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Miller LH. Abba Kastin: The melanocyte stimulating hormone story and the future of the proteophathies. Peptides 2015; 72:104-5. [PMID: 25819751 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From a personal viewpoint, Abba was always a congenial colleague and a good friend. I recall the hours of unraveling complex, confusing, and many times contradictory data sets with him and the excitement we both felt as what had been puzzling began to make sense. Most of all, I feel privileged to have Abba as a long and valued friend.
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Schally AV. Endocrine approaches to treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological conditions: Part I: Some recollections of my association with Dr. Abba Kastin: A tale of successful collaboration. Peptides 2015; 72:154-63. [PMID: 25843023 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
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Kastin AJ, Pan W. Concepts for biologically active peptides. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:3390-400. [PMID: 20726835 DOI: 10.2174/138161210793563491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review a unique aspect of CNS research on biologically active peptides that started against a background of prevalent dogmas but ended by exerting considerable influence on the field. During the course of refuting some doctrines, we introduced several concepts that were unconventional and paradigm-shifting at the time. We showed that (1) hypothalamic peptides can act 'up' on the brain as well as 'down' on the pituitary, (2) peripheral peptides can affect the brain, (3) peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier, (4) the actions of peptides can persist longer than their half-lives in blood, (5) perinatal administration of peptides can exert actions persisting into adulthood, (6) a single peptide can have more than one action, (7) dose-response relationships of peptides need not be linear, (8) the brain produces antiopiate as well as opiate peptides, (9) there is a selective high affinity endogenous peptide ligand for the mu-opiate receptor, (10) a peptide's name does not restrict its effects, and (11) astrocytes assume an active role in response to metabolic disturbance and hyperleptinemia. The evolving questions in our laboratories reflect the diligent effort of the neuropeptide community to identify the roles of peptides in the CNS. The next decade is expected to see greater progress in the following areas: (a) interactions of peptides with other molecules in the CNS; (b) peptide involvement in cell-cell interactions; and (c) peptides in neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of peptidomics and gene silencing approaches will expedite the formation of many new concepts in a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba J Kastin
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Abstract
The interaction of bedside and basic science has led to the identification ofa short list of pathological proteins as causal in Alzheimer's disease. AI3P has received the most attention, and work with animal models has reinforced the evidence that overproduction of ABP causes cognitive impairments. Animal models are now being used to discover and develop unique therapeutics directed at reversing the deleterious effects of ABP. These models strongly suggest that established Alzheimer's disease might be reversible, not just preventable. Animal models are also demonstrating that other peptides and proteins can enhance or impair cognitive function. These peptides and proteins add further to the list of possible therapeutic candidates. Approaches such as these, and not the commercial antiaging remedies that have no scientific basis, will eventually provide medicine for memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.
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Abstract
The secretion of growth hormone (GH) is regulated through a complex neuroendocrine control system, especially by the functional interplay of two hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS), exerting stimulatory and inhibitory influences, respectively, on the somatotrope. The two hypothalamic neurohormones are subject to modulation by a host of neurotransmitters, especially the noradrenergic and cholinergic ones and other hypothalamic neuropeptides, and are the final mediators of metabolic, endocrine, neural, and immune influences for the secretion of GH. Since the identification of the GHRH peptide, recombinant DNA procedures have been used to characterize the corresponding cDNA and to clone GHRH receptor isoforms in rodent and human pituitaries. Parallel to research into the effects of SS and its analogs on endocrine and exocrine secretions, investigations into their mechanism of action have led to the discovery of five separate SS receptor genes encoding a family of G protein-coupled SS receptors, which are widely expressed in the pituitary, brain, and the periphery, and to the synthesis of analogs with subtype specificity. Better understanding of the function of GHRH, SS, and their receptors and, hence, of neural regulation of GH secretion in health and disease has been achieved with the discovery of a new class of fairly specific, orally active, small peptides and their congeners, the GH-releasing peptides, acting on specific, ubiquitous seven-transmembrane domain receptors, whose natural ligands are not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy, and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Steiger A, Guldner J, Knisatschek H, Rothe B, Lauer C, Holsboer F. Effects of an ACTH/MSH(4-9) analog (HOE 427) on the sleep EEG and nocturnal hormonal secretion in humans. Peptides 1991; 12:1007-10. [PMID: 1666179 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90051-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic ACTH/MSH(4-9) analog HOE 427 ("ebiratide"), which is behaviorally the most potent ACTH-derived peptide but which is devoid of endocrine activity, was administered intravenously in a pulsatile mode 4 times (120 micrograms each) at 2200, 2300, 2400 and 0100 to study its effect on the sleep EEG and on concomitant hormonal secretion of cortisol and growth hormone. In comparison to placebo, the peptide produced signs of general activation associated with specific deteriorating effects on the quality of sleep. Sleep onset latency and intermittent wakefulness were increased, slow wave sleep was reduced, but only during the first 3 hours of the sleep period. The nocturnal secretory patterns of cortisol and growth hormone were unaffected by HOE 427. These effects are different from those reported in similar studies in which corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was applied in humans, and they suggest that peripherally administered neuropeptides have specific nonendocrine behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Institute, München, Germany
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7
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Abstract
The last decade has seen rapid growth in research with neuropeptides. During this time, we have been actively developing several concepts including the highly controversial one that peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier in intact form. One of the endogenous brain peptides used as a prototype for that concept, Tyr-MIF-1, also was used for the concept of the existence of endogenous antiopiate neuropeptides. As has been true for most novel developments in science, these concepts, as well as some older ones, were met with a great deal of skepticism when first suggested. Eventually, however, amnesia concerning the difficulties initially encountered with the introduction of new concepts occurs, with their subsequent "rediscovery" made easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kastin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of New Orleans, Louisiana
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8
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Abstract
Twenty-four-hour urine samples from psychotic and autistic children were precipitated with benzoic acid at pH 4.3. Fractionation of the aromatic complexes thus formed with benzoic acid-protein and peptides and uric acid, proteins and peptides on G-25 columns-yielded filtration patterns that may be of diagnostic value. Peptide material could be extracted from the formed complexes and refractionated on P2 gels. Increased levels of peptide material, especially of N-substituted peptides, could be demonstrated. Several bioactive factors (Reichelt et al. 1981) are under study. Possible etiological factors are discussed, and a working hypothesis is presented.
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Youdim MB, Yehuda S. Iron deficiency induces reversal of dopamine dependent circadian cycles: differential response to d-amphetamine and TRH. Peptides 1985; 6:851-5. [PMID: 3936024 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats made nutritionally iron-deficient (ID) have significantly diminished haemoglobin, serum iron and hypothermic response to d-amphetamine (15 mg/kg). The reduction of d-amphetamine induced hypothermia is comparatively greater in the dark than in the light period. Neither TRH (1 mg/kg) nor CG 3703, a peptidase resistant TRH analogue (1 mg/kg), induced hypothermia in control of ID animals. However, in combination with d-amphetamine, TRH and CG 3703 did not alter the hypothermic effect observed initially with d-amphetamine. In contrast to control animals, ID rats treated with saline or d-amphetamine (15 mg/kg) exhibited a greater degree of motor activity in the light as compared to the dark period. However, the overall activity (light plus dark) was unchanged in the ID group. The motor activity in response to TRH or CG 3703 was not changed as a result of iron-deficiency. These differential responses may be due to a more pronounced action of d-amphetamine on dopaminergic system, which is known to be changed in iron-deficiency, and of TRH and CG 3703 on the noradrenergic neurones.
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Abstract
The brain is both the source and the recipient of peptide signals. The question is: Do endogenous, blood-borne peptide molecules influence brain function? Brain regions with the tight capillaries of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) extract low but measurable amounts of labeled peptide molecules from an intracarotid bolus injection. In the rat, the extraction fractions of beta-casomorphin-5, DesGlyNH2-arginine-vasopressin, arginine-vasopressin, lysine-vasopressin, oxytocin, gonadoliberin, substance P, and beta-endorphin, studied in this laboratory, range from 0.5% (substance P) to 2.4% (arginine-vasopressin). Extraction varies little among the 15 examined brain regions. As shown for arginine-vasopressin, the extracted peptides may be bound in part to specific binding sites located on the luminal membrane of the tight endothelial cells. Transport of peptide molecules across the BBB cannot be ruled out, but it is unlikely that endogenous peptides pass the BBB in physiologically significant amounts. In contrast, in brain regions with leaky capillaries, e.g., selected circumventricular organs including the pineal gland, neurohypophysis, and choroid plexus, the peptide fraction extracted approaches that of water. Within the circumventricular organs, the peptide molecules actually reach the cellular elements of the tissue. However, no studies definitively show that peptides reach neurons in the deeper layers of the brain. On the other hand, blood-borne peptides influence the BBB permeability by altering the transport of essential substances. The effect may be mediated by specific peptide binding sites located at the luminal membrane of the endothelium. It is possible that the effect of peptides on the BBB is necessary for proper brain function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Reichelt KL, Edminson PD, Toft KG. Urinary peptides in schizophrenia and depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/smi.2460010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kastin AJ, Abel DA, Ehrensing RH, Coy DH, Graf MV. Tyr-MIF-1 and MIF-1 are active in the water wheel test for antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 21:767-71. [PMID: 6151196 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(84)80017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MIF-1 [Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2] and Tyr-MIF-1 [Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2] were tested in a system in which antidepressant drugs are known to result in increased wheel turning as mice attempt to escape from a small tank of water. One hr after injection, both peptides were found to cause a significant increase of the number of rotations of the wheel at doses as low as 0.01 mg/kg IP, the dose-response pattern for MIF-1 resembling an inverted-U. DSIP and morphine, by contrast, decreased the number of rotations. Under the conditions tested, neither MIF-1 nor Tyr-MIF-1 reversed the effect of morphine. The results demonstrate that MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 are active in another test for antidepressants.
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Vellucci SV. Chlordiazepoxide-induced potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time is reduced by ACTH(1-24). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 21:39-41. [PMID: 6087377 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ACTH(1-24) on the potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time by chlordiazepoxide (CDP) were investigated in the rat. CDP (10 mg/kg, IP) significantly (p less than 0.001) potentiated hexobarbitone (100 mg/kg, IP)-induced sleeping time. This effect was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by ACTH(1-24) (10 micrograms/100 g, IP), although ACTH did not influence the response to hexobarbitone in the absence of CDP. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in relation to recent observations concerning the possible interactions between ACTH and benzodiazepines.
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Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Coy DH. Evidence that [125I]N-Tyr-delta sleep-inducing peptide crosses the blood-brain barrier by a non-competitive mechanism. Brain Res 1984; 301:201-7. [PMID: 6547363 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), a nonapeptide, has previously been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats and the blood-CSF barrier in dogs. New experiments were conducted to determine if this crossing was competitive. Neither DSIP nor several analogs, including non-radioactive [127I]N-Tyr-DSIP, injected by the jugular vein or carotid artery, inhibited passage of radioactive [125I]N-Tyr-DSIP across the rat BBB. Column chromatography of brain samples confirmed that the radioactivity in the brain represented intact [125I]N-Tyr-DSIP and that the non-radioactive competing materials did not interfere with the degradation or binding of [125I]N-Tyr-DSIP. In addition, N-Tyr-DSIP was unable to inhibit the appearance of radioactive [125I]N-Tyr-DSIP in the CSF of dogs. In conclusion, the evidence from these experiments suggests that [125I]N-Tyr-DSIP crosses the rat BBB and dog blood-CSF barrier by a non-competitive mechanism.
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Abstract
Since the turn of the century, it has been postulated that humoral factors induce sleep. Many compounds were proposed as sleep-factors, but only two of the sleep-peptides have been purified to homogeneity and characterized, so far. One of them, DSIP, was shown to be a nonapeptide of MW 849 and to induce mainly delta-sleep in rabbits, rats, mice, and humans, whereas in cats, the effect on REM sleep was more pronounced. A U-shaped activity curve was determined for the dose as well as for the time of infusion. DSIP-like material was found by RIA and immunohistochemistry in brain and by RIA in peripheral organs of the rat as well as in plasma of several mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide also has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.
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Knudtzon J. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone increases plasma levels of glucagon and insulin in rabbits. Life Sci 1984; 34:547-54. [PMID: 6141515 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous injections of 25 and 2.5 micrograms alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) increased plasma levels of glucagon, insulin and free fatty acids in fasted and fed rabbits. 45 micrograms beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) had similar effects, whereas 22 micrograms gamma-2-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) was inactive. The alpha-MSH-induced increases in the plasma levels of glucagon, insulin and free fatty acids were not inhibited by alpha- or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. The alpha-MSH-induced increases in the plasma levels of insulin were, however, augmented by phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking drug). The plasma levels of glucose were increased by 25 micrograms alpha-MSH in fed rabbits, only, and were decreased by alpha-MSH during alpha-receptor blockade. The acute in vivo effects of alpha-MSH and beta-MSH on the plasma levels of glucagon, insulin and free fatty acids were rather similar to those previously reported for corticotropin (ACTH). It is possible that the 4-10 ACTH sequence, present in alpha-MSH, beta-MSH and ACTH, but not in gamma-MSH, is a message sequence for the observed effects. However, ORG 2766, a 4-9 ACTH analogue, was inactive. The mechanism by which alpha-MSH increased the plasma levels of glucagon and insulin in rabbits remains to be determined. It is possible, that the effects were mediated by both a central nervous action and a direct action on the endocrine pancreas.
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Abstract
The neurohypophyseal hormones oxytocin and vasopressin cause a variety of biological effects in animals which are mediated by central nervous system mechanisms. Among the best studied of these effects is the modulation of both memory processes and the development of drug tolerance and dependence. Neurohypophyseal hormones have also been shown to alter various physiological parameters such as heart rate and body temperature following central administration. In addition, these peptides can profoundly alter spontaneous, unlearned behavior in several rodent species. Many of the centrally mediated effects of neurohypophyseal hormones have been shown to be elicited at sites within the brain stem and the limbic system where vasopressin and oxytocin occur in cell bodies, axons and nerve terminals, suggesting a physiological role for these peptide effects. The various central effects of neurohypophyseal hormones involve different mechanisms which can be distinguished from one another on the basis of required dose, time-course of action, and structure-activity relationships. Thus, alterations of spontaneous behavior are mediated by putative receptors closely related to vasopressin receptors in blood vessels responsible for the peripheral pressor response while the effects on memory processes are mediated by a mechanism which is not closely related to those involved in the peripheral hormonal effects of the peptides. The influence of neurohypophyseal hormones on memory and attention may be useful clinically. A potential role for these peptides in mental disorders is discussed.
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Kastin AJ, Banks WA, Zadina JE, Graf M. Minireview. Brain peptides: the dangers of constricted nomenclatures. Life Sci 1983; 32:295-301. [PMID: 6402627 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Mora S, Nasello AG, Mandelli-Lopes M, Díaz-Véliz G. LHRH and rat avoidance behavior: influence of castration and testosterone. Physiol Behav 1983; 30:19-22. [PMID: 6340135 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pretraining subcutaneous administration of a high dose of LHRH (100 micrograms/kg) to intact rats impaired acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in a two way shuttle box. Acquisition of a CAR was also decreased when LHRH was administered to castrated rats. LHRH antagonized the dose related impairment in acquisition and retention performance induced by testosterone in castrated animals. The results are discussed based on the interrelationships between castration, testosterone, LHRH and brain monoamines.
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Schneider DR, Felt BT, Goldman H. Desglycyl-8-arginine vasopressin affects regional mouse brain cyclic AMP content. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 16:139-43. [PMID: 6276905 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Cumin R, Bandle EF, Gamzu E, Haefely WE. Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982; 78:104-11. [PMID: 6817363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aniracetam (Ro 13-5057, 1-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone) was studied on various forms of experimentally impaired cognitive functions (learning and memory) in rodents and produced the following effects: (1) almost complete prevention of the incapacity to learn a discrete escape response in rats exposed to sublethal hypercapnia immediately before the acquisition session; (2) partial (rats) or complete (mice) prevention of the scopolamine-induced short-term amnesia for a passive avoidance task; (3) complete protection against amnesia for a passive avoidance task in rats submitted to electroconvulsive shock immediately after avoidance acquisition; (4) prevention of the long-term retention- or retrieval-deficit for a passive avoidance task induced in rats and mice by chloramphenicol or cycloheximide administered immediately after acquisition; (5) reversal, when administered as late as 1 h before the retention test, of the deficit in retention or retrieval of a passive avoidance task induced by cycloheximide injected 2 days previously; (6) prevention of the deficit in the retrieval of an active avoidance task induced in mice by subconvulsant electroshock or hypercapnia applied immediately before retrieval testing (24 h after acquisition). These improvements or normalizations of impaired cognitive functions were seen at oral aniracetam doses of 10-100 mg/kg. Generally, the dose-response curves were bell-shaped. The mechanisms underlying the activity of aniracetam and its 'therapeutic window' are unknown. Piracetam, another pyrrolidinone derivative was used for comparison. It was active only in six of nine tests and had about one-tenth the potency of aniracetam. The results indicate that aniracetam improves cognitive functions which are impaired by different procedure and in different phases of the learning and memory process.
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Luciano MG, Zadina JE, Kastin AJ, Coy DH. Mu and delta opiate receptors in rat brain are affected by GTP but not by MIF-1. Brain Res Bull 1981; 7:677-82. [PMID: 6120030 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(81)90117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The possible competition of MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) with 3H-naloxone or 3H-D-Ala-D-Leu-enkephalin (DADLE) for mu and delta opiate receptors in the rat striatum was examined under conditions of varying temperatures and concentrations of sodium and GTP. MIF-1, in concentrations ranging from 10(-14) to 10(-3) M, failed to compete with either 3H-DADLE or 3H-naloxone for delta or mu receptors, GTP (2 microM) facilitated binding (17.7 +/- 1.9%) at all concentrations of MIF-1 in the 1H-DADLE assay; unexpectedly, GTP facilitated binding in the 3H-naloxone assay (11.5 +/- 1.3%) under conditions used to potentiate antagonist binding (addition of NaCl and incubation at 4 degrees C). GTP showed optimal facilitation at a concentration of about 2 microM in both the 3H-DADLE and 3H-naloxone "antagonist" conditions. At higher doses of GTP, 3H-naloxone binding remained high, but 3H-DADLE binding decreased to near or below control values. MIF-1 did not affect these GTP responses, indicating further the lack of effect of this peptide on opiate binding.
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Miller LH, Kastin AJ, Hayes M, Sterste A, Garcia J, Coy DH. Inverse relationship between onset and duration of EEG effects of six peripherally administered peptides. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981; 15:845-8. [PMID: 6895669 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrical activity in the rat brain after the peripheral injection of equimolar (0.1 mM) doses of Metenkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, gamma-endorphin, DSIP, and alpha-MSH was assessed by power spectral analysis. The mean onset of EEG activity for each peptide varied between 13.7 and 20.7 minutes and lasted between 27.8 and 40.8 minutes. The significant (p less than 0.001) interaction between duration and latency revealed that the longer the latency, the shorter the duration. Similar findings were observed after injection of the same peptides at a fixed dose of 80 microgram/kg body weight. Thus, the results demonstrate that peripherally injected peptides can exert EEG effects that last longer the sooner they start.
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Yehuda S, Youdim MB. Effects of TRH and PS-24 on colonic temperature and motor activity of rats: possible role of dopamine. Peptides 1981; 2:131-5. [PMID: 6794010 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(81)80024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
TRH and PS-24 (a TRH peptidase resistant analogue) induce different effects on body temperature and motor activity in rats kept at 4 degrees C. PS-24 induced hypothermia, but TRH did not. PS-24 induced hypermotility, while TRH induced slight hypomotility. The thermal effect of TRH in hypophysectomized rats was similar to its effect in control intact rats, but PS-24 induced marked hypothermia in hypophysectomized rats. While TRH partially blocked d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia, PS-24 induced marked hypothermia in hypophysectomized rats. While TRH partially blocked d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia were blocked in olfactory tubercle-lesioned rats. The data indicate that the thermal effects of PS-24 are mediated by the dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens and are reversible by pretreatment with haloperidol in hypophysectomized rats. In addition, no correlation between the effects of the treatments on thermoregulation and motor activity was found.
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Fink M, Ottosson JO. A theory of convulsive therapy in endogenous depression: significance of hypothalamic functions. Psychiatry Res 1980; 2:49-61. [PMID: 6106253 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(80)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The repeated induction of seizures (convulsive therapy) relieves the symptoms of severe depressive mood disorders, particularly those accompanied by vegetative symptoms. Neuroendocrine abnormalities characterize patients with endogenous depression, and the abnormalities are reversed by convulsive therapy. Tests of neuroendocrine functions provide criteria for the classification of such cases, and probably will be useful in defining suitable cases for convulsive therapy. We postulate that the antidepressant efficacy of convulsive therapy results from the increased release and more widespread cerebral distribution of hypothalamic peptides with behavioral effects. Such a hypothesis provides a basis for clinical trials of centrally active peptides in cases of endogenous depression, and for studies of neuroendocrine functions as predictors of outcome in convulsive therapy.
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Mactutus CF, Smith RL, Riccio DC. Extending the duration of ACTH-induced memory reactivation in an amnesic paradigm. Physiol Behav 1980; 24:541-6. [PMID: 6246559 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Olson GA, Olson RD, Kastin AJ, Green MT, Roig-Smith R, Hill CW, Coy DH. Effects of an enkephalin analog on complex learning in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1979; 11:341-5. [PMID: 116247 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Facilitation of the learning of a discrimination reversal task for a reward of food was found in rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous administration of a potent pentafluorinated enkephalin analog. (D-Ala2)-F5-Phe4-enkephalin-NH2. General activity, short-term memory, startle, and analgesia, however, were not significantly affected. In a within-subject design, each of 6 monkeys (3 males and 3 females) received each of 5 doses of the enkephalin analog (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram/kg). One daily injection was made for 7 consecutive days, including pre- and posttests on the first and last days with the diluent control. The enkephalin doses, with the exception of the 0.1 microgram/kg level, produced significantly faster learning than the diluent. Some sex differences were suggested by the data, but these effects are difficult to interpret. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of this analog given systematically can exert a reliable effect on a complex behavior such as reversal learning at doses devoid of opiate effects, due perhaps to enhanced cognitive flexibility rather than improvement in short-term memory or association formation.
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Abstract
Antibodies generated in a rabbit by immunization with synthetic delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) showed no cross-reactivity with 19 naturally-occurring peptides or analogues and were used to establish a radioimmunoassay. Since DSIP is not readily iodinated by conventional methods, N-Tyr-DSIP was synthesized to prepare the tracer; the dose-response curve for N-Tyr-DSIP was exactly parallel to that for DSIP. With this assay, DSIP-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of rats. The highest brain values were found in the thalamus (11.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mg). The widespread presence of DSIP-like material throughout the body as well as the shared amino acid sequences of DSIP with other proteins suggest caution in defining the material being measured by this new assay. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DSIP-like activity in brain tissue and elsewhere warrants consideration of functions in addition to a possible role in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kastin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, New Orleans, LA
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Kastin AJ, Coy DH, Schally AV, Meyers CA. Activity of VIP, somatostatin and other peptides in the mouse vas deferens assay. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9:673-6. [PMID: 733857 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-opiate peptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin were tested for their effects on electrically induced contractions of the vas deferens. VIP(ED50 = 2.7 X 10(-8) M) and to a lesser extent somatostatin (ED50 = 5.2 X 10(-8) M) were found to be in the same general range of activity as enkephalin and the endorphins in this system. Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) exerted a biphasic effect, inhibiting the contractions at high concentrations but enhancing them at lower concentrations. A number of other natural occurring brain peptides were ineffective at concentrations of 1 X 10(-6) M. Several somatostatin analogues were tested and their activity on the vas deferens was found to more closely parallel their potency to inhibit the release of gastric acid than of growth hormone. In contrast to the brain opiates, however, the inhibitory effects of VIP, somatostatin and its analogues, and HPP were not reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The results suggest that the vas deferens can be readily used for evaluation of analogues of VIP, somatostatin, and other peptides.
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Kastin AJ, Scollan EL, Ehrensing RH, Schally AV, Coy DH. Enkephalin and other peptides reduce passiveness. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9:515-9. [PMID: 733838 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin and other brain peptides previously have been shown to be active in the dopa potentiation test which may be considered an animal model of mental depression. A recently described model of passive immobility during swimming, also sensitive to tricyclic antidepressants, was therefore used to study a large number of naturally occurring peptides and some of their analogues. It was found that several enkephalins with no opiate activity after peripheral injection reduced the immobility and thus increased the activity of swimming rats. alpha-MSH, but not its 4--10 core or a 4--9 analogue, also caused significantly more swimming than did the diluent control. As we have previously found in several animal and clinical studies, a smaller dose of MIF-I was more effective than larger doses. The results confirm our concept of the CNS actions of brain peptides and support the suggestion that some of them, like the enkephalins, might be useful after peripheral administration in mental depression or other CNS disorders.
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Olson RD, Kastin AJ, Montalbano-Smith D, Olson GA, Coy DH, Michell GF. Neuropeptides and the blood-brain barrier in goldfish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9:521-4. [PMID: 733839 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The general activity level of a goldfish is easily monitored by placing it in water to a depth of 2.5 cm in an aquarium on top of an activity meter. With this system, goldfish were administered a 5 microliter (80 microgram/kg) intracranial (IC) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of one of 21 compounds and tested for general activity. The results indicated that activity decreased significantly over time and the peptides differentially decreased activity, with the greatest alterations in activity produced by two new enkephalin analogs: D-Ala2, F5Phe4-enkephalin-NH2 and Nalpha Nepsilon-bis-(D-Ala2-enkephalin)-Lys-NH2. Overall, decreased activity began approximately 3 min after an IC injections and 6 min after an IP injection. The longer latency after IP injections may indicate the time required for the substance, either in its original or fragmented form, to reach and cross the blood-brain barrier and makes a primary peripheral effect unlikely. Most of the peptides or possibly their metabolites appeared to enter the brain since no significant difference in activity existed after IC and IP injections, with both producing reliable decreases from the control. In summary, peptides can exert behavioral effects after both IC and IP administration in goldfish.
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