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Kolakofsky D, Nakamoto T. The initiation of viral protein synthesis in e. Coli extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 56:1786-93. [PMID: 16591421 PMCID: PMC220180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.6.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Kolakofsky
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
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Rubin H. The logic of the Membrane, Magnesium, Mitosis (MMM) model for the regulation of animal cell proliferation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 458:16-23. [PMID: 16750508 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The addition of animal serum or specific protein growth factors to quiescent, serum-deprived vertebrate cells in culture activates a wide variety of biochemical responses within minutes, which are followed in 5-10h by the initiation of DNA synthesis and then by mitosis. The quintessential early and continuing activation step for the increase in DNA synthesis is the increased initiation rate of protein synthesis, which must be continuously maintained throughout the G1 phase for advancement into S. The aggregate of biochemical reactions to growth factors is called the coordinate response, to indicate that many related and unrelated processes are orchestrated to repetitively reproduce cells. It is, however, crucial to recognize that the coordinate response can be induced for one or more rounds of replication by a variety of non-specific and quasi-specific membrane effectors. The logic of considering this framework of events in growth control implied that a single multi-target second messenger plays a central role in coordinating the events of the overall response. The same reasoning suggested that free Mg(2+) is the unifying regulatory element in that response which includes protein kinase pathways, and that the cytoplasmic activity of Mg(2+) increases with the binding of growth factors to their receptors in the cell membrane, or of less specific perturbations of the membrane. Experimental support of this conclusion is presented here and is represented in the MMM model of cell proliferation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Rubin H. Central roles of Mg2+ and MgATP2- in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell proliferation: significance for neoplastic transformation. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 93:1-58. [PMID: 15797443 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)93001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are polypeptides that combine with specific membrane receptors on animal cells to stimulate proliferation, but they also stimulate glucose transport, uridine phosphorylation, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and other processes of the coordinate response. There are a variety of nonspecific surface action treatments which stimulate the same set of reactions as the growth factors do, of which protein synthesis is most directly related to the onset of DNA synthesis. Mg(2+) is required for a very wide range of cellular reactions, including all phosphoryl transfers, and its deprivation inhibits all components of the coordinate response that have so far been tested. Growth factors raise the level of free Mg(2+) closer to the optimum for the initiation of protein synthesis. The resulting increase in protein synthesis accelerates progression through G1 to the onset of DNA synthesis and mitosis. None of the other 3 major cellular cations are similarly involved in growth regulation, although internal pH may play an auxiliary role. Almost 10(5) externally bound divalent cations are displaced from membranes for every attached insulin molecule, implying a conformational membrane change that releases enough Mg(2+) from the internal surface of the plasma membrane to account for the increase in free cytosolic Mg(2+). It is proposed that mTOR, the central control point for protein synthesis of the PI 3-K kinase cascade stimulated by insulin, is regulated by MgATP(2-) which varies directly with cytosolic Mg(2+). Other elements of the coordinate response to growth factors such as the increased transport of glucose and phosphorylation of uridine are also dependent upon an increase of Mg(2+). Deprivation of Mg(2+) in neoplastically transformed cultures normalizes their appearance and growth behavior and raises their abnormally low Ca(2+) concentration. Tight packing of the transformed cells at very high saturation density confers the same normalizing effects, which are retained for a few days after subculture at low density. The results suggest that the activity of Mg(2+) within the cell is a central regulator of normal cell growth, and the loss of its membrane-mediated control can account for the neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA
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Abstract
The quantitative study of regulation of cell growth and proliferation began with the development of the technique for monolayer culture of vertebrate cells in the late 1960s. The basic parameters were defined in the early physiological studies, which continued through the next decade. These included specific and non-specific growth factors and the requirement for continuous exposure to such factors through most of the G1 period for progression to S. In the course of this work, the diversity of biochemical responses and the critical role of increased protein synthesis and accumulation for the onset of DNA synthesis were elucidated. In particular, a central role of free cytosolic Mg2+ in direct regulation of protein synthesis and in ancillary processes as a response to membrane perturbation was established. Eventually, the physiological era was superseded by the molecular era beginning in the 1980s. This work focussed on specific receptors for growth factors that entrained a protein kinase cascade, which terminated in a higher frequency of initiation of protein synthesis. However, the molecular studies virtually ignored the key results of the physiological era. Recent studies of the penultimate molecular steps in the regulatory pathway of protein synthesis, however, have supported a model of growth regulation involving membrane perturbation and MgATP2- concentration, results that integrate the findings of the physiological and molecular eras. The resulting relatively simple "membrane, magnesium mitosis" (MMM) model of proliferation control can explain the seeming paradox of the variety of specific and non-specific growth-enhancing treatments that are mediated by the plasma membrane and which bring about a shared, complex but coordinated growth response that drives cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Mészáros K, Mandl J, Antoni F, Garzó T. INhibition of protein synthesis by hexosamine containing glycogen formed in mouse liver after treatment with D-galactosamine. FEBS Lett 1976; 71:215-9. [PMID: 1001439 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wells GN, Beevers L. Protein synthesis in the cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. Messenger RNA-independent formation of a methionyl-tRNA initiation complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 170:384-91. [PMID: 1190771 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Levine EM, Jeng DY, Chang Y. Contact inhibition, polyribosomes, and cell surface membranes in cultured mammalian cells. J Cell Physiol 1974; 84:349-64. [PMID: 4474184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040840304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shankar V, Joshi PN. Fractionation of RNA on a metal ion equilibrated cation exchanger. II. Chromatographic behaviour of RNA, subjected to different treatments, on Amberlite IR-120 A13+ columns. J Chromatogr A 1974; 95:65-74. [PMID: 4852084 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Himes RH, Stallcup MR, Rabinowitz JC. Translation of synthetic and endogenous messenger ribonucleic acid in vitro by ribosomes and polyribosomes from Clostridium pasteurianum. J Bacteriol 1972; 112:1057-69. [PMID: 4565527 PMCID: PMC251531 DOI: 10.1128/jb.112.3.1057-1069.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes and polyribosomes from Clostridium pasteurianum were isolated and their activities were compared with those of ribosomes from Escherichia coli in protein synthesis in vitro. C. pasteurianum ribosomes exhibited a high level of activity due to endogenous messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA). For translation of polyuridylic acid [poly(U)], C. pasteurianum ribosomes required a higher concentration of Mg(2+) and a much higher level of poly(U) than did E. coli ribosomes. Phage f2 RNA added to the system with C. pasteurianum ribosomes gave no significant stimulation of protein synthesis in a homologous system or with E. coli initiation factors. The 30S and 50S subunits prepared from C. pasteurianum ribosomes reassociated less readily than subunits from E. coli. The ability of the C. pasteurianum subunits to reassociated was found to be dependent upon the presence of a reducing agent during preparation and during analysis of the reassociation products. In heterologous combinations, E. coli 30S subunits associated readily with C. pasteurianum 50S subunits to form 70S particles, but C. pasteurianum 30S subunits and E. coli 50S subunits did not associate. In poly(U) translation, E. coli 30S subunits were active in combination with 50S subunits from either E. coli or C. pasteurianum, but C. pasteurianum 30S subunits were not active in combination with either type of 50S subunits. Polyribosomes prepared from C. pasteurianum were very active in protein synthesis, and well-defined ribosomal aggregates as large as heptamers could be seen on sucrose gradients. An attempt was made to demonstrate synthesis in vitro of ferredoxin.
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Kothari RM. Some aspects of fractionation of DNA on an IR-120 Al 3+ column. VII. Effect of the tissue and source variation on the chromatographic profiles of DNA. J Chromatogr A 1972; 64:85-94. [PMID: 5009884 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)92951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Means AR, Comstock JP, O'Malley BW. Isolation of protein factors from oviduct polysomes which stimulate protein synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:759-66. [PMID: 5128183 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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McCarthy WJ, App AA, Crotty WJ. The effect of calcium on in vitro polyphenylalanine synthesis by rice ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 246:132-40. [PMID: 5123564 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Beaud G, Hayes DH. [Properties of ribosomas and RNA synthesized by Escherichia coli cultivated in the presence of ethionine. 2. In vitro methylation of ribosome ethionine]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 20:525-34. [PMID: 4932300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Loeb JN. Leucine and phenylalanine incorporation by rat liver microsomes containing endogenous template RNA: a kinetic study of the effect of polyuridylic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 139:306-10. [PMID: 5501629 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Robinovitch MR, Smuckler EA, Sreebny LM. Protein Synthesis in a Cell-free System Derived from the Rat Parotid Gland. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Stavy L, Gross PR. Protein synthesis in vitro with fractions of sea urchin eggs and embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 182:193-202. [PMID: 5797373 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Staehelin M. Polyphenylalanine synthesis by rat liver ribosomes derived from polysomes by ethionine treatment in vivo or by pre-incubation in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 174:713-21. [PMID: 5776193 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The attachment of polyuridylic acid to reticulocyte ribosomes was studied by using polyadenylic acid, which inhibits the attachment reaction only, while permitting translation of polyuridylic acid bound to ribosomes. After addition of polyadenylic acid the amount of polyphenylalanine synthesized under standard conditions was taken as a measure of the bound polyuridylic acid. In this way certain parameters of the attachment reaction and the subsequent translation of attached polyuridylic acid were defined: (1) polyuridylic acid-ribosome interaction at 37 degrees requires only Mg(2+) at an optimum concentration of 8mm; (2) K(+) (required for translation) is a non-competitive inhibitor of the attachment reaction; (3) optimum polyphenylalanine synthesis directed by attached polyuridylic acid occurs at 5mm-Mg(2+) concentration; (4) from kinetic studies single ribosomes appear to participate in the attachment reaction.
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Scheinbuks J, Oppenheim J, Marcus L. A cell-free amino acid incorporating system from Azotobacter vinelandii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:228-41. [PMID: 4883910 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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de Groot N, Panet A, Fry-Shafrir I, Lapidot Y. Modified aminoacyl-tRNA. IV. The behaviour of acyl[14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA in a ribosomal system from wheat germ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 161:137-46. [PMID: 5661364 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Revel M, Herzberg M, Becarevic A, Gros F. Role of protein factor in the functional binding of ribosomes to natural messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1968; 33:231-49. [PMID: 4869226 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Smuckler EA, Parthier B, Hultin T. The effects of polyuridylic acid on phenylalanine incorporation by subcellular fractions from carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rat liver. Biochem J 1968; 107:151-63. [PMID: 5641871 PMCID: PMC1198640 DOI: 10.1042/bj1070151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Ribosomes and microsomes isolated from the livers of rats that had received carbon tetrachloride 1hr. previously had decreased endogenous capacity to incorporate amino acid. 2. The capacity of the isolated structures to respond to a synthetic messenger, polyuridylic acid, and to incorporate phenylalanine was investigated. 3. It was found that ribosomes from carbon tetrachloride-treated animals, prepared with detergent and at high ionic strength, could be restored to the same specific activity as control particles with polyuridylic acid but that these particles required more Mg(2+) in the incubation mixture. 4. Microsomes could also be stimulated to control activities with polyuridylic acid, but had a narrow optimum range of Mg(2+) concentration. 5. Microsomes prepared from poisoned animals could be preprogrammed with polyuridylic acid to a significantly greater degree than could control particles, and this response was greater with increasing Mg(2+) concentrations. These data suggested that in carbon tetrachloride poisoning the messenger-ribosome interaction had been altered. 6. Attempts to deprogramme particles from control and treated animals resulted in decreased endogenous activity of both particles and a decreased capacity for the treated particles to be restored with the synthetic messenger. 7. It is suggested that two effects are present in carbon tetrachloride poisoning, namely an alteration of the messenger-ribosome interaction and an increased lability of the ribosome, as either separate or related events.
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Bloemendal H, Zweers A, Schoenmakers JG. Synthesis of lens protein in vitro. 2. Incorporation of phenylalanine directed by poly U. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 4:108-11. [PMID: 5646142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Evidence for the Enzymatic Binding of Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid to Rat Liver Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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The Genetic Code After The Excitement. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Walser M. Magnesium metabolism. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1967; 59:185-296. [PMID: 4865748 DOI: 10.1007/bf02269144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Matthaei H, Milberg M. Mechanisms in protein synthesis V. Evidence for two ribosomal sites from equilibria in binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 29:593-9. [PMID: 16496541 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Matthaei
- Heinrich Matthaei und Margret Milberg, Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin Göttingen, Germany
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Parthier B, Smuckler EA, Hultin T. A comparison between preincubated and non-preincubated rat liver ribosomes in the poly (U)-directed phenylalanine incorporation and binding reactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 145:446-59. [PMID: 6064636 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ghosh HP, Söll D, Khorana HG. Studies on polynucleotides. LXVII. Initiation of protein synthesis in vitro as studied by using ribopolynucleotides with repeating nucleotide sequences as messengers. J Mol Biol 1967; 25:275-98. [PMID: 5340533 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Studies on the Removal of Endogenous Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Activity from Rat Liver Microsomes. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in Mammalian Skin**From the Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and the Department of Medical Research, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. J Invest Dermatol 1967. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1967.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biochemische Wirkungsmechanismen antibakteriell wirksamer Antibiotica. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46062-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Revel M, Gros F. A factor from E. coli required for the translation of natural messenger RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 25:124-32. [PMID: 5339540 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sundararajan TA, Thach RE. Role of the formylmethionine codon AUG in phasing translation of synthetic messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1966; 19:74-90. [PMID: 5339273 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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46
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48
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Bank A, Marks PA. Protein synthesis in a cell free human reticulocyte system: ribosome function in thalassemia. J Clin Invest 1966; 45:330-6. [PMID: 5904550 PMCID: PMC292702 DOI: 10.1172/jci105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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