrated potential as markers for Epimedium species classification, and their structures were preliminarily identified using MS/MS spectra.
Collapse
|
8
|
HPLC Method for Microanalysis and Pharmacokinetics of Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides, Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
9
|
Sakaguchi Y, Hayama T, Yoshida H, Itoyama M, Todoroki K, Yamaguchi M, Nohta H. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with fluorous derivatization method for selective analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2481-2489. [PMID: 25366395 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A separation-oriented derivatization method using a specific fluorous affinity between perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds was applied to selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides. The perfluoroalkyl-labeled sialyl oligosaccharides could be selectively retained on an LC column with the perfluoroalkyl-modified stationary phase and effectively distinguished from non-derivatized species. METHODS Sialyl oligosaccharides (3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose, sialyllacto-N-tetraose a, sialyllacto-N-tetraose b, sialyllacto-N-tetraose c, and disialyllacto-N-tetraose) were derivatized with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecylamine via amidation in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (condensation reagent). The obtained derivatives were directly injected onto the fluorous LC column without any pretreatments and then detected by positive electrospray ionization MS/MS. RESULTS The method enabled accurate determination of the sialyl oligosaccharides in biological samples such as human urine and human milk, because there was no interference with matrix-induced effects during LC/MS/MS analysis. The limits of detection of the examined sialyl oligosaccharides, defined as signal-to-noise (S/N) = 3, were in the range 0.033-0.13 nM. Accuracy in the range 95.6-108% was achieved, and the precision (relative standard deviation) was within 9.4%. CONCLUSIONS This method enabled highly selective and sensitive analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides, enabling accurate measurement of even their trace amounts in biological matrices. The proposed method may prove to be a powerful tool for the analysis of various sialyl oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sakaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu X, Jiang W, Lu J, Yu Y, Wu B. Analysis of the monosaccharide composition of water-soluble polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 145:976-83. [PMID: 24128572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sargassum fusiforme (hijiki) is the well-known edible algae, whose polysaccharides have been proved to possess interesting bioactivities like antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. A facile and sensitive method based on high-performance liquid chromatography method of pre-column derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) has been established for the analysis of the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides in S. fusiforme. Monosaccharides have been converted into PMP-labelled derivatives with aqueous ammonia as a catalyst at 70 °C for 30 min. The optimisation of the pre-column derivatization process was studied. The LODs of the monosaccharides were in the range from 0.01 to 0.02 nmol. PMP-labelled mixture of monosaccharides has been well separated by a reverse-phase HPLC and detected by on-line ESI-MS method under optimised conditions. The mobile phase of elution system was chosen as acetonitrile (solvent A) and 20mM aqueous ammonium acetate (solvent B) (pH 3.0) with Zorbax XDB-C18 column at 30 °C for the separation of the monosaccharide derivatives. Identification of the monosaccharides composition was carried out by analysis with mass spectral behaviour and chromatography characteristics of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) labelled monosaccharides. All PMP-labelled derivatives display high chemical stabilities, whose regular MS fragmentation is specific for reducing labelled sugars. The result showed that the S. fusiforme polysaccharide consisted of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, fucose and glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, or both uronic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xue YT, Li CX, Zhao X, Guan HS. HPLC Method for Microanalysis and Pharmacokinetics of Marine Sulfated Polysaccharide, Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_48-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
12
|
Mittermayr S, Bones J, Guttman A. Unraveling the Glyco-Puzzle: Glycan Structure Identification by Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4228-38. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mittermayr
- Horváth
Laboratory of
Bioseparation Sciences, Regional Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - András Guttman
- Horváth
Laboratory of
Bioseparation Sciences, Regional Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-PE Translational Glycomics
Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprem,
Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang C, Fan W, Zhang P, Wang Z, Huang L. One-pot nonreductive O-glycan release and labeling with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone followed by ESI-MS analysis. Proteomics 2011; 11:4229-42. [PMID: 21956845 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot procedure for the nonreductive release of O-linked glycans from glycoproteins and the simultaneous derivatization of released glycans with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) is described. Unlike the traditional reductive β-elimination, which produces alditols, this new method employs PMP/ammonia aqueous solution as the reaction medium. The O-glycans are released from glycoproteins and derivatized with PMP nonreductively, specifically, and quantitatively. Samples can be easily purified from ammonia, excess PMP, and peptide residues by evaporation, chloroform extraction, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) column fractionation for HPLC, CE, or MS analysis. The procedure has been elaborated with two purified glycoproteins, porcine stomach mucin and bovine fetuin, and successfully applied to O-glycan profiling of a challenging biological specimen, healthy human plasma. This new procedure has shown methodological significance in O-glycan analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Life Science College, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang P, Zhang Y, Xue X, Wang C, Wang Z, Huang L. Relative quantitation of glycans using stable isotopic labels 1-(d0/d5) phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone by mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:1-9. [PMID: 21803021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A deuterium reagent, 1-(d5) phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (d5-PMP), has been synthesized and used for relative quantitative analysis of oligosaccharides by mass spectrometry (MS) using d0/d5-PMP stable isotopic labeling. Previously reported permethylation-based isotopic labels generate variable mass differences, and reductive amination-based isotopic labels cause a loss of some acid-labile groups in carbohydrates. In contrast, d0/d5-PMP stable isotopic labeling is performed at the reducing end of glycans under basic conditions without desialylation, and the mass difference (Δm=10 Da) between the heavy form (d5-PMP derivative) and light form (d0-PMP derivative) of each glycan is invariable. When the two derivative forms of a glycan are mixed in equimolar amounts, a pair of peaks with a 10-Da mass differences is observed in the MS profile. The difference at relative intensity between the d0- and d5-PMP derivatives reflects the difference in quantity of glycans in two samples, making it possible to carry out both qualitative and relative quantitative analyses of glycans in glycomic studies. Application of this method on DP(2) to DP(6) maltodextrin oligosaccharides and N-linked glycans released from ribonuclease B and bovine fetuin demonstrates a 10-fold relative quantitative dynamic range, a satisfying reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 8.34%), and good accuracy (relative error [RE] ≤ 5.1%) of the method. The suggested technique has been successfully applied for comparative quantitative analysis of free oligosaccharides in human and bovine milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Life Science College, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Protein glycosylation analysis with capillary-based electromigrative separation techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Du YX, Honda S, Taga A, Liu WY, Suzuki S. A Novel Polybrene/Chondroitin Sulfate C Double Coated Capillary and Its Application in Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20020201218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
17
|
A sensitive analytical method for the component monosaccharides of the polysaccharides from a Tibetan herb Potentilla anserine L. by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detector. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Bao Y, Newburg DS. Capillary electrophoresis of acidic oligosaccharides from human milk. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2508-15. [PMID: 18512675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interest in defining the array of oligosaccharides of human milk has been increasing. Pathogens that bind glycans on their host mucosal surfaces may be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides. It has been postulated that acidic oligosaccharides in human milk may inhibit binding by pathogens that bind acidic glycans in the gut, but testing this hypothesis requires their reliable quantification in milk. Sialyloligosaccharides of human milk have been quantified by HPLC and CE. A recent CE technique uses the MEKC mode with direct detection at 205 nm to resolve and quantify, in the native form, the 12 most dominant sialyloligosaccharides of human milk in a single 35-min run. The method gives a linear response from 39 to 2500 microg/mL with a coefficient of variation between 2 to 9% and accuracy from 93 to 109%. This was used to detect variation in expression of specific sialyloligosaccharides in milk. Individual sialyloligosaccharide concentrations in milk differ among individual donors and between less and more mature milk. Thus, CE can be used to measure variation in sialyloligosaccharide expression in milk, and thereby test the relationship of this variation-to-variation in risk of specific diseases in breastfed infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Bao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong P, Xue CH, Yu LF, Xu J, Chen SG. Determination of triterpene glycosides in sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) and its related products by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4937-4942. [PMID: 18557622 DOI: 10.1021/jf800893r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A creative and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of triterpene glycosides concentrations in sea cucumber ( Stichopus japonicus) and related products by using d-quinovose (6-deoxyglucose) as the measurement standard by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and variable-wavelength detection. d-quinovose, which is a unique monosaccharide in holostane triterpene glycosides, was liberated by acid hydrolysis and precolumn derivatized by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP). PMP-quinovose was analyzed by HPLC with 22% acetonitrile in 0.05 M KH2PO4 aquatic solution (pH 5.2) as mobile phase. The calibration curves of d-quinovose were linear within the range of 6.56-164 mg/L (r(2) > 0.995). The contents of triterpene glycosides in various S. japonicus products were determined after appropriate pretreatment methods. The concentration of triterpene glycosides was calculated by the formula C = C(qui) x alpha (alpha = 8.5). The result showed that this method was a simple, rapid, and stable method for the determination of triterpene glycosides in S. japonicus products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Separation of Derivatized Carbohydrates by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
ZHANG Y, HUANG LJ, WANG ZF. A Sensitive Derivatization Method for the Determination of the Sugar Composition after Pre-column Reductive Amination with 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Momenbeik F, Johns C, Breadmore MC, Hilder EF, Macka M, Haddad PR. Sensitive determination of carbohydrates labelled withp-nitroaniline by capillary electrophoresis with photometric detection using a 406 nm light-emitting diode. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4039-46. [PMID: 16983631 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
p-Nitroaniline was explored as a derivatising reagent for UV absorbance detection of carbohydrates after separation by CE. This derivatising agent has three advantages: first, it has excellent water solubility; second, it has high molar absorptivity; and third, it is possible to obtain sensitive detection using a UV or blue light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. The labelling reaction took less than 30 min to complete with high reaction yield. The separation process was modelled and optimised using an artificial neural network. Nine carbohydrates were separated by a CE system within 16 min using a 0.17 M boric acid buffer at pH 9.7. On-column LED detection at 406 nm allowed the detection of carbohydrates with good detection limits (<1.1 microM or 8.8 fmol) and reproducible quantification in the concentration range of 2.6-200 microM. This method was applied successfully to the determination of component carbohydrates in some food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Momenbeik
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zaikin VG, Halket JM. Derivatization in mass spectrometry--8. Soft ionization mass spectrometry of small molecules. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:79-115. [PMID: 16723751 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two reviews devoted to derivatization approaches for "soft" ionization mass spectrometry (FAB, MALDI, ESI, APCI) and deals, in particular, with small molecules. The principles of the main "soft" ionization mass spectrometric methods as well as the reasons for derivatizing small molecules are briefly described. Derivatization methods for modification of amines, carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, monosaccharides, thiols, unsaturated and aromatic compounds etc. to improve their ionizability and to enhance structure information content are discussed. The use of "fixed"-charge bearing derivatization reagents is especially emphasized. Chemical aspects of derivatization and "soft" ionization mass spectrometric properties of derivatives are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991Moscow, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Racaityte K, Kiessig S, Kálmán F. Application of capillary zone electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the biopharmaceutical industry for the quantitative analysis of the monosaccharides released from a highly glycosylated therapeutic protein. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1079:354-65. [PMID: 16038323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two assays for the quantitative determination of the neutral and amino-monosaccharides attached to a therapeutic glycoprotein were developed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and RP-HPLC. These assays meet the strict batch release requirements of the quality control in biopharmaceutical industry. The monosaccharides were released from the glycoprotein by hydrolysis with 2N trifluoroacetic acid. In the CZE assay the monosaccharides were reacetylated prior to derivatization with 8-aminopyrenesulfonic acid (APTS), reacetylation in the glycoprotein matrix was investigated in detail. The RP-HPLC method used pre-column derivatization with anthranilic acid in methanol-acetate-borate reaction medium; reacetylation was not necessary. However, epimerization of the different monosaccharides was observed and studied in detail. For the quantitative assay, separation of the amino-monosaccharide epimers had to be developed. The HPLC assay was validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Racaityte
- Unit Analytics, Solvias AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lv Z, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jiang T, Yu G. Ultrasensitive Capillary Electrophoresis of Oligoguluronates with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Zhang L, Xu J, Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Determination of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone-labeled carbohydrates by liquid chromatography and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 793:159-65. [PMID: 12880863 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the method for the derivatization of carbohydrates with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) was simplified. One-third of the derivatization time was saved. Five monosaccharide derivatives have been well separated by MEKC and HPLC under optimized conditions. Good reproducibility could be obtained with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the migration times within 5.0 and 2.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the developed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of carbohydrates in Aloe powder and food. These methods are quite useful for routine analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Zhang
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116011, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang J, Wu B, Zhang Y, Kowal P, Wang PG. Creatine phosphate--creatine kinase in enzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates. Org Lett 2003; 5:2583-6. [PMID: 12868864 DOI: 10.1021/ol034319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Enzymatic production of glycoconjugates is hampered by expensive phosphagens such as acetyl phosphate (AcP) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Here, we introduce creatine phosphate--creatine kinase system as a novel and practical energy source in carbohydrate synthesis. This system was successfully demonstrated in the production of bioactive oligosaccharides with different sugar nucleotide regeneration systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Honda S, Suzuki S, Taga A. Analysis of carbohydrates as 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatives by capillary/microchip electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1689-714. [PMID: 12485711 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) method has many advantages over hitherto reported methods based on reductive amination and hydrazone formation. This short review summarizes the various aspects of the PMP method, including the principle of derivatization, the simplicity of derivatization procedure, the high sensitivities to UV monitoring and ESI-MS, and the diversity of separation modes in capillary electrophoresis, and presents a number of application data for carbohydrate analysis in biological samples by this method. It also describes successful automation of carbohydrate analysis by in-capillary derivatization with PMP and miniaturization to microchip electrophoresis with whole channel UV detection allowing rapid (within 1 min) analysis of small amounts of PMP derivatives of carbohydrates. Furthermore, it discusses the possibility of capillary electrochromatography in carbohydrate analysis as PMP derivatives, and proposes an in-capillary modification strategy for improving column efficiency and elution time reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao X, Yang J, Huang F, Wu X, Li L, Sun C. Progresses of Derivatization Techniques for Analyses of Carbohydrates. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120021087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Progress in genome projects has provided us with fundamentals on genetic information; however, the functions of a large number of genes remain to be elucidated. To understand the in vivo functions of eukaryotic genes, it is essential to grasp the features of their post-translational modifications. Among them, protein glycosylation is a central issue to be discussed, considering the predominant roles of glycoproteins in cell-cell and cell-substratum recognition events in multicellular organisms. In this context, it is necessary to establish a core strategy for analyzing glycosylated proteins under the concept of the "glycome" [Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol. 12 (2000) 1]. Though the term glycome should be defined, in analogy to the genome and proteome, as "a whole set of glycans produced in a single organism", here we propose a glycome project specifically focusing on glycoproteins. Principal objectives in the project are to identify: (1) which genes encode glycoproteins (i.e. genome information); (2) which sites among potential glycosylation sites are actually glycosylated (i.e. glycosylation site information); (3) what are the structures of glycans (i.e. structural information); and (4) what are the effects (functions) of glycosylation (functional information). For these purposes, two affinity technologies have been introduced. One is named the "glyco-catch method" to identify genes encoding glycoproteins [Proteomics 1 (2001) 295], and the other is the recently reinforced "frontal affinity chromatography" [J. Chromatogr. A 890 (2000) 261]. By the former method, genes that encode glycoproteins as well as glycosylation sites are systematically identified by the efficient combination of conventional lectin-affinity chromatography and contemporary in silico database searching. The following three actions have been devised for rapid and systematic characterization of glycans: (1) mass spectrometry to acquire exact mass information; (2) 2-D/3-D mapping to obtain refined chemical information; and (3) reinforced frontal affinity chromatography to determine affinity constants (K(a)-values) for a set of lectins. Pyridylaminated glycans are used throughout the characterization processes. In this review, the concept and strategy of glycomic approaches are described referring to the on-going glycome project focused on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kakehi K, Kinoshita M, Nakano M. Analysis of glycoproteins and the oligosaccharides thereof by high-performance capillary electrophoresis-significance in regulatory studies on biopharmaceutical products. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:103-15. [PMID: 11857643 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the recent development in the analysis of glycoproteins using capillary electrophoresis with various separation techniques, and focuses especially on the analysis of recombinant glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. We include the analysis of glycoprotein multiforms (ie glycoform) as well as glycan analysis. The relationship between glycoprotein multiforms and oligosaccharide distributions in a glycoprotein sample is also discussed. Further, recent development in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kakehi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Strousopoulou K, Militsopoulou M, Stagiannis K, Lamari FN, Karamanos NK. A capillary zone electrophoresis method for determining N-acetylneuraminic acid in glycoproteins and blood sera. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:146-50. [PMID: 11857648 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the determination of the content of the major sialic acid form N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in glycoproteins was established. The present method utilizes a simplified hydrolysis-purification procedure consisting of mild acid hydrolysis (25 mM trifluoroacetic acid for 2h at 80 degrees C) to release Neu5Ac and ultrafiltration on Centricon-3 membrane to remove the obtained asialoglycoproteins and other macromolecules present in biologic samples. Derivatization with benzoic anhydride at 80 degrees C for 20 min resulted in complete conversion of Neu5Ac to per-O-benzoylated Neu5Ac. CZE analysis was performed using the operating buffer 25mM phosphate, pH 3.5, containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile as organic modifier at 30 kV, and detection of the per-O-benzoylated Neu5Ac at 231 nm. The method showed excellent repeatability (RDS<1.98%) and a linearity range from 5 microg/mL to 5mg/mL with a detection limit of 2 microM. Application of the method to microanalysis of human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein and blood serum samples showed excellent agreement with previously published values, suggesting a high precision for the developed CZE method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Strousopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gennaro LA, Delaney J, Vouros P, Harvey DJ, Domon B. Capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry for the analysis of negatively charged derivatized and underivatized glycans. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:192-200. [PMID: 11803540 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in the development of glycoproteins for therapeutic purposes has created a greater demand for methods to characterize the sugar moieties bound to them. Traditionally, released carbohydrates are derivatized using such methods as permethylation or fluorescent tagging prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), or direct infusion mass spectrometry. However, little research has been performed using CE with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The CE separation of neutral oligosaccharides requires the covalent attachment of a charged species for electrophoretic migration. Among charged labels which have shown promise in assisting CE and HPLC separation is the fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS). This report describes the qualitative profiling of charged ANTS-derivatized and underivatized complex glycans by CE with on-line electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Several neutral standard glycans including a maltooligosaccharide ladder were derivatized with ANTS and subjected to CE/UV and CE/MS using low pH buffers consisting of citric and 6-aminocaproic acid salts. The ANTS-derivatized species were detected as negative ions, and multiple stage MS analysis provided valuable structural information. Fragment ions were easily identified, showing promise for the identification of unknowns. N-Linked glycans released from bovine fetuin were used to demonstrate the applicability of ANTS derivatization followed by CE/MS for the analysis of negatively charged glycans. Analyses were performed on both underivatized and ANTS-derivatized species, and sialylated glycans were separated and detected in both forms. The ability of the ion trap mass spectrometer to perform multiple stage analysis was exploited, with MS5 information obtained on selected glycans. This technique presents a complementary method to existing methodologies for the profiling of glycan mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Gennaro
- Department of Chemistry and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Patrick JS, Lagu AL. Review applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biotechnology-derived therapeutic proteins. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4179-96. [PMID: 11824636 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4179::aid-elps4179>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology continues to grow at a rapid pace. In this review, the emphasis is on proteins that are of therapeutic interest. Aspects of protein analysis, such as glycoform separation of proteins produced in mammalian cells and the separation of oligosaccharides for structure elucidation, are covered. The use of antibodies as therapeutic proteins is growing and currently antibodies are the largest class of proteins produced by biotechnology. This has merited a separate section on analysis of antibodies by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Applications of mass spectrometry as an ancillary technique, used in conjunction with CE, are also covered briefly. This review covers the literature since 1999.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Patrick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|