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Rahimi M, Bahar S. Preparation of a New Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Monitoring of Phenobarbital in Urine Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:87-95. [PMID: 35088078 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple solid-phase microextraction technique using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP-SPME) was prepared to monitor phenobarbital in urine samples. In this technique, the fiber was prepared via insertion of the modified stainless-steel wire in the reaction solution including 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of an acidic catalyst (acetic acid). The fabricated MIP-SPME fiber was utilized to selectively extract phenobarbital from urine samples and prepare it for detection through high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The synthesized MIPs were characterized by several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The effects of various influencing factors on the extraction yield of phenobarbital were considered and optimized. The conditions that yielded the maximum extraction efficiency were as follows: pH of 5, 25 min extraction time, 500 rpm stirring rate, 15 min desorption time and using methanol as elution solvent. Within the range of concentrations of 0.02 to 100 μg mL-1, the method had linear characteristics, with a suitable coefficient of determination (0.9983). We determined limits of detection and limits of quantification to be 9.88 and 32.9 ng mL-1, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility of the prepared fibers were 4.6 and 6.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Soleiman Bahar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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Zhu R, Dong Y, Cai X, Huang C. Determination of Barbiturates in Biological Specimens by Flat Membrane-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081494. [PMID: 30995793 PMCID: PMC6515296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide abuse of barbiturates has aroused extensive public concern. Therefore, the determination of such drugs is becoming essential in therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic science. Herein, a simple, efficient, and inexpensive sample preparation technique, namely, flat membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction (FM-LPME) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used to determine barbiturates in biological specimens. Factors that may influence the efficiency including organic extraction solvent, pH, and composition of donor and acceptor phases, extraction time, and salt addition to the sample (donor phase) were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the linear ranges of the proposed FM-LPME/LC-MS method (with correlation coefficient factors ≥ 0.99) were 7.5–750 ng mL−1 for whole blood, 5.0–500 ng mL−1 for urine, and 25–2500 ng g−1 for liver. Repeatability between 5.0 and 13.7% was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD) values ranged from 1.5 to 3.1 ng mL−1, from 0.6 to 3.6 ng mL−1, and from 5.2 to 10.0 ng g−1 for whole blood, urine, and liver samples, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of barbiturates in blood and liver from rats treated with these drugs, and excellent sample cleanup was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiangyang Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Development of an Automated Method for Selected Aromas of Red Wines from Cold-Hardy Grapes Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR. Validated LC–MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:431-440. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Daşbaşı T, Saçmacı Ş, Ülgen A, Kartal Ş. A simple dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for determination of Ag(I) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Polyoxotungstate nanoclusters supported on silica as an efficient solid-phase microextraction fiber of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu C, Yang J, Wang Y, Wei H, Zhang H, Shi Y. Ultrasonic nebulisation extraction: extraction column coupled with liquid phase microextraction for analysis of the volatile organic compounds in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. as a model. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:296-302. [PMID: 23108694 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the concentrations of the volatile organic compounds are always low and their matrix is complex, it is necessary to pre-concentrate the volatile organic compounds before analysis. Ultrasonic nebulisation extraction with a self-made extraction column coupled with liquid phase microextraction is developed for the extraction of active constituents from spices. OBJECTIVE To develop an environmentally compatible extraction technique for the preparation and analysis of the volatile organic compounds from spices. METHOD The sample is placed into the nebulisation vessel of a nebulisation humidifier and a purging gas is blown through the vessel continuously. When the nebuliser is switched on, a ultrasonic fountain is formed by ultrasonic vibration and the target analytes are transferred from the sample solution to the vapour phase and then concentrated on the extraction solvent in the extraction column. After extraction for 3 min and allowed to stand upright for 5 min, the extract is analysed by GC and GC-MS. Different methods of comparison can then be carried out. RESULTS Optimum conditions were found to be: 30 μL of n-tetradecane as the extraction solvent, a flow rate for the purging gas of 40 mL/min, a purging time of 3 min and a standing time was 5 min. The contents of constituents in the extract obtained by the proposed method were close to those obtained by hydrodistillation (HD). Moreover, the proposed method achieves higher enrichment efficiency. CONCLUSION A method was developed for the extraction of volatile organic compounds from spices. The study has shown that it is a fast and environmentally sustainable technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Preparation of graphene-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application on organochlorine pesticides determination. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Menck RA, de Lima DS, Seulin SC, Leyton V, Pasqualucci CA, Muñoz DR, Osselton MD, Yonamine M. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of barbiturates in whole blood samples. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3361-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vilma Leyton
- Faculty of Medicine; University of São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- Faculty of Medicine; University of São Paulo; Brazil
- Death Verification Service; University of São Paulo; Brazil
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Fu H, Zhu D. In Situ Hydrothermal Grown Silicalite-1 Coating for Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2366-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School
of the Environment, Nanjing University,
Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School
of the Environment, Nanjing University,
Jiangsu 210093, China
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Hu X, Cai Q, Fan Y, Ye T, Cao Y, Guo C. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated solid-phase microextraction fibers for determination of Sudan I–IV dyes in hot chili powder and poultry feed samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Gholivand MB, Piryaei M, Abolghasemi MM. Anodized aluminum wire as a solid-phase microextraction fiber for rapid determination of volatile constituents in medicinal plant. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Es’haghi Z, Rezaeifar Z, Rounaghi GH, Nezhadi ZA, Golsefidi MA. Synthesis and application of a novel solid-phase microextraction adsorbent: Hollow fiber supported carbon nanotube reinforced sol–gel for determination of phenobarbital. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hu X, Dai G, Huang J, Ye T, Fan H, Youwen T, Yu Y, Liang Y. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated on stainless steel fiber for solid-phase microextraction of chloroacetanilide herbicides in soybean and corn. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5875-82. [PMID: 20708736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with metolachlor as template was firstly coated on stainless steel fiber through chemical bonding strategy to solve the fragility problem of silica fiber substrate for solid-phase microextraction. The surface pretreatment of stainless steel fiber and the polymerization conditions were investigated systematically to enhance the preparation feasibility and MIP coating performance, and then a porous and highly cross-linked MIP coating with 14.8-microm thickness was obtained with over 200 times re-usability which was supported by non-fragile stainless steel fiber adoption. The MIP coating possessed specific selectivities to metolachlor, its metabolites and other chloroacetanilide herbicides with the factors of 1.1-4.6. Good extraction capacities of metolachlor, propisochlor and butachlor were found with MIP coating under quick adsorption and desorption kinetics, and the detection limits of 3.0, 9.6 and 38 microg L(-1) were achieved, respectively. Moreover, the MIP-coated stainless steel fiber was evaluated for trace metolachlor, propisochlor and butachlor extraction in the spiked soybean and corn samples, and the enrichment factors of 54-60, 27-31 and 15-20 were obtained, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Johnson LL, Garg U. Quantitation of amobarbital, butalbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital in urine, serum, and plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2010; 603:65-74. [PMID: 20077060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-459-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants with sedative and hypnotic properties. Some barbiturates, with longer half-lives, are used as anticonvulsants. Their mechanism of action includes activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated neuronal transmission inhibition. Clinically used barbiturates include amobarbital, butalbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental. Besides their therapeutic use, barbiturates are commonly abused. Their analysis is useful for both clinical and forensic proposes. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a commonly used method for the analysis of barbiturates. In the method described here, barbiturates from serum, plasma, or urine are extracted using an acidic phosphate buffer and methylene chloride. Barbital is used as an internal standard. The organic extract is dried and reconstituted with mixture of trimethylanilinium hydroxide (TMAH) and ethylacetate. The extract is injected into a gas chromatogram mass spectrometer where it undergoes "flash methylation" in the hot injection port. Selective ion monitoring and relative retention times are used for the identification and quantitation of barbiturates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Shabir GA, Bradshaw TK, Arain SA, Shar GQ. A NEW VALIDATED METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF A SERIES OF EIGHT BARBITURATES BY RP-HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903430175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam A. Shabir
- a School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Tony K. Bradshaw
- a School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Shafique A. Arain
- b Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK
| | - Ghulam Qadir Shar
- c Sunderland Pharmacy School, University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
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Determination of organochlorine pesticides in water using dynamic hook-type liquid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Huang X, Qiu N, Yuan D. Development and validation of stir bar sorptive extraction of polar phenols in water followed by HPLC separation in poly(vinylpyrrolididone-divinylbenzene) monolith. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1407-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Approaches for application of sub and supercritical fluid extraction for quantification of orbifloxacin from plasma and milk: application to disposition kinetics. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 631:108-15. [PMID: 19046687 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its extensive development in the early 1980s, SFE has attracted considerable attention as a sample-preparation procedure. However, other different sample preparation procedures, including precipitation, liquid- and/or solid-phase extraction in biological fluids, also remain in use. In this investigation, SFE was introduced to isolate and identify orbifloxacin from plasma and milk. Four parameters, including the temperature and the pressure of supercritical fluid, modifier ratios, and dynamic extraction time, were evaluated and optimized to obtain the best yield of the analyte from the biological fluids. Determinations of the orbifloxacin (OBFX) in the extracts were carried out using HPLC-FLD. The optimum conditions of the extraction process that yielded the maximum analyte extraction efficiencies were 150 degrees C vs. 60 degrees C, 250 kg cm(-2), 30% vs. 35% methanol, and 40 min vs. 20 min, for plasma and milk, respectively. The linearity of the calibration curves as well as the instrument LODs/LOQs were evaluated. Good linearity (at least r(2) > or = 0.999) of the calibration curves was obtained over the range from 0.2 to 0.01 microg mL(-1). The method showed a good recovery rate (74.2-127.73%) and precision (RSDs: 1.64-20%). The instrumental LOD and LOQ values were 0.004 microg mL(-1) vs. 0.01 microg mL(-1) or 0.006 microg mL(-1) vs. 0.02 microg mL(-1), for plasma and milk, respectively. The method was successfully applied to estimate the pharmacokinetic variables of orbifloxacin in lactating does. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SFE has been applied to isolate an antimicrobial agent from biological fluids. This method is promising for clinical applications and for pharmacokinetic studies of various pharmaceuticals in biological fluids.
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Xu M, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Determination of diisopropylfluorophosphate in rat plasma and brain tissue by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3069-3075. [PMID: 18767024 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid method for the determination of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in rat plasma and brain tissue using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. A 65 microm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was selected for sampling. The main parameters affecting the SPME process such as extraction and desorption temperature, extraction and desorption time, salt addition, and fiber preheating time were optimized in each matrix to enhance the extraction efficiency of the method. The lower limits of quantitation for DFP in plasma and brain tissue were 1 ng/mL and 3 ng/g, respectively. The method showed good linearity over the range from 1-100 ng/mL in plasma and 3-300 ng/g in brain tissue with correlation coefficient (R(2)) values higher than 0.995. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day were less than 10%. The relative recoveries in plasma and brain for DFP were greater than 50%. Stability tests including autosampler and freeze and thaw were also investigated. This validated method was successfully applied to study the neurobehavioral effects of low-level organophosphate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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21
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Melwanki MB, Fuh MR. Partitioned dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:24-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Melwanki MB, Fuh MR. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with semi-automated in-syringe back extraction as a new approach for the sample preparation of ionizable organic compounds prior to liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hu X, Pan J, Hu Y, Huo Y, Li G. Preparation and evaluation of solid-phase microextraction fiber based on molecularly imprinted polymers for trace analysis of tetracyclines in complicated samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alizadeh N, Mohammadi A, Tabrizchi M. Rapid screening of methamphetamines in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction using a dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kulkarni S, Shearrow AM, Malik A. Sol–gel immobilized short-chain poly(ethylene glycol) coating for capillary microextraction of underivatized polar analytes. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shrivas K, Wu HF. Quantitative bioanalysis of quinine by atmospheric pressure-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry combined with dynamic drop-to-drop solvent microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pragst F. Application of solid-phase microextraction in analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1393-414. [PMID: 17476482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a miniaturized and solvent-free sample preparation technique for chromatographic-spectrometric analysis by which the analytes are extracted from a gaseous or liquid sample by absorption in, or adsorption on, a thin polymer coating fixed to the solid surface of a fiber, inside an injection needle or inside a capillary. In this paper, the present state of practical performance and of applications of SPME to the analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and hair in clinical and forensic toxicology is reviewed. The commercial coatings for fibers or needles have not essentially changed for many years, but there are interesting laboratory developments, such as conductive polypyrrole coatings for electrochemically controlled SPME of anions or cations and coatings with restricted-access properties for direct extraction from whole blood or immunoaffinity SPME. In-tube SPME uses segments of commercial gas chromatography (GC) capillaries for highly efficient extraction by repeated aspiration-ejection cycles of the liquid sample. It can be easily automated in combination with liquid chromatography but, as it is very sensitive to capillary plugging, it requires completely homogeneous liquid samples. In contrast, fiber-based SPME has not yet been performed automatically in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. The headspace extractions on fibers or needles (solid-phase dynamic extraction) combined with GC methods are the most advantageous versions of SPME because of very pure extracts and the availability of automatic samplers. Surprisingly, substances with quite high boiling points, such as tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, can be measured by headspace SPME from aqueous samples. The applicability and sensitivity of SPME was essentially extended by in-sample or on-fiber derivatization. The different modes of SPME were applied to analysis of solvents and inhalation narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, methadone and other opioids, fatty acid ethyl esters as alcohol markers, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, benzodiazepines, various other therapeutic drugs, pesticides, chemical warfare agents, cyanide, sulfide and metal ions. In general, SPME is routinely used in optimized methods for specific analytes. However, it was shown that it also has some capacity for a general screening by direct immersion into urine samples and for pesticides and other semivolatile substance in the headspace mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Hu X, Hu Y, Li G. Development of novel molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application for the determination of triazines in complicated samples coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:1-9. [PMID: 17336991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Revised: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber that could be coupled directly to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was prepared with prometryn as the template molecule. The characteristics and application of this fiber were investigated. Electron microscope photographs indicated that the MIP coating with average thickness of 25.0 microm was homogeneous and porous. The extraction yield of prometryn with the MIP-coated fibers was 10 times as much as that with the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) coated fibers. And special selectivity to other triazines which have similar structure to prometryn was discovered with the MIP-coated fibers. A method for the determination of triazines by the MIP-coated SPME coupled with HPLC was developed. The optimized extraction conditions were studied. Detection limits for the triazines studied were within the range of 0.012-0.090 microg/L. The method was applied to five triazines determination in the spiked soybean, corn, lettuce, and soil samples with the recoveries of 78.0-103.5%, 82.4-113.4%, 75.5-83.4%, and 81.0-106.1%, respectively. The MIP-coated fibers are suitable for the selective extraction of trace triazines in complicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Jiang TF, Wang YH, Lv ZH, Yue ME. Direct Determination of Barbiturates in Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis Using a Capillary Coated Dynamically with Polycationic Polymers. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Hu X, Hu Y, Li G. Preparation and Characterization of Prometryn Molecularly Imprinted Solid‐Phase Microextraction Fibers. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600966127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Srinivasan K, Bartlett MG. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS DETERMINATION OF BUTALBITAL FROM SERUM USING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) AND ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Srinivasan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
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Delinsky DC, Srinivasan K, Solomon HM, Bartlett MG. SIMULTANEOUS CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS DETERMINATION OF BARBITURATES FROM MECONIUM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Delinsky
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
| | - Harvey M. Solomon
- b Quintiles Laboratories, Ltd. , 5500 Highlands Parkway, Suite, 600, Smyrna , GA , 30082 , U.S.A
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- a Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2352 , U.S.A
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Kuriki A, Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Hasegawa C, Kawamura M, Suzuki O, Sato K. Simultaneous determination of selegiline and desmethylselegiline in human body fluids by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 844:283-91. [PMID: 16893687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of selegiline and its metabolite, desmethylselegiline, in human whole blood and urine is presented. The method, which combines a fiber-based headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), required optimization of various parameters (e.g., salt additives, extraction temperatures, extraction times and the extraction properties of the SPME fiber coatings). Pargyline was used as the internal standard. Extraction efficiencies for both selegiline and desmethylselegiline were 2.0-3.4% for whole blood, and 8.0-13.2% for urine. The regression equations for selegiline and desmethylselegiline extracted from whole blood were linear (r(2)=0.996 and 0.995) within the concentration ranges 0.1-10 and 0.2-20 ng/ml, respectively. For urine, the regression equations for selegiline and desmethylselegiline were linear (r(2)=0.999 and 0.998) within the concentration ranges 0.05-5.0 and 0.1-10 ng/ml, respectively. The limit of detection for selegiline and desmethylselegiline was 0.01-0.05 ng/ml for both samples. The lower and upper limits of quantification for each compound were 0.05-0.2 and 5-20 ng/ml, respectively. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for selegiline and desmethylselegiline in both samples were not greater than 8.7 and 11.7%, respectively. The determination of selegiline and desmethylselegiline concentrations in Parkinson's disease patients undergoing continuous selegiline treatment is presented and is shown to validate the present methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kuriki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawaku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Kulkarni S, Fang L, Alhooshani K, Malik A. Sol–gel immobilized cyano-polydimethylsiloxane coating for capillary microextraction of aqueous trace analytes ranging from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to free fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:205-16. [PMID: 16872618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel coating containing highly polar cyanopropyl and nonpolar poly(dimethylsiloxane) components (sol-gel CN-PDMS coating) was developed for capillary microextraction (CME). The sol-gel chemistry provided an efficient means to immobilize the CN-PDMS coating by establishing chemical anchorage between the coating and the fused silica capillary inner surface. This chemical bond provided excellent thermal and solvent stability to the created sol-gel coating. For the extraction of polar and nonpolar analytes, the upper allowable conditioning temperatures were 330 degrees C and 350 degrees C, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first time when a CN-PDMS thick coating survived such a high operation temperature. The prepared sol-gel CN-PDMS coating provided effective extraction of polar and nonpolar analytes simultaneously from aqueous samples. The cyanopropyl moiety in sol-gel CN-PDMS coatings provided effective extraction of highly polar analytes such as free fatty acids, alcohols, and phenols without requiring derivatization, pH adjustment or salting out procedures. The PDMS moiety, on the other hand, provided efficient extraction of nonpolar analytes. The extraction properties of the sol-gel CN-PDMS coatings can be fine tuned via manipulation of relative proportions of 3-cyanopropyltriethoxysilane and hydroxy-terminated PDMS in the sol solution used to create the coatings. Detection limits of nanogram/liter (ng/L) were achieved for both highly polar and nonpolar analytes directly extracted from aqueous media using sol-gel CN-PDMS coated microextraction capillaries followed by GC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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Zhao H, Wang L, Qiu Y, Zhou Z, Li X, Zhong W. Simultaneous determination of three residual barbiturates in pork using accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 840:139-45. [PMID: 16844435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the rapid extraction and unequivocal determination of barbital, amobarbital and phenobarbital residues in pork. The isolation of the analytes from pork samples was accomplished by utilizing an accelerated solvent extractor ASE 300. The procedure was automatically carried out in series for fat removing and extraction, respectively with n-hexane and acetonitrile pressurized constantly at 10.3 MPa for 30 min. After evaporation, the extracts were cleaned up on a C(18) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and the barbiturates were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (7:3), evaporated on a rotary evaporator and derivatized with CH(3)I. The methylated barbiturates were separated on a HP-5MS capillary column and detected with a mass detector. Electron impact ion source (EI) operating in time program-selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) was used for identification and external standard method was used for quantification. Good linearity was obtained in the range from 0.5 microg/kg to 25 microg/kg. Average recoveries of the three barbiturates spiked in pork ranged from 84.0% to 103.0%, with relative standard deviations from 1.6% to 12%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 microg/kg for the three barbiturates (S/N>or=3). The quantification limit (LOQ) was 1 microg/kg for the three barbiturates (S/N>or=10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Zhao
- Inspection Technology and Equipment Institute, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100025, China
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36
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Iwai M, Hattori H, Arinobu T, Ishii A, Kumazawa T, Noguchi H, Noguchi H, Suzuki O, Seno H. Simultaneous determination of barbiturates in human biological fluids by direct immersion solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 806:65-73. [PMID: 15149613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of seven barbiturates in human whole blood and urine by combining direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is presented. The main parameters affecting the DI-SPME process, such as SPME fibers, salt additives, pHs, extraction temperatures and immersion times were optimized for simultaneous determination of the drugs. The extraction efficiencies were 0.0180-0.988 and 0.0156-2.76% for whole blood and urine, respectively. The regression equations of the drugs showed excellent linearity for both samples; the correlation coefficients (r(2)) were 0.994-0.999. The detection limits for whole blood were 0.05-1 microg x ml(-1), and those for urine 0.01-0.6 microg x ml(-1). Actual quantitation could be made for pentobarbital in whole blood and urine obtained from volunteers, who had been orally administered a therapeutic dose of the drug. The DI-SPME/GC-MS procedure for barbiturates established in this study is simple and sensitive enough to be adopted in the fields of clinical and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Iwai
- Department of Legal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute-cho, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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37
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Wang W, Gong S, Cao Q, Chen Y, Li X, Zeng Z. Solid-Phase Microextraction of Aromatic Amines with an Amide Bridged Calix[4]arene Coated Fiber. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Kabir A, Hamlet C, Malik A. Parts per quadrillion level ultra-trace determination of polar and nonpolar compounds via solvent-free capillary microextraction on surface-bonded sol–gel polytetrahydrofuran coating and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:1-13. [PMID: 15481455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel polytetrahydrofuran (poly-THF) coating was developed for high-sensitivity sample preconcentration by capillary microextraction (CME). Parts per quadrillion (ppq) level detection limits were achieved for both polar and nonpolar analytes through sample preconcentration on sol-gel poly-THF coated microextraction capillaries followed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the extracted compounds using a flame ionization detector (FID). The sol-gel coating was in situ created on the inner walls of a fused silica capillary using a sol solution containing poly-THF as an organic component, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) as a sol-gel precursor, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 5% water) as a sol-gel catalyst, and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a deactivating reagent. The sol solution was introduced into a hydrothermally-treated fused silica capillary and the sol-gel reactions were allowed to take place inside the capillary for 60 min. A wall-bonded coating was formed due to the condensation of silanol groups residing on the capillary inner surface with those on the sol-gel network fragments evolving in close vicinity of the capillary walls. Poly-THF is a medium polarity polymer, and was found to be effective in carrying out simultaneous extraction of both polar and nonpolar analytes. Efficient extraction of a wide range of trace analytes from aqueous samples was accomplished using sol-gel poly-THF coated fused silica capillaries for further analysis by GC. The test analytes included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aldehydes, ketones, chlorophenols, and alcohols. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of a poly-THF based sol-gel material in analytical microextraction. Sol-gel poly-THF coated CME capillaries showed excellent solvent and thermal stability (>320 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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39
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Frison G, Favretto D, Tedeschi L, Ferrara SD. Detection of thiopental and pentobarbital in head and pubic hair in a case of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 133:171-4. [PMID: 12742706 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quali-quantitative determination of two barbiturates, thiopental and its metabolite pentobarbital, in head and pubic hair samples of a woman who had been sexually assaulted during hospitalisation, is reported. Hair was analysed by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-multiple mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS), in chemical ionisation conditions. Thiopental and pentobarbital were found in three proximal head hair segments (sample 1A: 0.30 and 0.40 ng/mg; sample 1B: 0.20 and 0.20 ng/mg; sample 3: 0.15 and 0.20 ng/mg) and pubic hair sample. Two distal head hair segments were negative for both barbiturates. Despite the lack of collection and toxicological analysis of blood or urine samples within the hospital setting, analytical findings from hair revealed the use of the anaesthetic agent thiopental to sedate the victim quickly and deeply and commit sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Frison
- Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping, University Hospital of Padua, Via Falloppio 50, 1-35121 Padua, Italy
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40
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Rapid Preconcentration and Enrichment Techniques for the Analysis of Food Volatile. A Review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.2001.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Chapter 32 New polymeric extraction materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Zeng Z, Qiu W, Yang M, Wei X, Huang Z, Li F. Solid-phase microextraction of monocyclic aromatic amines using novel fibers coated with crown ether. J Chromatogr A 2001; 934:51-7. [PMID: 11762763 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers prepared by the sol-gel method, containing hydroxydibenzo-14-crown-4 (OH-DB14C4), dihydroxy-substituted saturated urushiol crown ether (DHSU14C4) and 3,5-dibutyl-unsymmetry-dibenzo-14-crown-4-dihydroxy crown ether (DBUD14C4), respectively, were evaluated for the determination of aromatic amine (aniline, m-toluidine, N,N-diethylaniline, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, 3,4-dimethylaniline). The sol-gel-derived hydroxy-dibenzo14-crown-4-coated fiber has the best affinity for several aniline derivatives. Optimization was carried out for the determination of aromatic amines with SPME fibers. The linearity was from 0.11 to 29 microg/ml and detection limits varied from 0.17 to 0.98 ng/ml. Relative standard deviation (n=5) was found to be 3.23-6.20%. The coating proved to be very stable at high temperature (to 340 degrees C) and in different solvents (organic and inorganic). The method was applied to the determination of aromatic amines in wastewater samples from a pharmaceutical factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China.
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Valor I, Pérez M, Cortada C, Apraiz D, Moltó JC, Font G. SPME of 52 pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: Extraction efficiencies of the SPME coatings poly(dimethylsiloxane), polyacrylate, poly(dimethylsiloxane)-divinylbenzene, Carboxen-poly(dimethylsiloxane), and Carbowax-divinylbenzene. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010101)24:1<39::aid-jssc39>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Abstract
This review will attempt to provide an overview as well as a theoretical and practical understanding of the use of microextraction technologies for drug analysis. The majority of the published reports to date focus on the use of fibre solid-phase microextraction and so the review is significantly focused on this technology. Other areas of microextraction such as single drop and solvent film microextraction are also described. Where there are insufficient examples in the literature to illustrate important concepts, examples of non-drug analyses are presented. The review is intended for readers new to the field of microextraction or its use in drug extraction, but also provides an overview of the most recent advances in the field which may be of interest to more experienced users. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect various sample matrices have on extraction characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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45
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Abstract
Chromatographic methods are preferred in the analysis of organic molecules with lower molecular mass (<500 g/mol) in body fluids, i.e., the assay of drugs, metabolites, endogenous substances and poisons as well as of environmental exposure by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), for example. Sample preparation in biomedical analysis is mainly performed by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. However, new methods are investigated with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was introduced about a decade ago and it was mainly applied to environmental and food analysis. All steps of sample preparation, i.e., extraction, concentration, derivatization and transfer to the chromatograph, are integrated in one step and in one device. This is accomplished by the intelligent combination of an immobilized extraction solvent (a polymer) with a special geometry (a fiber within a syringe). It was a challenge to test this novel principle in biomedical analysis. Thus, an introduction is provided to the theory of SPME in the present paper. A critical review of the first applications to biomedical analyses is presented in the main paragraph. The optimization of SPME as well as advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is concluded that, because of some unique characteristics, SPME can be introduced with benefit into several areas of biomedical analysis. In particular, the application of headspace SPME-GC-MS in forensic toxicology and environmental medicine appears to be promising. However, it seems that SPME will not become a universal method. Thus, on-line SPE-LC coupling with column-switching technique may be a good alternative if an analytical problem cannot be sufficiently dealt with by SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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46
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Mills GA, Walker V. Headspace solid-phase microextraction procedures for gas chromatographic analysis of biological fluids and materials. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:267-87. [PMID: 11192159 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a new solventless sample preparation technique that is finding wide usage. This review provides updated information on headspace SPME with gas chromatographic separation for the extraction and measurement of volatile and semivolatile analytes in biological fluids and materials. Firstly the background to the technique is given in terms of apparatus, fibres used, extraction conditions and derivatisation procedures. Then the different matrices, urine, blood, faeces, breast milk, hair, breath and saliva are considered separately. For each, methods appropriate for the analysis of drugs and metabolites, solvents and chemicals, anaesthetics, pesticides, organometallics and endogenous compounds are reviewed and the main experimental conditions outlined with specific examples. Then finally, the future potential of SPME for the analysis of biological samples in terms of the development of new devices and fibre chemistries and its coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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47
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Ugland HG, Krogh M, Rasmussen KE. Liquid-phase microextraction as a sample preparation technique prior to capillary gas chromatographic-determination of benzodiazepines in biological matrices. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 749:85-92. [PMID: 11129081 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and gas chromatography were applied to determine diazepam and the main metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam in human urine and plasma. The analytes were extracted from 3.0-3.5 ml sample volumes directly into 25 microl of extraction solvent. The microextraction device consisted of a porous hollow fiber of polypropylene attached to two guiding needles inserted through a septum and a 4 ml vial. The hollow fiber filled with extraction solvent was immersed in sample solution. The extraction device was continuously vibrated at 600 rpm for 50 min. An aliquot (1 microl) of the extraction solvent with preconcentrated analytes was injected directly into the capillary gas chromatograph. Thirty samples were extracted simultaneously on the vibrator, providing a high sample capacity. The limits of detection were from 0.020 to 0.115 nmol/ml for diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in plasma and urine using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Ugland
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.
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48
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Staerk U, Külpmann WR. High-temperature solid-phase microextraction procedure for the detection of drugs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 745:399-411. [PMID: 11043758 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with simultaneous ("in situ") derivatisation (acetylation or silylation) is a new sample preparation technique for the screening of illicit drugs in urine and for the confirmation analysis in serum by GC-MS. After extraction of urine with a small portion of an organic solvent mixture (e.g., 2 ml of hexane-ethyl acetate) at pH 9, the organic layer is separated and evaporated to dryness in a small headspace vial. A SPME-fiber (e.g., polyacrylate) doped with acetic anhydride-pyridine (for acetylation) is exposed to the vapour phase for 10 min at 200 degrees C in a blockheater. The SPME fiber is then injected into the GC-MS for thermal desorption and analysis. After addition of perchloric acid and extraction with n-hexane to remove lipids, the serum can be analysed after adjusting to pH 9 as described for urine. Very clean extracts are obtained. The various drugs investigated could be detected and identified in urine by the total ion current technique at the following concentrations: amphetamines (200 microg/l), barbiturates (500 microg/l), benzodiazepines (100 microg/l), benzoylecgonine (150 microg/l), methadone (100 microg/l) and opiates (200 microg/l). In serum all drugs could be detected by the selected ion monitoring technique within their therapeutic range. As compared to liquid-liquid extraction only small amounts of organic solvent are needed and larger amounts of the pertinent analytes could be transferred to the GC column. In contrast to solid-phase extraction (SPE), the SPME-fiber is reusable several times (as there is no contamination by endogenous compounds). The method is time-saving and can be mechanised by the use of a dedicated autosampler.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Staerk
- Clinical Chemistry, Medical University, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Kondo K, Sato K, Seno H, Watanabe-Suzuki K, Ishii A, Suzuki O. Determination of triazine herbicides in human body fluids by solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Theodoridis G, Koster E, de Jong G. Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of biological samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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