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Patino LH, Muskus C, Ramírez JD. Transcriptional responses of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the presence of trivalent sodium stibogluconate. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:348. [PMID: 31300064 PMCID: PMC6626383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, resistance to antimonials has become a serious problem due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms used by Leishmania parasites to survive under drug pressure is essential, particularly for species of medical-veterinary importance such as L. amazonensis. Methods Here, we used RNA-seq technology to analyse transcriptome profiles and identify global changes in gene expression between antimony-resistant and -sensitive L. amazonensis promastigotes. Results A total of 723 differentially expressed genes were identified between resistant and sensitive lines. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism (fatty acids) and stress response, as well as those associated with antimony resistance in other Leishmania species, were upregulated in the antimony-resistant line. Most importantly, we observed upregulation of genes encoding autophagy proteins, suggesting that in the presence of trivalent stibogluconate (SbIII) L. amazonensis can activate these genes either as a survival strategy or to induce cell death, as has been observed in other parasites. Conclusions This work identified global transcriptomic changes in an in vitro-adapted strain in response to SbIII. Our results provide relevant information to continue understanding the mechanism used by parasites of the subgenus Leishmania (L. amazonensis) to generate an antimony-resistant phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3603-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz H Patino
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Tonin AA, Da Silva AS, Casali EA, Silveira SS, Moritz CEJ, Camillo G, Flores MM, Fighera R, Thomé GR, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Rue MDL, Vogel FSF, Lopes STA. Influence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii on purine levels and E-ADA activity in the brain of mice experimentally infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:51-8. [PMID: 24768956 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the purine levels and E-ADA activity in the brain of mice (BALB/c) experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. In experiment I (n=24) the mice were infected with RH strain of T. gondii, while in experiment II (n=36) they were infected with strain ME-49 of T. gondii. Our results showed that, for RH strain (acute phase), an increase in both periods in the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine (only on day 6 PI) and uric acid (only on day 6 PI). By the other hand, the RH strain led, on days 4 and 6 PI, to a reduction in the concentration of inosine. ME-49, a cystogenic strain, showed some differences in acute and chronic phase, since on day 6 PI the levels of ATP and ADP were increased, while on day 30 these same nucleotides were reduced. On day 60 PI, ME-49 induced a reduction in the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine and xanthine, while uric acid was increased. A decrease of E-ADA activity was observed in brain on days 4 and 6 PI (RH), and 30 PI (ME-49); however on day 60 PI E-ADA activity was increased for infection by ME-49 strain. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that infection with T. gondii changes the purine levels and the activity of E-ADA in brain, which may be associated with neurological signs commonly observed in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Department of Small Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | | | - Emerson A Casali
- Department of Morphological Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Stephanie S Silveira
- Department of Morphological Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar E J Moritz
- Department of Morphological Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giovana Camillo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Flores
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fighera
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Thomé
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vera M Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Mario De La Rue
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Department of Small Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S F Vogel
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sonia T A Lopes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Department of Small Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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Changes in purine levels associated with cellular brain injury in gerbils experimentally infected with Neospora caninum. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:507-11. [PMID: 24702899 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in order to assess the possible alterations in purine levels of brain, associated neuronal lesions in gerbils experimentally infected with Neospora caninum. For that, gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were inoculated with Nc-1 strain of N. caninum, composing two different experiments: Experiment I (EI) and experiment II (EII), where purine levels were measured along with the histopathologic study, on days 7 (EI), 15 and 30 (EII), post-infection (PI). As a result, it was possible to observe that the purine levels (ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine and xanthine) in brain in EI are significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while in EII we faced a different pattern, since in the majority the purine levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) on days 15 (ATP, AMP, adenosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine) and 30 PI (ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, and uric acid). Results of brain histopathology did not show histological lesion in animals of EI; however, in gerbils of EII it was possible to verify that the alterations (lesions) were more pronounced in gerbils evaluated on day 30 PI when compared to day 15 PI. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the purine levels in brain were altered in both experiments, concomitant with the histopathological injuries observed in EII.
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Boitz JM, Strasser R, Hartman CU, Jardim A, Ullman B. Adenine aminohydrolase from Leishmania donovani: unique enzyme in parasite purine metabolism. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7626-39. [PMID: 22238346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine aminohydrolase (AAH) is an enzyme that is not present in mammalian cells and is found exclusively in Leishmania among the protozoan parasites that infect humans. AAH plays a paramount role in purine metabolism in this genus by steering 6-aminopurines into 6-oxypurines. Leishmania donovani AAH is 38 and 23% identical to Saccharomyces cerevisiae AAH and human adenosine deaminase enzymes, respectively, catalyzes adenine deamination to hypoxanthine with an apparent K(m) of 15.4 μM, and does not recognize adenosine as a substrate. Western blot analysis established that AAH is expressed in both life cycle stages of L. donovani, whereas subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies confirmed that AAH is localized to the parasite cytosol. Deletion of the AAH locus in intact parasites established that AAH is not an essential gene and that Δaah cells are capable of salvaging the same range of purine nucleobases and nucleosides as wild type L. donovani. The Δaah null mutant was able to infect murine macrophages in vitro and in mice, although the parasite loads in both model systems were modestly reduced compared with wild type infections. The Δaah lesion was also introduced into a conditionally lethal Δhgprt/Δxprt mutant in which viability was dependent on pharmacologic ablation of AAH by 2'-deoxycoformycin. The Δaah/Δhgprt/Δxprt triple knock-out no longer required 2'-deoxycoformycin for growth and was avirulent in mice with no persistence after a 4-week infection. These genetic studies underscore the paramount importance of AAH to purine salvage by L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Boitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Ghérardi A, Sarciron ME. Molecules targeting the purine salvage pathway in Apicomplexan parasites. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:384-9. [PMID: 17574921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The need of intracellular parasites to retrieve nutrients and fulfill their energy requirements is achieved by manipulating the host's metabolism. With the spread of AIDS, research on purine metabolism has gained in importance with the aim to develop drugs against opportunistic infections. Many studies over the past ten years have yielded contradictory results, but this review tries to clarify these findings by exposing the latest data concerning purine transport and the specific activities of the major enzymes of the purine salvage pathway of Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum and Cryptosporidium parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ghérardi
- Pharmaceutical Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Claude-Bernard University Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Lawton P, Pélandakis M, Pétavy AF, Walchshofer N. Overexpression, purification and characterization of a hexahistidine-tagged recombinant extended nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) of the Cryptosporidium parvum CpABC3 for rational drug design. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 152:101-7. [PMID: 17222922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Its natural resistance to antiprotozoal chemotherapy characterizes the intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum and the P-glycoprotein-related multidrug resistance proteins such as CpABC3 could be involved. In order to design and study specific inhibitors of the CpABC3 nucleotide-binding domain, a hexahistidine-tagged recombinant protein encompassing the N-terminal cytosolic NBD1 domain was overexpressed in E. coli and purified. The 45 kDa H6-NBD1 displayed intrinsic fluorescent properties consistent with the presence of two Trp residues in a hydrophobic environment. The binding of ATP and the fluorescent analogue TNP-ATP produced a dose-dependent quenching as well as progesterone and the flavone quercetin. The extrinsic fluorescence of TNP-ATP was enhanced upon binding to H6-NBD1, which was only partially displaced by the natural substrate ATP. The recombinant protein hydrolyzed ATP (K(m)=145.4+/-18.2 microM), but ADP (K(m)=4.3+/-0.6mM) and AMP (K(m)=5.4+/-1.5 microM) were also substrates. TNP-ATP is a competitive inhibitor of the catalytic activity (K(i)=36.6+/-4.5 microM), but quercetin and progesterone were not inhibitors, evidencing different binding sites. The recombinant C. parvum H6-NBD1 should be a valuable tool for rational drug design and will allow the discrimination between specific inhibitors of the catalytic site and molecules binding to other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lawton
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 3741 Lyon, France.
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Gherardi A, Peyrol S, Sarciron ME. Toxoplasma gondii: localization of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in vitro and in vivo by electron microscopy. Med Mol Morphol 2006; 38:251-5. [PMID: 16378234 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-005-0303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, EC 2.4.2.1) activity was revealed by enzyme histochemistry in Toxoplasma gondii ME49 strain isolated from murine cerebral cysts and from in vitro cultivation. The activity of the enzyme was revealed by an insoluble electron-opaque precipitate of lead phosphate at the site of the reaction. In bradyzoites and tachyzoites of T. gondii, the enzyme activity could be observed only in the cytoplasm. In bradyzoites, one or two foci of important PNP activity were detected near the nucleus. In tachyzoites, an important PNP activity underlined the plasma membrane. For both bradyzoites and tachyzoites, localization neither in the nucleus nor in cytoplasmic organelles could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gherardi
- Pharmaceutical Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Claude Bernard University, Lyon I, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon, Cedex 08, France.
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Lawton P, Hejl C, Mancassola R, Naciri M, Petavy AF. Effects of purine nucleosides on the in vitro growth of Cryptosporidium parvum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 226:39-43. [PMID: 13129605 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of purine nucleosides on the in vitro growth of Cryptosporidium parvum was studied. Culturing the parasite in THP-1 cells for 72 h in growth medium supplemented with adenosine or inosine improved the parasite yields especially in the first 48 h. Similar results were obtained with parasites cultured in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells and incubated for 24 h with inosine. The addition of inosine to 72-h cultures enhanced the growth of C. parvum in THP-1 cells, especially the trophic stages, whereas the analogue formycin B was toxic to the parasites and induced a marked decrease in the gamont stages. The monitoring of the added purine nucleosides by high performance liquid chromatography showed that at 37 degrees C in the presence of THP-1 cells, a rapid uptake of inosine occurred with hypoxanthine being the main purine present after 2 h in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lawton
- Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, F-69373 Cedex 08, Lyon, France.
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Bouaziz Z, Ghérardi A, Régnier F, Sarciron ME, Bertheau X, Fenet B, Walchshofer N, Fillion H. Synthesis of Carbazolequinone Derivatives as Inhibitors ofToxoplasma gondii Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200206)2002:11<1834::aid-ejoc1834>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alvarez F, Ghérardi A, Nebois P, Sarciron ME, Pétavy AF, Walchshofer N. Benzimidazole-4,7-diones as inhibitors of protozoal (Toxoplasma gondii) purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:977-9. [PMID: 11959007 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-4,7-diones derivatives substituted at 1- and/or 2-position have been synthetized and tested as inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), isolated from two strains of Toxoplasma gondii (RH and ME 49). They were identified as inhibitors of both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (EA 635), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lyon I, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Wang L, Hosmane RS. A unique ring-expanded acyclic nucleoside analogue that inhibits both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and guanine deaminase (GDA; guanase): synthesis and enzyme inhibition studies of 4,6-diamino-8H-1-hydroxyethoxymethyl-8-iminoimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2893-6. [PMID: 11677121 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and enzyme inhibition studies of a novel ring-expanded acyclic nucleoside analogue are reported. Compound has been found to be a competitive inhibitor of both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and guanine deaminase (GDA; guanase) with K(i)'s equal to 1.52+/-0.34 x 10(-4) M and 2.97+/-0.25 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Inhibition of two enzymes of purine metabolism may bear beneficial implications in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Guieu R, Brunet P, Sampol J, Bechis G, Fenouillet E, Mege JL, Capo C, Vitte J, Ibrahim Z, Carrega L, Lerda D, Rochat H, Berland Y, Dussol B. Adenosine and hemodialysis in humans. J Investig Med 2001; 49:56-67. [PMID: 11217148 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.34091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections and hypotension are serious complications that develop during hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Adenosine (ADO), a strong hypotensive and immunosuppressive agent, may participate in these two HD complications, because high concentrations of ADO metabolites are found in dialyzed human plasma. ADO, which is released by endothelial cells, is quickly transformed into inosine (INO) by plasmatic ADO deaminase (ADA) and mononuclear cell ADO deaminase (MCADA). In plasma, the degradation of ADO into INO and its uptake by red blood cells (RBC) are both very rapid, resulting in the short half-life of ADO in blood. METHODS Using liquid chromatography, we evaluated ADO and INO plasma concentrations before and after HD session. RESULTS Before the HD session, ADO and INO plasma concentrations were higher in hemodialyzed patients than in controls and in peritoneally dialyzed patients. At the end of the HD session, ADO plasma concentration was increased. ADO plasma concentration for the undialyzed patients was in the same range as that of the controls. Before HD, ADA activity was higher in hemodialyzed patients (559 +/- 349 IU) than in controls (219 +/- 48 IU), and the activity rose during the session (665 +/- 135 IU). ADA activity in the undialyzed patients (222 +/- 80 IU) was in the same range as that of the controls (219 +/- 48 IU). Before the HD session, the MCADA activity (247 +/- 144 IU) was lower than in controls (624 +/- 99 IU). HD did not modify ADO RBC uptake. ADO inhibited mononuclear cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production in humans. Finally, as much as 50 microM INO does not inhibit ADO uptake by RBC and does not modify ADA and MCADA activities. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that chronic HD inhibited MCADA activity and increased ADO plasma concentration. Both high ADO plasma concentration and low MCADA activity may be involved in dialysis-induced immune system failure and thereby favor infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guieu
- UMR CNRS 6560, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord, Bd P. Dramard, 13015 Marseille, France.
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