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Morini M, Gentilini F, Turba ME, Gobbo F, Mandrioli L, Bettini G. Mutational Analysis of c-KIT and PDGFRA in Canine Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070376. [PMID: 35878393 PMCID: PMC9323380 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the canine gastrointestinal tract and are diagnosed by the immunohistochemical expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) KIT. Activating mutations of the proto-oncogenes c-KIT and PDGFRA drive GIST oncogenesis and are used to predict the response to RTK-inhibitors in human oncology. Currently, the frequency and significance of these mutations in canine GIST have not been adequately explored. Therefore, we investigated the mutational status of c-KIT (exons 9, 11 and 13) and PDGFRA (exons 12 and 18) genes by PCR followed by fragment analysis for c-KIT deletions and PCR followed by screening with DHPLC and direct sequencing confirmation for single nucleotide variations in 17 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine GISTs confirmed by KIT immunopositivity. c-KIT mutations were detected in 47% of cases, with a mutation detection rate significantly higher (p = 0.0004, Fisher’s exact test) and always involving exon 11. A PDGFRA gene mutation (exon 18) was identified in one case. Even if follow-up data were not available for all cases, four cases with documented abdominal metastases displayed c-KIT mutations. These data confirm that c-KIT exon 11 mutations occur frequently in canine GISTs, and identify the presence of a PDGFRA mutation similar to human GISTs. This study also suggests a potential association of c-KIT mutation with more aggressive biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (F.G.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (F.G.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (F.G.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (F.G.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (F.G.); (L.M.); (G.B.)
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2
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Gobbo F, Sarli G, De Silva M, Galiazzo G, Chiocchetti R, Morini M. A Double Histochemical/Immunohistochemical Staining for the Identification of Canine Mast Cells in Light Microscopy. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100229. [PMID: 34679059 PMCID: PMC8537840 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a widely used technique in diagnostic pathology, but the simultaneous analysis of more than one antibody at a time with different chromogens is rather complex, time-consuming, and quite expensive. In order to facilitate the identification of mast cells (MCs) during immunohistochemical analysis of membrane and/or nuclear markers, we propose a new staining method that includes the association of IHC and toluidine blue as a counterstain. To achieve this goal, we tested c-kit, Ki67, and cannabinoid receptor 2 on several cases of cutaneous canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), cutaneous mastocytosis, and atopic dermatitis. The results obtained show how this double staining technique, although limited to non-cytoplasmic markers and of little use in poorly differentiated MCTs in which MC metachromasia is hard to see, can be used during the evaluation of nuclear and/or membranous immunohistochemical markers in all canine cutaneous disorders, especially if characterized by the presence of a low number of MCs. It can help to evaluate those MCTs in which neoplastic MCs must be clearly distinguished from inflammatory cells that can infiltrate the tumor itself, in facilitating the calculation of the Ki67 index. Moreover, it can be used to study the expression of new markers in both animal and human tissues containing MCs and in MC disorders.
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3
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Thumser-Henner P, Nytko KJ, Rohrer Bley C. Mutations of BRCA2 in canine mammary tumors and their targeting potential in clinical therapy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32005245 PMCID: PMC6995156 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop cancer spontaneously with age, with breed-specific risk underlying differences in genetics. Mammary tumors are reported as the most frequent neoplasia in intact female dogs. Their high prevalence in certain breeds suggests a genetic component, as it is the case in human familial breast cancer, distinctly in BRCA2-associated cancers. However, the molecular genetics of BRCA2 in the pathogenesis of canine cancer are still under investigation.Genetic variations of canine BRCA2 comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions. The BRCA2 level has been shown to be reduced in tumor gland samples, suggesting that low expression of BRCA2 is contributing to mammary tumor development in dogs. Additionally, specific variations of the BRCA2 gene affect RAD51 binding strength, critically damage the BRCA2-RAD51 binding and further provoke a defective repair. In humans, preclinical and clinical data revealed a synthetic lethality interaction between BRCA2 mutations and PARP inhibition. PARP inhibitors are successfully used to increase chemo- and radiotherapy sensitivity, although they are also associated with numerous side effects and acquired resistance. Cancer treatment of canine patients could benefit from increased chemo- and radiosensitivity, as their cancer therapy protocols usually include only low doses of drugs or radiation. Early investigations show tolerability of iniparib in dogs. PARP inhibitors also imply higher therapy costs and consequently are less likely to be accepted by pet owners.We summarized the current evidence of canine BRCA2 gene alterations and their association with mammary tumors. Mutations in the canine BRCA2 gene have the potential to be exploited in clinical therapy through the usage of PARP inhibitors. However, further investigations are needed before introducing PARP inhibitors in veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Thumser-Henner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katarzyna J Nytko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Reynolds BD, Thomson MJ, O'Connell K, Morgan EJ, Gummow B. Patient and tumour factors influencing canine mast cell tumour histological grade and mitotic index. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:338-344. [PMID: 30891882 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify patient and tumour factors most frequently associated with high histological grades of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs). Search criteria in a shared database of multiple Animal Referral Hospital locations within Australia generated 400 canine MCTs in 286 patients. Patient and tumour data were extrapolated and the association between a tumour being histologically high grade and patient and tumour factors, including: patient breed, patient gender and neuter status, patient age at MCT excision, tumour location and tumour size was assessed using univariate analysis. The study consisted of 90 (21.9%) tumours meeting histological high-grade criteria. Shar peis were the most likely breed to have high grade MCTs, whereas the Pug and the Golden Retriever were the least likely breeds to develop high-grade MCTs. No significant difference in risks could be established between the age at which the tumour was excised, or the gender and neuter status of patients. MCTs of the inguinal region were the most likely single location to be high grade. Tumour size did not influence the likelihood of a tumour being high grade or low grade. The results of this study suggest that patient and tumour factors may play a role in the histological grades of canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Reynolds
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maurine J Thomson
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen O'Connell
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Morgan
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce Gummow
- Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Alfaleh MA, Arora N, Yeh M, de Bakker CJ, Howard CB, Macpherson P, Allavena RE, Chen X, Harkness L, Mahler SM, Jones ML. Canine CD117-Specific Antibodies with Diverse Binding Properties Isolated from a Phage Display Library Using Cell-Based Biopanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 31544821 PMCID: PMC6640692 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 (c-Kit) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in multiple dog tumors. There is 100% homology between the juxtamembrane domain of human and canine CD117, and many cancer-causing mutations occur in this region in both species. Thus, CD117 is an important target for cancer treatment in dogs and for comparative oncology studies. Currently, there is no monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically designed to target the exposed region of canine CD117, although there exist some with species cross-reactivity. We panned a naïve phage display library to isolate antibodies against recombinant CD117 on whole cells. Several mAbs were isolated and were shown to bind recombinant canine CD117 at low- to sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, binding to native canine CD117 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Competitive binding assays also identified mAbs that competed with the CD117 receptor-specific ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF). These results show the ability of our cell-based biopanning strategy to isolate a panel of antibodies that have varied characteristics when used in different binding assays. These in vitro/ex vivo assessments suggest that some of the isolated mAbs might be promising candidates for targeting overexpressed CD117 in canine cancers for different useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neetika Arora
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Yeh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher J de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Philip Macpherson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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6
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Olsen JA, Thomson M, O'Connell K, Wyatt K. Combination vinblastine, prednisolone and toceranib phosphate for treatment of grade II and III mast cell tumours in dogs. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:237-251. [PMID: 29797551 PMCID: PMC6090407 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluates the progression-free interval and survival outcomes of 40 canine (Canis familiaris) patients with Patnaik grade II and III mast cell tumours treated with combination vinblastine, prednisolone and toceranib phosphate from 2011 to 2015. Patients were subdivided into three groups; patients who received neoadjuvant therapy for poorly operable lesions, patients who received adjuvant therapy following surgical resection and patients being palliated for gross metastatic disease. Median survival time (MST) for the neoadjuvant group was not reached. Median survival time for the remaining groups was 893 days and 218 days, respectively. This combination demonstrated response in 90% (26/29) patients with measurable disease. The predominant side effects related to this chemotherapy combination were gastrointestinal in origin. Further prospective studies are required to further validate the efficacy of this treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Olsen
- Perth Veterinary SpecialistsOsborne ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | - Ken Wyatt
- Perth Veterinary SpecialistsOsborne ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Gentile LB, Nagamine MK, Biondi LR, Sanches DS, Toyota F, Giovani TM, de Jesus IP, da Fonseca IIM, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov N, Diaz BL, Salles Gomes CDOM, Dagli MLZ. Establishment of primary mixed cell cultures from spontaneous canine mammary tumors: Characterization of classic and new cancer-associated molecules. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184228. [PMID: 28945747 PMCID: PMC5612463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many factors which make canine cancer like cancer in humans. The occurrence of spontaneous mammary tumors in pet dogs, tumor genetics, molecular targets and exposure to the same environmental risk factors are among these factors. Therefore, the study of canine cancer can provide useful information to the oncology field. This study aimed to establish and characterize a panel of primary mixed cell cultures obtained from spontaneous canine mammary tumors. Eight established cell cultures obtained from one normal mammary gland, one complex adenoma, one mixed adenoma, two complex carcinomas and two mixed carcinomas were analyzed. The gene expression levels of classic molecular cancer players such as fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2, breast cancer (BRCA) 1, BRCA2 and estrogen receptor (ESR) 1 were evaluated. For the first time, three orphan nuclear receptors, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β and γ were studied in canine mammary cancer. The highest expression level of ERRα was observed in complex carcinoma-derived cell culture, while the highest levels of ERRβ and γ were observed in cells derived from a mixed carcinoma. Meanwhile, complex carcinomas presented the highest levels of expression of ESR1, BRCA1 and FGFR2 among all samples. BRCA2 was found exclusively in complex adenoma. The transcription factor GATA3 had its highest levels in mixed carcinoma samples and its lowest levels in complex adenoma. Proliferation assays were also performed to evaluate the mixed cell cultures response to ER ligands, genistein and DES, both in normoxia and hypoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that morphological and functional studies of primary mixed cell cultures derived from spontaneous canine mammary tumors are possible and provide valuable tool for the study of various stages of mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B. Gentile
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia K. Nagamine
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Biondi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Sanches
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Toyota
- Veterinary Hospital Cães e Gatos, Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. Giovani
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis P. de Jesus
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone I. M. da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Queiroz-Hazarbassanov
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno L. Diaz
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina de O. Massoco Salles Gomes
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Z. Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Keller A, Wingelhofer B, Peter B, Bauer K, Berger D, Gamperl S, Reifinger M, Cerny-Reiterer S, Moriggl R, Willmann M, Valent P, Hadzijusufovic E. The JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in canine mastocytoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:55-68. [PMID: 28397975 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytoma are frequently diagnosed cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. In non-resectable mastocytoma patients, novel targeted drugs are often applied. The transcription factor STAT5 has been implicated in the survival of human neoplastic mast cells (MC). Our study evaluated the JAK2/STAT5 pathway as a novel target in canine mastocytoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed inhibitors of JAK2 (R763, TG101348, AZD1480, ruxolitinib) and STAT5 (pimozide, piceatannol) and evaluated their effects on 2 mastocytoma cell lines, C2 and NI-1. RESULTS Activated JAK2 and STAT5 were detected in both cell lines. The drugs applied were found to inhibit proliferation and survival in these cells with the following rank-order of potency: R763 > TG101348 > AZD1480 > pimozide > ruxolitinib > piceatannol. Moreover, synergistic anti-neoplastic effects were obtained by combining pimozide with KIT-targeting drugs (toceranib, masitinib, nilotinib, midostaurin) in NI-1 cells. CONCLUSION The JAK2/STAT5 pathway is a novel potential target of therapy in canine mastocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Keller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Wingelhofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Gamperl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Willmann
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Chen YC, Liao JW, Hsu WL, Chang SC. Identification of the two KIT isoforms and their expression status in canine hemangiosarcomas. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:142. [PMID: 27422008 PMCID: PMC4947345 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KIT is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor. High expression of KIT has been found in several tumors including canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA). This study investigated the correlation of KIT expression and c-kit sequence mutations in canine HSAs and benign hemangiomas (HAs). RESULTS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining confirmed KIT expression in 94.4 % (34/36) of HSAs that was significantly higher than 0 % in HAs (0/16). Sequencing the entire c-kit coding region of HSAs and normal canine cerebellums (NCCs) revealed GNSK-deletion in exon 9. As for exon 9 genotyping by TA-cloning strategy, GNSK-deletion c-kit accounted for 48.6 % (68/140) colonies amplified from12 KIT-positive HSAs, a significantly higher frequency than 14.1 % (9/64) of colonies amplified from six NCCs. CONCLUSIONS Due to the distinct expression pattern revealed by IHC, KIT might be used to distinguish benign or malignant vascular endothelial tumors. Moreover, the high incidence of GNSK-deletion c-kit in canine HSAs implicates KIT isoforms as possibly participating in the tumorigenesis of canine HSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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10
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Kiupel M, Webster JD, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. The Use of KIT and Tryptase Expression Patterns as Prognostic Tools for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:371-7. [PMID: 15232137 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-4-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common tumors in dogs. Currently, prognostic and therapeutic determinations for MCTs are primarily based on the histologic grade of the tumor, but a vast majority of MCTs are of an intermediate grade, and the prognostic relevance is highly questioned. A more detailed prognostic evaluation, especially of grade 2 canine MCTs, is greatly needed. To evaluate the prognostic significance of KIT and tryptase expression patterns in canine cutaneous MCTs, we studied 100 cutaneous MCTs from 100 dogs that had been treated with surgery only. The total survival and disease-free survival time and the time to local or distant recurrence of MCTs were recorded for all dogs. Using immuno-histochemistry, 98 of these MCTs were stained with anti-KIT and antitryptase antibodies. Three KIT- and three tryptase-staining patterns were identified. The KIT-staining patterns were identified as 1) membrane-associated staining, 2) focal to stippled cytoplasmic staining with decreased membrane-associated staining, and 3) diffuse cytoplasmic staining. The tryptase-staining patterns were identified as 1) diffuse cytoplasmic staining, 2) stippled cytoplasmic staining, and 3) little to no cytoplasmic staining. Based on univariate and multivariate survival analysis, increased cytoplasmic KIT staining was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence and a decreased survival rate. The tryptase-staining patterns were not significantly associated with any survival parameter. On the basis of these results, we propose a new prognostic classification of canine cutaneous MCTs, according to their KIT-staining pattern, that can be used for the routine prognostic evaluation of canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
| | - J D Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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11
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Preziosi R, Morini M, Sarli G. Expression of the KIT Protein (CD117) in Primary Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors of the Dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:554-61. [PMID: 15586571 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one canine cutaneous masses, diagnosed as mast cell tumors (MCT) by histopathologic analysis, were used to evaluate the immunohistochemical pattern of expression of KIT protein (CD117), a type III tyrosine kinase protein involved in mast cell growth and differentiation. Lesions were graded as I (well differentiated), II (intermediate differentiation), or III (poorly differentiated) according to the following morphologic features: invasiveness, cellularity and cellular morphology, mitotic index, and stromal reaction. Immunohistochemical KIT expression was compared with histologic grade and some histomorphologic features (cell differentiation and nuclear grade) evaluated separately. A possible predictive role of biologic behavior in MCTs for KIT expression was also investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed three different patterns of KIT expression: a cytoplasmic diffuse pattern, a membranous pattern with immunostaining located on the cell surface, and a cytoplasmic perinuclear pattern, where KIT expression was detected in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic mast cells, close to the nucleus. Statistical analysis showed a close relationship between different KIT immunohistochemical patterns and histologic grade ( P < 0.00000), cell differentiation ( P < 0.00000), and nuclear grade ( P < 0.0024). According to Kaplan-Meier–estimated survival curves compared by survival analysis, KIT expression was significantly associated with survival time ( P = 0.037) but not cancer-free interval ( P = 0.50). Similar to other well-known histomorphological features, KIT expression is a useful parameter of malignancy in cutaneous MCTs. KIT expression also predicted the biological behavior of the tumors in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Preziosi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Pulz LH, Barra CN, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Catão-Dias JL, Sobral RA, Fukumasu H, Strefezzi RF. Increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 correlates with improved outcome in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:606-614. [PMID: 27041588 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumour (MCT) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. The extracellular matrix degradation promoted by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been studied in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the biological behaviour of tumours. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of MMP-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 in canine cutaneous MCTs and to evaluate their prognostic values. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 was performed in 46 canine cases of MCTs. TIMP-1 expression showed an independent prognostic value for post-surgical survival and disease-related mortality. Dogs with MCTs showing less than 22.9% mast cell TIMP-1 positivity were more prone to die because of the disease and had a shorter post-surgical survival. This article suggests the involvement of TIMP-1 in MCT progression, by contributing to a good outcome in patients with MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Pulz
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - C N Barra
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - S R Kleeb
- Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - J G Xavier
- Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J L Catão-Dias
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Sobral
- Onco Cane Veterinária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Fukumasu
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Bonkobara M. Dysregulation of tyrosine kinases and use of imatinib in small animal practice. Vet J 2015; 205:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gil da Costa RM. C-kit as a prognostic and therapeutic marker in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: From laboratory to clinic. Vet J 2015; 205:5-10. [PMID: 26021891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are some of the most common canine neoplasms and their variable and often aggressive biological behaviour makes them particularly challenging for the veterinary practitioner. Over the years, scientists have accumulated a wealth of knowledge on these tumours and developed better prognostic markers and targeted therapies, mostly focused on inhibiting c-kit, a protein that plays a major role in the biopathology of MCTs. Masitinib and toceranib, targeted inhibitors of c-kit and other receptor tyrosine-kinases (RTKs), offer the promise of improving the outcome of patients with aggressive MCTs. Much of the available knowledge on MCTs is dispersed, making it difficult for practitioners to benefit when consulting a pathologist or making therapeutic decisions. This article seeks to bring together current knowledge on the biopathology of MCTs, reviewing prognostic markers and their applications, and the development of c-kit inhibitors in the context of the basic cellular, molecular and pathological features of MCTs. Future perspectives following recent biopathological data and experimental therapeutic approaches are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal.
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Santoro D, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MNC, Marsella R, Nuttall T. Review: Innate immunity, lipid metabolism and nutrition in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:104-e28. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | | | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
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Hosseini E, Pedram B, Bahrami AM, Touni SR, Malayeri HZ, Mokarizadeh A, Pourzaer M, Pourzaer M, Zehtabian S, Mohajer S, Ahmadi S. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Diagnostic procedures for improving of the KIT (CD117) expressed allele burden for the liver metastases from uterus mast cell tumors: prognostic value of the metastatic pattern and tumor biology. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:929-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Alvarez CE. Naturally Occurring Cancers in Dogs: Insights for Translational Genetics and Medicine. ILAR J 2014; 55:16-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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c-Kit expression, angiogenesis, and grading in canine mast cell tumour: a unique model to study c-Kit driven human malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:730246. [PMID: 24900982 PMCID: PMC4036613 DOI: 10.1155/2014/730246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (CMCT) is a c-Kit driven tumour sharing similar c-Kit aberrations found in human gastrointestinal stromal tumour. CMCT is classified into three forms: well- (G1), intermediately (G2) (more benign diseases), and poorly (G3) differentiated (malignant) forms. We assess a correlation between c-Kit status, grading, and angiogenesis in CMCTs to explore their potential significance in humans. C-Kit receptor (c-KitR) expression, microvascular density (MVD), and mast cell granulated and degranulated status density (MCGD and MCDD, resp.) were analyzed in 97 CMCTs, by means of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry double staining, and image analysis system. Data showed that predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic- and predominantly focal paranuclear- (Golgi-like) c-Kit protein (PDC-c-Kit and PFP-c-Kit, resp.) expression correlate with high MVD, G3 histopathological grade, and MCDD. Moreover, predominant cell membrane-c-KitR (PCM-c-KitR) expression status correlates with low MVD, G1-G2 histopathological grade, and MCGD. These findings underline the key role of c-Kit in the biopathology of canine MCTs, indicating a link between aberrant c-Kit expression, increased angiogenesis, and higher histopathological grade. CMCT seems to be a model to study contributions of c-Kit activated MCs in tumour angiogenesis and to evaluate the inhibition of MCs activation by means of c-Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors, currently translated in humans.
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Breed-predispositions to cancer in pedigree dogs. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:941275. [PMID: 23738139 PMCID: PMC3658424 DOI: 10.1155/2013/941275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a common problem in dogs and although all breeds of dog and crossbred dogs may be affected, it is notable that some breeds of pedigree dogs appear to be at increased risk of certain types of cancer suggesting underlying genetic predisposition to cancer susceptibility. Although the aetiology of most cancers is likely to be multifactorial, the limited genetic diversity seen in purebred dogs facilitates genetic linkage or association studies on relatively small populations as compared to humans, and by using newly developed resources, genome-wide association studies in dog breeds are proving to be a powerful tool for unravelling complex disorders. This paper will review the literature on canine breed susceptibility to histiocytic sarcoma, osteosarcoma, haemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumours, lymphoma, melanoma, and mammary tumours including the recent advances in knowledge through molecular genetic, cytogenetic, and genome wide association studies.
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Tandem duplication of KIT exon 11 influences the proteome of canine mast cell tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:318-22. [PMID: 22935087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations with permanent activation of the stem cell factor receptor KIT have been identified as one potential cause for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs). The exact changes in global gene expression patterns associated with permanent activation of KIT in these tumours are unknown. The present study compares, by the use of two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the proteomes of canine MCTs, with and without KIT exon 11 tandem duplication. Fifteen differentially expressed proteins were identified in mutated MCTs. These are mainly involved in cytoskeleton structure and cell motility (ACTR2, ACTB and CAPPA1), cell signalling (ARHGDIA) and lipid metabolism (ALOX15 and ACSBG4), or are serum proteins. The results therefore support the notion that KIT mutation is associated with changes in the proteome of affected cells with a major effect on the composition of the cytoskeletal proteome and cell motility proteins. No overlaps were identified when the results were compared with a recent study on the proteomic differences between low- and high-grade tumours, suggesting that KIT-mutated tumours may be regarded as a separate entity of high-grade tumours with potential relevance to therapeutic strategies.
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Klopfleisch R, Meyer A, Schlieben P, Bondzio A, Weise C, Lenze D, Hummel M, Einspanier R, Gruber AD. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treated canine mast cell tumour cells identifies potentially kit signaling-dependent genes. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:96. [PMID: 22747577 PMCID: PMC3489685 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine mast cell tumour proliferation depends to a large extent on the activity of KIT, a tyrosine kinase receptor. Inhibitors of the KIT tyrosine kinase have recently been introduced and successfully applied as a therapeutic agent for this tumour type. However, little is known on the downstream target genes of this signaling pathway and molecular changes after inhibition. Results Transcriptome analysis of the canine mast cell tumour cell line C2 treated for up to 72 hours with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib identified significant changes in the expression levels of approximately 3500 genes or 16% of the canine genome. Approximately 40% of these genes had increased mRNA expression levels including genes associated with the pro-proliferative pathways of B- and T-cell receptors, chemokine receptors, steroid hormone receptors and EPO-, RAS and MAP kinase signaling. Proteome analysis of C2 cells treated for 72 hours identified 24 proteins with changed expression levels, most of which being involved in gene transcription, e.g. EIA3, EIA4, TARDBP, protein folding, e.g. HSP90, UCHL3, PDIA3 and protection from oxidative stress, GSTT3, SELENBP1. Conclusions Transcriptome and proteome analysis of neoplastic canine mast cells treated with masitinib confirmed the strong important and complex role of KIT in these cells. Approximately 16% of the total canine genome and thus the majority of the active genes were significantly transcriptionally regulated. Most of these changes were associated with reduced proliferation and metabolism of treated cells. Interestingly, several pro-proliferative pathways were up-regulated, which may represent attempts of masitinib treated cells to activate alternative pro-proliferative pathways. These pathways may contain hypothetical targets for a combination therapy with masitinib to further improve its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, Berlin, 14163, Germany.
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Rodriguez S, Fadlalla K, Graham T, Tameru B, Fermin CD, Samuel T. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AKT protein activation in canine mast cell tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:171-6. [PMID: 22289273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of canine mast cell tumour (MCT) remains unknown. Moreover, therapeutic options are limited and resistance to targeted drugs and recurrences are common, necessitating the identification of additional cellular targets for therapy. In this study we investigated the expression of phosphorylated AKT protein in 25 archival canine MCT samples by immunohistochemistry and examined the correlation between the immunohistochemical scores and histopathological tumour grades. AKT protein was detected in all of the samples and 24 of the 25 samples expressed the phosphorylated form of the protein, albeit with variable intensity. However, when the immunohistochemical scores of weak, intermediate and strong labelling were compared with the histopathological grades I to III, there was no strong correlation. This study suggests that canine MCT cells have activated AKT and indicates the need for further research on the role of the AKT protein and the possibility of targeting the AKT signalling pathway in MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodriguez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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Giantin M, Vascellari M, Morello EM, Capello K, Vercelli A, Granato A, Lopparelli RM, Nassuato C, Carminato A, Martano M, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M. c-KIT messenger RNA and protein expression and mutations in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:116-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are among the most common neoplasms in dogs and show a highly variable biologic behavior. Histological grading, cell proliferation markers, and KIT immunohistochemistry are typically used to predict post-surgical prognosis. In the present study, c-KIT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured in canine MCTs and its relationship with tumor grade, immunohistochemical staining pattern, post-surgical prognosis, and mutations was investigated. A significant increase of c-KIT mRNA was observed in MCTs versus healthy skin and surgical margins. Mutations were observed in 8.3% of cases. The KIT staining pattern was investigated for both grading systems. In particular, staining pattern III was associated with grade II (G2) and G3 MCTs, while staining patterns I and II were associated with G1 and G2 MCTs. Considering the 2-tier histological grading, the high grade was mainly associated with pattern III (71%) while the low grade was associated with patterns II (70%) and I (28%). A weak association between the KIT staining pattern and outcome was also observed. The results obtained suggest that c-KIT mRNA is overexpressed in canine MCT, although the fold variations were not associated with the protein localization or complementary DNA mutations. These observations suggested that the 3 events were independent. The histological grading and the KIT staining pattern have prognostic value as previously published. Staining pattern I could be especially helpful in predicting a good prognosis of G2 MCTs. Sequence mutations were not necessarily suggestive of a worse prognosis, but might be useful in choosing a chemotherapy protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Giantin
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Emanuela Maria Morello
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Katia Capello
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Antonella Vercelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Anna Granato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Rosa Maria Lopparelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Chiara Nassuato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Antonio Carminato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Marina Martano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata ed Igiene Veterinaria, Università di Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Giantin, Lopparelli, Dacasto)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Vascellari, Capello, Granato, Nassuato, Carminato, Mutinelli)
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Morello, Martano)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Torino, Italy (Vercelli)
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Marfe G, De Martino L, Tafani M, Irno-Consalvo M, Pasolini MP, Navas L, Papparella S, Gambacurta A, Paciello O. A multicancer-like syndrome in a dog characterized by p53 and cell cycle-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) mutations and sirtuin gene (SIRT1) down-regulation. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:240-5. [PMID: 21890154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have investigated SIRT1, p53 and cell cycle-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) gene dysfunction in a dog with a multicancer syndrome-like in order to evaluate their potential role in the determinism of the disease and to establish a possible correlation between SIRT1 transcript level and p53 expression status. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood sample and tumour samples from a pure breed English Setter dog with different tumours were used for this study. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed with a DNA autosequencer in order to examine p53 and CHK2 mutations. In addition, the expression level of SIRT1 was quantified by Southern Blot analysis of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Cytological examination revealed five different tumours: a cutaneous sebaceous epithelioma, a cutaneous mast cell tumour, a testicular Sertoli cell tumour, an oral malignant melanoma, and a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of a nucleotide substitution, (CGG>CAG) exon 7 of the p53 gene in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as in the melanoma; whereas the other four cancers showed the loss of the wild-type allele. Furthermore, CHK2 mutation at codon 311 has been identified in the melanoma and sebaceous epithelioma. In addition, SIRT1 cDNA expression decreased in all tumour samples compared to cDNA SIRT1expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the same dog. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the germ line mutation of the p53 gene at codon 248 might be, at least, one cause of the multicancer syndrome-like in our dog; furthermore, we show a possible correlation between SIRT1 transcript level and p53 mutations status. The regulatory role of SIRT1 in tumour suppressor pathways suggests that the net effect seen may represent both direct and indirect downstream regulation and it is likely to depend on the presence or absence of functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marfe
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Hahn KA, Legendre AM, Shaw NG, Phillips B, Ogilvie GK, Prescott DM, Atwater SW, Carreras JK, Lana SE, Ladue T, Rusk A, Kinet JP, Dubreuil P, Moussy A, Hermine O. Evaluation of 12- and 24-month survival rates after treatment with masitinib in dogs with nonresectable mast cell tumors. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1354-61. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.11.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Takeuchi Y, Fujino Y, Watanabe M, Nakagawa T, Ohno K, Sasaki N, Sugano S, Tsujimoto H. Aberrant autophosphorylation of c-Kit receptor in canine mast cell tumor cell lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:208-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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RT-PCR-based tyrosine kinase display profiling of canine melanoma: IGF-1 receptor as a potential therapeutic target. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:35-42. [PMID: 19949352 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328331ca86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) resembles human malignant melanoma in terms of metastatic behavior, refractoriness to standard therapy, and tumor antigen expression but it is largely unknown how CMM resembles human melanoma with regard to molecular pathogenesis and cellular signaling. No attempt has been made to systematically define the repertoire of tyrosine kinases (TKs) expressed in CMM. This study used a reverse transcription-PCR display technique to evaluate the expression of multiple TKs in the 17CM98 CMM cell line. RT-PCR was performed using degenerate primers coding for highly conserved regions flanking the kinase domains of many TKs and the repertoire of TKs expressed was determined using standard molecular cloning techniques. Sequencing 46 clones yielded canine homologs of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) (50%), JAK1 (17%), PDGFR-a (11%), FGFR1 (9%), Axl (7%), Abl (4%), and PTK2 (2%). Interestingly, IGF-1R, JAK1, and Axl were detected in human melanoma using similar techniques, supporting the cross-species validity of this assay. Given the abundance of IGF-1R clones, we determined the biological effect of rhIGF-1 in 17CM98 cells. IGF-1 stimulated cell proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor production in 17CM98, and addition of the IGF-1R inhibitor ADW742 abrogated IGF-1-induced phenotypic changes. Expression of IGF-1R mRNA was detected in five of five additional CMM cell cultures, and IGF-1R protein was detected in five of six primary tumors evaluated, suggesting that IGF-1R expression may be common in CMM and may provide a novel target for future therapy. In conclusion, this study suggests that similar TKs are expressed in human and canine melanoma, and shows potential antitumor effects of IGF-1R inhibition in CMM.
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Smith AJ, Njaa BL, Lamm CG. Immunohistochemical Expression of c-KIT Protein in Feline Soft Tissue Fibrosarcomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:934-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0219-l-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
C-KIT is the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-KIT, which encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor protein KIT. Mutations and varied expression of this gene have been demonstrated within multiple neoplasms in people and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if KIT protein is expressed in feline soft tissue fibrosarcomas (ST FSA) using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The computer database at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory was searched from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2007, for any domestic cat with an ST FSA. Routinely stained slides from 46 feline ST FSAs were reviewed and graded based on the scale outlined by Kuntz et al. Immunohistochemistry for KIT protein was performed on one representative section from each cat. There were a total of 12/46 (26%) cats that were immunoreactive for KIT. Immunoreactivity was detected in greater than 80% of the neoplastic cells in 4/46 (9%) cats. Immunoreactivity was detected in less than 10% of the neoplastic cells in 8/46 (17%) cats. Immunoreactivity was characterized by evenly distributed cytoplasmic stippling within the neoplastic spindle-shaped cells and/or multinucleated giant cells. Based on these results, KIT immunoreactivity can be detected within feline ST FSAs using IHC. The results of this study also indicate that KIT immunoreactivity in feline ST FSA does not correlate with the histologic grade ( P = .141, X 2 = 2.166), survivability ( P = .241, X 2 = 1.373), or whether the neoplasm was a spontaneous or an injection site FSA ( P = .074, X 2 = 3.184).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - B. L. Njaa
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - C. G. Lamm
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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29
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He XJ, Uchida K, Tochitani T, Uetsuka K, Miwa Y, Nakayama H. Spontaneous cutaneous mast cell tumor with lymph node metastasis in a Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:156-9. [PMID: 19139521 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old female Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) presented with multicentric nodules arising from the skin of the middle of the tail and lumbosacral regions. Histologically, the nodules were composed of a proliferation of spindloid to pleomorphic cells that sometimes formed sheets and fascicular to storiform patterns. Diffuse infiltration of eosinophils was also noted. The results of immunohistochemistry indicated positive labeling for vimentin, mast cell tryptase, c-kit, and Ki-67. Toluidine blue stain revealed fine, metachromatic, cytoplasmic granules. The histologic diagnosis was mast cell tumor. The neoplasm recurred and metastasized to the right lumbar lymph node 1 month later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jun He
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Welle MM, Bley CR, Howard J, Rüfenacht S. Canine mast cell tumours: a review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology and treatment. Vet Dermatol 2009; 19:321-39. [PMID: 18980632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their neoplastic transformation in solitary and multiple cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), as well as visceral and systemic mastocytosis. Dogs have a unique risk of developing cutaneous MCTs, and they account for 7% to 21% of all canine skin tumours. The aetiology of canine MCTs is unknown but is probably multifactorial. This article reviews up-to-date knowledge on the pathogenesis, the clinical presentation, the clinical prognostic factors, the diagnostic workup including clinical staging, cytological findings, histological findings and the various grading systems which have been evaluated based on morphology, the assessment of proliferation markers and other factors such as vessel density. Furthermore, detailed information about current treatment protocols for canine cutaneous MCTs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Hahn K, Oglivie G, Rusk T, Devauchelle P, Leblanc A, Legendre A, Powers B, Leventhal P, Kinet JP, Palmerini F, Dubreuil P, Moussy A, Hermine O. Masitinib is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1301-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Passantino L, Passantino G, Cianciotta A, Ribaud MR, Lo Presti G, Ranieri G, Perillo A. Expression of proto-oncogene C-kit and correlation with morphological evaluations in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:609-21. [PMID: 18608529 DOI: 10.1080/08923970801949265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is very common disease in dogs, this is more aggressive than in other species. The biologic behavior of MCT is highly variable and a more accurate prognosis for these tumors needs to performed. The proto-oncogene c-kit is known to play a critical role in development and function of mast cells (MC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical pattern of c-kit in MCTs and to correlate these results with MC density (MCD) and intratumoral microvessel density (MVD). Our results confirm that a more aggressive biologic behavior of canine MCT is associated with the increased c-kit expression, further suggesting a new role for c-kit, as a useful marker, in diagnostic pathology and in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Lin TY, Bear M, Du Z, Foley KP, Ying W, Barsoum J, London C. The novel HSP90 inhibitor STA-9090 exhibits activity against Kit-dependent and -independent malignant mast cell tumors. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1266-77. [PMID: 18657349 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit occur in several human and canine cancers. While Kit inhibitors have activity in the clinical setting, they possess variable efficacy against particular forms of mutant Kit and drug resistance often develops over time. Inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a chaperone for which Kit is a client protein, have demonstrated activity against human cancers and evidence suggests they downregulate several mutated and imatinib-resistant forms of Kit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel HSP90 inhibitor, STA-9090, against wild-type (WT) and mutant Kit in canine bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs), malignant mast cell lines, and fresh malignant mast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS BMCMCs, cell lines, and fresh malignant mast cells were treated with STA-9090, 17-AAG, and SU11654 and evaluated for loss in cell viability, cell death, alterations in HSP90 and Kit expression/signaling, and Kit mutation. STA-9090 activity was tested in a canine mastocytoma xenograft model. RESULTS Treatment of BMCMCs, cell lines, and fresh malignant cells with STA-9090 induced growth inhibition, apoptosis that was caspase-3/7-dependent, and downregulation of phospho/total Kit and Akt, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K). Loss of Kit cell-surface expression was also observed. Furthermore, STA-9090 exhibited superior activity to 17-AAG and SU11654, and was effective against malignant mast cells expressing either WT or mutant Kit. Lastly, STA-9090 inhibited tumor growth in a canine mastocytoma mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS STA-9090 exhibits broad activity against mast cells expressing WT or mutant Kit, suggesting it may be an effective agent in the clinical setting against mast cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs and humans share many features, including histological appearance, tumour genetics, molecular targets, biological behaviour and response to conventional therapies. Studying dogs with cancer is likely to provide a valuable perspective that is distinct from that generated by the study of human or rodent cancers alone. The value of this opportunity has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research for the identification of cancer-associated genes, the study of environmental risk factors, understanding tumour biology and progression, and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation and development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 2144, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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35
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Stanclift RM, Gilson SD. Evaluation of neoadjuvant prednisone administration and surgical excision in treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:53-62. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Abstract
The value of comparative oncology has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research, including the identification of cancer-associated genes; the study of environmental risk factors, tumor biology, and progression; and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation of novel cancer therapeutics. The fruits of this effort are expected to be the creation of better and more specific drugs to benefit veterinary and human patients who have cancer. The state of the comparative oncology field is outlined in this article, with an emphasis on cancer in dogs.
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Gil da Costa RM, Matos E, Rema A, Lopes C, Pires MA, Gärtner F. CD117 immunoexpression in canine mast cell tumours: correlations with pathological variables and proliferation markers. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:19. [PMID: 17711582 PMCID: PMC2077863 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous mast cell tumours are one of the most common neoplasms in dogs and show a highly variable biologic behaviour. Several prognosis tools have been proposed for canine mast cell tumours, including histological grading and cell proliferation markers. CD117 is a receptor tyrosine kinase thought to play a key role in human and canine mast cell neoplasms. Normal (membrane-associated) and aberrant (cytoplasmic, focal or diffuse) CD117 immunoexpression patterns have been identified in canine mast cell tumours. Cytoplasmic CD117 expression has been found to correlate with higher histological grade and with a worsened post-surgical prognosis. This study addresses the role of CD117 in canine mast cell tumours by studying the correlations between CD117 immunoexpression patterns, two proliferation markers (Ki67 and AgNORs) histological grade, and several other pathological variables. Results Highly significant (p < 0,001) correlations were found between CD117 immunostaining patterns and histological grade, cell proliferation markers (Ki67, AgNORs) and tumoral necrosis. Highly significant (p < 0,001) correlations were also established between the two cellular proliferation markers and histological grade, tumour necrosis and epidermal ulceration. A significant correlation (p = 0.035) was observed between CD117 expression patterns and epidermal ulceration. No differences were observed between focal and diffuse cytoplasmic CD117 staining patterns concerning any of the variables studied. Conclusion These findings highlight the key role of CD117 in the biopathology of canine MCTs and confirm the relationship between aberrant CD117 expression and increased cell proliferation and higher histological grade. Further studies are needed to unravel the cellular mechanisms underlying focal and diffuse cytoplasmic CD117 staining patterns, and their respective biopathologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rema
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Pires
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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38
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Dobson JM, Scase TJ. Advances in the diagnosis and management of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:424-31. [PMID: 17559522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumours are one of the most common tumours of the canine skin and have a reputation for being difficult to manage because of their variable clinical presentation, behaviour and response to treatment. This review of recent literature on canine mast cell tumours suggests that the majority of such tumours may not be as bad as their reputation suggests. Most grade I and grade II tumours can be managed successfully by good surgery. Recent literature also calls into question the utility of clinical staging systems and the value of assessing surgical margins for prognosis and highlights the paucity of well-conducted, case-controlled clinical trials in assessing the efficacy of medical management of high-risk tumours. In terms of more basic research, recent studies have implicated the stem cell factor receptor KIT as having a role in the aetiology of canine mast cell tumours and there appears to be an association between c-kit mutation and higher grade of tumour. This may offer a possible target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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de Mora F, Puigdemont A, Torres R. The role of mast cells in atopy: what can we learn from canine models? A thorough review of the biology of mast cells in canine and human systems. Br J Dermatol 2007; 155:1109-23. [PMID: 17107377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell research has largely focused on the role of these cells in the early phase of allergic reactions. However, their involvement may well extend beyond this stage, and even reach across nonallergic conditions. Mast cells from different sources have helped advance our knowledge of their biology. Although in vitro and in vivo research in this area has mainly focused on humans, such studies are limited by the extent to which cells from certain human tissues and/or human patients can be collected or studied. While rodents also provide valuable models with which to further our understanding of the behaviour of mast cells and their contribution to allergy, reported differences between human and murine mast cells, and, in some instances, the limitations of in vivo rodent models of mast cell-mediated allergic conditions, preclude their use. In this review, we introduce a relatively unknown mast cell population, that of the dog. Canine mast cells display many phenotypic and functional similarities with their human counterparts, and dogs develop spontaneous and induced allergic diseases that share clinical and pathophysiological features with the human condition. Therefore, the use of canine cells can shed light on the general role of mast cells, particularly in relation to allergic diseases given the potential of in vivo dog models within this field. Here we provide a detailed review of the data reported from in vitro and in vivo studies of canine mast cells, and compare them with results obtained in human systems. We also highlight direct evidence of the mast cell contribution to canine atopy. We conclude that the dog offers useful in vitro and in vivo models in which to investigate mast cell behaviour, and that its use should be considered when undertaking studies aimed either at elucidating the role of mast cells in health and disease, or at prescreening novel therapies prior to entry into man.
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Affiliation(s)
- F de Mora
- Department of Pharmacology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola), Barcelona, Spain.
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40
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Newman SJ, Mrkonjich L, Walker KK, Rohrbach BW. Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumour: diagnosis and prognosis. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:231-9. [PMID: 17399734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the pathology and clinical outcome of the subcutaneous variant of canine mast cell tumour. Fifty-three cases satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected from the pathology archive of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee. Referring veterinarians provided information on outcome. These dogs had a median age of 9 years (range 3-17 years). After characterizing tumours histologically, nuclear expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 (MIB-1 clone) was determined immunohistochemically and mast cell origin was confirmed with c-Kit staining. Counts of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) were determined by silver staining. Nuclear labelling was counted in 100 tumour cells. Margins were recorded as incomplete in 66% of dogs, and metastases occurred in 6% of dogs. The estimated minimum mean survival time from date of diagnosis was 1199 days, ranging from 55 to >1780 days. The median scores from immunohistochemical labelling were PCNA 0.05 and Ki67 0.03 per 100 tumour cells. The median score for AgNOR staining was 1.25 per 100 tumour cells. The patterns of c-Kit expression included membranous labelling in 20 tumours, stippled cytoplasmic labelling in 23 tumours and diffuse cytoplasmic labelling in 10 tumours. Age (r=-0.61, P=0.14) and AgNOR score (r=-0.58, P=0.17) had moderate, but non-significant, negative associations with survival. PCNA (r=-0.32, P=0.47), Ki67 (r=-0.22, P=0.64) and c-Kit immunolabelling was not associated with survival. The subcutaneous variant of canine mast cell tumour is distinct in having features of intermediate histological grade and extended mean survival times, suggesting a slightly better long-term prognosis than for higher grade dermal variants. Expression of nuclear proliferation markers is not associated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Newman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996-4542, USA
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41
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Turin L, Acocella F, Stefanello D, Oseliero A, Fondrini D, Brizzola S, Riva F. Expression of c-kit proto-oncogene in canine mastocytoma: a kinetic study using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:343-9. [PMID: 16921872 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KIT receptor, the c-kit gene product, is thought to play a major role in canine mastocytoma, one of the most common neoplastic diseases in dogs. In the present study, the expression of c-kit proto-oncogene in blood and in tumor biopsies from 41 dogs with histologically confirmed mastocytoma at different grades of cellular differentiation and 5 negative control dogs was investigated using real-time (quantitative) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). The animals were followed up for over 1 year after surgery in order to characterize the kinetics of c-kit expression in blood. Transcript mRNAs extracted from blood at different time points after surgery and from tumor tissue surgically removed from each dog were used in a quantitative RRT-PCR assay targeting the extracellular coding region of the c-kit gene. Tissues constitutively expressing c-kit (brain and spleen) were used as positive controls. Levels of expression of c-kit were higher in tumor biopsies than in blood; the blood level decreased in the patients between 1 and 3 months after surgery. No KIT expression was detected in blood from the 5 dogs not affected by mastocytoma (negative controls). The RRT-PCR appears to be a suitable method for sensitive and quantitative detection of c-kit gene expression in canine blood and neoplastic tissues. Although c-kit expression levels measured by RRT-PCR do not correlate with prognosis, they confirm that surgery remains the main treatment to reduce circulating mastocytes and that circulating mast cells can be detected even in benign highly differentiated forms of mastocytoma such as grade I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanita' Pubblica Veterinaria, Univerista' degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Resau JH, Kiupel M. The role of c-KIT in tumorigenesis: evaluation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Neoplasia 2006; 8:104-11. [PMID: 16611403 PMCID: PMC1578516 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-KIT proto-oncogene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neoplastic diseases, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis in humans, and mast cell tumors (MCTs) in canines. Cutaneous MCTs are common neoplasms in dogs and have a variable biologic behavior. The goal of this study was to define the prognostic significance of c-KIT mutations identified in canine MCTs and the associations between c-KIT mutations, KIT localization, and KIT expression levels. Microdissection and polymerase chain reaction were performed on 60 MCTs to identify c-KIT mutations. Anti-KIT antibodies were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of KIT localization. Forty-two MCTs were included in a tissue microarray, and KIT expression was quantified using immunofluorescence. Canine MCTs with c-KIT mutations were significantly associated with an increased incidence of recurrent disease and death. c-KIT mutations were also significantly associated with aberrant protein localization; however, the level of KIT expression did not correlate with either c-KIT mutations or changes in protein localization. Considering the high prevalence of canine MCTs and the central role of c-KIT in the tumorigenesis of certain tumors, canine MCTs are an excellent model for characterizing the role of c-KIT in neoplastic diseases and is a potential target for novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Webster
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - RoseAnn Miller
- Center for Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James H Resau
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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43
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Finora K, Leibman NF, Fettman MJ, Powers BE, Hackett TA, Withrow SJ. Cytological comparison of fine-needle aspirates of liver and spleen of normal dogs and of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours and an ultrasonographically normal appearing liver and spleen. Vet Comp Oncol 2006; 4:178-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2006.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lamerato-Kozicki AR, Helm KM, Jubala CM, Cutter GC, Modiano JF. Canine hemangiosarcoma originates from hematopoietic precursors with potential for endothelial differentiation. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:870-8. [PMID: 16797414 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two competing hypotheses can be formulated regarding the origin of canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA). One states HSA originates from differentiated vascular endothelial cells that undergo mutations which endow them with malignant potential. The other states HSA originates from transformed hemangioblastic stem cells. This study was designed to begin to distinguish between these possibilities, as well as to test if flow cytometry was sufficiently sensitive to detect malignant cells in blood samples from dogs with HSA. METHODS We used multiparameter flow cytometry to examine expression of cell-surface determinants associated with hematopoietic precursors (c-kit, CD34, CD133, CD45) or with lineage-committed cells (CD3, CD11b, CD14, CD21, CD105, CD146, alphavbeta3-integrin) in HSA cell lines and in blood samples from healthy dogs or dogs with HSA. RESULTS The data show that HSA cells coexpress surface markers associated with hematopoietic precursors and with commitment to endothelial lineage, providing a means to identify their presence in circulation and distinguish them from normal or malignant white blood cells. The percentage of cells that coexpressed these markers ranged from 0.5 to 1.25% for HSA dogs, and was less than 0.3% for unaffected dogs or dogs with HSA that had the tumors removed within 48 hours prior to obtaining samples. CONCLUSIONS The results place the ontogeny of HSA with multipotential bone marrow-derived stem cells whose progeny arrest differentiation at the hemangioblast or angioblast stage. In addition, these expression patterns may assist to confirm an HSA diagnosis, monitor minimal residual disease, and detect the disease in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Lamerato-Kozicki
- Department of Immunology and AMC Cancer Research Center, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center; Denver, CO 80214, USA
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Abstract
This article reviews the literature on mast cells and tumours derived from mast cells in the dog. Mast cells play a central role in inflammatory and immune reactions. Mast cells, normal and neoplastic, contain and release important biologically active substances: heparin, histamine, eosinophilic chemotactic factor and proteolytic enzymes. Mast cell tumours occur in the dog, particularly in the boxer and related breeds, in the skin and less frequently in the intestines. Cytology usually provides an accurate diagnosis, but histological examination adds further information concerning the histologic grade and the completeness of surgical therapy. Cutaneous mast cell tumours should be regarded as potentially malignant and therefore be removed widely (3 cm. margin). Local recurrence, regional and distant metastases together with paraneoplastic disorders may cause the death of the pet. Histologic grading (2 or 3 grades) and clinical staging together with kinetic parameters and breed (boxers have relatively benign tumours) are important prognostic parameters. Based on prognostic criteria, surgical treatment should be completed with adjuvant radiotherapy, corticosteroids and eventually with combined chemotherapy. A novel, promising therapy is the application of the receptor kinase inhibitor. The study of the pathogenesis of mast cell tumours received new impetus by the finding of mutations, deletions and duplications, in exons 11 and 12 of the C-kit oncogene. Further study of physiological and oncological aspects of mast cells are favoured by the availability of mast cells isolated from spontaneous mast cell tumours and of cultured cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Misdorp
- Emeritus Professor of Veterinary Oncology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Morini M, Bettini G, Preziosi R, Mandrioli L. C-kit gene product (CD117) immunoreactivity in canine and feline paraffin sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:705-8. [PMID: 15100248 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor expressed by a variety of normal human cell types, including germ cells, immature myeloid cells, and mast cells. To evaluate the pattern of CD117 expression in dogs and cats, we applied a polyclonal antibody on paraffin sections from 44 samples of normal tissues and 104 tumors. In both species, strong immunoreactivity was observed in mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and in mast cell tumors. Among gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms, tissues from five dogs and one cat revealed strong CD117 expression, enabling us to identify them as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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47
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Bettini G, Morini M, Marcato PS. Gastrointestinal Spindle Cell Tumours of the Dog: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study. J Comp Pathol 2003; 129:283-93. [PMID: 14554126 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(03)00046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the relevance of spindle cell tumours in the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to classify them, a retrospective study was carried out on haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded samples of 105 primary GI tumours. Seventeen out of 105 (16%) GI tumours were mesenchymal, 48% were epithelial and 36% were round cell tumours. Spindle cell tumours were stained by Masson trichrome, Orcein-Van Gieson and labelled immunohistochemically (vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, protein S100, glial fibrillar acid protein, CD117 and MIB-1) and the histological grade, mitotic index, nuclear size and cellular density were also assessed. The 17 gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumours were classified as 10 leiomyomas (10/10 positive for desmin and smooth muscle actin; 6/10 positive for vimentin) 2 leiomyosarcomas (2/2 positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin and vimentin) and 5 gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) (5/5 positive for CD117 and vimentin; 3/5 positive for smooth muscle actin). Canine GISTs appeared as densely packed spindle cell tumours, with a diffuse, strong, cytoplasmic immunopositivity for c-kit protein (CD117). GISTs, defined as CD117-positive spindle cell or epithelioid or pleomorphic neoplasms that presumably derive from interstitial cells of Cajal, are reported in recent medical studies as the most common mesenchymal tumours of the GI tract. Our data suggest that GISTs represent a significant portion of canine GI spindle cell tumours, which can be definitely distinguished from leiomyosarcomas only by their expression of CD117.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bettini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
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Reis-Filho JS, Gonçalves C, Gärtner F. Rectal leiomyosarcoma in a dog and review of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Vet Rec 2003; 153:215-7. [PMID: 12956300 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.7.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Reis-Filho
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Bergman PJ. Clinical techniques in small animal molecular oncology. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2003; 18:88-91. [PMID: 12831067 DOI: 10.1053/svms.2003.36621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis, staging, and treatment of tumors in veterinary as well as human oncology have traditionally incorporated elements of anatomic extent of neoplasia through various clinical and pathologic methods. These clinicopathological methods have been the basis for the development of the tumor, node, and metastasis and grading systems, which have translated into clinically significant advances over the last 20 to 30 years. Unfortunately, there continues to be significant limitations to this system when prognostication and therapeutic decisions need to be made specific to a patient. For example, completely resected and cleanly staged phenotypically identical grade II mast cell tumors in dogs can have opposing clinical outcomes. In addition, dogs or cats with identical stage and grade lymphoma can have significantly divergent responses to the same multi-agent chemotherapy protocol. Numerous nonanatomic neoplastic molecular prognostic factors have been recently identified and have the potential to improve on the presently available tumor, node, and metastasis- and grading-based systems. To date in human oncology, single nonanatomic factors have only occasionally translated into efficient and independent prognostic factors, which speaks to the heterogeneity of cancer. Therefore, the use of panels of factors have been encouraged that will allow for the development of a molecular prognostic index, which can then be used in concert with presently available systems. This review will summarize how to best utilize presently available tumor, node, and metastasis- and grading-based systems, and incorporate newly available molecular prognostic factors.
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Newman SJ. Diagnostic pathology for the cancer patient. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2003; 18:139-44. [PMID: 12831079 DOI: 10.1053/svms.2003.36633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to have a cooperative relationship between the clinician and the pathologist, because information from both is critical for determining the best case management and favorable prognosis. The principle roles of the veterinary pathologist are to describe the submitted tissues, to determine the nature of the tumor, and to assess completeness of surgical margins. Recently, the Council of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (ACVP) appointed an ad hoc committee on oncology to evaluate oncologists' needs by polling members of the Veterinary Cancer Society (VCS). The committee's vision was to review morphologic, immunologic, and molecular techniques so that veterinary pathologists could meet the current and future diagnostic and prognostic needs of oncologic veterinarians. The factors determined to be most important to the VCS members in selecting a diagnostic pathology provider included, in order of importance: (1) reliability of results; (2) short turnaround-time; (3) easy access for consultation; (4) rapport with pathologist; (5) convenience of service; and (6) cost of service. This manuscript will attempt to review improved morphologic, immunologic, and molecular techniques to provide for the future diagnostic and prognostic needs of oncologic veterinarians.
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