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Cecco BS, Henker LC, Lorenzett MP, Molossi FA, Schwertz CI, Baumbach LF, Weber MN, Canal CW, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP, Langohr IM, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Sonne L. An outbreak of visna-maedi in a flock of sheep in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1723-1730. [PMID: 35478313 PMCID: PMC9433499 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna-maedi is a multisystemic and progressive inflammatory disease caused by a non-oncogenic retrovirus (Visna-maedi virus, VMV). An outbreak of visna-maedi occurred in Southern Brazil in sheep with clinical signs of blindness and stumbling gait. At post-mortem examination, all animals had similar lesions, including heavy non-collapsed lungs and multifocal yellow areas in the cerebral white matter, affecting mainly the periventricular region. These lesions corresponded histologically to lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and histiocytic periventricular encephalitis surrounding areas of necrosis, in addition to significant demyelination in the brain. Serology was performed in all the sheep from the flock and 14% were seropositive for VMV. The presence of VMV was confirmed through PCR and partial sequencing of the 5'LTR. Sequencing demonstrated that the virus had 89.7 to 90.0% of nucleotide identity with VMV strains reported in the USA. This is the first description of clinical disease related to VMV in Brazil leading to economic losses. This study calls for the need to implement control measures to prevent the spread of small ruminant lentiviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Cecco
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luan C Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina P Lorenzett
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciéli A Molossi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton I Schwertz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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2
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Azevedo DAAD, Santos VWSD, Sousa ALMD, Peixoto RM, Pinheiro RR, Andrioli A, Teixeira MFDS. Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000552016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management.
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3
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Martins GR, Marinho RC, Junior RQB, Alves ADO, Câmara LMC, Albuquerque-Pinto LC, Teixeira MFDS. Goat umbilical cord cells are permissive to small ruminant lentivirus infection in vitro. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:125-131. [PMID: 27899238 PMCID: PMC5221357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes and target organs can be propagated in vitro in fibroblasts derived from goat synovial membrane cells. These cells are obtained from tissues collected from embryos or fetuses and are necessary for the establishment of the fibroblast primary culture. A new alternative type of host cells, derived from goat umbilical cord, was isolated and characterized phenotypically with its main purpose being to obtain cell monolayers that could be used for the diagnosis and isolation of small ruminant lentiviruses in cell culture. To accomplish this goal, cells were isolated from umbilical cords; characterized phenotypically by flow cytometry analysis; differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineage; and submitted to viral challenge. The proliferation of goat umbilical cord cells was fast and cell monolayers formed after 15 days. These cells exhibited morphology, immunophenotype, growth characteristics, and lineage differentiation potential similar to mesenchymal stem cells of other origins. The goat umbilical cord derived cells stained positive for vimentin and CD90, but negative for cytokeratin, CD34 and CD105 markers. Syncytia and cell lysis were observed in cell monolayers infected by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514, showing that the cells are permissive to small ruminant lentivirus infection in vitro. These data demonstrate the proliferative competence of cells derived from goat umbilical cords and provide a sound basis for future research to standardize this cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R Martins
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Rebeca C Marinho
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rosivaldo Q Bezerra Junior
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antoniel de O Alves
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lilia M C Câmara
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Imunologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Albuquerque-Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Imunologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria F da S Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Laboratório de Virologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Minguijón E, Reina R, Pérez M, Polledo L, Villoria M, Ramírez H, Leginagoikoa I, Badiola JJ, García-Marín JF, de Andrés D, Luján L, Amorena B, Juste RA. Small ruminant lentivirus infections and diseases. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:75-89. [PMID: 26371852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include viruses with diverse genotypes that frequently cross the species barrier between sheep and goats and that display a great genetic variability. These characteristics stress the need to consider the whole host range and to perform local surveillance of the viruses to opt for optimum diagnostic tests, in order to establish control programmes. In the absence of effective vaccines, a comprehensive knowledge of the epidemiology of these infections is of major importance to limit their spread. This article intends to cover these aspects and to summarise information related to characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis of the infection and description of the various syndromes produced, as well as the diagnostic tools available, the mechanisms involved in transmission of the pathogens and, finally, the control strategies that have been designed until now, with remarks on the drawbacks and the advantages of each one. We conclude that there are many variables influencing the expected cost and benefits of control programs that must be evaluated, in order to put into practice measures that might lead to control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minguijón
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics. University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Polledo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - M Villoria
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - H Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. UNAM. Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Campo 4. Veterinaria.Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Km 2.5. San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP.54714 Mexico
| | - I Leginagoikoa
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J J Badiola
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J F García-Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - L Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain.
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5
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Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
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Azizi S, Tajbakhsh E, Fathi F, Oryan A, Momtaz H, Goodarzi M. Maedi in slaughtered sheep: a pathology and polymerase chain reaction study in southwestern Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:113-8. [PMID: 21643662 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is an important slow viral disease of sheep leading to a progressive lymphoproliferative disease. It affects multiple organs primarily the lungs, where it causes interstitial pneumonia (maedi). In this study, the lungs of 1,000 sheep carcasses were grossly inspected and those suspected to have maedi were studied at histopathological and molecular levels. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that amplified a 291-base pair DNA in the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence of MV provirus was conducted on all the 50 suspected lungs together with 10 normal appearing lungs as controls. Amplicons of the expected size were detected in 11 (n=11/50) suspected sheep, and one of the 10 control sheep. Histopathologic study of the pulmonary lesions of all 11 (n=11/11) positive sheep showed MV lesions, including hyperplasia of the perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid cells, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and smooth muscle hyperplasia and the histopathologic findings were correlated with PCR results. In contrast, the tissue sections of control animals were almost normal at histopathological level; however, PCR technique demonstrated that one of them was affected by maedi. This study showed that the LTR-PCR had high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of this viral infection. This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of MV virus infection in sheep in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Azizi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.
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7
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Noh SM, Snekvik KR, White SN, Schneider DA, Truscott T, Knowles DP. Ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in CD163- and CD172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep. Vet Pathol 2009; 47:518-28. [PMID: 20382821 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809359605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor OPPV have not been described for the OPPV-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. In this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for detection of OPPV capsid antigen (CA) on OPPV-affected tissues, using 2 anti-CAEV CA monoclonal antibodies, 5A1 and 10A1, and 2 enzyme-based IHC systems. Out of 10 naturally and persistently OPPV-infected ewes, OPPV CA was detected in intercellular regions of the carpal synovial membrane of 1 ewe, in cells resembling alveolar macrophages and pulmonary interstitial macrophages in lung tissue of 3 ewes, and in mammary alveolar cells of 1 ewe. Furthermore, dual enzyme-based automated IHC analyses revealed that OPPV CA was predominantly detected in CD172a- or CD163-positive alveolar macrophages of the lungs and mammary gland. That anti-inflammatory (CD163) and downregulatory (CD172a) types of alveolar macrophage harbor OPPV CA leads to the possibility that during persistent infection with OPPV, the host alveolar macrophage might serve to limit inflammation while OPPV persists undetected by the host adaptive immune response in the lung and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA. or
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8
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Preziuso S, Magi GE, Valente C, Cuteri V. Detection of the Maedi Visna Virus in the popliteal lymph nodes of sheep infected by the respiratory route. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33 Suppl 1:153-5. [PMID: 19565348 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Preziuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
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Niesalla H, McNeilly TN, Ross M, Rhind SM, Harkiss GD. Experimental infection of sheep with visna/maedi virus via the conjunctival space. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1329-1337. [PMID: 18474547 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/000133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine whether visna/maedi virus (VMV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), could infect sheep via ocular tissues. The EV1 strain of VMV was administered into the conjunctival space of uninfected sheep, and the animals monitored for the presence of provirus DNA and anti-VMV antibodies in blood. The results showed that provirus DNA appeared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all animals within a few weeks of receiving either 10(6) TCID50 or 10(3) TCID50 of VMV. Of the animals receiving the higher dose of virus via the conjunctival space, two seroconverted by 7 and 10 weeks post-infection, one seroconverted 8 months post-infection, and one had not seroconverted by 15 months post-infection. With the lower virus dose, the animals infected via the trachea seroconverted by 4 and 14 weeks, respectively. After ocular infection with this dose, one animal showed a transitory seroconversion with low levels of antibody, peaking at 2 weeks post-administration. The remaining three of the animals infected via the eyes did not seroconvert over a period of 13 months. At post-mortem, evidence for the presence of proviral DNA was obtained from ocular tissue, lungs or mediastinal lymph node in both groups of animals. Histological analysis of lung tissue from animals receiving the lower dose of virus showed the presence of early inflammatory lesions. The results thus show for the first time that transmission of VMV can occur via ocular tissues, suggesting that the conjunctival space may be an additional route of natural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Niesalla
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret Ross
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Susan M Rhind
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Gordon D Harkiss
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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11
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Brellou GD, Angelopoulou K, Poutahidis T, Vlemmas I. Detection of maedi-visna virus in the liver and heart of naturally infected sheep. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:27-35. [PMID: 17258227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep, which infects mainly cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, produces changes in the lung, mammary gland, brain and joints. In this study, however, the liver and heart of six naturally infected sheep were examined for the presence of the virus. MVV proviral DNA was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemical examination revealed viral antigens in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes. Although histopathological examination showed mild to moderate, chronic lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis and myocarditis and the presence of small lymphoid aggregates, the typical maedi lymphoproliferative lesions (lymphoid follicle-like structures of considerable size with germinal centres) were not seen in the liver and heart. These novel findings suggest that, although the macrophage is the main cell for productive viral replication, the liver and heart represent additional MVV targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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12
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Cortez Romero C, Fieni F, Roux C, Russo P, Guibert JM, Guiguen F, Chebloune Y, Pépin M, Pellerin JL. Detection of ovine lentivirus in the cumulus cells, but not in the oocytes or follicular fluid, of naturally infected sheep. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1131-9. [PMID: 16620938 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection status of oocytes, cumulus cells, and follicular fluid taken from 140 ewes from breeding flocks. MVV proviral-DNA and MVV RNA were detected using nested-PCR and RT-PCR MVV gene amplification, respectively in the gag gene. Nested-PCR analysis for MVV proviral-DNA was positive in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 37.1% (52/140) of ewes and in 44.6% (125/280) of ovarian cortex samples. The examination of samples taken from ovarian follicles demonstrated that 8/280 batches of cumulus cells contained MVV proviral-DNA, whereas none of the 280 batches of oocytes taken from the same ovaries and whose cumulus cells has been removed, was found to be PCR positive. This was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis showing no MVV-viral RNA detection in all batches of oocytes without cumulus cells (0/280) and follicular fluid samples taken from the last 88 ovaries (0/88). The purity of the oocyte fraction and the efficacy of cumulus cell removal from oocytes was proved by absence of granulosa cell-specific mRNA in all batches of oocytes lacking the cumulus cells, using RT-PCR. This is the first demonstration that ewe cumulus cells harbor MVV genome and despite being in contact with these infected-cumulus cells, the oocytes and follicular fluid remain free from infection. In addition, the enzymatic and mechanical procedures we used to remove infected-cumulus cells surrounding the oocytes, are effective to generate MVV free-oocytes from MVV-infected ewes.
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13
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Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Gelmetti D, Fuertes M, Ferreras MC, García-Marín JF, Pérez V. Effects of fixative type and fixation time on the detection of Maedi Visna virus by PCR and immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded ovine lung samples. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:317-24. [PMID: 16908077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In doubtful cases, the histopathological diagnosis of lesions induced by Maedi Visna virus (MVV), a chronic multisystemic lentiviral disease of sheep, needs to be confirmed by the demonstration of MVV in the tissues. The influence of fixatives and the duration of fixation on the detection of MVV by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR in paraffin-embedded tissues was assessed in lung samples with lesions in different degree, from five sheep serologically positive. Samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), Bouin's solution (BS) and a zinc salts-based fixative (ZSF), for different periods of time between 24 h and 30 days. The three fixatives preserved the morphology of the tissues, although in ZSF-fixed samples an increase in the number of desquamated cells was seen in the alveoli. Tissues showed a similar degree of immunolabelling, irrespective of the duration of fixation using ZSF and NBF fixatives. MVV nucleic acids could be detected in samples fixed up to 14 days in NBF and 30 days in ZSF. However, in BS fixed tissues, immunostaining was weak and non-specific signals were observed after 4 days of fixation. Amplification of proviral DNA could not be obtained by PCR in these samples. IHC detected viral antigens in all sheep whereas one sheep with mild lesions was always negative by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Patología Animal: Medicina Animal (Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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14
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Angelopoulou K, Brellou GD, Vlemmas I. Detection of maedi-visna virus in the kidneys of naturally infected sheep. J Comp Pathol 2006; 134:329-35. [PMID: 16709422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with maedi-visna virus (MVV) cause progressive inflammation in different organs, mainly the lung, mammary gland, brain and joints. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the kidney represents a viral target in natural MVV infection. For this, kidney samples from 13 sheep naturally infected with MVV were examined by histology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry. The kidneys of nine animals showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Interestingly, lymphoid follicles resembling those known to occur in other MVV-infected tissues were observed. Lung tissue from the same animals had typical MVV lesions, such as lymphofollicular hyperplasia and interstitial pneumonia. Maedi-visna proviral DNA sequences were detected in renal and lung tissue samples from these nine sheep by PCR, and the specificity of the amplified products was further verified by DNA sequencing. Moreover, MVV-specific immunohistochemistry revealed viral antigen in affected kidneys and lungs. These results suggest that the kidney may be a common target in natural MVV infection, and raise the issue of the role of this organ in the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/veterinary
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/veterinary
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/virology
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/virology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Nephritis, Interstitial/pathology
- Nephritis, Interstitial/veterinary
- Nephritis, Interstitial/virology
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/blood
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/pathology
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sheep
- Visna-maedi virus/genetics
- Visna-maedi virus/isolation & purification
- Visna-maedi virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- K Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Teifke JP, Lange E, Klopfleisch R, Kaden V. Nictitating membrane as a potentially useful postmortem diagnostic specimen for classical swine fever. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:341-5. [PMID: 16130991 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF) is cell culture virus isolation combined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescent antibody test (FAT) in cryosections of tonsils, spleen, various lymph nodes, ileum, and kidney. Autolytic and heterolytic samples render correct FAT evaluation difficult and can even yield false-negative or ambiguously positive results. To extend the spectrum of CSF diagnostic specimens, the authors tested whether the nictitating membrane (NM) might be a useful adjunct diagnostic specimen in wild boars and domestic pigs. To accomplish this, results of virus isolation, FAT, and RT-PCR were compared on NM samples and lymphoid tissues, which are the routine specimens of choice for CSF diagnosis. Wild boars (n = 30) and domestic pigs (n = 8) were experimentally challenged with various CSF virus (CSFV) strains or isolates of different virulence. The FAT revealed CSFV antigen in surface and tubular adenoid epithelium as well as in lymphatic follicles of the NM. In wild boars and domestic pigs with CSF, a strong agreement was found between results of FAT, virus isolation, and RT-PCR on NM and lymphoid tissues. These results suggest that NM is a useful additional specimen that can provide valuable data for postmortem diagnosis of CSF. The NM is relatively easy to sample at necropsy, and postmortem autolysis and heterolysis of this tissue is minimal compared with internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Boddenblick 5A, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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16
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Biescas E, Preziuso S, Bulgin M, DeMartini JC. Ovine lentivirus-associated leucomyelitis in naturally infected North American sheep. J Comp Pathol 2004; 132:107-16. [PMID: 15737337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leucomyelitis was the predominant feature in four North American adult sheep (cases 1-4) with ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection. All four animals were OvLV-seropositive and a syncytogenic virus consistent with OvLV was isolated from the brain of case 3 and the lungs of case 4. Clinically, the sheep had dyspnoea and neurologic signs of varying severity. Changes in the central nervous system included asymmetrical meningoleucomyelitis with white matter degeneration in all four sheep and scattered foci of leucoencephalitis in periventricular, subependymal and other white matter areas of the brain of the three animals (cases 1, 2 and 4) for which the brain was examined. In the lungs of two sheep (cases 3 and 4), there was lymphoid interstitial pneumonia with marked lymphoid hyperplasia. The viral capsid antigen (p25) was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in sections of lung, brain and spinal cord of the four sheep and OvLV RNA was detected by in-situ hybridization (ISH) in lung and spinal cord samples. The results confirm the usefulness of the IHC and ISH for differential diagnosis of visna.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biescas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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