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Abstract
1. Ribosomal preparations from dormant seed, cotyledon and growing tissue from Pisum arvense were examined. 2. Polysomes were obtained from growing tissues under all conditions used. 3. Such particles were obtained from seed immediately after imbibition only when 5mm-zinc sulphate was included in the medium used for extraction. 4. No polysomes were obtained from dry seed. 5. Extracts of dry seed showed limited incorporation of phenylalanine into protein. 6. Extracts of seed after imbibition showed enhanced activity in incorporation of phenylalanine amounting to 72% of the activity found in extracts of growing tissue. 7. A nuclear fraction from dry seed was able to incorporate ATP into acid-precipitable material. 8. It is concluded that the protein-synthesizing system of the dry seed is limited by the low concentration of functional polysomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Barker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Manchester
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Mangus DA, Jacobson A. Linking mRNA turnover and translation: assessing the polyribosomal association of mRNA decay factors and degradative intermediates. Methods 1999; 17:28-37. [PMID: 10075880 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1998.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA decay is a multistep process, often dependent on the active translation of an mRNA and on components of the translation apparatus. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several trans-acting factors required for mRNA decay associate with polyribosomes. We have explored the specificity of the interactions of these factors with polyribosomes, using sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of the yeast UPF1 protein to test whether such interactions are altered when polyribosomes are disrupted by treatment with EDTA, digestion with micrococcal nuclease, or shifting of cells containing a temperature-sensitive eIF3 mutation to the nonpermissive temperature. These experiments, as well as others assaying the strength of factor association in high-salt sucrose gradients, lead us to conclude that Upf1p is tightly bound to the smallest polyribosomes, but not to the 40S or 60S ribosomal subunits. Similar experimental approaches were used to determine whether mRNA decay initiates prior to mRNA release from polyribosomes. Using sucrose gradient fractionation and Northern blotting, we can detect the polysomal association of a PGK1 mRNA decay intermediate and conclude that mRNA decay commences while an mRNA is still being translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mangus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0122, USA
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HENNEY HR, STORCK R. POLYRIBOSOMES AND MORPHOLOGY IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 51:1050-5. [PMID: 14217560 PMCID: PMC300209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.51.6.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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BISHOP DH, BRADLEY DE. DETERMINATION OF BASE RATIOS OF SIX RIBONUCLEIC ACID BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFIC TO ESCHERICHIA COLI. Biochem J 1996; 95:82-93. [PMID: 14333571 PMCID: PMC1215180 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A method is described for the isolation of single-stranded-RNA coliphages. Two of the six RNA coliphages investigated were new strains. 2. The base ratios of six RNA coliphages were determined by labelling the host bacterium with [(32)P]-phosphate, purification of the radioactive coliphages and separation of 2',3'-ribonucleotides liberated by alkaline hydrolysis of the coliphage RNA. 3. All six of the coliphages were morphologically similar, contained single-stranded RNA, and had sedimentation coefficient 80+/-5s. 4. The six RNA coliphages fell into two distinct groups, both serologically and in terms of their RNA base ratios.
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Abstract
Pfister, R. M. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), and D. G. Lundgren. Electron microscopy of polyribosomes within Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 88:1119-1129. 1964.-Clusters of ribosomes (polyribosomes) were identified in thin sections of Bacillus cereus. Cells were treated by freezing and thawing to induce partial lysis to permit a closer examination of structural detail. The polyribosomes were (at times) attached to the cytoplasmic membrane, and ribosome clusters contained about 10 to 55 individual ribosomes. Individual ribosomes ranged from 70 to 100 A, whereas polyribosomes were about 150 to 850 A wide. A membrane served as the fabric holding the ribosomes, which were about 50 to 100 A apart.
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PHILLIPS WD, RICH A, SUSSMAN RR. THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLYRIBOSOMES FROM CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 80:508-10. [PMID: 14153855 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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De Bethune MP, Marchal J, Cozzone AJ. Extraction of polysomes from Escherichia coli without use of detergent. Anal Biochem 1979; 99:454-7. [PMID: 391098 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aroesty J, Lincoln T, Shapiro N, Boccia G. Tumor growth and chemotherapy: Mathematical methods, computer simulations, and experimental foundations. Math Biosci 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5564(73)90072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Morse RK, Herrmann H, Heywood SM. Extraction with Triton X-100 of active polysomes from monolayer cultures of embryonic muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 232:403-9. [PMID: 5553684 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Midgley J. Chapter XII Hybridization of Microbial RNA and DNA. J Microbiol Methods 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Klagsbrun M, Rich A. In vitro synthesis of T4 bacteriophage head protein using polysomes of T4-infected Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1970; 48:421-36. [PMID: 4911810 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
A shift-down response in Escherichia coli cells has been brought about by moderate concentrations of azide or cyanide. Early events of the response included a preferential inhibition of ribonucleic acid relative to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, a degradation of polyribosomes, and an inhibition of protein synthesis followed by a transient relief. These changes were entirely comparable to those observed with nutrient-induced shift-downs. The influences of various nutrient supplements on an azide shift-down were examined, and methionine was found to relieve effectively the inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in some strains of cells.
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Gould H, Herbert BN, Loviny T. Polysomes from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis. Nature 1969; 223:855-7. [PMID: 4979045 DOI: 10.1038/223855a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Coleman G. Effect of potassium ions on the attachment of polyribosomes to the membranes in lysates of exponential-phase cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Biochem J 1969; 112:533-9. [PMID: 5809217 PMCID: PMC1187744 DOI: 10.1042/bj1120533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. The distribution of ribosomal components between the soluble and membrane fractions of a preparation of exponential-phase cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens lysed with lysozyme in 0.05m-tris buffer, pH7.6, containing 0.01m-Mg(2+), was strongly influenced by the addition of K(+) to the buffer, in the range 0-0.1m. 2. In the absence of K(+), 37% of the ribosomal material was bound to the membrane and was not removed by repeated washing with the lysing buffer. The amount of bound material was progressively decreased on increasing the K(+) concentration to 0.1m, when only 5% of ribosomal components remained attached to the membrane. 3. About 87% of the material that remained bound to the washed membranes prepared in the absence of added K(+) was removed on suspension of the membranes in a buffer containing 0.1m-potassium chloride. 4. In the absence of K(+), washed membranes, containing no detectable ribosomal material, were able to re-attach no more than half as much material as was found associated with membranes in the same buffer immediately after lysis. 5. There was no evidence of binding of specific components to the membrane. 6. In the presence of 0.05m-tris buffer, pH7.6, maximum incorporation of amino acids into protein by B. amyloliquefaciens polyribosomes is effected in the presence of 0.01m-Mg(2+) and 0.07-0.1m-K(+), under which conditions less than 10% of the ribosomal material of a cell lysate would be membrane-bound.
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Phillips LA, Hotham-Iglewski B, Franklin RM. Polyribosomes of Escherichia coli. I. Effects of monovalent cations on the distribution of polysomes, ribosomes and ribosomal subunits. J Mol Biol 1969; 40:279-88. [PMID: 4903816 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kohler RE, Ron EZ, Davis BD. Significance of the free 70 s ribosomes in Escherichia coli extracts. J Mol Biol 1968; 36:71-82. [PMID: 5000202 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Marcus A, Luginbill B, Feeley J. Polysome formation with tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:1243-50. [PMID: 5240027 PMCID: PMC224858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.4.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Cline GB, Whitson GL, Levedahl BH. Phosphate incorporation into the subcellular particles of a bleached Euglena. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 30:534-9. [PMID: 5645439 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kelley WS, Schaechter M. The “Life Cycle” of Bacterial Ribosomes. Adv Microb Physiol 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lyttleton JW. Isolation of polyribosomes from leaves of Chenopodium album. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 149:598-600. [PMID: 5625383 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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[61] Preparation of polyribosomes from Bacillus megaterium KM. Methods Enzymol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(67)12072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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McGivern T, Hersh RT. Ultracentrifugal studies of the variation with physiological state of the ribosomes in Aerobacter aerogenes. Exp Cell Res 1966; 44:95-107. [PMID: 5928603 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(66)90416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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Abstract
Polysomes can be extracted from Escherichia coli by freezing and thawing in the presence of lysozyme, followed by treatment with sodium deoxycholate. The method is simple and convenient; the yields consistently high.
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Mangiarotti G, Schlessinger D. Polyribosome metabolism in Escherichia coli. I. Extraction of polyribosomes and ribosomal subunits from fragile, growing Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1966; 20:123-43. [PMID: 5339327 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(66)90122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wilkinson BR, Kirby KS. Rapidly labelled ribonucleic acid from rat liver. Studies in the attachment to ribosomes and stimulation of the incorporation of amino acids into polypeptides in cell-free systems. Biochem J 1966; 99:786-92. [PMID: 4290409 PMCID: PMC1265071 DOI: 10.1042/bj0990786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Rapidly labelled RNA from rat liver, either as a complex with DNA (m-RNA-DNA) or with ribosomal RNA (m-RNA-RNA) binds to ribosomes in the polysome region. No binding could be demonstrated with ribosomal RNA or native DNA from Bacillus subtilis. 2. With ribosomes from rat liver, Escherichia coli or hepatoma the m-RNA-DNA stimulated incorporation of amino acids with rat-liver ribosomes only, whereas the m-RNA-RNA complex was effective with ribosomes from E. coli or the hepatoma. 3. Polyuridylic acid was effective as messenger RNA with all three ribosomes but much greater stimulation was obtained with ribosomes from E. coli and the hepatoma. 4. The degree of incorporation of phenylalanine with polyuridylic acid and ribosomes from a hepatoma was decreased by about 50% when ribosomal RNA was present.
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Weber MJ, DeMoss JA. The inhibition by chloramphenicol of nascent protein formation in E. coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:1224-30. [PMID: 5334202 PMCID: PMC224304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.5.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Mizrahi IJ. On the relationship between a post-microsomal fraction and polynucleotide-directed amino acid incorporation by rat-liver ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 108:419-33. [PMID: 5867531 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(65)90034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Nicolson MO, Flamm WG. Properties and significance of free and bound ribosomes from cultured tobacco cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 108:266-74. [PMID: 5865509 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(65)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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van Iterson W. Symposium on the fine structure and replication of bacteria and their parts. II. Bacterial cytoplasm. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1965; 29:299-325. [PMID: 5318115 PMCID: PMC441280 DOI: 10.1128/br.29.3.299-325.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Abstract
Polyribosomes can be rapidly extracted from Escherichia coli by sequential passage of the cells through solutions of a chelating agent and lysozyme in a centrifugal field. Biosynthesis of protein in whole cells and in a cell-free system occurs almost exclusively in the polyribosomes.
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MARCUS L, BRETTHAUER R, HALVORSON H, BOCK R. Polysomes from Yeast: Distribution of Messenger RNA and Capacity to Support Protein Synthesis in vitro. Science 1965; 147:615-7. [PMID: 14241409 DOI: 10.1126/science.147.3658.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Individual fractions of polysomes were isolated from yeast. Pulse labeling experiments in vivo show constant specific activity of messenger RNA in each polysome peak; this suggests a uniform density of ribosomes per unit length of messenger RNA. In the cell-free incorporating system, the amount of peptide per ribosome unit increased with the size of polysome.
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EISERLING F, LEVIN JG, BYRNE R, KARLSSON U, NIRENBERG MW, SJOESTRAND FS. Polyribosomes and DNA-dependent amino acid incorporation in Escherichia coli extracts. J Mol Biol 1964; 10:536-40. [PMID: 14257696 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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50
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Neidhardt FC. The regulation RNA synthesis in bacteria. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1964; 3:145-81. [PMID: 5318914 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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