Over expression of ID-1 in prostate cancer

Phenotypic characterization of two novel cell line models of castration-resistant prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Resistance to androgen deprivation therapies is a major driver of mortality in advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, there is a need to develop new preclinical models that allow the investigation of resistance mechanisms and the assessment of drugs for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

METHODS

We generated two novel cell line models (LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR) which were derived by passaging LAPC4 and VCaP cells in vivo and in vitro under castrate conditions. We performed detailed transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses (SWATH-MS) to delineate expression differences between castration-sensitive and castration-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of these novel cell line models.

RESULTS

The two cell line derivatives LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR showed castration-resistant growth in vitro and in vivo which was only minimally inhibited by AR antagonists, enzalutamide, and bicalutamide. High-dose androgen treatment resulted in significant growth arrest of VCaP-CR but not in LAPC4-CR cells. Both cell lines maintained AR expression, but exhibited distinct expression changes on the mRNA and protein level. Integrated analyses including data from LNCaP and the previously described castration-resistant LNCaP-abl cells revealed an expression signature of castration resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

The two novel cell line models LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR and their comprehensive characterization on the RNA and protein level represent important resources to study the molecular mechanisms of castration resistance.

The impact of structural modification of sulfated polysaccharides on bone morphogenic protein 2 and inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis

Sulfated polysaccharides play important roles in angiogenesis. However, the impact of structural alteration of sulfated polysaccharide on the bioactivity is still vague. In this study, binding between different sulfated polysaccharides and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) was measured to understand the sense of this motif transformation. The results showed that binding between sulfated α-1,4-glucan and BMP2 was the most intensive. The branch of α-1,4-glucan was important for the binding. The affinity of sulfated polysaccharides to BMP2 increased as the molecular weight (MW) and degree of substitution (DS) increased. DS that exceeded 1.05 impaired binding and played more important role in polysaccharide BMP2 interaction than MW. The reservation of partial 6-OH would benefit its binding ability to BMP2. Further, we showed that sulfated polysaccharides with strong binding to BMP2 blocked phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and expression of Id1 to a greater extent than those not strongly bind to BMP2. The binding strength of polysaccharides to BMP2 increased, so did the potency of the anti-angiogenesis effects.

Inhibitor of DNA-Binding Protein 4 Suppresses Cancer Metastasis through the Regulation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Metastasis is a predominant cause of cancer death and the major challenge in treating lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Therefore, exploring new metastasis-related genes and their action mechanisms may provide new insights for developing a new combative approach to treat lung cancer. Previously, our research team discovered that the expression of the inhibitor of DNA binding 4 (Id4) was inversely related to cell invasiveness in LADC cells by cDNA microarray screening. However, the functional role of Id4 and its mechanism of action in lung cancer metastasis remain unclear. In this study, we report that the expression of Id4 could attenuate cell migration and invasion in vitro and cancer metastasis in vivo. Detailed analyses indicated that Id4 could promote E-cadherin expression through the binding of Slug, cause the occurrence of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), and inhibit cancer metastasis. Moreover, the examination of the gene expression database (GSE31210) also revealed that high-level expression of Id4/E-cadherin and low-level expression of Slug were associated with a better clinical outcome in LADC patients. In summary, Id4 may act as a metastatic suppressor, which could not only be used as an independent predictor but also serve as a potential therapeutic for LADC treatment.

Neural Transcription Factors in Disease Progression

Progression to the malignant state is fundamentally dependent on transcriptional regulation in cancer cells. Optimum abundance of cell cycle proteins, angiogenesis factors, immune evasion markers, etc. is needed for proliferation, metastasis or resistance to treatment. Therefore, dysregulation of transcription factors can compromise the normal prostate transcriptional network and contribute to malignant disease progression.The androgen receptor (AR) is considered to be a key transcription factor in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Consequently, androgen pathway inhibitors (APIs) are currently the mainstay in PCa treatment, especially in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, emerging evidence suggests that with increased administration of potent APIs, prostate cancer can progress to a highly aggressive disease that morphologically resembles small cell carcinoma, which is referred to as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), treatment-induced or treatment-emergent small cell prostate cancer. This chapter will review how neuronal transcription factors play a part in inducing a plastic stage in prostate cancer cells that eventually progresses to a more aggressive state such as NEPC.

Knockdown of RPL9 expression inhibits colorectal carcinoma growth via the inactivation of Id-1/NF-κB signaling axis

Ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9), a component of the 60S subunit for protein synthesis, is upregulated in human colorectal cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether RPL9 gained extraribosomal function during tumorigenesis and whether targeting of RPL9 with small interfering (si) RNA could alter the course of colorectal cancer progression. Our results showed that siRNA knockdown of RPL9 suppresses colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth and long-term colony formation through an increase in sub-G1 cell population and a strong induction of apoptotic cell death. To obtain insights into the molecular changes in response to RPL9 knockdown, global changes in gene expression were examined using RNA sequencing. It revealed that RPL9-specific knockdown led to dysregulation of 918 genes in HCT116 and 3178 genes in HT29 cells. Among these, 296 genes showed same directional regulation (128 upregulated and 168 downregulated genes) and were considered as a common RPL9 knockdown signature. Particularly, we found through a network analysis that Id-1, which is functionally associated with activation of NF-κB and cell survival, was commonly downregulated. Subsequent western blot analysis affirmed that RPL9 silencing induced the decrease in the levels of Id-1 and phosphorylated IκBα in both HCT116 and HT29 cells. Also, the same condition decreased the levels of PARP-1 and pro-caspase-3, accelerating apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of RPL9 expression significantly suppressed the growth of human CRC xenografts in nude mice. These findings indicate that the function of RPL9 is correlated with Id-1/NF-κB signaling axis and suggest that targeting RPL9 could be an attractive option for molecular therapy of colorectal cancer.

Id Proteins Contribute to Tumor Development and Metastatic Colonization in a Model of Bladder Carcinogenesis

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant genitourinary diseases worldwide. Despite advances in surgical technique, medical oncology and radiation therapy, cure of invasive tumors remains elusive for patients with late stage disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the response rates with regard to recurrence, invasion and metastasis.

Objective: Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins have been proposed as therapeutic targets due to the key regulatory role they exert in multiple steps of cancer. We aimed to explore the role of Id proteins in bladder cancer development and the pattern of expression of Id proteins in bladder carcinomas.

Methods: We used a well-established chemically induced model of bladder carcinogenesis. Wild type and Id-deficient mice were given N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in the drinking water and urinary bladder lesions were analyzed histopathologically and stained for Id1. We assessed the effects of Id1 inactivation in cultured bladder cancer cells and in a model of metastatic lung colonization. We also performed Id1 staining of human urothelial carcinoma samples and matched lymph node metastases.

Results: Id1 protein was overexpressed in the BBN-induced model of bladder cancer. Id1 deficiency resulted in the development of urinary bladder tumors with areas of extensive hemorrhage and decreased invasiveness when compared to wild type mice. Id1 inactivation led to decreased cell growth in vitro and lung colonization in vivo of human bladder cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry performed on human urothelial carcinoma samples showed Id1 positive staining in both primary tumors and lymph node metastases.

Conclusions: In summary, our studies reveal the physiological relevance of Id1 in bladder cancer progression and suggest that targeting Id1 may be important in the development of novel therapies for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Inhibitor of differentiation 1 transcription factor promotes metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Reprograming of metabolism is one of the central hallmarks of cancer. The majority of cancer cells depend on high rates of glycolysis and glutaminolysis for their growth and survival. A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been connected to the regulation of altered glucose and glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. For example, the oncogene c-Myc plays vital roles in cancer cell metabolic adaptation by directly regulating various genes that participate in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Overexpression of Id1 causes intestinal adenomas and thymic lymphomas in mice, suggesting that Id1 could function as an oncogene. Despite it being an oncogene, whether Id1 plays any prominent role in cancer cell metabolic reprograming is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Id1 is strongly expressed in human and mouse liver tumors and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, whereas its expression is very low or undetectable in normal liver tissues. In HCC cells, Id1 expression is regulated by the MAPK/ERK pathway at the transcriptional level. Knockdown of Id1 suppressed aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis, suggesting that Id1 promotes a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis. At the molecular level, Id1 mediates its metabolic effects by regulating the expression levels of c-Myc. Knockdown of Id1 resulted in down-regulation (∼75%) of c-Myc, whereas overexpression of Id1 strongly induced (3-fold) c-Myc levels. Interestingly, knockdown of c-Myc resulted in down-regulation (∼60%) of Id1, suggesting a positive feedback-loop regulatory mechanism between Id1 and c-Myc. Under anaerobic conditions, both Id1 and c-Myc are down-regulated (50-70%), and overexpression of oxygen-insensitive hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) or its downstream target Mxi1 resulted in a significant reduction of c-Myc and Id1 (∼70%), suggesting that Hif1α suppresses Id1 and c-Myc under anaerobic conditions via Mxi1. Together, our findings indicate a prominent novel role for Id1 in liver cancer cell metabolic adaptation.

A dual-reporter, diagnostic vector for prostate cancer detection and tumor imaging

Detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a screening strategy for prostate cancer is limited by the inability of the PSA test to differentiate between malignant cancer and benign hyperplasia. Here, we report the use of a cancer-specific promoter, inhibition of differentiation-1 (Id1), to drive a dual-reporter system (Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry) designed for detection of prostate cancer using a blood-based reporter-secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and tumor visualization using a fluorescent reporter protein, mCherry. In human prostate tumors, Id1 levels are correlated with increased Gleason grade and disease progression. To evaluate the performance of the dual-reporter system, a prostate cell panel with varying aggressive phenotypes was tested. Following infection with the Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry vector, expression of the SEAP and mCherry reporters was shown to increase with increasing levels of cellular Id1. No correlation was observed between Id1 and PSA. To evaluate in vivo performance, flank tumors were grown in athymic male mice using three prostate cancer cell lines. Following intra-tumoral injection of the vector, tumors formed by cells with high Id1 had the greatest reporter expression. Interestingly, tumors with the lowest levels of Id1 and reporter expression produced the greatest amounts of PSA. These data support the use of Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry as a predictor of prostate cancer malignancy and as a strategy for tumor localization.

The role of epithelial plasticity in prostate cancer dissemination and treatment resistance

Nearly 30,000 men die annually in the USA of prostate cancer, nearly uniformly from metastatic dissemination. Despite recent advances in hormonal, immunologic, bone-targeted, and cytotoxic chemotherapies, treatment resistance and further dissemination are inevitable in men with metastatic disease. Emerging data suggests that the phenomenon of epithelial plasticity, encompassing both reversible mesenchymal transitions and acquisition of stemness traits, may underlie this lethal biology of dissemination and treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of this cellular plasticity from preclinical models of prostate cancer and from biomarker studies of human metastatic prostate cancer has provided clues to novel therapeutic approaches that may delay or prevent metastatic disease and lethality over time. This review will discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in this rapidly changing field and relate this to clinical phenotype and resistance in prostate cancer while suggesting novel therapeutic approaches.

TGF-β1-induced expression of Id-1 is associated with tumor progression in gastric cancer

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and inhibitor of differentiation/DNA-binding 1 (Id-1) have been shown to be associated with aggressive metastatic behavior of cancer cells in many malignant tumors. However, their role in gastric cancer (GC) has not been established. In this study, we investigated the relationship between expression of Id-1 and TGF-β1 in GC as well as their association with GC progression. The immunohistochemical analysis of 71 human GC samples indicated that both Id-1 and TGF-β1 were markedly upregulated in tumor tissue compared with the adjacent tissue; in addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the expression levels of Id-1 and TGF-β1 by Pearson's correlation analysis. Furthermore, the investigation of the association of Id-1 and TGF-β1 with patient clinical characteristics revealed that Id-1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, while TGF-β1 was associated with lymph node metastasis. The results were validated in vitro by using a GC cell line, AGS. The expression of Id-1 was upregulated at 24 and 48 h after the treatment with TGF-β1, whereas it did not affect the proliferation of cells. TGF-β1 also influenced the expression of N-cadherin and β-catenin. Our results suggested that Id-1 and TGF-β1 played important roles in the progression of GC, in which Id-1 might act as a downstream mediator of TGF-β1 signaling through a regulatory mechanism involving N-cadherin and β-catenin. The TGF-β1/Id-1 axis might serve as a future therapeutic target for GC.

Inhibitors of differentiation-1 promotes nitrosopyrrolidine-induced transformation of HPV 16-immortalized cervical epithelial cell

Our previous study implied a correlation between inhibitors of differentiation-1 (Id-1) and cervical cancer development. However, how Id-1 contributes to cervical carcinogenesis is unknown. In the present study, we used an in vitro transformation model to investigate the role of Id-1 in the transformation of cervical cells. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized cervical epithelial cells (H8) were successfully transformed by exposure to the carcinogen N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR). The expression of both Id-1 RNA and protein was significantly increased in transformed H8 cells, suggesting a possible role of Id-1 in cervical cell transformation. Ectopic expression of Id-1 in H8 cells potentiated NPYR-induced cell transformation. In contrast, silencing of Id-1 suppressed NPYR-induced H8 cell transformation. In addition, the expression of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins was upregulated while that of the tumor suppressors p53 and pRb was suppressed after H8 cell transformation. Our results suggest that Id-1 plays an oncogenic role in HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis, which sheds light on cervical cancer development mechanisms and implies that Id-1 is a potential target for cervical cancer prevention and therapy.

Id proteins: small molecules, mighty regulators

The family of inhibitor of differentiation (Id) proteins is a group of evolutionarily conserved molecules, which play important regulatory roles in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. Id proteins are small polypeptides harboring a helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif, which are best known to mediate dimerization with other basic HLH proteins, primarily E proteins. Because Id proteins do not possess the basic amino acids adjacent to the HLH motif necessary for DNA binding, Id proteins inhibit the function of E protein homodimers, as well as heterodimers between E proteins and tissue-specific bHLH proteins. However, Id proteins have also been shown to have E protein-independent functions. The Id genes are broadly but differentially expressed in a variety of cell types. Transcription of the Id genes is controlled by transcription factors such as C/EBPβ and Egr as well as by signaling pathways triggered by different stimuli, which include bone morphogenic proteins, cytokines, and ligands of T cell receptors. In general, Id proteins are capable of inhibiting the differentiation of progenitors of different cell types, promoting cell-cycle progression, delaying cellular senescence, and facilitating cell migration. These properties of Id proteins enable them to play significant roles in stem cell maintenance, vasculogenesis, tumorigenesis and metastasis, the development of the immune system, and energy metabolism. In this review, we intend to highlight the current understanding of the function of Id proteins and discuss gaps in our knowledge about the mechanisms whereby Id proteins exert their diverse effects in multiple cellular processes.

ID2 and ID3 protein expression mirrors granulopoietic maturation and discriminates between acute leukemia subtypes

The inhibitors of DNA binding (ID) inhibit basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and thereby guide cellular differentiation and proliferation. To elucidate the involvement of IDs in hematopoiesis and acute leukemias (AL), we analyzed ID2 and ID3 expression in hematopoiesis and leukemic blasts in bone marrow biopsies (BMB). BMB of healthy stem cell donors (n = 19) and BMB of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MD; n = 19), de novo AML (n = 20), B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) (n = 23), T-ALL (n = 19), were immunohistochemically stained for ID2 and ID3 expression. The expression patterns were evaluated and quantified for each hematopoietic lineage and each leukemia subtype. In normal BMB, immature granulopoiesis showed weak ID2 and strong ID3 expression, which was lost during maturation (p < 0.001). Erythropoiesis remained negative for ID2/3 (p < 0.001). ID2/3 expression differed between immature granulopoiesis and leukemic blasts (p < 0.001). Moreover, differential ID2/3 expression was seen between AL subgroups: AML, especially AML-MD, had more ID2- (p < 0.001) and ID3-positive (p < 0.001) blasts than ALL. We show a comprehensive in situ picture of ID2/3 expression in hematopoiesis and AL. Morphologically, ID2/3 proteins seem to be involved in the granulopoietic maturation. Importantly, the distinct ID2/3 expression patterns in AL indicate a specific deregulation of ID2/3 in the various types of AL and may support subtyping of AL.

Small-molecule inhibitors of USP1 target ID1 degradation in leukemic cells

Inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) transcription factor is essential for the proliferation and progression of many cancer types, including leukemia. However, the ID1 protein has not yet been therapeutically targeted in leukemia. ID1 is normally polyubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Recently, it has been shown that USP1, a ubiquitin-specific protease, deubiquitinates ID1 and rescues it from proteasome degradation. Inhibition of USP1 therefore offers a new avenue to target ID1 in cancer. Here, using a ubiquitin-rhodamine-based high-throughput screening, we identified small-molecule inhibitors of USP1 and investigated their therapeutic potential for leukemia. These inhibitors blocked the deubiquitinating enzyme activity of USP1 in vitro in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 in the high nanomolar range. USP1 inhibitors promoted the degradation of ID1 and, concurrently, inhibited the growth of leukemic cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. A known USP1 inhibitor, pimozide, also promoted ID1 degradation and inhibited growth of leukemic cells. In addition, the growth of primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient-derived leukemic cells was inhibited by a USP1 inhibitor. Collectively, these results indicate that the novel small-molecule inhibitors of USP1 promote ID1 degradation and are cytotoxic to leukemic cells. The identification of USP1 inhibitors therefore opens up a new approach for leukemia therapy.

Correlation between the expression of Id-1 and hyperthermia-associated molecules in oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression of inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (Id-1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway proteins and hyperthermia-associated protein and their association with various clinicopathological factors in oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC), and explore the relationship among them in OSCC.

METHODS

Id-1, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) and phosphorylated heat shock factor 1 (p-HSF1) expression were assessed immunohistochemically in 76 OSCC.

RESULTS

Id-1 (73.8%), p-Akt (65.8%), p-GSK3β (60.5%) and p-HSF1 (75%) were found to be overexpressed in most of the oral cancer samples tested, and the expressions of them are correlated with advanced clinical stage, metastasis and recurrence (p<0.01), but there is no apparent relationship with gender, age, differentiation and habits (p>0.05). Survival curves show that the survival of patients with high Id-1, p-Akt, p-GSK3β and p-HSF1 expression was significantly worse than those with low Id-1, p-Akt, p-GSK3β and p-HSF1 expression (p=0.000). Id-1 expression was significantly higher in cases with high expression of p-Akt, p-GSK3β and p-HSF1 than in those with low expression (p=0.002, p=0.003, p=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that there was a positive correlation between Id-1 expression and the expression of p-Akt, p-GSK3β and p-HSF1. The inhibition of Id-1 expression can improve the efficacy of hyperthermia in OSCC.

Id1 and Id3 expression is associated with increasing grade of prostate cancer: Id3 preferentially regulates CDKN1B

As transcriptional regulators of basic helix-oop-helix (bHLH) transcription and non-bHLH factors, the inhibitor of differentiation (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) proteins play a critical role in coordinated regulation of cell growth, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. Id1 regulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen independence, but its clinical significance in PCa remains controversial. Moreover, there is lack of evidence on the expression of Id2 and Id3 in PCa progression. In this study we investigated the expression of Id2 and Id3 and reevaluated the expression of Id1 in PCa. We show that increased Id1 and Id3 protein expression is strongly associated with increasing grade of PCa. At the molecular level, we report that silencing either Id1 or Id3 attenuates cell cycle. Although structurally and mechanistically similar, our results show that both these proteins are noncompensatory at least in PCa progression. Moreover, through gene silencing approaches we show that Id1 and Id3 primarily attenuates CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27), respectively. We also demonstrate that silencing Id3 alone significantly attenuates proliferation of PCa cells as compared with Id1. We propose that increased Id1 and Id3 expression attenuates all three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN2B, -1A, and -1B) resulting in a more aggressive PCa phenotype.

Epigenetic inactivation of inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4) correlates with prostate cancer

The inhibitor of DNA-binding (Id) proteins, Id1–4 are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. As key regulators of cell cycle and differentiation, expression of Id proteins are increasingly observed in many cancers and associated with aggressiveness of the disease. Of all the four Id proteins, the expression of Id1, Id2, and to a lesser extent, Id3 in prostate cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism is relatively well known. On the contrary, our previous results demonstrated that Id4 acts as a potential tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. In the present study, we extend these observations and demonstrate that Id4 is down-regulated in prostate cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. We used prostate cancer tissue microarrays to investigate Id4 expression. Methylation specific PCR on bisulfite treated DNA was used to determine methylation status of Id4 promoter in laser capture micro-dissected normal, stroma and prostate cancer regions. High Id4 expression was observed in the normal prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cancer, a stage-dependent decrease in Id4 expression was observed with majority of high grade cancers showing no Id4 expression. Furthermore, Id4 expression progressively decreased in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and with no expression in androgen-insensitive LNCaP-C81 cell line. Conversely, Id4 promoter hypermethylation increased in LNCaP-C81 cells suggesting epigenetic silencing. In prostate cancer samples, loss of Id4 expression was also associated with promoter hypermethylation. Our results demonstrate loss of Id4 expression in prostate cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. The data strongly support the role of Id4 as a tumor suppressor.

Physical and functional interaction between the ID1 and p65 for activation of NF-κB

Inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding-1 (ID1) is an important helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor involved in diverse biological functions including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Recently, it was reported that ID1 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in a variety of cancer cells and a T cell line, but the mechanisms involved in ID1-mediated transactivation of NF-κB are not clear. In this study, we demonstrate by both in vitro pull-down assays and a cell-based in vivo two-hybrid system that ID1-mediated NF-κB activation is due to its physical interaction with p65. We have identified that the transcriptional activation domain (TAD) in p65 and the HLH domain in ID1 are vital for their interaction. Interestingly, a single site mutation (Leu76) in the HLH domain of ID1 protein drastically decreased its ability to bind with p65. Using a dual-luciferase assay, we demonstrated that the interaction between ID1 and p65 modulates activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that, by affecting the nuclear translocation of p65, ID1 is essential in regulating TNF-α-induced p65 recruitment to its downstream target, the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) promoter.

Id-1 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB promote migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and are correlated with poor prognosis

Inhibitor of differentiation (Id)-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) have been detected in many malignant tumors, and their presence has been correlated with the metastatic potential of these tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the prognostic significance of the expression of Id-1 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB (NF-κB/p65) and the proteins' roles in the invasion process of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and NPC cell lines were examined using reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 in clinical NPC specimens were determined by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to silence Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 to allow for the examination of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and migratory capacity changes in CNE-2 cells. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that elevated Id-1 expression was a significant independent predictor of the 5 year overall survival rate (hazards ratio = 16.720, P = 0.005). Furthermore, elevated expression of both Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 was associated with poor clinical survival (P = 0.049). Targeting Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 mRNA with shRNA in CNE-2 cells inhibited MMP-9 expression and decreased the migratory capacity of CNE-2 cells. In conclusion, Id-1 expression is a novel independent prognostic marker molecule that helps identify NPC patients with a poor prognosis. Additionally, combined analysis of Id-1 and NF-κB/p65 can be useful for identifying patients at risk for unfavorable clinical outcomes. Id-1 or/and NF-κB/p65 enhanced tumor cell migration, which is associated with the secretion of MMP-9.

A novel role of Id-1 in regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding -1 (Id-1) has been shown to be increased in several types of advanced cancer, and to be associated with aggressive and metastatic abilities of cancer cells. Recently, more and more evidence indicates that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism taking place during tumor invasion and metastasis, but the molecular pathways underlying EMT have not been clearly established. This study was to investigate the expression of Id-1 in bladder cancer and its association with EMT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 169 tissues, consisting of 147 primary bladder cancers and 22 adjacent normal tissues were included in this study. Id-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin were examined immunohistochemically in paraffin sections. The pBabe-Id-1 expression retroviral vector and retroviral vectors containing an Id-1-specific small interfering RNA oligonucleotides (si-Id-1) were transfected into 2 bladder cancer cell lines respectively. Then, we used Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining to detect the cellular expression of epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers. The invasion and migration ability of bladder cancer cells were identified by type I collagen invasion assay and wound closure assay.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that increased Id-1 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage and grade. In addition, the increased Id-1 expression in bladder tumors was also correlated with decreased membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression. In vitro, studies showed that inactivation of the Id-1 gene conferred morphologic transition of bladder cancer cells from a fibroblastic to epithelial appearance, and overexpression of Id-1 could lead to acquisition of a fibroblastic spindle cell phenotype accompanied by loss of cell-to-cell contacts. By Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining, we showed that the expression level of Id-1 was correlated with the expression of mesenchymal markers but was inversely correlated with the expression of epithelial markers. Moreover, results of collagen invasion and wound closure assays showed ectopic Id-1 expression led to increased ability of invasion and migration.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that Id-1 may play roles in tumor progression and EMT activation in bladder cancer.

Prognostic implications of genetic aberrations in acute myelogenous leukemia with normal cytogenetics

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease in which somatic mutations, that disturb cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation, accumulate in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cytogenetic findings, at diagnosis, have been proven to be one of the most important prognostic indicators in AML. About half of the patients with AML are found to have "normal" cytogenetic analysis by standard culture techniques. These patients are considered as an intermediate risk group. Cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) is the largest cytogenetic risk group, and the variation in clinical outcome of patients in this group is greater than in any other cytogenetic group. Besides mutation testing, age and presenting white blood cell count are important predictors of overall survival, suggesting that other factors independent of cytogenetic abnormalities, contribute to the outcome of patients with AML. The expanding knowledge at the genetic and molecular levels is helping define several subgroups of patients with CN-AML with variable prognosis. In this review, we describe the clinical and prognostic characteristics of CN-AML patients as a group, as well as the various molecular and genetic aberrations detected in these patients and their clinical and prognostic implications.

Id-1 induces cell invasiveness in immortalized epithelial cells by regulating cadherin switching and Rho GTPases

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), characterized by cadherin switching, contributes to cancer metastasis. Our recent study showed that Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation-1) promotes metastasis in esophageal cancer cells, but whether the invasive and metastatic dynamics can be induced early in the carcinogenesis process is still unclear. Immortalization is regarded as the initial stage in the malignant transformation of normal cells. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanisms of Id-1 in inducing EMT and cell invasiveness in immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. We found that immortalized epithelial cells expressed higher endogenous levels of Id-1 compared with normal cells. Ectopic Id-1 expression inhibited the differentiation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and promoted cadherin switching, which was accompanied by increased adhesiveness to extracellular matrix, cell motility, migratory potential and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent invasiveness. GTPase activity assays showed that over-expression or short-hairpin RNA knockdown of Id-1 led to corresponding changes in Rac1 activity, whereas RhoA activity was significantly decreased with Id-1 depletion. Inhibitors targeting Rac1, RhoA, and Rho kinase suppressed the invasiveness of Id-1-expressing NE2-hTERT cells. Knockdown of N-cadherin in Id-1-over-expressing cells inhibited cell invasiveness and down-regulated RhoA activity. These data suggest that the Id-1-induced invasive potential may be regulated through the N-cadherin-RhoA axis and Rac1 activation.

Induction of Id-1 by FGF-2 involves activity of EGR-1 and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to cell death

Inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id-1) is a member of helix-loop-helix (HLH) family of proteins that regulate gene transcription through their inhibitory binding to basic-HLH transcription factors. Similarly to other members of this family, Id-1 is involved in the repression of cell differentiation and activation of cell growth. The dual function of Id-1, inhibition of differentiation, and stimulation of cell proliferation, might be interdependent, as cell differentiation is generally coupled with the exit from the cell cycle. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) has been reported to play multiple roles in different biological processes during development of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, FGF-2 has been described to induce "neuronal-like" differentiation and trigger apoptosis in neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells. Although regulation of Id-1 protein by several mitogenic factors is well-established, little is known about the role of FGF-2 in the regulation of Id-1. Using human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-MC, we found that treatment of these cells with FGF-2 resulted in early induction of both Id-1 mRNA and protein. The induction occurs within 1 h from FGF-2 treatment and is mediated by ERK1/2 pathway, which in turn stimulates expression of the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) transcription factor. We also demonstrate direct interaction of Egr-1 with Id-1 promoter in vitro and in cell culture. Finally, inhibition of Id-1 expression results in G(2) /M accumulation of FGF-2-treated cells and delayed cell death.

Silencing Id-1 inhibits lymphangiogenesis through down-regulation of VEGF-C in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Our previous study demonstrated that overexpression of Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding) was associated with lymphatic metastasis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we further unveiled the association of Id-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (PLVD), and the effect of silencing Id-1 on inhibiting lymphangiogenesis in OSCC. We found that Id-1 was associated with VEGF-C (r=0.569, p<0.001) and PLVD (r=0.240, p<0.001) in OSCC. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference targeting Id-1 in an OSCC cell line Tca8113 resulted in down-regulation of VEGF-C (p=0.003, 0.007). Moreover, when Id-1 was suppressed by injecting Id-1-siRNA-lentivirus into the transplanted tumors in nude mice, VEGF-C was down-regulated (p=0.018) and the PLVD decreased (p=0.001). Our results suggest that Id-1 was correlated with lymphangiogenesis in OSCC. Silencing Id-1 could inhibit lymphangiogenesis through down-regulation of VEGF-C and it might be a promising treatment modality for the lymphatic metastasis of OSCC.

Nuclear and cytoplasmic Id-1 expression patterns play different roles in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastric carcinoma

The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression and impact of Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation) on tumor progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis in gastric adenocarcinoma. The study included 97 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma, which were surgically excised at the Second Hospital of Shandong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the Id-1 expression, and dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD). The Id-1 protein was mainly expressed with nuclear staining in well-differentiated carcinoma, but with cytoplasmic staining in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma, which showed a significant difference (P < .0001). Moreover, the expression patterns had different and crucial effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nuclear staining of Id-1 inhibited angiogenesis, but cytoplasmic staining promoted angiogenesis (MVD, 110.57 ± 32.32 vs 141.45 ± 55.60) (P < .05). Consistent with their roles in angiogenesis, the nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions of Id-1 had similar effects on lymphangiogenesis: nuclear expression inhibited and cytoplasmic expression promoted lymphangiogenesis (LVD, 2.62 ± 1.03 vs 4.05 ± 2.04) (P < .05). Microvessel density and LVD showed no significant difference in low-and high-Id-1 expression groups (P > .05). Aberrant expression of Id-1 from nuclear to cytoplasm is accompanied with tumor malignant progression, which promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis; and Id-1 should be developed as a target for gastric carcinoma therapy.

Insulin-like growth factor I suppresses bone morphogenetic protein signaling in prostate cancer cells by activating mTOR signaling

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are critical regulators of prostate tumor cell growth. In this report, we offer evidence that a critical support of IGF-I in prostate cancer is mediated by its ability to suppress BMP4-induced apoptosis and Smad-mediated gene expression. Suppression of BMP4 signaling by IGF-I was reversed by chemical inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, or mTOR; by enforced expression of wild-type PTEN or dominant-negative PI3K; or by small hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of mTORC1/2 subunits Raptor or Rictor. Similarly, IGF-I suppressed BMP4-induced transcription of the Id1, Id2, and Id3 genes that are crucially involved in prostate tumor progression through PI3K-dependent and mTORC1/2-dependent mechanisms. Immunohistochemical analysis of non-malignant and malignant prostate tissues offered in vivo support for our model that IGF-I-mediated activation of mTOR suppresses phosphorylation of the BMP-activated Smad transcription factors. Our results offer the first evidence that IGF-I signaling through mTORC1/2 is a key homeostatic regulator of BMP4 function in prostate epithelial cells, acting at two levels to repress both the proapoptotic and pro-oncogenic signals of BMP-activated Smads. We suggest that deregulation of this homeostatic control may be pivotal to the development and progression of prostate cancer, providing important implications and new potential targets for the therapeutic intervention of this malignancy.

Inhibition of Id proteins by a peptide aptamer induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells

Background:

Inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins (Id1-4), lacking the basic DNA-binding domain, function as dominant inhibitors of cell-cycle regulators. Overexpression of Id proteins promotes cancer cell proliferation and resistance against apoptosis. Level of Id protein expression, especially of Id1, correlates with poor differentiation, enhanced malignant potential and more aggressive clinical behaviour of ovarian tumours. Although overexpression of Ids has been found and shown to correlate with poor clinical outcome, their inhibition at protein level has never been studied.

Methods:

A peptide aptamer, Id1/3-PA7, targeting Id1 and Id3, was isolated from a randomised combinatorial expression library using yeast and mammalian two-hybrid systems. Id1/3-PA7 was fused, expressed and purified with a cell-penetrating protein transduction domain.

Results:

Intracellular-delivered Id1/3-PA7 colocalised to Id1 and Id3. It induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells ES-2 and PA-1. It activated the E-box promoter and increased the expression level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN2A) in a dose-dependent manner that is paralleled by the cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase. These effects were counteracted by ectopically overexpressed Id1 and Id3.

Conclusion:

Id1/3-PA7 could represent an exogenous anti-tumour agent that can significantly trigger cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer.

Regulation of the unfolded protein response by eif2Bdelta isoforms

Cells respond to a variety of stresses, including unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), by phosphorylating a subunit of translation initiation factor eIF2, eIF2α. eIF2α phosphorylation inactivates the eIF2B complex. The inactivation of eIF2B not only suppresses the initiation of protein translation but paradoxically up-regulates the translation and expression of transcription factor ATF-4. Both of these processes are important for the cellular response to ER stress, also termed the unfolded protein response. Here we demonstrate that cellular response resulting from eIF2α phosphorylation is attenuated in several cancer cell lines. The deficiency of the unfolded protein response in these cells correlates with the expression of a specific isoform of a regulatory eIF2B subunit, eIF2Bδ variant 1 (V1). Replacement of total eIF2Bδ with V1 renders cells insensitive to eIF2α phosphorylation; specifically, they neither up-regulate ATF-4 and ATF-4 targets nor suppress protein translation. Expression of variant 2 eIF2Bδ in ER stress response-deficient cells restores the stress response. Our data suggest that V1 does not interact with the eIF2 complex, a requisite for eIF2B inhibition by eIF2α phosphorylation. Together, these data delineate a novel physiological mechanism to regulate the ER stress response with a large potential impact on a variety of diseases that result in ER stress.

WSS25 inhibits growth of xenografted hepatocellular cancer cells in nude mice by disrupting angiogenesis via blocking bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad/Id1 signaling

The highly expressed Id1 (inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation) protein promotes angiogenesis in HCC and is a well established target for anti-angiogenesis therapeutic strategies. Heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics such as PI-88 can abrogate HS-protein interactions to inhibit angiogenesis. Id1 is the direct downstream effector of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are angiogenic and HS-binding proteins. Thus, targeting BMPs by HS mimetics may inhibit angiogenesis via attenuating Id1 expression. We report here that a HS mimetic WSS25 potently inhibited the tube formation of HMEC-1 cells on Matrigel and their migration. Meanwhile, WSS25 (25 μg/ml) nearly completely blocked Id1 expression in the HMEC-1 cells as demonstrated by oligo-angiogenesis microarray analysis and further confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. BMP/Smad/Id1 signaling also was blocked by WSS25 treatment in HMEC-1 cells. Importantly, Id1 knockdown in HMEC-1 cells caused the disruption of their tube formation on Matrigel. By employing quartz crystal microbalance analysis, we found that WSS25 strongly bound to BMP2. Moreover, WSS25 impaired BMP2-induced tube formation of HMEC-1 cells on Matrigel and angiogenesis in Matrigel transplanted into C57BL6 mice. Furthermore, WSS25 (100 mg/kg) abrogated the growth of HCC cells xenografted in male nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that both the expression of Id1 and the endothelial cell marker CD31 were lower in the WSS25-treated tumor tissue than in the control. Therefore, WSS25 is a potential drug candidate for HCC therapy as a tumor angiogenesis inhibitor.

The helix-loop-helix Id-1 inhibits PSA expression in prostate cancer cells

The inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Id-1, is an important gene whose expression increases during prostate cancer progression and that upregulates proliferation, migration and invasion. We used microarray analysis to identify the downstream genes whose transcriptional expression is modulated by Id-1 protein. We compared gene expression in control LNCaP cells and Id-1-transduced LNCaP cells, which become significantly more aggressive after Id-1 overexpression, thus mimicking the high levels of Id-1 detected in metastatic cell lines. We used the Affy HTA U133A Expression Arrays with 45,000 probe sets representing more than 39,000 transcripts. We found that one of the most significantly downregulated genes on Id-1 expression was kallikrein 3 [also called prostate specific antigen (PSA)], the most commonly used biomarker of prostate cancer. Here, we show that the reduction in PSA mRNA and protein expression associated with high-grade prostate cancers, which generally express high levels of Id-1, could be the consequence of Id-1 overexpression.

ID1 enhances docetaxel cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells through inhibition of p21

To identify potential mechanisms underlying prostate cancer chemotherapy response and resistance, we compared the gene expression profiles in high-risk human prostate cancer specimens before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical prostatectomy. Among the molecular signatures associated with chemotherapy, transcripts encoding inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) were significantly upregulated. The patient biochemical relapse status was monitored in a long-term follow-up. Patients with ID1 upregulation were found to be associated with longer relapse-free survival than patients without ID1 increase. This in vivo clinical association was mechanistically investigated. The chemotherapy-induced ID1 upregulation was recapitulated in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Docetaxel dose-dependently induced ID1 transcription, which was mediated by ID1 promoter E-box chromatin modification and c-Myc binding. Stable ID1 overexpression in LNCaP increased cell proliferation, promoted G(1) cell cycle progression, and enhanced docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in cellular mitochondria content, an increase in BCL2 phosphorylation at serine 70, caspase-3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In contrast, ID1 siRNA in the LNCaP and C42B cell lines reduced cell proliferation and decreased docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting cell death. ID1-mediated chemosensitivity enhancement was in part due to ID1 suppression of p21. Overexpression of p21 in LNCaP-ID1-overexpressing cells restored the p21 level and reversed ID1-enhanced chemosensitivity. These molecular data provide a mechanistic rationale for the observed in vivo clinical association between ID1 upregulation and relapse-free survival. Taken together, it shows that ID1 expression has a novel therapeutic role in prostate cancer chemotherapy and prognosis.

Role of inhibitor of DNA binding-1 protein is related to angiogenesis in the tumor advancement of uterine endometrial cancers

The inhibitor of DNA binding (ID)-1 protein, an inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, has been found to be involved in multiple cellular functions. In the present study, ID-1 histoscores and mRNA levels were both significantly (p<0.05) increased in uterine endometrial cancers according to clinical stage, histological grade and depth of myometrial invasion. Furthermore, the 60-month survival rate of the 25 patients with high ID-1 was poor (52%), while that of the other 25 patients with low ID-1 was significantly higher (80%) (p<0.05). ID-1 histoscores and mRNA levels significantly (p<0.0001) correlated with microvessel counts in uterine endometrial cancers. Therefore, ID-1 acts on tumor advancement via angiogenic activity and can be considered a candidate prognostic indicator in uterine endometrial cancers.

Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) promotes cell survival and proliferation of prostate epithelial cells

Id1 (inhibitor of differentiation 1) is a member of the bHLH protein family. Consistent with its role in promoting proliferation and inhibiting differentiation, Id1 expression is low or negligible in normal prostate epithelial cells but is high in prostate cancer. Ectopic expression of Id1 in normal prostate epithelial cells could therefore provide a model for understanding early events involved in initiation of prostate cancer. Over-expression of Id1 immortalized but did not transform ventral prostate epithelial cells (Id1-RPE). Immortalization was associated with decreased Cdkn2a, Cdkn1a, androgen receptor and increased Tert expression. Gene expression profiling over successive doublings was used to identify transcriptomic changes involved during immortalization (Tieg, Jun, alpha actin, Klf10, Id2) and in maintaining the immortalized phenotype (Igfbp3, Igfbp5, Mmp2, Tgfb3). Network analysis indicated that Id1 promotes cancer/tumor morphology, cell cycle and epithelial to mesenchymal transition by influencing AP1, tnf, tgfβ, PdgfBB and estradiol pathways. During immortalization, the expression of majority of differentially expressed genes reduced over progressive doublings suggesting a decline in transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. The associated molecular/gene expression profile of Id1-RPE cells provides an opportunity to understand the molecular pathways associated with prostate epithelial cell survival and proliferation.

Elevated endogenous expression of the dominant negative basic helix-loop-helix protein ID1 correlates with significant centrosome abnormalities in human tumor cells

Background

ID proteins are dominant negative inhibitors of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that have multiple functions during development and cellular differentiation. Ectopic (over-)expression of ID1 extends the lifespan of primary human epithelial cells. High expression levels of ID1 have been detected in multiple human malignancies, and in some have been correlated with unfavorable clinical prognosis. ID1 protein is localized at the centrosomes and forced (over-)expression of ID1 results in errors during centrosome duplication.

Results

Here we analyzed the steady state expression levels of the four ID-proteins in 18 tumor cell lines and assessed the number of centrosome abnormalities. While expression of ID1, ID2, and ID3 was detected, we failed to detect protein expression of ID4. Expression of ID1 correlated with increased supernumerary centrosomes in most cell lines analyzed.

Conclusions

This is the first report that shows that not only ectopic expression in tissue culture but endogenous levels of ID1 modulate centrosome numbers. Thus, our findings support the hypothesis that ID1 interferes with centrosome homeostasis, most likely contributing to genomic instability and associated tumor aggressiveness.

Prostate cancer cells modulate osteoblast mineralisation and osteoclast differentiation through Id-1

Background:

Id-1 is overexpressed in and correlated with metastatic potential of prostate cancer. The role of Id-1 in this metastatic process was further analysed.

Methods:

Conditioned media from prostate cancer cells, expressing various levels of Id-1, were used to stimulate pre-osteoclast differentiation and osteoblast mineralisation. Downstream effectors of Id-1 were identified. Expressions of Id-1 and its downstream effectors in prostate cancers were studied using immunohistochemistry in a prostate cancer patient cohort (N=110).

Results:

We found that conditioned media from LNCaP prostate cancer cells overexpressing Id-1 had a higher ability to drive osteoclast differentiation and a lower ability to stimulate osteoblast mineralisation than control, whereas conditioned media from PC3 prostate cancer cells with Id-1 knockdown were less able to stimulate osteoclast differentiation. Id-1 was found to negatively regulate TNF-β and this correlation was confirmed in human prostate cancer specimens (P=0.03). Furthermore, addition of recombinant TNF-β to LNCaP Id-1 cell-derived media blocked the effect of Id-1 overexpression on osteoblast mineralisation.

Conclusion:

In prostate cancer cells, the ability of Id-1 to modulate bone cell differentiation favouring metastatic bone disease is partially mediated by TNF-β, and Id-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer to bone metastasis.

Overexpression of inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID)-1 protein related to angiogenesis in tumor advancement of ovarian cancers

Background

The inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) has been involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. This prompted us to study ID functions in tumor advancement of ovarian cancers.

Methods

Sixty patients underwent surgery for ovarian cancers. In ovarian cancers, the levels of ID-1, ID-2 and ID-3 mRNAs were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The histoscore with the localization of ID-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Patient prognosis was analyzed with a 36-month survival rate. Microvessel counts were determined by immunohistochemistry for CD34 and factor VIII-related antigen.

Results

ID-1 histoscores and mRNA levels both significantly (p < 0.001) increased in ovarian cancers according to clinical stage, regardless of histopathological type. Furthermore, 30 patients with high ID-1 expression had a lower survival rate (53%) compared to patients with low ID-1 expression (80%). ID-1 histoscores and mRNA levels significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated with microvessel counts in ovarian cancers.

Conclusion

ID-1 increased in ovarian cancer cells during tumor progression. Moreover, ID-1 expression levels correlated with microvessel counts. Therefore, ID-1 might work on tumor advancement via angiogenesis and is considered to be a candidate for a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancers.

The alteration of Id-1 and TSP-1 expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma associated with its clinical features and prognosis

Expression of Id-1 (inhibitors of DNA binding/differentiation protein 1) and TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1) in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and their relationship to pathological features and prognosis was studied. Moderately and poorly differentiated groups had significantly higher Id-1 positive expression rate (p<0.05) than well differentiated carcinoma. Stages III-IV showed significant increase of Id-1 positive expression rate (p<0.05) compared with stages I and II. Id-1 positive expression was significantly higher in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis or relapse at 5 years (p<0.05). After that, patients with negative Id-1 expression had significantly higher tumor-free survival than patients with positive expression (p<0.05). Correlation between the expression of Id-1 and TSP-1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma was negative (p<0.05). Poorly differentiated groups show significantly lower TSP-1 positive expression rate than well differentiated groups (p<0.05). No significant differences of TSP-1 positive expression were detected with clinical stage. TSP-1 positive expression was significantly lower in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis or relapse at 5 years (p<0.05). After 5 years, patients with positive TSP-1 expression had significantly higher tumor-free survival than patients with negative TSP-1. Positive Id-1 expression is associated with high malignancy/poor prognosis; positive TSP-1 expression is associated with low malignancy/good prognosis. Protein expression status may help assess tumor malignancy and patient prognosis.

Expression and importance of inhibitor of DNA binding helix-loop-helix protein in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

Studies have reported that Id-1 (inhibitor of DNA binding, or differentiation 1) protein, helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor, has important roles in the development of several carcinomas. However, the role of Id-1 protein in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is not clear. The expression of Id-1 protein was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of ACCs by immunohistochemical staining. Thirty-nine of the 54 specimens of ACC stained for Id-1expression, which was significantly more than was found in pleomorphic adenomas (4/12) and normal salivary gland tissues (1/10, p<0.05). There were also significant differences between stages I and II (7/14) and III-IV (32/40) (p<0.05). Of tumours with metastases, 31/38 stained for Id-1, which was significantly higher than among those without metastases (8/16) (p<0.05). Our results showed that Id-1 may have important roles in the development of salivary ACC. It might also be a useful therapeutic tool to help prevent salivary ACC or to inhibit its malignant progression.

High Id1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in 237 patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Inhibitors of differentiation (Id) are a group of dominant inhibitors of basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional factors, which promote excessive proliferation, and also protect cells against drug-induced apoptosis in mammalians. Recently, Id1 has been identified as a common downstream target of several constitutively activated oncogenic tyrosine kinase, such as FLT3 internal tandem duplication, in leukemia cells. We analyzed Id1 expression as possible prognostic factor in 237 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. High Id1 expression was associated with older age (P = .009) and with FLT3 internal tandem duplication (P = .003). However, 61% of the patients in the group of FLT3(-) AML were Id1(+), suggesting that other tyrosine kinases are involved. In whole population, high Id1 expression independently predicted shorter disease-free survival (P = .05) and overall survival (P = .003). In young patients (age <OR= 60 years) with normal cytogenetics, Id1(+) was, in multivariate analysis, associated with lower complete remission rates (P = .02), shorter disease-free survival (P = .02), and overall survival (P = .006). In conclusion, our data provide a new molecular marker for refining the risk classification of AML, especially in young patients with normal cytogenetic. Id1(-) patients with normal cytogenetic should be classified as favorable-risk leukemia. Id1, as a downstream target of constitutively activated tyrosine kinase, could be a suitable candidate for targeted therapy.

p21 in cancer: intricate networks and multiple activities

One of the main engines that drives cellular transformation is the loss of proper control of the mammalian cell cycle. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as p21WAF1/Cip1) promotes cell cycle arrest in response to many stimuli. It is well positioned to function as both a sensor and an effector of multiple anti-proliferative signals. This Review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of p21 and its biological functions with emphasis on its p53-independent tumour suppressor activities and paradoxical tumour-promoting activities, and their implications in cancer.

Prostate cancer-associated gene expression alterations determined from needle biopsies

PURPOSE

To accurately identify gene expression alterations that differentiate neoplastic from normal prostate epithelium using an approach that avoids contamination by unwanted cellular components and is not compromised by acute gene expression changes associated with tumor devascularization and resulting ischemia.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Approximately 3,000 neoplastic and benign prostate epithelial cells were isolated using laser capture microdissection from snap-frozen prostate biopsy specimens provided by 31 patients who subsequently participated in a clinical trial of preoperative chemotherapy. cDNA synthesized from amplified total RNA was hybridized to custom-made microarrays composed of 6,200 clones derived from the Prostate Expression Database. Expression differences for selected genes were verified using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.

RESULTS

Comparative analyses identified 954 transcript alterations associated with cancer (q < 0.01%), including 149 differentially expressed genes with no known functional roles. Gene expression changes associated with ischemia and surgical removal of the prostate gland were absent. Genes up-regulated in prostate cancer were statistically enriched in categories related to cellular metabolism, energy use, signal transduction, and molecular transport. Genes down-regulated in prostate cancers were enriched in categories related to immune response, cellular responses to pathogens, and apoptosis. A heterogeneous pattern of androgen receptor expression changes was noted. In exploratory analyses, androgen receptor down-regulation was associated with a lower probability of cancer relapse after neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical prostatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessments of tumor phenotypes based on gene expression for treatment stratification and drug targeting of oncogenic alterations may best be ascertained using biopsy-based analyses where the effects of ischemia do not complicate interpretation.

Correlation of inhibitor of differentiation 1 expression to tumor progression, poor differentiation and aggressive behaviors in cervical carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To study the correlation of inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id-1) to tumor invasion and metastasis by examining Id-1 expression levels in different stages of cervical carcinogenesis.

METHODS

Id-1 mRNA and protein expression was detected in total of 171 cervical samples including precancerous and cancerous tissues by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Twenty-five normal cervical tissues were used as a normal control. Correlation between Id-1 positive rates and expression levels to cancer progression and clinicopathologic features was statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

A gradual increase of Id-1 protein expression associated with cervical cancer progression was detected (4%, 16%, 50% and 75.9% in normal, low squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cancer tissue, respectively, p<0.001). A similar trend of Id-1 mRNA expression was also observed (1.3, 3.4 and 10.4 fold higher than normal tissues in LSIL, HSIL and cancer tissue, respectively, p<0.001). Furthermore, the Id-1 expression level was correlated to tumor grade (p=0.005), lymph node metastasis (p=0.001), interstitial invasive (p<0.001) and tumor size (p<0.001). These results suggest that high Id-1 expression is associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Id-1 expression is correlated to progression and aggressive behaviors in cervical cancer, suggesting a tumor-promoting role for Id-1 in progression of this malignancy.

Probasin promoter-driven expression of ID1 is not sufficient for carcinogenesis in rodent prostate

Inhibitor of DNA-binding-1 (ID1) negatively regulates cell differentiation and senescence, and enhances cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Elevated levels of ID1 have been found in a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer, but whether ID1 has a tumourigenic role remains to be established. We established heterozygous and homozygous ID1-transgenic mouse lines driven by the prostate-specific probasin promoter (-426 to +28 bp). Although elevated levels of ID1 were confirmed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis, there were no morphological changes identified in the prostate of transgenic mice at 26 and 52 weeks. Thus, overexpression of ID1 alone is not sufficient to drive neoplastic change in mouse prostate.

Id-1 expression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer is negatively regulated by androgen through androgen receptor

This study discovered that Id-1 expression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer decreased immediately after androgen deprivation but increased after longer androgen deprivation both in vivo and in vitro. Id-1 expression in androgen-independent LNCaP cells was about 6 fold as that in their parental cells. As was the case with LNCaP cells, when androgen receptor (AR) was introduced into AR-negative PC-3 cells, dihydrotestosterone inhibited while flutamide increased Id-1 expression. Thus, Id-1 expression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer was negatively regulated by androgen in a receptor-dependent way. The re-increased Id-1 might partially contribute to the emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer after longer androgen deprivation therapy.