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Schüller M, Hansen FA, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Extraction performance of electromembrane extraction and liquid-phase microextraction in prototype equipment. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464440. [PMID: 37832461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this comparative study, the performance of liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction in prototype equipment was evaluated for extraction of ninety basic substances from plasma. Using a commercial EME device based on conductive vials enabled a standardized and comprehensive comparison between the two methods. Extractions were performed from a pH-adjusted donor solution, across an organic liquid membrane immobilized in a porous polypropylene membrane, and into an acidic acceptor solution. In LPME, dodecyl acetate was used as the extraction solvent, while 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether was used for EME with an electric field applied across the system. To assess the extraction performance, extraction recovery plots and extraction time curves were constructed and analyzed. These plots provided insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of LPME and EME, allowing users to make better decisions about the most suitable method for a specific bioanalytical application. Both LPME and EME were effective for substances with 2.0 < log P < 4.0, with EME showing faster extraction kinetics. Small (200 µL) and large vials (600 µL) were compared, showing that smaller vials improved kinetics markedly in both techniques. Carrier-mediated extraction showed improved performance for analytes with log P < 2 in EME, however, with some limitations due to system instability. This is, to our knowledge, the first time LPME was performed in the commercial vial-based equipment. An evaluation of vial-based LPME investigating linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects showed promising results. These findings contribute to a general understanding of the performance differences in vial-based LPME and EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schüller
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Application of Hollow Fibre-Liquid Phase Microextraction Technique for Isolation and Pre-Concentration of Pharmaceuticals in Water. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10110311. [PMID: 33137884 PMCID: PMC7693864 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a comprehensive review of applications of the hollow fibre-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the isolation and pre-concentration of pharmaceuticals in water samples is presented. HF-LPME is simple, affordable, selective, and sensitive with high enrichment factors of up to 27,000-fold reported for pharmaceutical analysis. Both configurations (two- and three-phase extraction systems) of HF-LPME have been applied in the extraction of pharmaceuticals from water, with the three-phase system being more prominent. When compared to most common sample preparation techniques such as solid phase extraction, HF-LPME is a greener analytical chemistry process due to reduced solvent consumption, miniaturization, and the ability to automate. However, the automation comes at an added cost related to instrumental set-up, but a reduced cost is associated with lower reagent consumption as well as shortened overall workload and time. Currently, many researchers are investigating ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents as environmentally friendly chemicals that could lead to full classification of HF-LPME as a green analytical procedure.
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3
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Delhiraja K, Philip L. Characterization of segregated greywater from Indian households-part B: emerging contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:432. [PMID: 32542411 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) have become an increasing area of concern due to the likely impacts of these compounds on human health and the environment. Generally, products which are used for households and personal care activities contribute to major percentage of ECs in household greywater. Not much information on the presence of xenobiotic organic compounds in greywater is currently available. Therefore, the present study focused on the qualitative and quantitative analyses of emerging contaminants from different classifications of Indian households. The qualitative screening of emerging pollutants by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (SPE-GC-MS) showed the presence of 78 different emerging contaminants from three different sources, which are categorized into ten different groups based on their chemical properties. The quantitative analysis of few selected target pollutants such as phthalic esters, namely diethyl hexyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, triclosan, bisphenol A, caffeine, acetaminophen, 3-methyl salicylic acid, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol were found to be 0.38 ± 0.39 μg/L, 1.57 ± 1.54 μg/L, 4.77 ± 2.57 μg/L, 0.712 ± 0.17 μg/L, 5.82 ± 1.85 μg/L, 11.08 ± 2.64 μg/L, 2.30 ± 1.19 μg/L 13.18 ± 4.48 μg/L, 3.75 ± 1.90 μg/L, 4.95 ± 2.21 μg/L, and 5.96 μg/L, respectively. Risk assessment indicated that 63 compounds identified in the greywater can be considered priority pollutants. Based on the results obtained in the present study, effective zero-discharge liquid system can be designed for different sources of greywater and it can be recycled and reused without much risk. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Delhiraja
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Ligy Philip
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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4
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Development of Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbonaceal and Metal Phthalocyanines Materials for Determination of Ethinyl Estradiol. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of an electrochemical sensor that was used in the determination of ethinyl estradiol (EE) in pharmaceutical formulations, river water, and milk using the square wave voltammetry technique. Studies were carried out using different carbonaceous materials (multiwalled carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide Reduced graphene oxide, graphite) and different metallic phthalocyanines (cobalt, iron and manganese). Based on these studies it was possible to obtain the best system for the construction of the sensor. The device was obtained by the chemical modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Under conditions previously optimized for the proposed method, an analytical curve was constructed, presenting linearity in a range of 2.50–90.0 μmol L−1 (R = 0.990), with detection limit of 2.20 μmol L−1 and quantification of 2.50 μmol L−1. The validation of the methodology for the determination of EE using GCE-MWCNTs-CoPc was performed, being accurate, precise, stable and sensitive. The recovery of ethinyl estradiol in the sample of pharmaceutical formulation was 103.93%, in the samples of river water ranged from 92.75% to 96.47%, and in the milk sample was from 88.00% to 96.20%. Thus, the proposed method presented a viable alternative for the determination of ethinyl estradiol in the quality control of pharmaceutical and food formulations as well as in environmental control.
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Gjelstad A. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Valenzuela EF, Menezes HC, Cardeal ZL. New passive sampling device for effective monitoring of pesticides in water. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1054:26-37. [PMID: 30712591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides promotes environmental contamination, mainly in surface and ground waters. However, they remain at very low concentration and present wide degradation level requiring the use of efficient devices for pesticides passive sampling. In this study, a new in situ passive sampling device was developed for monitoring and estimating time-weighted average (TWA) of pesticides in waters. The device was made with simple, recyclable and cheap materials. The sampling system involves the liquid phase microextraction technique with hollow fiber in two-phases mode. Pesticides determination was done by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method was optimized and validated for the determination of 29 pesticides in water, showing good linearity in the range between 0.012 and 40.00 μg L-1 with determination coefficients of R2 > 0,9649. Limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.009 to 0.557 μg L-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) from 0.012 to 0.802 μg L-1. The recoveries of spiked pesticides in water samples were in the range from 96 to 130%. The method was applied to forty environmental water samples collected at São Francisco river basin, Brazil. The highest detection frequency was found for the pesticides 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDD and propazine. They were detected in more than 20 percent of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard F Valenzuela
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helvécio C Menezes
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Havlikova M, Cabala R, Pacakova V, Bosakova Z. Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques-Part 2: Membrane-supported and homogenous phase based techniques. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:303-318. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department; Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vera Pacakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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Castilhos NDB, Sampaio NMFM, da Silva BC, Riegel-Vidotti IC, Grassi MT, Silva BJG. Physical-chemical characteristics and potential use of a novel alginate/zein hydrogel as the sorption phase for polar organic compounds. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:507-516. [PMID: 28821098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel alginate based hydrogel was successfully prepared and tested for the solid phase microextraction of medium-to-high polarity compounds, when supported in a polypropylene (PP) fiber. Pure alginate when added onto the surface of the PP fiber, resulted in a significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of the analytes (except for β-estradiol). The alginate hydrogel was modified upon the incorporation of a small amount of zein, a corn protein. Interestingly, the alginate/zein-supported hydrogel was capable of successfully extracting compounds with low partition constant (Kow), such as 17-α-ethinyl estradiol, progesterone and estriol, since the initial water uptake decreased dramatically in this gel, therefore, leaving the alginate hydroxyl groups more available to interact with the polar compounds. In conclusion, this paper presents the preparation of a simple, low cost, reusable, and efficient sorption phase for the extraction of polar compounds with different polarities in aqueous samples, which is a current technological challenge in developing efficient wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natara D B Castilhos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Naiara M F M Sampaio
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruno C da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Izabel C Riegel-Vidotti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco T Grassi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruno J G Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19081, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil.
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Dinis TBV, Passos H, Lima DLD, Sousa ACA, Coutinho JAP, Esteves VI, Freire MG. Simultaneous extraction and concentration of water pollution tracers using ionic-liquid-based systems. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1559:69-77. [PMID: 28793962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are responsible for the release of innumerous substances into the aquatic environment. Some of these substances can be used as pollution tracers to identify contamination sources and to prioritize monitoring and remediation actions. Thus, their identification and quantification are of high priority. However, due to their presence in complex matrices and at significantly low concentrations, a pre-treatment/concentration step is always required. As an alternative to the currently used pre-treatment methods, mainly based on solid-phase extractions, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and K3C6H5O7 are here proposed for the simultaneous extraction and concentration of mixtures of two important pollution tracers, caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ). An initial screening of the IL chemical structure was carried out, with extraction efficiencies of both tracers to the IL-rich phase ranging between 95 and 100%, obtained in a single-step. These systems were then optimized in order to simultaneously concentrate CAF and CBZ from water samples followed by HPLC-UV analysis, for which no interferences of the ABS phase-forming components and other interferents present in a wastewater effluent sample have been found. Based on the saturation solubility data of both pollution tracers in the IL-rich phase, the maximum estimated concentration factors of CAF and CBZ are 28595- and 8259-fold. IL-based ABS can be thus envisioned as effective pre-treatment techniques of environmentally-related aqueous samples for a more accurate monitoring of mixtures of pollution tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B V Dinis
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Passos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Complementary Sciences, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C A Sousa
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João A P Coutinho
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Goh SXL, Lee HK. An alternative perspective of hollow fiber-mediated extraction: Bundled hollow fiber array-liquid-phase microextraction with sonication-assisted desorption and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens in aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Alsharif AMA, Tan GH, Choo YM, Lawal A. Efficiency of Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Chromatography Methods in the Separation of Organic Compounds: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:378-391. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Ali Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Arab Centre for Desertification and Development of Saharian Societies, Murzuk, Libya
| | - Guan-Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Lawal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Nigeria
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12
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Gonçalves LM, Valente IM, Rodrigues JA. Recent Advances in Membrane-Aided Extraction and Separation for Analytical Purposes. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1235050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Maria Valente
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Cai J, Chen G, Qiu J, Jiang R, Zeng F, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in ecological textiles by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 146:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Racamonde I, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Application of polypropylene tubes as single-use and low-cost sorptive extraction materials for the determination of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in water samples. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Wang X, He Y, Lin L, Zeng F, Luan T. Application of fully automatic hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction to assess the distribution of organophosphate esters in the Pearl River Estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:263-269. [PMID: 24140697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread organic pollutants that could be detected in various environmental matrices. In this study, a sample pretreatment method was developed for the determination of 9 OPEs by automatic hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High sensitivity of OPEs could be achieved after optimization of several important parameters with the limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 2.6 to 120 ng L(-1) for different individual OPEs, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 2.1% to 10.4%. Acceptable recoveries were observed and the proposed method was then successfully applied to determine OPEs in seawaters collected from 23 sampling sites of the Pearl River Estuaries in dry and wet seasons, respectively. All of the OPEs could be detected, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP). The total concentrations of 9 OPEs in seawaters were ranging from 2.04 (Hemen) to 3.12 (Humen) μg L(-1) in the dry season and from 1.08 (Hemen) to 2.50 (Jitimen) μgL(-1) in the wet season. By using spatial interpolation method of ordinary kriging, the most polluted area of ΣOPEs was found in Humen in the dry season, while it was Jitimen in the wet season. Moreover, the annual input of ΣOPEs discharged via eight estuaries ranged from 384 tons (Jitimen) to 1,225 tons (Modaomen), and the total annual input was 5,694 tons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yingqian He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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16
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Fabregat-Cabello N, Sancho JV, Vidal A, González FV, Roig-Navarro AF. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for the reliable quantification of alkylphenols in environmental water samples by isotope pattern deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1328:43-51. [PMID: 24423386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new measurement method for the rapid extraction and accurate quantification of technical nonylphenol (NP) and 4-t-octylphenol (OP) in complex matrix water samples by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The extraction of both compounds is achieved in 30min by means of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) using 1-octanol as acceptor phase, which provides an enrichment (preconcentration) factor of 800. On the other hand we have developed a quantification method based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and singly (13)C1-labeled compounds. To this end the minimal labeled (13)C1-4-(3,6-dimethyl-3-heptyl)-phenol and (13)C1-t-octylphenol isomers were synthesized, which coelute with the natural compounds and allows the compensation of the matrix effect. The quantification was carried out by using isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD), which permits to obtain the concentration of both compounds without the need to build any calibration graph, reducing the total analysis time. The combination of both extraction and determination techniques have allowed to validate for the first time a HF-LPME methodology at the required levels by legislation achieving limits of quantification of 0.1ngmL(-1) and recoveries within 97-109%. Due to the low cost of HF-LPME and total time consumption, this methodology is ready for implementation in routine analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Fabregat-Cabello
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Andreu Vidal
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Florenci V González
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Lim TH, Hu L, Yang C, He C, Lee HK. Membrane assisted micro-solid phase extraction of pharmaceuticals with amino and urea-grafted silica gel. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Dehghani Mohammad Abadi M, Ashraf N, Chamsaz M, Shemirani F. An overview of liquid phase microextraction approaches combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Talanta 2012; 99:1-12. [PMID: 22967514 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer has become a popular analytical instrument in the modern day laboratories. However, the low concentrations of many analytes in samples make it difficult to directly measure them by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This overview focuses on the combinations of microvolume UV-Vis spectrophotometry with miniaturized approaches to sample preparation, namely, single drop microextraction (SDME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), cold induced aggregation microextraction (CIAME), in situ solvent formation microextraction (ISSFME), ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME), solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME), and hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) to improve both the selectivity and sensitivity. Integration of these techniques provides unique advantages which include availability, simplicity of operation, low cost, speed, precision and accuracy; hence making them a powerful tool in chemical analysis.
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19
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Liu W, Zhang L, Fan L, Lin Z, Cai Y, Wei Z, Chen G. An improved hollow fiber solvent-stir bar microextraction for the preconcentration of anabolic steroids in biological matrix with determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Removal of ibuprofen and 4-isobutylacetophenone by non-dispersive solvent extraction using a hollow fibre membrane contactor. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Developments in hollow fiber based liquid-phase microextraction: principles and applications. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Prieto A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Rodríguez I, Cela R, Möder M. Evaluation of low-cost disposable polymeric materials for sorptive extraction of organic pollutants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 716:119-27. [PMID: 22284886 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The capabilities of four commercially available and low cost polymeric materials for the extraction of polar and non-polar contaminants (logK(ow)=-0.07-6.88, from caffeine to octocrylene, respectively) from water samples was compared. Tested sorbents were polyethersulphone, polypropylene and Kevlar, compared to polydimethylsiloxane as reference material. Parameters that affect the extraction process such as pH and ionic strength of the sample, extraction time and desorption conditions were thoroughly investigated. A set of experimental partition coefficients (K(pw)), at two different experimental conditions, was estimated for the best suited materials and compared with the theoretical octanol-water (K(ow)) partition coefficients of the analytes. Polyethersulphone displayed the largest extraction yields for both polar and non-polar analytes, with higher K(pw) and lower matrix effects than polydimethylsiloxane and polypropylene. Thus, a sorptive microextraction method, followed by large volume injection (LVI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), was proposed using the former sorbent (2 mg) for the simultaneous determination of model compounds in water samples. Good linearity (>0.99) was obtained for most of the analytes, except in the case of 4-nonylphenol (0.9466). Precision (n=4) at 50 and 500 ng L(-1) levels was in the 2-24% and limits of detection (LODs) were in the 0.6-25 ng L(-1) range for all the analytes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
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23
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Aufartová J, Mahugo-Santana C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Nováková L, Solich P. Determination of steroid hormones in biological and environmental samples using green microextraction techniques: An overview. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Lee J, Lee HK. Fully Automated Dynamic In-Syringe Liquid-Phase Microextraction and On-Column Derivatization of Carbamate Pesticides with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6856-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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25
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Mahugo-Santana C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Torres-Padrón ME, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Application of new approaches to liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of emerging pollutants. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Ensafi AA, Allafchian AR, Saraji M, Mirahmadi Zare SZ. Liquid three-phase microextraction based on hollow fiber for highly selective and sensitive determination of using an ion selective electrode. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:463-470. [PMID: 32938051 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, a combination of hollow fiber based liquid 3-phase microextraction with a potentiometric method was applied as a highly selective and sensitive method of analysis. Desipramine, as a model compound, was extracted from a small volume in the presence of 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH (donor solution) through a thin phase of propyl benzoate inside the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber and finally into a 10 μL acidic acceptor solution inside the hollow fiber. Two microelectrodes were designed and inserted into the two ends of a hollow fiber inside the acceptor solution. Potentiometric analysis was performed in situ within an extraction time of 15 min; the final stable signal was used for analytical application. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 296 was achieved and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the method was 4.5%. The calibration curve was obtained in the range of 3.0 × 10-5 to 3.4 × 10-8 mol L-1 with a reasonable linearity (R2 > 0.9849) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 × 10-8 mol L-1. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by extraction and determination of desipramine in plasma and urine samples without any special pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156â€"83111, Iran.
| | - Ali R Allafchian
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156â€"83111, Iran.
| | - M Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156â€"83111, Iran.
| | - S Z Mirahmadi Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156â€"83111, Iran.
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27
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Martínez Galera M, Gil García M, Culzoni M, Goicoechea H. Determination of pharmaceuticals in river water by column switching of large sample volumes and liquid chromatography–diode array detection, assisted by chemometrics: An integrated approach to green analytical methodologies. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2042-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Larsson N, Petersson E, Rylander M, Jönsson JÃK. Continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and monitoring of pharmaceuticals in a sewage treatment plant effluent. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:59-67. [PMID: 32938143 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous extraction and quantification of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) based on continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (CFHF-LPME) was developed. The effect of sample flow rate, acceptor flow rate, type of acceptor flow (continuous, semi-continuous or forward-backward), type of supported liquid membrane and sample volume was studied. The extraction of the final method was linear over an environmentally relevant concentration range and yielded high enrichment factors (720-940 times) in reagent water and (270-800 times) in sewage water for all analytes within 45 min. Repeatability was best (RSD 6-15%) during the first 30 min of extraction. The optimised method was used to monitor the occurrence and fate of the four NSAIDs in a Swedish sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, which is discharged into a system of ponds before release into a river, during the period May-September 2008. All four analytes were detected at concentrations up to 0.92 µg L-1 ketoprofen, 0.08 µg L-1 naproxen, 0.43 µg L-1 diclofenac and 0.25 µg L-1 ibuprofen. A concentration drop during the summer was observed. For diclofenac and ketoprofen significant removal in the primary recipient pond system was observed. The presence of the studied pharmaceuticals in STP effluent together with concern about their environmental effects makes monitoring of their occurrence and knowledge of their environmental fate important. The proposed method provides a basis for automation of extraction towards on-site extraction using CFHF-LPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Larsson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Estelle Petersson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marika Rylander
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jan à Ke Jönsson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Pérez Pavón JL, Casas Ferreira AM, Fernández Laespada ME, Moreno Cordero B. In situ derivatization reaction and determination of ibuprofen in water samples using headspace generation-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6728-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Headspace solid-phase microextraction of halogenated toluenes in environmental aqueous samples with polypropylene microporous membranes. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2825-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Cui S, Tan S, Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J. Automated polyvinylidene difluoride hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of flunitrazepam in plasma and urine samples for gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Simultaneous conduction of two- and three-phase hollow-fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:756-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Choi K, Kim SJ, Jin YG, Jang YO, Kim JS, Chung DS. Single Drop Microextraction Using Commercial Capillary Electrophoresis Instruments. Anal Chem 2008; 81:225-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Su Ju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yoo Gon Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yong Oh Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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34
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García-López M, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Evaluation of liquid–liquid microextraction using polypropylene microporous membranes for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 625:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Lee J, Lee HK, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Environmental and bioanalytical applications of hollow fiber membrane liquid-phase microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:253-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Suitability of polypropylene microporous membranes for liquid- and solid-phase extraction of halogenated anisoles from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Steroid hormone determination in water using an environmentally friendly membrane based extraction technique. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Barri T, Jönsson JÅ. Advances and developments in membrane extraction for gas chromatography: Techniques and applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:16-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE. Liquid-phase microextraction with porous hollow fibers, a miniaturized and highly flexible format for liquid–liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:132-42. [PMID: 17889886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since 1999, substantial research has been devoted to the development of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) based on porous hollow fibers. With this technology, target analytes are extracted from aqueous samples, through a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) sustained in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber, and further into a microL volume of acceptor solution placed inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. After extraction, the acceptor solution is directly subjected to a final chemical analysis by liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), or mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, LPME will be discussed with focus on extraction principles, historical development, fundamental theory, and performance. Also, major applications have been compiled, and recent forefront developments will be discussed.
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40
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Amiri AH, Es'haghi Z. BTEX determination in water matrices using HF-LPME with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:671-676. [PMID: 18221982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a sample pre-treatment technique for the determination of trace concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) in aqueous samples has been developed and applied to analysis of the selected analytes in environmental water samples. The extraction procedure is based on coupling polypropylene hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with gas chromatography by flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The effective parameters such as organic solvent, extraction time, agitation speed and salting effect were investigated. Good reproducibilities of the extraction performance were obtained, with the RSD values ranging from 2.02 to 4.61% (n=5). The method provided 41.47-128.01 fold preconcentration of the target analytes. The limits of detections for the BTEX were in the range of 0.005-03microg ml(-1). In addition, sample clean-up was achieved during LPME due to the selectivity of the hollow fiber, which prevented undesirable large molecules from being extracted. Real samples (River and waste waters) containing BTEX were examined using this method with good linearity and precision (RSDs most lower than 6.00%, n=5). All experiments were carried out at room temperature, 22+/-0.5 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
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41
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Zorita S, Mårtensson L, Mathiasson L. Hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentration at ultra trace level in sewage samples. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2513-21. [PMID: 17763523 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a method was developed for determining the concentration of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in sewage water samples. Sample preparation was performed by hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) extraction with final analysis using liquid chromatography with UV detection. Several parameters were studied including type of organic solvent, sample and acceptor pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed determination of the analyte at the ng/L level in sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.991 for both analytes and resulted in limits of detection in sewage water of 11 and 12 ng/L, for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 1700 for both analytes in sewage water. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 8% and 17%, respectively. The developed methodology was used to study daily variations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in municipal sewage streams. Norfluoxetine has been detected for the first time in sewage water and a preliminary analysis gave average concentrations of 150 and 225 ng/L for norfluoxetine and fluoxetine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Zorita
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Zorita S, Barri T, Mathiasson L. A novel hollow-fibre microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction for determination of free 4-isobutylacetophenone concentration at ultra trace level in environmental aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:30-7. [PMID: 17540383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a method was developed for determination of the free concentration of 4-isobutylacetophenone, a toxic degradation product of ibuprofen, in river and sewage water samples from Sweden. Sample preparation and analysis were performed by a hollow-fibre microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE) set-up and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. In this novel approach, only the liquid in the membrane pores is utilised for non-depleting extraction. Several parameters were studied, including: type of organic solvent, sample pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed the determination of the analyte at the ng L(-1) level in river and sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.992 and resulted in a limit of detection of 7 and 14 ng L(-1) for river and sewage water, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 2000 in the fibre and over 300 after dilution. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 5% and 10%, respectively. For the first time, 4-isobutylacetophenone was found at free concentrations of 40 ng L(-1) or below in sewage waters, while it could not be quantified in a river downstream from a municipal sewage treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Zorita
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lund, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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43
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Fiamegos YC, Stalikas CD. In-drop derivatisation liquid-phase microextraction assisted by ion-pairing transfer for the gas chromatographic determination of phenolic endocrine disruptors. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 597:32-40. [PMID: 17658310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel in-drop derivatisation liquid-phase microextraction procedure with an ion-pairing agent is developed and optimised for the extraction of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The ethyl esters of the analytes were rapidly formed in the organic drop and analysed by gas chromatography. The effects of various parameters such as rate and time of agitation, ion-pairing agent and reactant concentration, pH and temperature were studied systematically to optimise the process and bring out the locale of reaction in the organic drop. A study of the mechanistic pathways of the overall procedure is attempted leading to interesting findings and delineating important points of the kinetics and mechanism. A mechanistic model is proposed on the basis of the theory of mass transfer with chemical reaction in two liquid phases. The O-ethoxycarbonyl derivatisation appears to take place in the bulk organic phase. The system provides insight into the first reported analytical case of single-drop extraction-preconcentration-derivatisation assisted by an ion-pairing transfer and has all of the interesting facets of chemical reaction in which the role of mass transfer comes into picture. The analytical features of the method are acceptable and the overall relative standard deviations of the intra-day repeatability (n=5) and inter-day reproducibility were <3.9% and <5.4%, respectively, for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses and <4.3% and <7.1% for gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection analyses. The method was applicable to urine and surface water samples. The LODs ranged between 0.2-1.3 ng mL(-1) and 8.5-26.5 ng mL(-1) for GC/MS and GC/FID analyses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis C Fiamegos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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44
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45
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Ho TS, Vasskog T, Anderssen T, Jensen E, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. 25,000-fold pre-concentration in a single step with liquid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 592:1-8. [PMID: 17499063 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fiber protected liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was developed for large sample volume extractions in a single step, with special emphasis on extraction of basic drugs from environmental waters. Five antidepressant drugs were extracted from 1100 or 100 mL water samples, through approximately 50 microL of dihexyl ether immobilized in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber (liquid membrane), and into 20 microL of 10 mM HCl or HCOOH as the acceptor solution. Extractions were performed for 60 or 120 min supported by magnetic stirring at 800 rpm, and hereafter the acceptor solution was directly injected in HPLC-UV or HPLC-MS. Compared with earlier work on LPME from small sample volumes, both closing the hollow fiber and the type of liquid membrane was found to be critical for large volume extractions. The hollow fibers were carefully closed with a small piece of metal wire, dihexyl ether was used as the liquid membrane, and pH in the sample was adjusted to 11.8 with NaOH. Recoveries from 1100 mL samples were in the range 33-49%, and enrichments were in the range 18,000-27,000 after 120 min of extraction. With HPLC-MS, the drugs were detected down to the 5-30 pg L(-1) level. Within-day precision was within 12.4-20.6% R.S.D. (n=6), whereas between-day precision was within 17.6 and 37.2% R.S.D. Linearity was obtained in the range 1-500 ng L(-1) with r2-values between 0.982 and 0.994. The proposed LPME system was utilized to detect the five antidepressants in wastewater from the city of Tromsø in Northern Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Si Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Ouyang G, Zhao W, Pawliszyn J. Automation and optimization of liquid-phase microextraction by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:47-54. [PMID: 17116305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several fully automated liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) techniques, including static headspace LPME (HS-LPME) (a drop of solvent is suspended at the tip of a microsyringe needle and exposed to the headspace of the sample solution), exposed dynamic HS-LPME (the solvent is exposed in the headspace of sample vial for different time, and then withdrawn into the barrel of the syringe. This procedure is repeated a number of times), unexposed dynamic HS-LPME (the solvent is moved inside the needle and the barrel of a syringe, and the gaseous sample is withdrawn into the barrel and then ejected), static direct-immersed LPME (DI-LPME) (a drop of solvent is suspended at the tip of a microsyringe needle and directly immersed into the sample solution), dynamic DI-LPME (the solvent is moved inside the needle and the barrel of a syringe, and the sample solution is withdrawn and ejected), and two phase hollow fiber-protected LPME (HF-LPME) (a hollow fiber is used to stabilize and protect the solvent), auto-performed with a commercial CTC CombiPal autosampler, are described in this paper. Critical experimental factors, including temperature, choice of extraction solvent, solvent volume, plunger movement rate, and extraction time were investigated. Among the three HS-LPME techniques that were evaluated, the exposed dynamic HS-LPME technique provided the best performance, compared to the unexposed dynamic HS-LPME and static HS-LPME approaches. For DI-LPME, the dynamic process can enhance the extraction efficiency and the achieved method precision is comparable with the static DI-LPME technique. The precision of the fully automated HF-LPME is quite acceptable (RSD values below 6.8%), and the concentration enrichment factors are better than the DI-LPME approaches. The fully automated LPME techniques are more accurate and more convenient, and the reproducibility achieved eliminates the need for an internal standard to improve the method precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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47
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Chapter 2.5 Analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(07)50006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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48
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Guo YG, Zhang J, Liu DN, Fu HF. Determination of n-octanol–water partition coefficients by hollow-fiber membrane solvent microextraction coupled with HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:2193-8. [PMID: 17082876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel direct method has been developed for determination of n-octanol-water partition coefficients by hollow-fiber membrane solvent microextraction (HFMSME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compound of interest is dissolved in water with sonication and a hollow fiber containing octanol inside is placed in the sample solution to perform microextraction. After microextraction the concentrations in both the aqueous and n-octanol phases are analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. The method was evaluated with ten reference compounds and shown to be suitable for determination of the partition coefficients of organic compounds accurately, cheaply, simply, and quickly. Previously unknown n-octanol-water partition coefficients have been obtained for other compounds by use of the hollow-fiber membrane solvent-microextraction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Fontanals N, Barri T, Bergström S, Jönsson JA. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at trace levels in environmental waters using hollow-fiber microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:41-8. [PMID: 16965779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a simple and easy-to-use extraction method that is based on a hollow-fiber microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE), as an extraction technique, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine a group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), at trace levels in aqueous samples. The hollow-fiber membrane (HF) filled with organic solvent was immersed into the aqueous sample, spiked with the analytes at ng l(-1) level, and stirred for 60 min. The proposed method could attain enrichment factors (E(e)) up to 5200 times, after optimising parameters, such as organic solvent, stirring speed and extraction time, that affect the extraction. The HF-MMLLE-GC-MS method was successfully applied to the extraction of PBDEs from tap, river and leachate water samples with spike recoveries ranging from 85% to 110%. The method validation with reagent and leachate water samples provided good linearity, detection limits of 1.1 ng l(-1) or lower, both in reagent and leachate water, as well as satisfactory precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility with values of % relative standard deviation (%RSD) lower than 8.6 and 16.9, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Einsle T, Paschke H, Bruns K, Schrader S, Popp P, Moeder M. Membrane-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of selected polycyclic musk compounds and drugs in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:196-204. [PMID: 16870197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selected polycyclic musk compounds and drugs were extracted from water samples by membrane-assisted micro liquid-liquid extraction. The two-phase extraction system consisted of polyethylene membrane bags filled with an organic solvent. Chloroform proved to be most suited as acceptor phase to extract caffeine, Galaxolide, Tonalide, phenazone and carbamazepine from aqueous samples. The compounds were enriched from 50 mL sample into a volume of 500 microL of chloroform. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for analysis. The extraction procedure was optimised in regard to membrane material, extraction time and temperature. The evaluation of the entire analysis protocol found limits of detection that ranged from 20 to 200 ng/L. The linear range of calibration covered one magnitude with standard deviations between 4 and 12%. Method comparison with standard analysis techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with GC-MS as well as LC-MS-MS confirmed this method as an easy and reliable protocol, even for the monitoring of matrix-loaded wastewater. The analysis of real samples established the feasibility of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Einsle
- UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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