Flavonoids: old and new aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs

Investigating the stability of chalcone (2E)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one by Raman spectroscopy and computational calculations at high pressure

Chalcones are organic substances that have diverse biological activities and exhibit potential for the treatment of various diseases. The properties of these substances depend on the type and position of the functional group attached to their aromatic rings. As a result, in this work the chalcone (2E)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (C16H14O3) was investigated by Raman spectroscopy and computational calculations at high pressures with the objective of analyzing its structural stability. Slight changes occur in the Raman spectra, mainly associated with the vibrational modes involving the hydroxyphenyl, methoxyphenyl rings and the hydroxy and methoxy groups, in addition to variations in the C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds between 3 and 4 GPa and between 7 and 8 GPa. These small changes in the structure indicate that this chalcone is quite stable at pressures up to 10 GPa. The Raman spectra obtained during decompression show that such changes are reversible across the entire spectral range investigated.

Efficient synthesis and evaluation of therapeutic potential of fluorine containing 2-arylchromen-4-ones

A large series of 2-arylchromen-4-ones containing from 1 to 3 fluorine atoms or a trifluoromethyl group in the structure was synthesized by condensation of fluorinated 2-hydroxyacetophenones with benzaldehydes in an alkaline medium and subsequent oxidative cyclization of the resulting 2'-hydroxychalcones by action of I2 in DMSO. The cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds was studied in glioblastoma cell line, SNB19, and in a monkey-derived normal kidney epithelium cell line, Vero. In addition, antiglycation activity of the obtained compounds was evaluated. The inhibitory activity of some fluorinated 2-arylchromen-4-ones against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase as well their primary antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP tests were investigated. Screening of the synthesized compounds for their inhibitory activity against influenza A virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) in the MDCK cell culture revealed that fluorinated compounds 32, 31 and 39 showed manifest antiviral effects (with IS = 57, 38 and 25 correspondingly) that makes this series of new biologically attractive fluorinated heterocycles promising for further development and in-depth study.

Total Syntheses, Absolute Configuration, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Ugonins L, S, U, and Z from the Rhizomes of Helminthostachys zeylanica

This study describes the first and efficient syntheses of naturally occurring ugonins L (1a), S (2a, 2b), U (3), and Z (4). Naturally occurring ugonin S has two stereoisomers. On the basis of their NMR and specific rotation data, the absolute configuration of trans-ugonin L (1a) was determined as 10R,11R, while the absolute configurations of trans-ugonin S (2a) and cis-ugonin S (2b) were determined to be 10R,11R and 10R,11S, respectively. The naturally occurring cis-ugonin U (3) presented the 10S,11R configuration. The naturally occurring cis-ugonin Z (4) was suggested to have a 10S,11R configuration. Four isomers of compound 2 and two isomers of compound 3 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against the CEM and H460 human cancer cell lines.

Synthesis, Physicochemical and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Bis-Chalcone (BBDP) as Donor-pi Acceptor Chromophore in Organize Medium

Bis-Chalcone (BBDP) has been prepared by condensation of N, N-dimethyl benzaldehyde and 1,1'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl) di (ethan-1-one), and structure of BBDP was characterized by Mass Spectra, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and IR. Physicochemical properties including Dipole-moments, Stoke-Shifts, Oscillator-strength, dielectric constant and quantum-yields of fluorescence of BBDP were investigated by the emission and absorbances in different solvents. Compound (BBDP) displayed bathochromic shift upon increasing the solvent polarity (from n-Hexane to DMSO). Furthermore, we have exploited third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of the bisChalone were invigilated by the Z-scan techniques in Chloroform. The measurements were taken with a continuous-wave (CW) diode laser having a wavelength of 520 nm in CHCl3 solvent. The third-order nonlinear optical properties, such as the nonlinear refractive index (NLRI) n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient (NLAC) β, and nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), were measured at various solution concentrations and laser powers. The obtained values of n2, β, and χ(3) were estimated to be high, of the order of 10-7(cm2/W), 10-3 (cm/W), and 10-6 (esu), respectively. As a result, bis-chalcone (BBDP) is considered as a promising candidate for applications in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices and optical limiting (OL).

Exploring baicalein: A natural flavonoid for enhancing cancer prevention and treatment

Despite years of development in cancer therapy, achieving successful cancer treatment remains a major research topic. Primary means of cancer treatment include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, these modalities are associated with limitations and adverse effects on normal tissues. Therefore, there is a search for novel therapeutic approaches that will increase the efficacy of the available treatment while minimizing side effects. Naturally occurring bioactive chemicals such as flavonoids have long been used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. Baicalein, an active ingredient in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is utilised in traditional medicine to treat conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and infections. This review focuses on summarizing the data available on cancer prevention and treatment usage of baicalein. Baicalein is thought to prevent cancer progression by inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and genome instability, and its ability to promote chemo-potentiation, anti-metastatic effects, and regulate specific signalling molecules and transcription factors. Baicalein can be a promising option for cancer treatment, either alone or in combination with established anticancer drugs.

Mechanism to disrupt ESCRT-mediated intracellular trafficking through Vps28-small molecules interaction: an in silico approach

The ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery comprising protein complexes ESCRT-0 to ESCRT-III and Vps4 plays a pivotal role in intracellular trafficking, a process of endocytosing cell surface proteins into the cell for various biological activities. The ESCRT protein complexes are sequentially assembled which interact amongst each other to form a functional ESCRT machinery. Deregulation of these events are shown to be involved in various disease development including tumor formation and viral infections. Recently upregulation of a crucial ESCRT protein, Vps28 has been shown to be implicated in tumor formation. However, Vps28 in ESCRT-I interacts with Vps36 in ESCRT-II to function as a connecting protein during ESCRT machinery formation. Until now biomolecular approaches to inhibit the formation/assembly of ESCRT machinery have not been developed. Hence, we hypothesized that disrupting Vps28/Vps36 interaction would prevent assembly of ESCRT machinery and offer therapeutic potential to restrict disease development and progression. To address this, we utilized a virtual screening approach using a flavonoid-based library to identify potential small molecule inhibitors that can bind to Vps28 active site. Based on the binding affinity, top-hit compounds were identified. Molecular dynamics simulations set over a 500 ns timescale demonstrated the stability of the Vps28-small molecule complexes. Per-residue decomposition analysis using Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area highlighted the significant contributions of active site residues Asn189, Arg190, Arg193 and Asn210 in Vps28 for interaction with small molecules. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity analysis for toxicity evaluation indicates that molecules Z0131, H0194, Z0199 and DQ00112 exhibited physicochemical properties suitable for drug development.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological activities of complexes of light lanthanide ions with 3-hydroxyflavone

New solid compounds of light lanthanide ions with 3-hydroxyflavone were synthesized in good yields (up to 85 %). The resulting complexes have been thoroughly characterized using various analytical and spectral techniques, including elemental analysis, complexometry, thermogravimetry, UV-VIS, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 109AgNPET LDI MS and fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecular formulas of the complexes were determined as follows: Ln(3HF)3, where 3HF-3-hydroxyflavone, Ln = La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III) and Ln(3HF)3·nH2O, where n = 1 for Ln = Ce(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), and n = 2 for Gd(III). Thermogravimetric studies revealed that the water molecules in the hydrated compounds are located in the outer coordination sphere. Based on the spectral data, it was noted that lanthanide ions interacted with the 3OH and 4CO groups of 3-hydroxyflavone. The effect of lanthanide ion chelation on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process and fluorescence emission of 3HF was investigated. It was found that coordination with metal ions can suppress the ESIPT process and enhance the fluorescence emission of 3HF. The synthesized compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activity, free radical scavenging capacity, and interaction with BSA. The results showed that the complexes exhibit higher biological activity compared to the ligand.

Flavonoids and their derivatives as DNA topoisomerase inhibitors with anti-cancer activity in various cell models: Exploring a novel mode of action

Flavonoids, a diverse group of plant-derived secondary metabolites, have garnered significant attention for their potential anti-cancer properties. This review explores the role of flavonoids as inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases, key enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription, and cell division. The article offers a comprehensive overview of flavonoid classification, biosynthesis, and their widespread natural occurrence. It further delves into the molecular mechanisms through which flavonoids exert their anti-cancer effects, emphasizing their interactions with topoisomerases. The review provides a thorough analysis of both in vitro and in vivo studies that highlight the topoisomerase inhibitory activities of various flavonoids and their derivatives. Key findings demonstrate that flavonoids can function as catalytic inhibitors, poisons, or DNA intercalators, affecting both type I and type II topoisomerases. The structure-activity relationships of flavonoids concerning their topoisomerase inhibitory potency are also examined. This review underscores the potential of flavonoids as promising lead compounds for the development of novel topoisomerase inhibitors, which could have important implications for cancer therapy. However, it also acknowledges the need for further research to fully understand the intricate interactions between flavonoids and topoisomerases within the cellular environment.

Polyphenols Regulate the Activity of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Having Both Positive and Negative Effects

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemical substances that can interfere with any hormone action. They are categorized according to origin and use, such as industrial chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), plastics like bisphenol A (BPA), plasticizers like phthalates, pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), fungicides like vinclozolin, and pharmaceuticals like diethylstilbestrol (DES). Natural EDCs, such as phytoestrogens, are present in the diet of both humans and animals. Polyphenols are a large group of natural compounds derived from plants and are found in beverages and food. They are grouped based on their chemical structure into flavonoids and nonflavonoids and are reported to have many beneficial effects on health, including, but not limited to, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, polyphenols have both pro- and antioxidant characteristics, and due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, they presumably have a protective effect against damage induced by EDCs. However, polyphenols may act as EDCs. In this review, we report that polyphenols regulate the activity of EDCs, having both positive and negative effects. Hence, a better understanding of the associations between EDCs and polyphenols will allow the establishment of improved approaches to protect human health from EDCs.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Hymexazol in Controlling Globisporangium spinosum, the Newly Identified Pathogen Causing Root Rot in Houttuynia cordata

Houttuynia cordata is a prevalent vegetable in several Asian countries and is commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for treating various diseases in China. Unfortunately, its yield and quality are adversely affected by root rot. However, the pathogen responsible for the losses remains unidentified, and effective fungicides for its management have not been thoroughly explored. In this work, we demonstrate the first report of Globisporangium spinosum as the causative agent causing root rot of H. cordata. Moreover, we evaluated the efficacy of hymexazol to manage the disease, which displayed remarkable inhibitory effects against mycelial growth of G. spinosum in vitro, with EC50 values as low as 1.336 μg/ml. Furthermore, hymexazol completely inhibited sporangia in G. spinosum at a concentration of 0.3125 μg/ml. Specifically, we observed that hymexazol was highly efficacious in reducing the incidence of H. cordata root rot caused by G. spinosum in a greenhouse setting. These findings offer a potential management tool for utilization of hymexazol in controlling H. cordata root rot in field production.

Exploring the Antidiarrheal Properties of Papaya Leaf: Insights In Vivo Study in Mice-Model and In Silico Analysis at M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Interaction

Diarrhea caused by gut motility involves 5-HT3 serotonin receptor (5-HT3R) antagonist, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-AchR), and H1 histamine receptor (H1R) via their respective agonist. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf is an herbal medicine to treat diarrhea in Indonesia, though this has not yet been proven scientifically. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal properties of papaya leaf through in vivo and in silico studies. In the mice model, papaya leaves were infused with distilled water and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal study using castor oil-induced diarrhea. In silico molecular docking study of nineteen secondary metabolites was carried out on the M3-AchR (PDB ID: 5ZHP) using AutoDock Tools 1.5.6, while ADMET was predicted by pre-ADMET. The results showed that papaya leaf infusion caused a decrease in the total number of feces, an increase in the onset time of diarrhea, a reduction in the frequency of diarrhea, and an increase in the percentage of inhibition of diarrhea. Quercetin 3-rutinoside, a flavonoid glycoside, is potentially an antidiarrheal remedy at M3-AchR. ADMET prediction showed good distribution on the target and was not toxic, but absorption needed to be considered. We concluded that the antidiarrheal activity of papaya leaf infusion was dose-dependent. Based on a molecular docking study, the flavonoid glycoside was very effective as an antidiarrheal remedy. ADMET prediction showed a specific distribution to the target and was not toxic.

Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach

Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It is characterized by persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an analog of L-arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased NO production and increased BP. Animal models exposed to L-NAME manifest hypertension, making it a useful design for studying the hypertension condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches for managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other plant sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids have been extensively studied in cell cultures, animal models, and, to lesser extent, in human trials to evaluate their effectiveness against L-NAME-induced hypertension. This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. They enhance endothelial function by promoting NO bioavailability, vasodilation, and the preservation of vascular homeostasis. Flavonoids also modulate vasoactive factors involved in BP regulation, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1. Moreover, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation-mediated hypertension. This review provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of flavonoids against L-NAME-induced hypertension. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action suggest their ability to target multiple pathways involved in hypertension development. Nonetheless, the reviewed studies contribute to the evidence supporting the useful of flavonoids for hypertension prevention and treatment. In conclusion, flavonoids represent a promising class of natural compounds for combating hypertension. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource summarizing the current knowledge on the antihypertensive effects of specific flavonoids, facilitating further investigation and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for hypertension management.

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-anthraquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis through HIF-1α downregulation

Photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative bioluminescent bacterium known as an intestinal bacterium that coexists in the digestive tract of insect-pathogenic nematodes. As part of our ongoing exploration to identify bioactive compounds from diverse natural resources, the chemical analysis of the cultures of P. luminescens KACC 12254 via LC/MS and TLC-based analyses enabled the isolation and identification of a major fluorescent compound. Its chemical structure was elucidated as 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyanthraquinone (DMA) using HR-ESI-MS and NMR analysis. In this study, we conducted comprehensive investigations utilizing human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), and zebrafish embryos to assess the potential benefits of DMA in suppressing tumor angiogenesis. Our results convincingly demonstrate that DMA effectively suppresses the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein and its target genes without inducing any cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, DMA demonstrates the ability to inhibit HIF-1α transcriptional activation and mitigate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our in vitro experiments, DMA exhibits notable inhibitory effects on VEGF-mediated tube formation, migration, and invasion in HUVECs. Additionally, in vivo investigations using zebrafish embryos confirm the antiangiogenic properties of DMA. Notably, DMA does not exhibit any adverse developmental or cardiotoxic effects in the in vivo setting. Moreover, we observe DMA's capability to restrain tumor growth through the downregulation of PI3K/AKT and c-RAF/ERK pathway. Collectively, these compelling findings underscore DMA's potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted intervention against HIF-1α and angiogenesis in cancer treatment.

Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Novel Chalcone Analogues Containing a Methylxanthine Moiety and Their N-Acyl Pyrazoline Derivatives

On the basis of the structures of natural methylxanthines and chalcone, a series of novel chalcone analogues containing a methylxanthine moiety, Ia-Ig, and their N-acyl pyrazoline derivatives IIa-IIz and IIaa-IIaf were synthesized and identified through melting points, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The single crystal of compound IId was obtained, which further illustrated the structural characteristics of the methylxanthine-acylpyrazoline compounds. The biological tests showed that some of them displayed favorable insecticidal activities toward Plutella xylostella L. and were superior to the natural methylxanthine compound caffeine while being comparable with the insecticide triflumuron (e.g., compound Ic: LC50 = 16.8508 mg/L, IIf: LC50 = 1.5721 mg/L, against P. xylostella). Of these compounds, Ic, IIf, and IIu could serve as novel insecticidal leading structures for further study. Some of the compounds showed good fungicidal activities (e.g., compound Ig: EC50 = 14.74 μg/mL, against Rhizoctonia cerealis; IIf: EC50 = 7.06 μg/mL, against Physalospora piricola; IIac: EC50 = 5.37 and 8.19 μg/mL, against Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively); Ic, Ig, IIa, IIf, IIr, IIs, IIv, IIac, and IIaf could be novel fungicidal leading compounds for further exploration. Furthermore, most of the tested compounds exhibited apparent herbicidal activities against Brassica campestris at a concentration of 100 μg/mL; among others, compound IIa was the best one both toward Brassica campestris and Echinochloa crusgalli and deserves further investigation. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds were also summarized and discussed in detail. The contrast experiment results of compounds C-1 and C-2 showed a positive effect on the biological activity enhancement from the combination of the methylxanthine moiety with the N-dichloroacetyl phenylpyrazoline skeleton. In addition, two 3D-QSAR models with predictive capability were constructed based on the insecticidal and fungicidal activities to afford deep insight into the bioactivity profiles of these compounds. This research provides useful guidance and reference for the discovery and development of novel xanthine natural product-based pesticides.

Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively improved egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum antioxidant and immune functions of laying ducks

Introduction

Honeycomb is a traditional natural health medicine and has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor activities. It is currently unclear whether honeycomb extract supplementation has positive effects on the intensive farming laying duck production. This study aims to evaluate the effects of honeycomb extracts on the laying performance, egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum biochemical indexes, and antioxidant and immune status in laying ducks.

Methods

A total of 672 healthy 28-week-old Shanma laying ducks with similar laying performance and body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 28 birds. The birds in each treatment were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 45 days. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition and flavor quality, serum parameters were assessed.

Results

The results showed that compared with the control group, honeycomb extracts addition significantly increased the average daily feed intake but did not affect the other laying performance indexes, egg quality or serum biochemical indexes of laying ducks. Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased crude protein content and decreased the contents of cholesterol and trimethylamine in eggs. Diets supplemented with 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts significantly improved egg total amino acids and flavor amino acids contents, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition and enhanced the serum antioxidant activity and immune functions of ducks.

Discussion

Duck eggs are rich in nutrients and a valuable source of high-quality food for human, while they are rarely consumed directly by consumers because of their stronger fishy odor and lower sensory quality. Many studies have showed that the influence of dietary supplementation on egg components. This study indicated that dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively reduced the contents of egg cholesterol and trimethylamine, improve egg amino acids contents and fatty acid profiles, enhanced serum antioxidant and immune status of laying ducks. The recommended supplemental level of honeycomb extracts was 1.5 g/kg in the diet of laying ducks.

Chemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) Essential Oil and Crude Extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an Agent Causing Bayoud Disease of Date Palm

Tanacetum annuum L. is a Mediterranean plant, commonly known as Blue Tansy due to its blue colour as an essential oil, which is widely used for medicinal purposes. However, there are no studies on the bioactive compounds (especially, phenolic compounds) and the biological properties of their organic extracts. Herein, the purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and crude extracts of the T. annuum aerial parts collected from northern Morocco and to evaluate their antioxidant and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an agent causing Bayoud disease of the date palm, an important food source and commercial perennial crop in the Sahara and North Africa. Chemically, Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods were used to determine the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, respectively; polyphenols were characterized using HPLC-MS, while GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil composition. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities was carried out using the DPPH test and microdilution method, respectively. The results showed that the three T. annuum parts (stems, leaves and flowers) extracts contained important TPC and TFC with values varied between 51.32 and 116.32 mg/g of dry crude extract (DCE). HPLC-MS analysis revealed the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic acids and flavonoids with an emphasis on apigenin 7-glucoside (4540 µg/g of dry weight (DW)), luteolin 7-glucoside (2804 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (1878 µg/g DW). Additionally, 39 biomolecules were identified in the essential oil using GC-MS, which were predominated by camphor (16.69%), α-pinene (12.37%), bornyl acetate (11.97%) and limonene (11.10%). The methanolic and hydro-methanolic extracts of T. annuum parts demonstrated a strong antioxidant property with IC50 values ranging between 0.22 and 0.65 mg/mL. Concerning antifungal activity, the essential oil and crude extracts of the Moroccan Blue Tansy exhibited a potent capacity against F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis at low concentrations, with MIC and MFC values of 3.33 and 4.58 µL/mL for the essential oil and values of 3.33 and 9.17 mg/mL for crude extracts, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated T. annuum as an important source of bioactive compounds and contribute significantly to the potential of using essential oils and extracts for controlling the Bayoud disease of date palms. Moreover, the finding suggests that T. annuum can be highly useful for phytosanitary and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytocompounds from Amazonian Plant Species against Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Nephroprotective Effects

There are several Amazonian plant species with potential pharmacological validation for the treatment of acute kidney injury, a condition in which the kidneys are unable to adequately filter the blood, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the body. Scientific production on plant compounds capable of preventing or attenuating acute kidney injury-caused by several factors, including ischemia, toxins, and inflammation-has shown promising results in animal models of acute kidney injury and some preliminary studies in humans. Despite the popular use of Amazonian plant species for kidney disorders, further pharmacological studies are needed to identify active compounds and subsequently conduct more complex preclinical trials. This article is a brief review of phytocompounds with potential nephroprotective effects against acute kidney injury (AKI). The classes of Amazonian plant compounds with significant biological activity most evident in the consulted literature were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. An expressive phytochemical and pharmacological relevance of the studied species was identified, although with insufficiently explored potential, mainly in the face of AKI, a clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality.

Anti-Inflammatory Study and Phytochemical Characterization of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon L. Juices and Their Formulation

Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon, well known as ginger and lemon, are two vegetals widely used in traditional medicine and the culinary field. The juices of the two vegetals were evaluated based on their inflammation, both in vivo and in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to characterize different juices from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon. After the application of the HPLC method, different compounds were identified, such as 6-gingerol and 6-gingediol from the ginger juice and isorhamnetin and hesperidin from the lemon juice. In addition, the two juices and their formulation were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro by utilizing the BSA denaturation test, in vivo using the carrageenan-induced inflammation test, and the vascular permeability test. Important and statistically significant anti-inflammatory activities were observed for all juices, especially the formulation. The results of our work showed clearly that the Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon juices protect in vivo the development of the rat paw edema, especially the formulation F composed of the Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon juices, which shows an anti-inflammatory activity equal to -35.95% and -44.05% using 10 and 20 mg/kg of the dose, respectively. Our work also showed that the formulation was the most effective tested extract since it inhibits the vascular permeability by -37% and -44% at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, and in vitro via the inhibition of the denaturation of BSA by giving a synergetic effect with the highest IC50 equal to 684.61 ± 7.62 μg/mL corresponding to the formulation F. This work aims to develop nutraceutical preparations in the future and furnishes the support for a new investigation into the activities of the various compounds found in Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon.

An in silico approach to unveil peptides from Acheta domesticus with potential bioactivity against hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis

Entomophagy is a sustainable alternative source of proteins for human nutrition. Acheta domesticus is one of the three insect species that complies with the European Union Regulation on novel foods, but to date, there are no reports on their potential bioactive peptides. In this study, an in silico approach was applied to simulate the gastrointestinal (GI) digestion of six A. domesticus proteins and identify new peptides with potential anti-hypertensive and/or anti-diabetic properties, resulting from their capability to inhibit the somatic Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) and/or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), respectively. A molecular docking protocol was applied to evaluate the binding interactions between the 43 peptides ranked with high probability of being bioactive and three drug targets: DPP-4 and two catalytic domains (N- and C-) of sACE. Five peptides (AVQPCF, CAIAW, IIIGW, DATW and QIVW) showed high docking scores for both enzymes, suggesting their potential to inhibit the DPP-4 and both catalytic domains of sACE, thus possessing multifunctional bioactive properties. Two peptides (PIVCF and DVW) showed higher docking scores for the N-domain of sACE, indicating a potential action as selective inhibitors and consequently with anti-cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis bioactivities. This is the first study identifying peptides originated from the simulated GI digestion of A. domesticus with potential activities against hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Amygdalin Extracted from Three Cassava Varieties Cultivated in Benin

Given that cancer is a disease that is rampant in the world and especially in Africa, where the population has enormous difficulty treating it, plants are a safer and less expensive alternative. Cassava is a plant species valued in Benin because of its numerous medicinal and nutritional virtues. This study evaluated the biological activities of amygdalin from the organs of three cassava varieties most commonly produced in Benin (BEN, RB, and MJ). HPLC analysis was used to quantify amygdalin in cassava organs and derivatives. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine secondary metabolite groups. DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested on Artemia salina larvae. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo in an albino mouse paw edema model induced by 5% formalin. The anticancer activity was evaluated in vivo on Wistar rats rendered cancerous by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) using 5-fluorouracil as a reference molecule. The results showed that the organs of all three-cassava varieties contained glycosides, flavonoids, saponosides, steroids, tannins, coumarins, and cyanogenic derivatives. Young stems and fresh cassava leaves had the highest amygdalin concentrations, with 11,142.99 µg 10 g-1 and 9251.14 µg 10 g-1, respectively. The Agbeli derivative was more concentrated in amygdalin, with a content of 401.56 µg 10 g-1 than the other derivatives. The antioxidant activity results showed that the amygdalin extracts were DPPH radical scavengers with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 mg mL-1 to 2.35 mg mL-1. The cytotoxicity test showed no toxicity of the extracts toward shrimp larvae. Administration of amygdalin extracts from the leaves of BEN and MJ varieties prevents inflammatory edema. The percentages of edema inhibition varied between 21.77% and 27.89%. These values are similar (p > 0.05) to those of acetylsalicylic acid (25.20%). Amygdalin extract of the BEN variety significantly (p < 0.0001) reduces edema. Both BEN extracts inhibited cancer induction with DMH. In preventive and curative treatments, rats fed with amygdalin extracts showed low anti-cancer activity under the effect of DMH and a significant difference in biochemical results. Thus, the organs of all three cassava varieties studied have secondary metabolites and good antioxidant activity. The leaves contain high levels of amygdalin and can be used as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Functional characterization of nine critical genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis of the medicinal herb Grona styracifolia

Grona styracifolia is a photophilous legume that contains abundant flavonoids with multiple pharmacological activities, which is used to cure urethral and biliary calculus in China for thousands of years. The authentication of the rate-limiting enzymes involved in the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway enabled a better understanding of the molecular aspect of quality formation and modulation of this medicinal herb. In this study, the chemical distribution characteristics and content of flavonoids in different tissues of Grona styracifolia were analyzed using ultraperormance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-TOF mass spectrometry and showed that active flavonoids were primarily synthesized and stored in the leaves. Subsequently, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptome profiling of the different tissues revealed that the flavonoids biosynthesis in the leaves was the most active. Meanwhile, 27 full-length transcripts inferred encoding vital enzymes involved in the flavonoids biosynthesis were preliminarily excavated. Finally, four CHSs, four CHIs, and one FNSII were successfully characterized by heterologous expression, which involved in three rate-limiting steps of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In conclusion, these results laid a foundation for further investigation of the molecular mechanism of the biosynthesis and modulation of active flavonoids in Grona styracifolia.

The synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of (E)-3-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2,3-di-hydro-benzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of (E)-1-(2,3-di-hydro-benzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(4-chloro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (C17H13ClO3), a substituted chalcone, are described. The overall geometry of the mol-ecule is largely planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.1742 Å), but slightly kinked, leading to a dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings at either side of the mol-ecule of 8.31 (9)°. In the crystal, only weak inter-actions determine the packing motifs. These include C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and π-π overlap of aromatic rings.

Immunomodulatory Properties of Natural Extracts and Compounds Derived from Bidens pilosa L.: Literature Review

Bidens pilosa L. has been used in different parts of the world mainly to treat diseases associated with immune response disorders, such as autoimmunity, cancer, allergies, and infectious diseases. The medicinal properties of this plant are attributed to its chemical components. Nevertheless, there is little conclusive evidence that describes the immunomodulatory activity of this plant. In this review, a systematic search was carried out in the PubMed-NLM, EBSCO Host and BVS databases focused on the pre-clinical scientific evidence of the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa. A total of 314 articles were found and only 23 were selected. The results show that the compounds or extracts of Bidens modulate the immune cells. This activity was associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that control proliferation, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and the production of cytokines of different cells. Most of the scientific information analyzed in this paper supports the potential use of B. pilosa mainly as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial immune response modulator. It is necessary that this biological activity be corroborated through the design of specialized clinical trials that demonstrate the effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and infectious diseases. Until now there has only been one clinical trial in phase I and II associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of Bidens in mucositis.

Modulating AHR function offers exciting therapeutic potential in gut immunity and inflammation

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a classical exogenous synthetic ligand of AHR that has significant immunotoxic effects. Activation of AHR has beneficial effects on intestinal immune responses, but inactivation or overactivation of AHR can lead to intestinal immune dysregulation and even intestinal diseases. Sustained potent activation of AHR by TCDD results in impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier. However, currently, AHR research has been more focused on elucidating physiologic AHR function than on dioxin toxicity. The appropriate level of AHR activation plays a role in maintaining gut health and protecting against intestinal inflammation. Therefore, AHR offers a crucial target to modulate intestinal immunity and inflammation. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the relationship between AHR and intestinal immunity, the ways in which AHR affects intestinal immunity and inflammation, the effects of AHR activity on intestinal immunity and inflammation, and the effect of dietary habits on intestinal health through AHR. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic role of AHR in maintaining gut homeostasis and relieving inflammation.

Novel Tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinoline Chalcones Suppress Breast Carcinoma through Cell Cycle Arrests and Apoptosis

Chalcones are interesting anticancer drug candidates which have attracted much interest due to their unique structure and their extensive biological activity. Various functional modifications in chalcones have been reported, along with their pharmacological properties. In the current study, novel chalcone derivatives with the chemical base of tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolin-3-yl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-one were synthesized, and the structure of their molecules was confirmed through NMR spectroscopy. The antitumor activity of these newly synthesized chalcone derivatives was tested on mouse (Luc-4T1) and human (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated through SRB screening and the MTT assay after 48 h of treatment at different concentrations. Interestingly, among the tested chalcone derivatives, chalcone analogues with a methoxy group were found to have significant anticancer activity and displayed gradient-dependent inhibition against breast cancer cell proliferation. The anticancer properties of these unique analogues were examined further by cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, quantitative PCR, and the caspases-Glo 3/7 assay. Chalcone methoxy derivatives showed the capability of cell cycle arrest and increased Bax/Bcl2 mRNA ratios as well as caspases 3/7 activity. The molecular docking analysis suggests that these chalcone methoxy derivatives may inhibit anti-apoptotic proteins, particularly cIAP1, BCL2, and EGFRK proteins. In conclusion, our findings confirm that chalcone methoxy derivatives could be considered to be potent drug candidates against breast cancer.

Recovery of Polyphenolic Compounds and Vitamins from the Stinging Nettle Leaves: Thermal and Behavior and Biological Activity of Obtained Extracts

Stinging nettle (SN) is an extraordinary plant from the Urticaceae botanical family. It is well-known and widely used in food and folk medicine to treat different disorders and diseases. This article aimed to study the chemical composition of SN leaves extracts, i.e., polyphenolic compounds and vitamins B and C, because many studies ascribed high biological potency to these compounds and their significance in the human diet. Besides the chemical profile, the thermal properties of the extracts were studied. The results confirmed presence of many polyphenolic compounds and vitamins B and C. It also showed that the chemical profile closely correlated with the applied extraction technique. The thermal analysis showed that analyzed samples were thermally stable up to about 160 °C. Thermal degradation of samples UAE, MAE, and MAC took place in four steps, and sample SE in three steps. Altogether, results confirmed the presence of health-beneficial compounds in stinging nettle leaves and indicated the possible application of its extract in pharmaceutical and food industries as both a medicinal and food additive.

Combined analysis of multi-omics reveals the potential mechanism of flower color and aroma formation in Macadamia integrifolia

INTRODUCTION

Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche is a domesticated high-value nut crop. The development of nut flower affects the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of nuts. Therefore, in this experiment, two varieties with different flower color, flowering time, flowering quantity and nut yield (single fruit weight) were selected as the research objects.

METHODS

Transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and metabolome (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS) analyses were performed to study the regulatory mechanisms of nut flower development, color and aroma.

RESULTS

The results indicated that plant hormone signal transduction, starch sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were related to nut flower development and flower color formation. In the early stage of flowering, most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the IAA signal transduction pathway, while in the later stage, the brassinolide signal pathway is mainly involved. In starch and sugar metabolism, DEGs are mainly involved in regulating and hydrolyzing stored starch into small molecular sugars in flower tissues. In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, DEGs are mainly related to the color and aroma (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) formation of nut flowers. Four color formation metabolites (anthocyanins) in nut flowers were found by LC-MS/MS detection. In addition, the VOCs showed no significant difference between red nut flowers (R) and white nut flowers (W), which was mainly reflected in the aroma formation stage (flowering time). And 12 common differentially accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were detected by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. At the same time, the DEGs, AAT, LOX and PAL genes, were also identified to regulate key metabolite synthesis during nut flower development. These genes were further verified by qRT-PCR.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide insights to clarify the molecular mechanism of color and aroma formation during M. integrifolia flower development that pave the way for nut quality and yield breeding.

Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating side effect of many common anti-cancer agents that can lead to dose reduction or treatment discontinuation, which decrease chemotherapy efficacy. Long-term CIPN can interfere with activities of daily living and diminish the quality of life. The mechanism of CIPN is not yet fully understood, and biomarkers are needed to identify patients at high risk and potential treatment targets. Metabolomics can capture the complex behavioral and pathophysiological processes involved in CIPN. This chapter is to review the CIPN metabolomics studies to find metabolic pathways potentially involved in CIPN. These potential CIPN metabolites are then investigated to determine whether there is evidence from studies of other neuropathy etiologies such as diabetic neuropathy and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy to support the importance of these pathways in peripheral neuropathy. Six potential biomarkers and their putative mechanisms in peripheral neuropathy were reviewed. Among these biomarkers, histidine and phenylalanine have clear roles in neurotransmission or neuroinflammation in peripheral neuropathy. Further research is needed to discover and validate CIPN metabolomics biomarkers in large clinical studies.

Bis-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketone (ABK) chaperonin inhibitors exhibit selective cytotoxicity to colorectal cancer cells that correlates with levels of aberrant HSP60 in the cytosol

While many studies have established the importance of protein homeostasis in tumor progression, little effort has been made to examine the therapeutic potential of targeting the HSP60 chaperonin system. In healthy cells, HSP60 is localized to the mitochondrial matrix; however, emerging evidence indicates HSP60 can be over-expressed and mis-localized to the cytosol of cancer cells, which is hypothesized to promote tumor cell survival and proliferation. This opens a potential avenue to selectively target the aberrant HSP60 in the cytosol as a chemotherapeutic strategy. In the present work, we examined a series of bis-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketone (ABK) HSP60 inhibitors for their ability to selectively target cancerous vs non-cancerous colon and intestine cells. We found that lead analogs inhibited migration and clonogenicity of cancer cells, with cytotoxicity correlating with the level of aberrant HSP60 in the cytosol.

Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, α-Amylase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Some Medicinal Plants

In Nepal, about 700 plant species have been reported to be used for the primary care of different diseases. However, many of them have not been studied yet for their scientific evidence. The main aim of this study is the quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the extracts of four different medicinal plants, namely, Pogostemon benghalensis, Aleuritopteris bicolor, Crateva unilocularis, and Rungia pectinata growing in Nepal. The methanol extracts of plant samples were prepared by the hot percolation method using the Soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemicals of the plant extracts were analysed by colour differentiation methods using different analytical reagents. The phenolic content was estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and the flavonoid was estimated by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant potential. The α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was performed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of plant extracts. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids content was found to be the highest in Pogostemon benghalensis (169.43 ± 3.58 mg GAE/g and 65.2 ± 2.0 mg QE/g), respectively, which also showed the most potent free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 35.92 ± 0.65 μg/mL). The extract of Aleuritopteris bicolor showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 651.58 ± 10.32 μg/mL) whereas Crateva unilocularis and Pogostemon benghalensis exhibited moderate activity. The extract of Rungia pectinata showed the least activity towards α-amylase inhibition. Some of the medicinal plants selected in this study showed high TPC and TFC values with potent biological activities. To the best of our knowledge, these medicinal plants have the least exposure to their biological activities, and the results provide scientific evidence for the traditional uses of these plants against diabetes and infectious diseases. However, a detailed study can be performed in these plants to isolate the active chemical compounds and to evaluate in vivo pharmacological activities to know the active drug candidates for the future drug development process.

Pharmacological Interaction of Quercetin Derivatives of Tilia americana and Clinical Drugs in Experimental Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a pain syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain and CNS comorbidities. Tilia americana var. mexicana is a medicinal species used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and acute or chronic pain. However, its spectrum of analgesic efficacy for dysfunctional pain is unknown. To investigate a possible therapeutic alternative for FM-type pain, an aqueous Tilia extract (TE) and its flavonoid fraction (FF) containing rutin and isoquercitrin were evaluated alone and/or combined with clinical drugs (tramadol—TRA and pramipexol—PRA) using the reserpine-induced FM model in rats. Chromatographic analysis allowed the characterization of flavonoids, while a histological analysis confirmed their presence in the brain. TE (10–100 mg/kg, i.p.) and FF (10–300 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant and dose-dependent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects equivalent to TRA (3–10 mg/kg, i.p.) or PRA (0.01–1 mg/kg, s.c.). Nevertheless, the combination of FF + TRA or FF + PRA resulted in an antagonistic interaction by possible competitive action on the serotonin transporter or µ-opioid and D₂ receptors, respectively, according to the in silico analysis. Flavonoids were identified in cerebral regions because of their self-epifluorescence. In conclusion, Tilia possesses potential properties to relieve FM-type pain. However, the consumption of this plant or flavonoids such as quercetin derivatives in combination with analgesic drugs might reduce their individual benefits.

Melatonin triggers tissue-specific changes in anthocyanin and hormonal contents during postharvest decay of Angeleno plums

Plum is a stone fruit that stands out for having a short shelf-life because of its high susceptibility to rapid deterioration. Part of this deterioration is explained by fruit overripening. Recently, the role of melatonin in delaying postharvest decay has been investigated but its regulatory function during overripening is still under extensive debate. In this study, to understand physiological events taking place in plums overripening and elucidate the role of melatonin on the postharvest quality of these fruits and its relationship to other plant hormones, Angeleno plums were sprayed with 10^-4 M of melatonin solution immediately after harvest. We carried out tissue-specific (mesocarp and exocarp) analysis of total phenols and anthocyanin quantification, as well as the evaluation of different phytohormones by LC-MS/MS and fruit quality parameters. Results showed that during postharvest, endogenous melatonin contents decreased both in the mesocarp and the exocarp of Angeleno plums. Likewise, plum firmness also decreased and a strong correlation was found for this parameter with jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinins. Conversely, after exogenous melatonin application, endogenous melatonin content increased both in mesocarp and exocarp but it had a differential effect depending on the plum tissue. Indeed, total phenol and anthocyanin contents arose by 21% and 58%, respectively, in the mesocarp after melatonin treatment but no variations were found in the exocarp of Angeleno plums. Hormonal analysis of Angeleno mesocarp also revealed an increase in the JA and its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), on the fourth day after melatonin application as well as a positive correlation between melatonin and gibberellin 1 (GA₁). These results suggest that melatonin may be acting as a signal molecule increasing phenolic compounds contents through direct regulation and by signaling with other phytohormones. Therefore, this research provides valuable information for understanding the regulatory role of melatonin and its relationship with plant hormones during overripening to contribute to improve the postharvest quality of plums.

Exploration of the Antioxidant Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Performance of Various Solvent Extracts of Eighteen Plants

This study examined the antioxidant chemical constituents (total phenolic and total flavonoid contents) and antioxidant activities [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] of different solvent extracts of eighteen functional plants. The active components of the target plants were extracted using four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and water). Mentha piperascens leaf exhibited a higher total phenolic content (chloroform and water extracts), total flavonoid content (all solvent extracts), DPPH radical scavenging activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), ABTS radical scavenging activity (water extract), and FRAP radical scavenging activity (water extract) (in all solvent extracts). Similarly, Petasites japonicas root was another excellent and competent extract with a high total flavonoid content (in all four solvent extracts), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), and FRAP activity (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts) (in all solvent extracts). Rubus coreanus fruit had the highest total phenolic content (methanol, ethanol, and water extracts), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activate (in all solvent extracts), and FRAP in its water extract were the two most effective functional plants. Based on the abundance of antioxidant chemical constituents and the most potent antioxidant activity demonstrated in this study, extracts from M. piperascens leaf, P. japonicas root, and R. coreanus fruit appear to be promising candidates to meet the current demand for natural preservatives in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Survey of Dipeptidyl Peptidase III Inhibitors: From Small Molecules of Microbial or Synthetic Origin to Aprotinin

Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP III) was originally thought to be a housekeeping enzyme that contributes to intracellular peptide catabolism. More specific roles for this cytosolic metallopeptidase, in the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress regulation, were confirmed, or recognized, only recently. To prove indicated (patho)physiological functions of DPP III in cancer progression, cataract formation and endogenous pain modulation, or to reveal new ones, selective and potent inhibitors are needed. This review encompasses natural and synthetic compounds with experimentally proven inhibitory activity toward mammalian DPP III. Except for the polypeptide aprotinin, all others are small molecules and include flavonoids, coumarin and benzimidazole derivatives. Presented are current strategies for the discovery or development of DPP III inhibitors, and mechanisms of inhibitory actions. The most potent inhibitors yet reported (propioxatin A and B, Tyr-Phe- and Phe-Phe-NHOH, and JMV-390) are active in low nanomolar range and contain hydroxamic acid moiety. High inhibitory potential possesses oligopeptides from the hemorphin group, valorphin and tynorphin, which are poor substrates of DPP III. The crystal structure of human DPP III-tynorphin complex enabled the design of the transition-state peptidomimetics inhibitors, effective in low micromolar concentrations. A new direction in the field is the development of fluorescent inhibitor for monitoring DPP III activity.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Cermai Leaves (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels) Ethanol Extract on Normal Male Rats and Cyclophosphamide Induction

BACKGROUND: Ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels leaf contains flavonoids and saponins that were widely used as herbal medicinal plant. The present study focused on exploring the biological potential as well as immunomodulatory effects. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of P. acidus extract on total and differential leukocyte count, antibody titer, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in normal male rats, and immunosuppressed male rats. METHODS: P. acidus extract was obtained by maceration technique by using ethanol as a solvent. Standardization of P. acidus and phytochemical screening includes examination of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The trial animals were male rats which were divided into two large groups, namely normal group and immunosuppressed group. All animals were given extract on the 1st day until day 14, on 4th day the animals were infected with 2% sheep red blood cells. Immunosuppressed rats were injected by 70 mg/kg bw cyclophosphamide on 8th and 13th day. The immunomodulatory effect was analyzed by evaluating total leukocytes, leukocyte differential, antibody titer, and DTH. RESULTS: Phytochemicals screenings were showed alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids from P. acidus extract. P. acidus extract showed an immunomodulatory activity on normal male rats and immunosuppressed male rats. The result was shown from the increasing of total leukocyte count and leukocyte differential, antibody titer value, and the volume of rat paws were higher than negative control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the P. acidus extract had immunomodulatory effects and its potential to be developed as immunomodulator agent.

Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis Extract and Their Application as a Natural Preservative in Livestock Products: A Meta-Analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of propolis extract as a natural preservative for livestock products in term of chemical and microbiological characteristics by meta-analysis. The stages carried out in this study were identification, selection, checking suitability, and the resulting selected articles were used in the meta-analysis. The selection results obtained a total of 22 selected journal articles consisting of 9 articles for analysis of the antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and 13 articles for analysis of the chemical and mirobiological characteristics of livestock products. The articles were obtained from electronic databases, namely Science Direct and Google Scholar. The model used in this study is the random-effect model involving two groups, control and experimental. Heterogeneity and effect size values were carried out in this study using Hedge's obtained through openMEE software. Forest plot tests and data validation on publication bias was obtained using Kendall's test throught JASP 0.14.1 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between propolis extract with the results of the antimicrobial activity (p<0.05). In addition, the results of the application of propolis extract on the livestock products for the test microbes and the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) showed significant results (p<0.05). Conclusion based on the random-effect model on the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and their apllication as a natural preservative of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of livestock products is valid by Kendall's test (p>0.05). Propolis in this case effectively used as natural preservatives in livestock products.

Suppression of colorectal carcinogenesis by naringin

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite novel treatment options, the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer continue to increase in most countries, especially in US, European and Asian countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is multifactorial, including dietary and genetic factors, as well as lacking physical activity. Vegetables and fruits contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, which might reduce the risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. Flavonoids are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds. There are more than 4,000 different flavonoids, including flavanones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and catechins in a large variety of plant.

HYPOTHESIS

Among various other flavonoids, naringin in Citrus fruits has been a subject of intense scrutiny for its activity against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that naringin is capable to inhibit the growth of transformed colonocytes and to induce programmed cell death in colon cancer cells.

RESULTS

We comprehensively review the inhibitory effects of naringin on colorectal cancers and address the underlying mechanistic pathways such as NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, apoptosis, NF-κB-COX-2-iNOS, and β-catenin pathways.

CONCLUSION

Naringin suppresses colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis by various signaling pathways. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness in combating colorectal cancer.

Natural chalcones elicit formation of specialized pro-resolving mediators and related 15-lipoxygenase products in human macrophages

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) comprise lipid mediators (LMs) produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via stereoselective oxygenation particularly involving 12/15-lipoxygenases (LOXs). In contrast to pro-inflammatory LMs such as leukotrienes formed by 5-LOX and prostaglandins formed by cyclooxygenases, the SPMs have anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving properties. Although glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block prostaglandin production are still prime therapeutics for inflammation-related diseases despite severe side effects, novel concepts focus on SPMs as immunoresolvents for anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Here, we studied the natural chalcone MF-14 and the corresponding dihydrochalcone MF-15 from Melodorum fruticosum, for modulating the biosynthesis of LM including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, SPM and their 12/15-LOX-derived precursors in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) M1- and M2-like phenotypes. In MDM challenged with Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins both compounds (10 µM) significantly suppressed 5-LOX product formation but increased the biosynthesis of 12/15-LOX products, especially in M2-MDM. Intriguingly, in resting M2-MDM, MF-14 and MF-15 strikingly evoked generation of 12/15-LOX products and of SPMs from liberated PUFAs, along with translocation of 15-LOX-1 to membranous compartments. Enhanced 12/15-LOX product formation by the chalcones was evident also when exogenous PUFAs were supplied, excluding increased substrate supply as sole underlying mechanism. Rather, MF-14 and MF-15 stimulate the activity of 15-LOX-1, supported by experiments with HEK293 cells transfected with either 5-LOX, 15-LOX-1 or 15-LOX-2. Together, the natural chalcone MF-14 and the dihydrochalcone MF-15 favorably modulate LM biosynthesis in human macrophages by suppressing pro-inflammatory leukotrienes but stimulating formation of SPMs by differential interference with 5-LOX and 15-LOX-1.

Characterization of chemical constituents in Shuanghuanglian oral dosage forms by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Shuanghuanglian is a common traditional Chinese medicine prescription. It is an herbal formula composed of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Scutellariae Radix and Forsythiae Fructus. A comprehensive understanding of Shuanghuanglian oral dosage forms components was obtained using a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of Shuanghuanglian oral liquids, granules, soft capsules and effervescent tablets. A total of 358 components were chemically defined or tentatively identified, including flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, lignans, coumarins, iridoids, triterpenes and anthraquinones. The results will provide a basis for the general study of Shuanghuanglian and be meaningful for the composition identification of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A review on anti-peptic ulcer activities of medicinal plants used in the formulation of Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules

Peptic ulcer disease affects many people globally. With the increasing resistance to some orthodox antibiotics such as Clarithromycin and Metronidazole, it is important that new acceptable, safer and effective therapies are developed to manage this disease. Various herbal medicines have been used traditionally for the remedy of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), however scientific information with regards to their anti-peptic ulcer both in-vivo and in-vitro as well as clinical studies supporting their use is still inadequate. The Centre for Plant Medicine Research, (CPMR) Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana manufactures three herbal Products namely Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules which are currently used for the remedy of PUD as a triple therapy at its out-patient clinic with promising effects. The aim of this review is to gather information from literature on the anti-ulcer properties, pharmacological, phytochemical constituents and related activities of herbal plants used at the CPMR for formulation of the triple herbal therapy. This review may, provide some scientific bases for the use of Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules in the management of Peptic ulcer at the CPMR out-patient clinic.

METHODS

Organization for the review involved the on and/or offline search for information from available literature using electronic data and scientific research information resources such as PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar.

RESULTS

In this review, fifteen ethno-medicinal plants used for the formulation of Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK capsules have been discussed, presenting the description of the plants, composition and pharmacological activity.

INTERPRETATION

Tables with the summary of reviewed medicinal plants with their anti-ulcer models and inference on possible mechanisms of action were drawn up. The mechanism(s) of action of individual plants and products (Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules) must be further investigated and established experimentally in-vitro in addition to in-vivo pharmacological and clinical activity studies to confirm their use in the remedy of PUD.

Investigation of the effect of Prunus Amygdalus Amara on the expression of some genes of apoptosis and immortality in breast cancer cells (MCF-7)

BACKGROUND

Anti-cancer effects of almond nuts or oil have been approved, but there are a few pieces of research that have evaluated, in detail, almond and other seeds' effects on cancer. Therefore, in the present project, the aim was to explore the regulatory effect of the bitter almond extract (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) on the apoptotic and anti-cancer potency of MCF-7 cells.

OBJECTIVES

In the current experimental research, the Almond effect on MCF7 cells was evaluated by investigating the expression and the balance between Bcl-2, Bax genes to unmark the potential molecular mechanism.

METHODS

For 24 and 48h, the MCF7 cells were treated with the bitter almond extract (187.5-3000 µg/mL). MTT assay was used to assess the viability, and Real-time-PCR was applied to determine the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, facing β-actin.

RESULTS

Our results revealed a significant difference between different extract concentrations on the viability of MCF7 cell lines in 24 and 48 h; cell viability decreased time-dependently (P < 0.05). After 24 and 48h of extract facing MCF7 cells, the evaluated IC50 value was 3000 and 1500 µg/mL, respectively. Based on Real Time-PCR analysis, after 24 and 48 h, the mRNA levels of BCL-2 decreased by the extract, whereas BAX was in the MCF-7 cell line.

CONCLUSION

From the results, it can be concluded that bitter almond extract has anti-cancer properties that may influence the apoptotic pathways by regulating relative gene expression.

Antiobesity, hepatoprotective and anti-hyperglycemic effects of a pharmaceutical formulation containing Cecropia pachystachya Trécul in mice fed with a hypercaloric diet

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Urticaceae), known as embaúba, are used as hypoglycemic and for weight reduction in Brazilian traditional medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigated the effects of a pharmaceutical formulation (ECP20) containing C. pachystachya extract on some metabolic alterations caused by a hypercaloric diet in mice.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Mice were randomly fed with a standard or hypercaloric diet and orally treated with ECP20 or vehicle for 13 weeks. Subsequently, adiposity, glucose intolerance, and the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were assessed. Adipose tissue and liver were collected after euthanasia and frozen at -80 °C for histological and antioxidant analyzes. The effect of ECP20 on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was also investigated.

RESULTS

Animals treated with ECP20 showed less weight gain, reduced glycemia, glucose tolerance restored, and hepatoprotective effect. Also, ECP20 presented significant in vivo antioxidant activity. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with ECP20 did not inhibit cellular differencing.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, ECP20 presented promising effects in the control of obesity and related disorders. Considering that glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia are strong evidence for the development of type 2 diabetes, the findings corroborated the traditional use of C. pachystachya to treat this disease. The chlorogenic acid and the flavonoids orientin and iso-orientin, present in the extract, might be involved in the activities found.