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Turner AD, Hatfield RG, Maskrey BH, Algoet M, Lawrence JF. Evaluation of the new European Union reference method for paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish: A review of twelve years regulatory monitoring using pre-column oxidation LC-FLD. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30669603 PMCID: PMC6357038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Beach DG, Kerrin ES, Thomas K, Quilliam MA, McCarron P. Capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for multiclass analysis of polar marine toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5405-5420. [PMID: 29767301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polar marine toxins are more challenging to analyze by mass spectrometry-based methods than lipophilic marine toxins, which are now routinely measured in shellfish by multiclass reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS/MS is a technique that is well suited for the analysis of polar marine toxins, and has the potential of providing very high resolution separation. Here, we present a CE-MS/MS method developed, with use of a custom-built interface, for the sensitive multiclass analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, tetrodotoxins, and domoic acid in seafood. A novel, highly acidic background electrolyte (5 M formic acid) was designed to maximize protonation of analytes and to allow a high degree of sample stacking to improve the limits of detection. The method was applied to a wide range of regulated and less common toxin analogues, and exhibited a high degree of selectivity between toxin isomers and matrix interference. The limits of detection in mussel tissue were 0.0052 mg/kg for tetrodotoxins, 0.160 mg/kg for domoic acid, and between 0.0018 and 0.120 mg/kg for paralytic shellfish toxins, all of which showed good linearity. Minimal ionization suppression was observed when the response from neat and mussel-matrix-matched standards was corrected with multiple internal standards. Analysis of shellfish matrix reference materials and spiked samples demonstrated good accuracy and precision. Finally, the method was transferred to a commercial CE-MS/MS system to demonstrate its widespread applicability for use in both R & D and routine regulatory settings. The approach of using a highly acidic background electrolyte is of broad interest, and can be considered generally applicable to simultaneous analysis of other classes of small, polar molecules with differing pKa values. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Elliott S Kerrin
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Krista Thomas
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Li M, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang B, Tang F, Wu X. Enhanced sensitivity and resolution for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in water using capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection and field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3109-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
- Jinjiang Environmental Monitoring Centre; Jinjiang Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Fengxiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
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Burrell S, Crum S, Foley B, Turner AD. Proficiency testing of laboratories for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish by QUASIMEME: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Abdul Keyon AS, Guijt RM, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC. Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussel samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Keyon ASA, Guijt RM, Gaspar A, Kazarian AA, Nesterenko PN, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish: Comparison of detection methods. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; Pharmacy School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability; Australian Maritime College; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; Pharmacy School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Andras Gaspar
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Artaches A. Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Christopher J. Bolch
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability; Australian Maritime College; University of Tasmania; Launceston Tasmania Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Kotsanopoulos KV, Papadopoulou A. Rapid Detection of Chemical Hazards (Toxins, Dioxins, and PCBs) in Seafood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1473-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.641132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Acute toxicities of saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, decarbamoyl saxitoxin and gonyautoxins 1&4 and 2&3 to mice by various routes of administration. Toxicon 2013; 76:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Corr JJ, Anacleto JF. Analysis of inorganic species by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and ion exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry using an ion spray source. Anal Chem 2012; 68:2155-63. [PMID: 21619300 DOI: 10.1021/ac951053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of inorganic ions separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ion exchange chromatography (IC) are detected by mass spectrometry (MS) using an ion spray atmospheric pressure ionization source. The selectable degree of ion-adduct declustering and molecular fragmentation in the MS interface region allows the system to be operated as an elemental analyzer or as a molecular detector suitable for oxidation state determinations. Both inorganic anions and cations (including alkalis, alkaline earths, transition metals, and lanthanides) are analyzed by CE-MS. A variety of CE separation buffers are evaluated for the cation analyses (e.g., creatinine, ammonium acetate, and tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane). Only one of the buffers (i.e., creatinine) can be used for CE-indirect UV detection. A CE capillary permanently coated with strong anion exchange sites and a pyromellitic acid buffer (suitable for indirect UV detection) is used for the inorganic anion separations. The coated column eliminates the need for buffer modifiers to reverse the flow in the capillary, which then reduces background noise and mass spectral complexity. The separation and detection of 13 inorganic anions are also accomplished by IC using an anion exchange column with a carbonate-bicarbonate mobile phase, on-line suppressed conductivity detection, and mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Corr
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 4V8
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11
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Mechref Y. Analysis of glycans derived from glycoconjugates by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3467-81. [PMID: 22180203 PMCID: PMC3360420 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high structural variation of glycan derived from glycoconjugates, which substantially increases with the molecular size of a protein, contributes to the complexity of glycosylation patterns commonly associated with glycoconjugates. In the case of glycoproteins, such variation originates from the multiple glycosylation sites of proteins and the number of glycan structures associated with each site (microheterogeneity). The ability to comprehensively characterize highly complex mixture of glycans has been analytically stimulating and challenging. Although the most powerful MS and MS/MS techniques are capable of providing a wealth of structural information, they are still not able to readily identify isomeric glycan structures without high-order MS/MS (MS(n) ). The analysis of isomeric glycan structures has been attained using several separation methods, including high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and GC. However, CE and microfluidics CE (MCE) offer high separation efficiency and resolutions, allowing the separation of closely related glycan structures. Therefore, interfacing CE and MCE to MS is a powerful analytical approach, allowing potentially comprehensive and sensitive analysis of complex glycan samples. This review describes and discusses the utility of different CE and MCE approaches in the structural characterization of glycoproteins and the feasibility of interfacing these approaches to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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Dörr FA, Kovačevi B, Maksi ZB, Pinto E, Volmer DA. Intriguing differences in the gas-phase dissociation behavior of protonated and deprotonated gonyautoxin epimers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:2011-2020. [PMID: 21952766 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the unusual gas-phase dissociation behavior of two epimer pairs of protonated gonyautoxins (GTX) following electrospray ionization in comparison to their deprotonated counterparts. The chemical structures of the investigated GTX1-4 variants vary in their substitution pattern at N-1 and the stereochemical orientation of the hydroxysulfate group at C-11 (11α for GTX1/2 versus 11β for GTX3/4). The direct comparison of mass spectra in positive and negative ion modes illustrated two distinct features: first, an intriguing difference between protonated 11α and 11β species, where 11α conformations exhibited almost complete dissociation of [M + H](+) ions via facile SO(3) elimination, while 11β species remained mostly intact as [M + H](+); and second, the lack of such differences for the deprotonated counterparts. In this study, we propose an acid-catalyzed elimination mechanism from density functional theory calculations, initiated by a proton transfer of a guanidinium proton to the hydroxysulfate group with simultaneous SO(3) release, which is only possible for the 11α conformation based on intramolecular distances. The same mechanism explains the lack of a comparable SO(3) loss in the negative ion mode. CID experiments supported this proposed mechanism for GTX1 and GTX2. Computational modeling of product ions seen in the CID spectra of GTX3 and GTX4 established that the lowest energy dissociation pathway for the 11β epimers is elimination of water with the possibility for further SO(3) release from the intermediate product. Experimental data for structurally analogous decarbamoyl gonyautoxins confirmed the evidence for the GTX compounds as well as the proposed elimination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Detection of saxitoxin in counterterrorism using a commercial lateral flow immunoassay kit. Forensic Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-010-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Laycock MV, Donovan MA, Easy DJ. Sensitivity of lateral flow tests to mixtures of saxitoxins and applications to shellfish and phytoplankton monitoring. Toxicon 2010; 55:597-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Tang Y, Wang H, Xiang J, Chen Y, He W, Deng N, Yang H. A sensitive immunosorbent bio-barcode assay combining PCR with icELISA for detection of gonyautoxin 2/3. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 657:210-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Use of biosensors as alternatives to current regulatory methods for marine biotoxins. SENSORS 2009; 9:9414-43. [PMID: 22291571 PMCID: PMC3260648 DOI: 10.3390/s91109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine toxins are currently monitored by means of a bioassay that requires the use of many mice, which poses a technical and ethical problem in many countries. With the exception of domoic acid, there is a legal requirement for the presence of other toxins (yessotoxin, saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and analogs, pectenotoxins and azaspiracids) in seafood to be controlled by bioassay, but other toxins, such as palytoxin, cyclic imines, ciguatera and tetrodotoxin are potentially present in European food and there are no legal requirements or technical approaches available to identify their presence. The need for alternative methods to the bioassay is clearly important, and biosensors have become in recent years a feasible alternative to animal sacrifice. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biosensors as alternatives to animal assays for marine toxins, with particular focus on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.
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18
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Mechref Y, Novotny MV. Glycomic analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:207-222. [PMID: 18973241 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of multiple glycosylation sites on a protein, together with the number of glycan structures which could potentially be associated with each site (microheterogeneity) often leads to a large number of structural combinations. These structural variations increase with the molecular size of a protein, thus contributing to the complexity of glycosylation patterns. Resolving such fine structural differences has been instrumentally difficult. The degree of glycoprotein microheterogeneity has been analytically challenging in the identification of unique glycan structures that can be crucial to a distinct biological function. Despite the wealth of information provided by the most powerful mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem MS techniques, they are not able to readily identify isomeric structures. Although various separation methods provide alternatives for the analysis of glycan pools containing isomeric structures, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is often the method of choice for resolving closely related glycan structures because of its unmatched separation efficiency. It is thus natural to consider combining CE with the MS-based technologies. This review describes the utility of different CE approaches in the structural characterization of glycoproteins, and discusses the feasibility of their interface to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry, National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, METACyt Biochemical Analysis Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Detection of microbial food contaminants and their products by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4013-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Campbell K, Stewart LD, Doucette GJ, Fodey TL, Haughey SA, Vilariño N, Kawatsu K, Elliott CT. Assessment of Specific Binding Proteins Suitable for the Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons Using Optical Biosensor Technology. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5906-14. [PMID: 17580984 DOI: 10.1021/ac070342o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin monitoring in shellfish is currently performed using the internationally accredited AOAC mouse bioassay. Due to ethical and performance-related issues associated with this bioassay, the European Commission has recently published directives extending procedures that may be used for official PSP control. The feasibility of using a surface plasmon resonance optical biosensor to detect PSP toxins in shellfish tissue below regulatory levels was examined. Three different PSP toxin protein binders were investigated: a sodium channel receptor (SCR) preparation derived from rat brains, a monoclonal antibody (GT13-A) raised to gonyautoxin 2/3, and a rabbit polyclonal antibody (R895) raised to saxitoxin (STX). Inhibition assay formats were used throughout. Immobilization of STX to the biosensor chip surface was achieved via amino-coupling. Specific binding and inhibition of binding to this surface was achieved using all proteins tested. For STX calibration curves, 0-1000 ng/mL, IC50 values for each binder were as follows: SCR 8.11 ng/mL; GT13-A 5.77 ng/mL; and R895 1.56 ng/mL. Each binder demonstrated a different cross-reactivity profile against a range of STX analogues. R895 delivered a profile that was most likely to detect the widest range of PSP toxins at or below the internationally adopted regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Campbell
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Wu Y, Ho AYT, Qian PY, Leung KSY, Cai Z, Lin JM. Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense by using isotachophoresis/capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:399-404. [PMID: 16544882 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Baseline separation of seven paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), namely decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), gonyautoxin-2 (GTX-2), gonyautoxin-3 (GTX-3), gonyautoxin-1 (GTX-1), and gonyautoxin-4 (GTX-4), was achieved by using capillary ITP (CITP)/CE with UV detection. Separation parameters including duration time and voltage in CITP process, separation voltage, and pH and concentration of buffer were optimized. The developed method provided linear responses from 1.3 to 200 microM for the PSTs. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 microM. PST extracts from two algal strains of Alexandrium tamarense were analyzed and the toxin concentrations in the samples were quantified with an internal standard method by using NEO as the internal standard. The algal extract of A. tamarense HK9301 contained 332 microM GTX-2 and 224 microM GTX-3, while the PSTs were not detected in the extract of A. tamarense CI01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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He HZ, Li HB, Jiang Y, Chen F. Determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in cultured microalgae by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:1014-7. [PMID: 16231133 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. The fluorescent derivates of neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), saxitoxin (STX), gonyautoxins 1 and 4 (GTX1+4), and gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (GTX2+3) were separated on a muBondapak NH2 column (300 mm x 3.9 mm, 10 microm) using water and acetate buffer (pH 6.5) as the mobile phase (1.00 mL min(-1)) in gradient mode with fluorescence detection at 390 nm (excitation at 330 nm). The linear ranges of neoSTX, STX, GTX1+4 and GTX2+3 were 3.31-331, 0.952-95.2, 3.78-378 and 0.124-12.4 ng mL(-1), respectively. The detection limits of neoSTX, STX, GTX1+4 and GTX2+3 were 1.10, 0.32, 1.26 and 0.041 ng mL(-1), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of PSP toxins in microalgae. The recoveries ranged from 88+/-2% to 107+/-4% and the relative standard deviations were 0.16% to 4.4%. The procedure is also environmentally friendly because no organic solvent is used in the mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhi He
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
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Huck CW, Stecher G, Scherz H, Bonn G. Analysis of drugs, natural and bioactive compounds containing phenolic groups by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1319-33. [PMID: 15776479 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of phenolic compounds and its latest developments. Special attention is paid to the different interfaces. The instrumental setups are discussed and demonstrated in a high number of real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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24
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Sleno L, Volmer DA, Kovacević B, Maksić ZB. Gas-phase dissociation reactions of protonated saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:462-477. [PMID: 15047052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of the protonated paralytic shellfish poisons saxitoxin (STX) and neosaxitoxin (NEO) in the gas-phase after ion activation using different tandem mass spectrometry techniques. STX and NEO belong to a group of neurotoxins produced by several strains of marine dinoflagellates. Their chemical structures are based on a tetrahydropurine skeleton to which a 5-membered ring is fused. STX and NEO only vary in their substituent at N-1, with STX carrying hydrogen and NEO having a hydroxyl group at this position. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra exhibited an unusually rich variety and abundance of species due to the large number of functional groups within the small skeletal structures. Starting with triple-quadrupole CID spectra as templates, linked ion-trap MSn data were added to provide tentative dissociation schemes. Subsequent high-resolution FTICR experiments gave exact mass data for product ions formed via infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) from which elemental formulas were derived. Calculations of proton affinities of STX and NEO suggested that protonation took place at the guanidinium group in the pyrimidine ring for both molecules. Most of the observed parallel and consecutive fragmentations could be rationalized through neutral losses of H2O, NH3, CO, CO2, CH2O and different isocyanate, ketenimine and diimine species, many of which were similar for STX and NEO. Several exceptions, however, were noted and differences could be readily correlated with reactions involving NEO's additional hydroxyl group. A few interesting variations between CID and IRMPD spectra are also highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Sleno
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Martins CA, Kulis D, Franca S, Anderson DM. The loss of PSP toxin production in a formerly toxic Alexandrium lusitanicum clone. Toxicon 2004; 43:195-205. [PMID: 15019479 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxin production has always been considered a constitutive characteristic of dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium. Here we demonstrate that saxitoxin production can be lost by an Alexandrium species during routine culture maintenance. This is the first report of any marine saxitoxin-producing alga ever to have completely lost the ability to produce toxins. A clonal toxic isolate of Alexandrium lusitanicum from Portugal has been maintained in culture since 1962. In 1992, a subculture was established and sent to a different laboratory. Recent comparisons of the parental strain and the subculture revealed that the former had lost its toxicity, whereas the latter still produces saxitoxins. This loss of toxicity was confirmed by three independent toxin detection methods: mouse bioassay, mouse neuroblastoma assay and HPLC. Sequence analyses of different rRNA domains demonstrated that the toxic and non-toxic cultures are genetically identical for those markers. Morphological analysis showed that both cultures have the same plate tabulation and are A. lusitanicum. These results strongly argue that the loss of toxicity is not a result of a culturing artifact or mistake, such as mislabeling or contamination. The clonal cultures also show a significant difference in growth. Possible explanations for the change include genetic mutations or the effects of prolonged treatment of the non-toxic culture with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Martins
- Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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26
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Abstract
An overview is given of the different approaches that have been used to identify toxins responsible for seafood poisoning incidents, to investigate the origins of toxins, and to monitor seafood on a routine basis. It is shown that advancements in our knowledge of toxins and our ability to protect the public have often followed key developments in separation and analysis technologies. Specific examples of research in this field are presented to illustrate the significant role that chromatographic methods play. The presentation will be given in an order that reflects the typical sequence of investigations that follow a new toxin episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Quilliam
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1.
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27
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Vasas G, Gáspár A, Surányi G, Batta G, Gyémánt G, M-Hamvas M, Máthé C, Grigorszky I, Molnár E, Borbély G. Capillary electrophoretic assay and purification of cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial toxin from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, by plant test (blue-green Sinapis test). Anal Biochem 2002; 302:95-103. [PMID: 11846381 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are known to produce cyanotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites. In recent years the cylindrospermopsin (tricyclic guanidinyl hydroxymethyluracil)-producing organisms Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, and Umezakia natans have been inhabiting polluted fresh waters. Cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxic cyanotoxin, has been implicated in cases of human poisoning as well. This study describes the isolation and purification of cylindrospermopsin from A. ovalisporum with the help of a slightly modified Blue-Green Sinapis Test, a plant test suitable for determining the cyanotoxin content of chromatographic fractions besides plankton samples. The recent modification, using microtiter plates for the assay, improves the method and reduces the amount of sample needed for the assay. This approach proved that plant growth and metabolism, at least in the case of etiolated Sinapis alba seedlings, are inhibited by cylindrospermopsin. The establishment of capillary electrophoresis of cylindrospermopsin and consideration of the results reported here lead us to the expectation that capillary electrophoresis of cylindrospermopsin may be a powerful and useful analytical method for investigating cyanobacterial blooms for potential cylindrospermopsin content and toxicity. Confirmation of chemical identity of the purified compound is performed by UV spectrophotometry, NMR, and MALDI-TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
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28
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Gelpí E. Interfaces for coupled liquid-phase separation/mass spectrometry techniques. An update on recent developments. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:241-253. [PMID: 11921364 DOI: 10.1002/jms.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An update is presented covering the latest developments in the interfacing of liquid-phase separation systems and mass spectrometers. The interfacing devices presented are those developed for continuous-flow matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, micro- and nano-liquid chromatography/masspectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis/MS and on-chip separation technologies/MS. From the information that can be found in the most recent literature on the topic, it is evident that the trend towards the miniaturization of separation and interface devices is gaining ground. This can be rationalized by the substantial gains in sensitivity for the detection and study of extremely low levels of analytes and especially of high molecular mass biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gelpí
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Roselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Abstract
A review of capillary electrophoresis of venoms and toxins is presented. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of real samples in complex matrices. The structures of some of the complex toxins are presented to illustrate the remarkable diversity and complexity of these materials.
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30
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Martin-Girardeau A, Renou-Gonnord MF. Optimization of a capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of the 20 natural amino acids in childrens blood. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:163-71. [PMID: 10892595 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes useful information on the capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (CE-ESIMS) interfacing for the analysis of amino acids (AAs) in standard mixtures and in child plasma blood serum. The developed procedure allows quantitation of the 20 natural AAs, in a single run, without any derivatization. Limits of detection as low as 3-20 micromol/l (5-30 pg injected) per analyte were obtained with an efficiency of about 100,000 plates and a peak area relative standard deviation below 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martin-Girardeau
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, CNRS-UMR 7651, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
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31
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Arsenic speciation by coupling capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Chapter 10 HPLC methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Gawley RE, Zhang Q, Higgs PI, Wang S, Leblanc RM. Anthracylmethyl crown ethers as fluorescence sensors of saxitoxin. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Park DL, Guzman-Perez SE, Lopez-Garcia R. Aquatic biotoxins: design and implementation of seafood safety monitoring programs. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1999; 161:157-200. [PMID: 10218449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6427-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring toxicants are usually odorless, tasteless, and generally undetectable by any simple chemical test. Various programs have been established that are effective in reducing risks associated with these toxicants in food. These programs include setting regulatory limits, monitoring susceptible commodities for toxin levels, and using decontamination procedures. Bioassays have been used traditionally to monitor suspect products. All traditional bioassays, however, have one common disadvantage, i.e., the lack of specificity for individual toxins. The lack of available reference standards for specific toxins has also hampered implementation of monitoring programs. Utilizing the knowledge gained with regulatory monitoring and decontamination programs for other toxins, e.g., aflatoxin, similar seafood safety programs can be developed for aquatic biotoxins that will reduce risks and hazards associated with the contaminant to practicable levels and help to preserve an adequate food supply. Research is needed in several areas identified in this article. International cooperation has an important role in achieving these essential elements. Global programs will help in the adequate management of risks associated with aquatic biotoxins. To have an effective monitoring program, it is necessary to define precisely the local needs for information in a short or long time range. It is necessary to have basic knowledge about the biological, chemical, and physical conditions as well as temporal and geographic variations within the region of interest (2). Regardless of the overall success of fish/shellfish toxin monitoring plans, emergencies will occur. Therefore, contingency plans should be developed so there will be no misunderstanding of what actions to take (148). In general, however, the structure of the program must be kept as simple as possible to facilitate fast and uncomplicated flow of information among the various organizations and individuals involved (2). Public health and safety requires the removal of any toxic shellfish from the market, within practicability, and closure of any suspect harvest area. It should be important to remember that economic value of the fish or shellfish resource is always secondary to public health and safety (148).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Park
- Louisiana State University, Department of Food Science, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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35
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Kok SJ, Velthorst NH, Gooijer C, Brinkman UA. Analyte identification in capillary electrophoretic separation techniques. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2753-76. [PMID: 9870373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A review on applications of on-line hyphenation in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography for the identification of migrating analytes is presented. There is an urgent need for unambiguous analyte identification by combining spectral information and observed migration times, because the parameters influencing the migration times and separation efficiencies in these separation techniques are not easily controlled, especially when real samples containing unknown interferences have to be analyzed. The spectrometric techniques covered here are ultraviolet and visible radiation (UV/Vis) absorption, fluorescence including fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Attention is essentially confined to literature reports in which the extra information provided by the detector is really used for identification purposes, especially in real-life samples, while the interfacing as such and analyte detectabilities in standard solutions are only briefly discussed. This article covers an extensive fraction of the literature published on this topic until the beginning of 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kok
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Successful on-line interfacing of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrospray (ES) mass spectrometry (MS) has progressed substantially in recent years. Of particular note also is the development which has occurred in combining the more advanced capillary-based electromigration separation techniques, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary isotachophoresis (CIT), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), with ES/MS. The union of these electromigration schemes with MS detection provides a useful and sensitive analytical tool for the separation, quantitation and identification of biological, therapeutic, environmental and other important classes of chemical analytes. By making optimal use of the characteristics inherent with these separation mechanisms, greatly enhanced MS performance may be obtained. The following review summarizes the significant issues and challenges involved with CE/ES/MS analysis as well as results which have recently been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Banks
- Analytica of Branford, Inc., CT 06405, USA.
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37
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Wheat TE, Lilley KA, Banks JF. Capillary electrophoresis with electrospray mass spectrometry detection for low-molecular-mass compounds. J Chromatogr A 1997; 781:99-105. [PMID: 9368381 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) detection using electrospray ionization (ESI) has been explored for the separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE) of a number of sample mixtures containing low-molecular-mass species. Optimal sheath liquid composition has been determined using a peptide mixture in which femtomolar quantities of analyte were easily observed. Effects of CE buffer choice were studied in detail. Also, a separation of basic drugs in cough syrup has been successfully detected by ESI-MS. Using negative ionization, a mixture of alkyl sulfonates and a mixture of food dyes were analyzed. All components were easily resolved and identified by molecular weight.
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38
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Forest E, Pétillot Y, Gagnon J, Cotton J, Vita C. Determination of the C-terminal form of an anemone toxin using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:962-4. [PMID: 8783023 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify the form of the C-terminal amino acid of a sea anemone toxin, the native protein was compared with two synthetic proteins comprising the same sequence and a free or an amide C-terminal form. Using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis and the coupling of both techniques, we assigned the C-terminus of the native protein to be in the free carboxyl form.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forest
- Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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39
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Banks JF, Dresch T. Detection of fast capillary electrophoresis peptide and protein separations using electrospray ionization with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 1996; 68:1480-5. [PMID: 8815743 DOI: 10.1021/ac9509824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fast capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations on bare and coated fused silica have been detected on-line using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer which is capable of acquiring spectra at a rate suitable for the narrow peaks generated by CE. Protein and peptide separations producing peaks 1-2 s in width have been detected with an integration time of 0.125 s/spectrum, each spectrum being the sum of 1024 complete m/z range scans. The effects of the liquid sheath flow rate, electric field strength, and integration time on sensitivity and peak shape have been examined. A sensitivity limit of 8 fmol has been established for leucine enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Banks
- Analytica of Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
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40
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Smith RD, Udseth HR, Wahl JH, Goodlett DR, Hofstadler SA. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 1996; 271:448-86. [PMID: 8782565 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)71021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Smith
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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41
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42
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Smith RD, Udseth HR. Chapter 5 Capillary electrophoresis/Mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(96)80022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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43
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Chapter 12. Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry Applied to Environmental Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a serious public health concern throughout the world. An analytical method with diagnostic potential was used to isolate and measure saxitoxin, the most potent and studied paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, in the urine of rats injected i.v. with sublethal doses (2 micrograms/kg) of saxitoxin. Urine was collected at intervals between 4 and 144 hr after injection. Saxitoxin was isolated from urine with an ion-exchange procedure, identified, and measured with a precolumn-oxidation-HPLC procedure coupled with fluorescence detection. The identity of oxidized saxitoxin was confirmed with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Four hours after injection, approximately 19% of the injected saxitoxin dose was excreted. By 24 hr, approximately 58% of the administered dose was excreted. Average total urinary excretion of administered saxitoxin was approximately 68% for the full study period. These results demonstrate that small quantities of unmetabolized saxitoxin can be detected in rat urine up to 144 hr after i.v. administration, and that the analytical method may have diagnostic potential for saxitoxin intoxication and paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Stafford
- Toxinology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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45
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46
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Jellett J, Stewart J, Laycock M. Toxicological evaluation of saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, gonyautoxin II, gonyautoxin II plus III and decarbamoylsaxitoxin with the mouse neuroblastoma cell bioassay. Toxicol In Vitro 1995; 9:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)00194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/1994] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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48
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Fox PF, McSweeney PL, Singh TK. Methods for assessing proteolysis in cheese during maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 367:161-94. [PMID: 7572360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1913-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P F Fox
- Department of Food Chemistry, University College, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Amankwa LN, Harder K, Jirik F, Aebersold R. High-sensitivity determination of tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides by on-line enzyme reactor and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 1995; 4:113-25. [PMID: 7539661 PMCID: PMC2142971 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple, fast, sensitive, and nonisotopic bioanalytical technique for the detection of tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides and the determination of sites of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The technique employs a protein tyrosine phosphatase micro enzyme reactor coupled on-line to either capillary electrophoresis or liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry instruments. The micro enzyme reactor was constructed by immobilizing genetically engineered, metabolically biotinylated human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta onto the inner surface of a small piece of a 50-microns inner diameter, 360-microns outer diameter fused silica capillary or by immobilization of the phosphatase onto 40-90-microns avidin-activated resins. By coupling these reactors directly to either a capillary electrophoresis column or a liquid chromatography column, we were able to rapidly perform enzymatic dephosphorylation and separation of the reaction products. Detection and identification of the components of the reaction mixture exiting these reactors were done by mass analysis with an on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides, even if present in a complex peptide mixture, were identified by subtractive analysis of peptide patterns generated with or without phosphatase treatment. Two criteria, namely a phosphatase-induced change in hydropathy and charge, respectively, and a change in molecular mass by 80 Da, were used jointly to identify phosphopeptides. We demonstrate that, with this technique, low picomole amounts of a tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide can be detected in a complex peptide mixture generated by proteolysis of a protein and that even higher sensitivities can be realized if more sensitive detection systems are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Amankwa
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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50
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Buzy A, Thibault P, Laycock MV. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the characterization of enzymatic products arising from the carbamoylase digestion of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J Chromatogr A 1994; 688:301-16. [PMID: 7894646 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A sample stacking procedure is presented for the capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins dissolved in high ionic strength buffers. The application of such a stacking procedure prior to the zone electrophoretic separation is demonstrated for the analysis of decarbamoyl toxins arising from the digestion of PSP toxins by an hydrolytic enzyme from little neck clams (Protothaca staminea). Improvements in separation efficiency facilitated identification and quantitation of substrates and enzymatic products present in the digest using CE. The separation conditions developed were found to be entirely compatible with electrospray mass spectrometry, which permitted the analysis of PSP toxins and their decarbamoyl derivatives present in the low micromolar range in crude enzyme digests. The products released during the enzymatic digestion were identified using CE combined with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buzy
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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