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Xu F, Chen J, Wang W, Zhu L. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) decreased the protein quality of rice grains by disturbing amino acid metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 353:124162. [PMID: 38754691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils posed potential risks to crop growth and food safety due to their prevalence and persistence. PBDEs were capable of being absorbed and accumulated into crops, impacting their growth, whereas the interference on metabolic components and nutritional composition deserves further elucidation. This study integrated a combined non-targeted and targeted metabolomics method to explore the influences of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the metabolic responses of rice (Oryza sativa). Metabolic pathways, which were associated with sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, were significantly disturbed under PBDE stresses. Particularly, 75% of the marked altered pathways belonged to amino acid metabolism, with alanine/aspartate/glutamate metabolism being commonly enhanced. The degradation of aspartic acid promoted the formation of downstream amino acids, among which the levels of lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and asparagine were increased by 1.31-3.15 folds compared to the control. Thus, the antioxidant capacity in rice plants was enhanced, particularly through the significant promotion of ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in rice leaves. The amino acids were promoted to resist reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently, thus were deficient for nutrient storage. When exposed to 4 μmol/kg PBDEs, the contents of amino acids and proteins in grains decreased by 9.1-32.1% and 8.6-34.8%, respectively. In particular, glutelin level was decreased by 5.6-41.2%, resulting in a decline in nutritional quality. This study demonstrated that PBDEs deteriorated the protein nutrition in rice grains by affecting amino acid metabolism, providing a new perspective for evaluating the ecological risks of PBDEs and securing agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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2
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Papadopoulou EA, Angelis A, Skaltsounis AL, Aliferis KA. GC/EI/MS and 1H NMR Metabolomics Reveal the Effect of an Olive Tree Endophytic Bacillus sp. Lipopeptide Extract on the Metabolism of Colletotrichum acutatum. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040462. [PMID: 37110121 PMCID: PMC10142168 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to the Green Deal era requires the discovery of alternative sources of bioactivity and an in-depth understanding of their toxicity to target and non-target organisms. Endophytes have recently emerged as a source of bioactivity of high potential for applications in plant protection, used either per se as biological control agents or their metabolites as bioactive compounds. The olive tree endophytic isolate Bacillus sp. PTA13 produces an array of bioactive lipopeptides (LPs), which additionally exhibit reduced phytotoxicity, features that make them candidates for further research focusing on olive tree plant protection. Here, GC/EI/MS and 1H NMR metabolomics were employed to study the toxicity of a Bacillus sp. PTA13 LP extract on the olive tree pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum, which causes the devastating disease olive anthracnose. The discovery of resistant isolates of the pathogen to the applied fungicides makes the research on the development of improved sources of bioactivity of paramount importance. Analyses revealed that the applied extract affects the metabolism of the fungus by interfering with the biosynthesis of various metabolites and its energy production. LPs had a great impact on the aromatic amino acid metabolism, the energy equilibrium of the fungus and its fatty acid content. Additionally, the applied LPs affected the levels of pathogenesis-related metabolites, a finding that supports their potential for further research as plant protection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia-Anna Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Dumina M, Zhgun A. Thermo-L-Asparaginases: From the Role in the Viability of Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles at High Temperatures to a Molecular Understanding of Their Thermoactivity and Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032674. [PMID: 36768996 PMCID: PMC9916696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine, food industry, and diagnostics. Among various organisms expressing L-ASNases, thermophiles and hyperthermophiles produce enzymes with superior performances-stable and heat resistant thermo-ASNases. This review is an attempt to take a broader view on the thermo-ASNases. Here we discuss the position of thermo-ASNases in the large family of L-ASNases, their role in the heat-tolerance cellular system of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, and molecular aspects of their thermoactivity and thermostability. Different types of thermo-ASNases exhibit specific L-asparaginase activity and additional secondary activities. All products of these enzymatic reactions are associated with diverse metabolic pathways and are important for mitigating heat stress. Thermo-ASNases are quite distinct from typical mesophilic L-ASNases based on structural properties, kinetic and activity profiles. Here we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermo-ASNases' thermoactivity and thermostability, from amino acid composition to structural-functional relationships. Research of these enzymes has fundamental and biotechnological significance. Thermo-ASNases and their improved variants, cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, can form a large pool of enzymes with valuable characteristics for biotechnological application.
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Yan S, Gong S, Sun K, Li J, Zhang H, Fan J, Gong Z, Zhang Z, Yan C. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis of rice leaves in response to rice straw return. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:997557. [PMID: 36176680 PMCID: PMC9514043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Straw return is crucial for the sustainable development of rice planting, but no consistent results were observed for the effect of straw return on rice growth. To investigate the response of rice leaves to rice straw return in Northeast China, two treatments were set, no straw return (S0) and rice straw return (SR). We analyzed the physiological index of rice leaves and measured differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) levels in rice leaves by the use of proteomics and metabolomics approaches. The results showed that, compared with the S0 treatment, the SR treatment significantly decreased the dry weight of rice plants and non-structural carbohydrate contents and destroyed the chloroplast ultrastructure. In rice leaves of SR treatment, 329 DEPs were upregulated, 303 DEPs were downregulated, 44 DEMs were upregulated, and 71 DEMs were downregulated. These DEPs were mainly involved in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, and DEMs were mainly involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and gluconic acid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Rice straw return promoted the accumulation of scavenging substances of active oxygen and osmotic adjustment substances, such as glutathione, organic acids, amino acids, and other substances. The SR treatment reduced the photosynthetic capacity and energy production of carbon metabolism, inhibiting the growth of rice plants, while the increase of metabolites involved in defense against abiotic stress enhanced the adaptability of rice plants to straw return stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Yan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shengdan Gong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinwang Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinsheng Fan
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenping Gong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongxue Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Yan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Xu Y, Jian C, Li K, Tian Y, Zhu K, Zhang W, Wang W, Wang Z, Yang J. The role of polyamines in regulating amino acid biosynthesis in rice grains. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunji Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chaoqun Jian
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Ke Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Yinfang Tian
- Experimental Dairy Farm Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Kuanyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Weilu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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Watanabe M, Chiba Y, Hirai MY. Metabolism and Regulatory Functions of O-Acetylserine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Homocysteine, and Serine in Plant Development and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643403. [PMID: 34025692 PMCID: PMC8137854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of an organism is closely related to both its internal and external environments. Metabolites can act as signal molecules that regulate the functions of genes and proteins, reflecting the status of these environments. This review discusses the metabolism and regulatory functions of O-acetylserine (OAS), S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), homocysteine (Hcy), and serine (Ser), which are key metabolites related to sulfur (S)-containing amino acids in plant metabolic networks, in comparison to microbial and animal metabolism. Plants are photosynthetic auxotrophs that have evolved a specific metabolic network different from those in other living organisms. Although amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and common metabolites in all living organisms, their metabolism and regulation in plants have specific features that differ from those in animals and bacteria. In plants, cysteine (Cys), an S-containing amino acid, is synthesized from sulfide and OAS derived from Ser. Methionine (Met), another S-containing amino acid, is also closely related to Ser metabolism because of its thiomethyl moiety. Its S atom is derived from Cys and its methyl group from folates, which are involved in one-carbon metabolism with Ser. One-carbon metabolism is also involved in the biosynthesis of AdoMet, which serves as a methyl donor in the methylation reactions of various biomolecules. Ser is synthesized in three pathways: the phosphorylated pathway found in all organisms and the glycolate and the glycerate pathways, which are specific to plants. Ser metabolism is not only important in Ser supply but also involved in many other functions. Among the metabolites in this network, OAS is known to function as a signal molecule to regulate the expression of OAS gene clusters in response to environmental factors. AdoMet regulates amino acid metabolism at enzymatic and translational levels and regulates gene expression as methyl donor in the DNA and histone methylation or after conversion into bioactive molecules such as polyamine and ethylene. Hcy is involved in Met-AdoMet metabolism and can regulate Ser biosynthesis at an enzymatic level. Ser metabolism is involved in development and stress responses. This review aims to summarize the metabolism and regulatory functions of OAS, AdoMet, Hcy, and Ser and compare the available knowledge for plants with that for animals and bacteria and propose a future perspective on plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Yang Q, Yu W, Wu H, Zhang C, Sun SS, Liu Q. Lysine biofortification in rice by modulating feedback inhibition of aspartate kinase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:490-501. [PMID: 32945115 PMCID: PMC7955878 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysine is the main limiting essential amino acid (EAA) in the rice seeds, which is a major energy and nutrition source for humans and livestock. In higher plants, the rate-limiting steps in lysine biosynthesis pathway are catalysed by two key enzymes, aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), and both are extremely sensitive to feedback inhibition by lysine. In this study, two rice AK mutants (AK1 and AK2) and five DHDPS mutants (DHDPS1-DHDPS5), all single amino acid substitution, were constructed. Their protein sequences passed an allergic sequence-based homology alignment. Mutant proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and all were insensitive to the lysine analog S-(2-aminoethyl)-l-cysteine (AEC) at concentrations up to 12 mm. The AK and DHDPS mutants were transformed into rice, and free lysine was elevated in mature seeds of transgenic plants, especially those expressing AK2 or DHDPS1, 6.6-fold and 21.7-fold higher than the wild-type (WT) rice, respectively. We then engineered 35A2D1L plants by simultaneously expressing modified AK2 and DHDPS1, and inhibiting rice LKR/SDH (lysine ketoglutaric acid reductase/saccharopine dehydropine dehydrogenase). Free lysine levels in two 35A2D1L transgenic lines were 58.5-fold and 39.2-fold higher than in WT and transgenic rice containing native AK and DHDPS, respectively. Total free amino acid and total protein content were also elevated in 35A2D1L transgenic rice. Additionally, agronomic performance analysis indicated that transgenic lines exhibited normal plant growth, development and seed appearance comparable to WT plants. Thus, AK and DHDPS mutants may be used to improve the nutritional quality of rice and other cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Wai‐Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Hong‐Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Chang‐Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Samuel Sai‐Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Qiao‐Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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8
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Rashid A, Ali V, Khajuria M, Faiz S, Gairola S, Vyas D. GC-MS based metabolomic approach to understand nutraceutical potential of Cannabis seeds from two different environments. Food Chem 2020; 339:128076. [PMID: 33152869 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a valuable plant that has regained its importance for medicinal use. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomic study was conducted in seeds of two accessions from different environments. A total of 236 metabolites were observed, and 43 metabolites were found differentially significant (p ≤ 0.05) in both the accessions. Based on the qualitative and quantitative accumulation of the nutraceutically important amino acids, cannabinoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids, the high altitude temperate Himalayan accession (CAN2) was found to have an advantage over the low altitude subtropical accession (CAN1). Seed oil from CAN2 showed the exclusive presence of linoleic acid and α- linolenic acid. The reducing power and DNA nicking assay on the methanolic extracts suggested higher antioxidant and nutraceutical potential in CAN2 and corroborated with the metabolic content of phenols and flavonoids. The environmental effect on the antioxidant and nutraceutical value in seeds is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatif Rashid
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Villayat Ali
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Manu Khajuria
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India
| | - Sheenam Faiz
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Sumeet Gairola
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Dhiraj Vyas
- Plant Science (Biodiversity and Applied Botany) Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, J & K 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India.
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9
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Zhou Y, Lai Y, Chen Z, Qu H, Ma S, Wang Y, Jiang Y. Evolution of physiological characteristics and nutritional quality in fresh goji berry (
Lycium barbarum
) stored under different temperatures. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical Gardens South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yongkai Lai
- Department of Biotechnology Jinan University Guangzhou PR China
| | - Zhongsuzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical Gardens South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical Gardens South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Sanmei Ma
- Department of Biotechnology Jinan University Guangzhou PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical Gardens South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Center of Economic Botany Core Botanical Gardens South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
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Gururani K, Kumar A, Tiwari A, Agarwal A, Gupta S, Pandey D. Transcriptome wide identification and characterization of regulatory genes involved in EAA metabolism and validation through expression analysis in different developmental stages of finger millet spikes. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:347. [PMID: 32728514 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Finger millet is a rich source of seed storage proteins (SSPs). Various regulatory genes play an important role to maintain the quality and accumulation of SSPs in crop seeds. In the present study, nine regulatory genes of EAAs metabolic pathway, i.e., aspartate kinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, threonine synthase, threonine dehydratase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, cystathionine γ synthase, anthranilate synthase, acetolactate synthase and lysine 2-oxoglutarato reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LOR/SD) were identified from the transcriptomic data of developing spikes of two finger millet genotypes, i.e., GP-45 and GP-1. Results of sequence alignment search and motif/domain analysis showed high similarity of nucleotide sequences of identified regulatory genes with their respective homologs in rice. Results of promoter analysis revealed the presence of various cis-regulatory elements, like nitrogen responsive cis-elements (O2-site and GCN4), light responsive cis-elements, and stress responsive cis-elements. The presence of nine regulatory genes identified from the transcriptomic data of GP-45 and GP-1 was further confirmed by real time expression analysis in high and low protein containing genotypes, i.e., GE-3885 and GE-1437. Results of real time expression analysis showed significantly higher expression (p ≤ 0.01) of regulatory genes in GE-3885 rather than GE-1437 under control and treatment condition. Crude protein content of GE-3885 was found to be significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) in comparison to GE-1437 under control condition, while under treatment condition GE-1437 was found to be more responsive to KNO3 treatment rather than GE-3885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gururani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttarakhand India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agriculture University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284003 India
| | - Apoorv Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttarakhand India
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, 211007 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Aparna Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttarakhand India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttarakhand India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttarakhand India
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11
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GonÇalves FV, Medici LO, Fonseca MPSDA, Pimentel C, Gaziola SA, Azevedo RA. Protein, Phytate and Minerals in Grains of Commercial Cowpea Genotypes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180484. [PMID: 32756834 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate and characterize cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes for total grain protein content, storage protein fractions (globulin, albumin, prolamin, basic and acid glutelins), and phytate and minerals contents. Eighteen cowpea genotypes were selected. Total grain protein content varied from 21.4% to 29.2%, for BRS Marataoã and Paulistinha genotypes, respectively. The variation in the concentration of each protein fraction was significant (P<0.05) only for glutelins (basic and acid). The genotypes studied exhibited great similarity in the PAGE electrophoretic profile of the grain protein fractions and also in the mineral content. BRS Paraguaçu genotype exhibited higher Zn content than thegenotypes that have been previously recommended for this characteristic. The lowest phytate grain content was observed in four of the 18 genotypes studied, which also exhibited high protein contents. Although the results did not converge to the selection of a few genotypes, some specific differences were detected that which may be further explored. Considering total grain protein, mineral and phytate contents, the genotype Paulistinha revealed a better balance unveiling high grain total protein content, low grain phytate content and more homogeneous mineral composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- FabÍola V GonÇalves
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Fitotecnia - IA, BR 465, Km 47, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Medici
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - ICBS, BR 465, Km 47, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo S DA Fonseca
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Fitotecnia - IA, BR 465, Km 47, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pimentel
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Fitotecnia - IA, BR 465, Km 47, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salete A Gaziola
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", v. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", v. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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12
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Royet K, Parisot N, Rodrigue A, Gueguen E, Condemine G. Identification by Tn-seq of Dickeya dadantii genes required for survival in chicory plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:287-306. [PMID: 30267562 PMCID: PMC6637903 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the virulence factors of plant-pathogenic bacteria has relied on the testing of individual mutants on plants, a time-consuming process. Transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) is a very powerful method for the identification of the genes required for bacterial growth in their host. We used this method in a soft-rot pathogenic bacterium to identify the genes required for the multiplication of Dickeya dadantii in chicory. About 100 genes were identified showing decreased or increased fitness in the plant. Most had no previously attributed role in plant-bacterium interactions. Following our screening, in planta competition assays confirmed that the uridine monophosphate biosynthesis pathway and the purine biosynthesis pathway were essential to the survival of D. dadantii in the plant, as the mutants ∆carA, ∆purF, ∆purL, ∆guaB and ∆pyrE were unable to survive in the plant in contrast with the wild-type (WT) bacterium. This study also demonstrated that the biosynthetic pathways of leucine, cysteine and lysine were essential for bacterial survival in the plant and that RsmC and GcpA were important in the regulation of the infection process, as the mutants ∆rsmC and ∆gcpA were hypervirulent. Finally, our study showed that D. dadantii flagellin was glycosylated and that this modification conferred fitness to the bacterium during plant infection. Assay by this method of the large collections of environmental pathogenic strains now available will allow an easy and rapid identification of new virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Royet
- University of LyonUniversité Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240 Microbiologie Adaptation et PathogénieF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- University of LyonINSA‐Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203F‐69621VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Agnès Rodrigue
- University of LyonUniversité Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240 Microbiologie Adaptation et PathogénieF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Erwan Gueguen
- University of LyonUniversité Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240 Microbiologie Adaptation et PathogénieF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Guy Condemine
- University of LyonUniversité Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240 Microbiologie Adaptation et PathogénieF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
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Wang W, Xu M, Wang G, Galili G. New insights into the metabolism of aspartate-family amino acids in plant seeds. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:203-211. [PMID: 29399717 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aspartate-family amino acids. Aspartate (Asp)-family pathway, via several metabolic branches, leads to four key essential amino acids: Lys, Met, Thr, and Ile. Among these, Lys and Met have received the most attention, as they are the most limiting amino acid in cereals and legumes crops, respectively. The metabolic pathways of these four essential amino acids and their interactions with regulatory networks have been well characterized. Using this knowledge, extensive efforts have been devoted to augmenting the levels of these amino acids in various plant organs, especially seeds, which serve as the main source of human food and livestock feed. Seeds store a number of storage proteins, which are utilized as nutrient and energy resources. Storage proteins are composed of amino acids, to guarantee the continuation of plant progeny. Thus, understanding the seed metabolism, especially with respect to the accumulation of aspartate-derived amino acids Lys and Met, is a crucial factor for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we summarized the Asp-family pathway, with some new examples of accumulated Asp-family amino acids, particularly Lys and Met, in plant seeds. We also discuss the recent advances in understanding the roles of Asp-family amino acids during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mengyun Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Tian M, Nie Q, Li Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Long Y, Wang Z, Wang G, Liu R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals overdominance playing a critical role in nicotine heterosis in Nicotiana tabacum L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:48. [PMID: 29566653 PMCID: PMC5863848 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a unique biological phenomenon, heterosis has been concerned with the superior performance of the heterosis than either parents. Despite several F1 hybrids, containing supernal nicotine content, had been discovered and applied to heterosis utilization in Nicotiana tabacum L., nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanism revealing nicotine heterosis has not been illustrated clearly. RESULT Phenotypically, the F1 hybrids (Vall6 × Basma) show prominent heterosis in nicotine content by 3 years of field experiments. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes participating in nicotine anabolism (ADC, PMT, MPO, QPT, AO, QS, QPT, A622, BBLs) and nicotine transport (JAT2, MATE1 and 2, NUP1 and 2) showed an upregulated expression in the hybrid, a majority of which demonstrated an overdominant performance. RT-PCR confirmed that nicotine anabolism was induced in the hybrid. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that nicotine synthesis and transport efficiency improved in hybrid and overdominance at gene-expression level played a critical role in heterosis of nicotine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yao Long
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Izadpanah Qeshmi F, Homaei A, Fernandes P, Javadpour S. Marine microbial L-asparaginase: Biochemistry, molecular approaches and applications in tumor therapy and in food industry. Microbiol Res 2018; 208:99-112. [PMID: 29551216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment is a rich source of biological and chemical diversity. It covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and features a wide diversity of habitats, often displaying extreme conditions, where marine organisms thrive, offering a vast pool for microorganisms and enzymes. Given the dissimilarity between marine and terrestrial habitats, enzymes and microorganisms, either novel or with different and appealing features as compared to terrestrial counterparts, may be identified and isolated. L-asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1), is among the relevant enzymes that can be obtained from marine sources. This amidohydrolase acts on L-asparagine and produce L-aspartate and ammonia, accordingly it has an acknowledged chemotherapeutic application, namely in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, L-asparaginase is also of interest in the food industry as it prevents acrylamide formation. Terrestrial organisms have been largely tapped for L-asparaginases, but most failed to comply with criteria for practical applications, whereas marine sources have only been marginally screened. This work provides an overview on the relevant features of this enzyme and the framework for its application, with a clear emphasis on the use of L-asparaginase from marine sources. The review envisages to highlight the unique properties of marine L-asparaginases that could make them good candidates for medical applications and industries, especially in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sedigheh Javadpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Korosh TC, Markley AL, Clark RL, McGinley LL, McMahon KD, Pfleger BF. Engineering photosynthetic production of L-lysine. Metab Eng 2017; 44:273-283. [PMID: 29111438 PMCID: PMC5776718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
L-lysine and other amino acids are commonly produced through fermentation using strains of heterotrophic bacteria such as Corynebacterium glutamicum. Given the large amount of sugar this process consumes, direct photosynthetic production is intriguing alternative. In this study, we report the development of a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002, capable of producing L-lysine with CO2 as the sole carbon-source. We found that heterologous expression of a lysine transporter was required to excrete lysine and avoid intracellular accumulation that correlated with poor fitness. Simultaneous expression of a feedback inhibition resistant aspartate kinase and lysine transporter were sufficient for high productivities, but this was also met with a decreased chlorophyll content and reduced growth rates. Increasing the reductant supply by using NH4+, a more reduced nitrogen source relative to NO3-, resulted in a two-fold increase in productivity directing 18% of fixed carbon to lysine. Given this advantage, we demonstrated lysine production from media formulated with a municipal wastewater treatment sidestream as a nutrient source for increased economic and environmental sustainability. Based on our results, we project that Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 could produce lysine at areal productivities approaching that of sugar cane to lysine via fermentation using non-agricultural lands and low-cost feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Korosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Andrew L Markley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Ryan L Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Laura L McGinley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Katherine D McMahon
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Salvato F, Wilson R, Portilla Llerena JP, Kiyota E, Lima Reis K, Boaretto LF, Balbuena TS, Azevedo RA, Thelen JJ, Mazzafera P. Luxurious Nitrogen Fertilization of Two Sugar Cane Genotypes Contrasting for Lignin Composition Causes Changes in the Stem Proteome Related to Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxidant Metabolism but Does Not Alter Lignin Content. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3688-3703. [PMID: 28836437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sugar cane is an important crop for sugar and biofuel production. Its lignocellulosic biomass represents a promising option as feedstock for second-generation ethanol production. Nitrogen fertilization can affect differently tissues and its biopolymers, including the cell-wall polysaccharides and lignin. Lignin content and composition are the most important factors associated with biomass recalcitrance to convert cell-wall polysaccharides into fermentable sugars. Thus it is important to understand the metabolic relationship between nitrogen fertilization and lignin in this feedstock. In this study, a large-scale proteomics approach based on GeLC-MS/MS was employed to identify and relatively quantify proteins differently accumulated in two contrasting genotypes for lignin composition after excessive nitrogen fertilization. From the ∼1000 nonredundant proteins identified, 28 and 177 were differentially accumulated in response to nitrogen from IACSP04-065 and IACSP04-627 lines, respectively. These proteins were associated with several functional categories, including carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, protein turnover, and oxidative stress. Although nitrogen fertilization has not changed lignin content, phenolic acids and lignin composition were changed in both species but not in the same way. Sucrose and reducing sugars increased in plants of the genotype IACSP04-065 receiving nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Salvato
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo , Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Rashaun Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Portilla Llerena
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Karina Lima Reis
- Universidade de São Paulo , Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Boaretto
- Universidade de São Paulo , Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago S Balbuena
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Universidade de São Paulo , Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo , Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
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ALCÂNTARA BERENICEK, RIZZI VANESSA, GAZIOLA SALETEA, AZEVEDO RICARDOA. Soluble amino acid profile, mineral nutrient and carbohydrate content of maize kernels harvested from plants submitted to ascorbic acid seed priming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 89:695-704. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu X, Zhang C, Wang X, Liu Q, Yuan D, Pan G, Sun SSM, Tu J. Development of high-lysine rice via endosperm-specific expression of a foreign LYSINE RICH PROTEIN gene. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:147. [PMID: 27357959 PMCID: PMC4928333 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine (Lys) is considered to be the first limiting essential amino acid in rice. Although there have been extensive efforts to improve the Lys content of rice through traditional breeding and genetic engineering, no satisfactory products have been achieved to date. RESULTS We expressed a LYSINE-RICH PROTEIN gene (LRP) from Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC using an endosperm-specific GLUTELIN1 promoter (GT1) in Peiai64S (PA64S), an elite photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterility (PTSMS) line. The expression of the foreign LRP protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The Lys level in the transgenic rice seeds increased more than 30 %, the total amount of other amino acids also increased compared to wild-type. Persistent investigation of amino acids in 3 generations showed that the Lys content was significantly increased in seeds of transgenic rice. Furthermore, Lys content in the hybrid of the transgenic plants also had an approximate 20 % increase compared to hybrid control. At the grain-filling stage, we monitored the transcript abundance of many genes encoding key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, and the results suggested that reduced amino acid catabolism led to the accumulation of amino acids in the transgenic plants. The genetically engineered rice showed unfavorable grain phenotypes compared to wild-type, however, its hybrid displayed little negative effects on grain. CONCLUSIONS Endosperm-specific expression of foreign LRP significantly increased the Lys content in the seeds of transgenic plant, and the the Lys increase was stably heritable with 3 generation investigation. The hybrid of the transgenic plants also showed significant increases of Lys content in the seeds. These results indicated that expression of LRP in rice seeds may have promising applications in improving Lys levels in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- />Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- />Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- />UGC-AoE Plant and Fungal Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- />UGC-AoE Plant and Fungal Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dingyang Yuan
- />UGC-AoE Plant and Fungal Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Pan
- />Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Samuel S. M. Sun
- />UGC-AoE Plant and Fungal Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jumin Tu
- />Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Galili G, Amir R, Fernie AR. The Regulation of Essential Amino Acid Synthesis and Accumulation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:153-78. [PMID: 26735064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although amino acids are critical for all forms of life, only proteogenic amino acids that humans and animals cannot synthesize de novo and therefore must acquire in their diets are classified as essential. Nine amino acids-lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine-fit this definition. Despite their nutritional importance, several of these amino acids are present in limiting quantities in many of the world's major crops. In recent years, a combination of reverse genetic and biochemical approaches has been used to define the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for synthesizing, degrading, and regulating these amino acids. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of the essential amino acids, discuss approaches for enhancing their levels in plants, and appraise efforts toward their biofortification in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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Sugimoto N, Forsline P, Beaudry R. Volatile profiles of members of the USDA Geneva Malus Core Collection: utility in evaluation of a hypothesized biosynthetic pathway for esters derived from 2-methylbutanoate and 2-methylbutan-1-ol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2106-2116. [PMID: 25650784 DOI: 10.1021/jf505523m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The volatile ester and alcohol profiles of ripening apple fruit from 184 germplasm lines in the USDA Malus Germplasm Repository at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, USA, were evaluated. Cluster analysis suggested biochemical relationships exist between several ester classes. A strong linkage was revealed between 2-methylbutanoate, propanoate, and butanoate esters, suggesting the influence of the recently proposed "citramalic acid pathway" in apple fruit. Those lines with a high content of esters formed from 2-methylbutan-1-ol and 2-methylbutanoate (2MB) relative to straight-chain (SC) esters (high 2MB/SC ratio) exhibited a marked increase in isoleucine and citramalic acid during ripening, but those lines with a low content did not. Thus, the data were consistent with the existence of the hypothesized citramalic acid pathway and suggest that the Geneva Malus Germplasm Repository, appropriately used, could be helpful in expanding our understanding of mechanisms for fruit volatile synthesis and other aspects of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Sugimoto
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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22
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Schmidt D, Rizzi V, Gaziola SA, Medici LO, Vincze E, Kozak M, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Lysine metabolism in antisense C-hordein barley grains. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 87:73-83. [PMID: 25559386 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The grain proteins of barley are deficient in lysine and threonine due to their low concentrations in the major storage protein class, the hordeins, especially in the C-hordein subgroup. Previously produced antisense C-hordein transgenic barley lines have an improved amino acid composition, with increased lysine, methionine and threonine contents. The objective of the study was to investigate the possible changes in the regulation of key enzymes of the aspartate metabolic pathway and the contents of aspartate-derived amino acids in the nontransgenic line (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golden Promise) and five antisense C-hordein transgenic barley lines. Considering the amounts of soluble and protein-bound aspartate-derived amino acids together with the analysis of key enzymes of aspartate metabolic pathway, we suggest that the C-hordein suppression did not only alter the metabolism of at least one aspartate-derived amino acid (threonine), but major changes were also detected in the metabolism of lysine and methionine. Modifications in the activities and regulation of aspartate kinase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase and homoserine dehydrogenase were observed in most transgenic lines. Furthermore the activities of lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase were also altered, although the extent varied among the transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Schmidt
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rizzi
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Salete A Gaziola
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Medici
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Eva Vincze
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, University of Aarhus, Forsoegsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Marcin Kozak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter J Lea
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, Brazil.
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Yari A, Mehdipour E, Karami M. New bis[N-(4-pyridyl)-P-Toluene Sulfonamide] Palladium Dichloride a Novel Fluorophore for Determination of Lysine Amino Acid. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1415-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang H, Postel S, Kemmerling B, Ludewig U. Altered growth and improved resistance of Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae by overexpression of the basic amino acid transporter AtCAT1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1404-14. [PMID: 24895758 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters in plants are crucial for distributing amino acids between plant organs and cellular compartments. The H(+)-coupled plasma membrane transporter CAT1 (cationic amino acid transporter 1) facilitates the high-affinity uptake of basic amino acids. The uptake of lysine (Lys) via the roots was not altered in loss-of-function mutants, in accordance with the minor expression of CAT1 in roots, but plants ectopically overexpressing CAT1 incorporated Lys at higher rates. Exogenous Lys inhibited the primary root of Arabidopsis, whereas lateral roots were stimulated. These effects were augmented by the presence or absence of CAT1. Furthermore, the total biomass of soil-grown plants ectopically overexpressing CAT1 was reduced and the time to flowering was accelerated. These effects were accompanied by only minor changes in the overall amino acid profile. Interestingly, CAT1 belongs to a specific small cluster of nitrogen-containing metabolite transporter genes that are rapidly up-regulated upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae and that may participate in the systemic response of plants to pathogen attack. The overexpression of CAT1 indeed enhanced the resistance to the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen P. syringae via a constitutively activated salicylic acid (SA) pathway, which is consistent with the developmental defects and the resistance phenotype.
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Oliver MR, Crowther JM, Leeman MM, Kessans SA, North RA, Donovan KA, Griffin MDW, Suzuki H, Hudson AO, Kasanmascheff M, Dobson RCJ. The purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of two isoforms of meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:663-8. [PMID: 24817733 PMCID: PMC4014342 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14007699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaminopimelate decarboxylase catalyses the last step in the diaminopimelate-biosynthetic pathway leading to S-lysine: the decarboxylation of meso-diaminopimelate to form S-lysine. Lysine biosynthesis occurs only in microorganisms and plants, and lysine is essential for the growth and development of animals. Thus, the diaminopimelate pathway represents an attractive target for antimicrobial and herbicide treatments and has received considerable attention from both a mechanistic and a structural viewpoint. Diaminopimelate decarboxylase has only been characterized in prokaryotic species. This communication describes the first structural studies of two diaminopimelate decarboxylase isoforms from a plant. The Arabidopsis thaliana diaminopimelate decarboxylase cDNAs At3g14390 (encoding DapDc1) and At5g11880 (encoding DapDc2) were cloned from genomic DNA and the recombinant proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells. The crystals of DapDc1 and DapDc2 diffracted to beyond 2.00 and 2.27 Å resolution, respectively. Understanding the structural biology of diaminopimelate decarboxylase from a eukaryotic species will provide insights for the development of future herbicide treatments, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Oliver
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer M. Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Mary M. Leeman
- The Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sarah A. Kessans
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Rachel A. North
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Michael D. W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hironori Suzuki
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - André O. Hudson
- The Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Transgenic barley: a prospective tool for biotechnology and agriculture. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:137-57. [PMID: 24084493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the founder crops of agriculture, and today it is the fourth most important cereal grain worldwide. Barley is used as malt in brewing and distilling industry, as an additive for animal feed, and as a component of various food and bread for human consumption. Progress in stable genetic transformation of barley ensures a potential for improvement of its agronomic performance or use of barley in various biotechnological and industrial applications. Recently, barley grain has been successfully used in molecular farming as a promising bioreactor adapted for production of human therapeutic proteins or animal vaccines. In addition to development of reliable transformation technologies, an extensive amount of various barley genetic resources and tools such as sequence data, microarrays, genetic maps, and databases has been generated. Current status on barley transformation technologies including gene transfer techniques, targets, and progeny stabilization, recent trials for improvement of agricultural traits and performance of barley, especially in relation to increased biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and potential use of barley grain as a protein production platform have been reviewed in this study. Overall, barley represents a promising tool for both agricultural and biotechnological transgenic approaches, and is considered an ancient but rediscovered crop as a model industrial platform for molecular farming.
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Hanafy MS, Rahman SM, Nakamoto Y, Fujiwara T, Naito S, Wakasa K, Ishimoto M. Differential response of methionine metabolism in two grain legumes, soybean and azuki bean, expressing a mutated form of Arabidopsis cystathionine γ-synthase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:338-45. [PMID: 23286999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is essential in mammals and whose low abundance limits the nutritional value of grain legumes. Cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS) catalyzes the first committed step of Met biosynthesis, and the stability of its mRNA is autoregulated by the cytosolic concentration of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), a direct metabolite of Met. The mto1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana harbors a mutation in the AtCGS1 gene that renders the mRNA resistant to SAM-dependent degradation and therefore results in the accumulation of free Met to high levels in young leaves. To manipulate Met biosynthesis in soybean and azuki bean, we introduced the AtCGS1 mto1-1 gene into the two grain legumes under the control of a seed-specific glycinin gene promoter. Transgenic seeds of both species accumulated soluble Met to levels at least twice those apparent in control seeds. However, the increase in free Met did not result in an increase in total Met content of the transgenic seeds. In transgenic azuki bean seeds, the amount of cystathionine, the direct product of CGS, was markedly increased whereas the total content of Met was significantly decreased compared with control seeds. Similar changes were not detected in soybean. Our data suggest that the regulation of Met biosynthesis differs between soybean and azuki bean, and that the expression of AtCGS1 mto1-1 differentially affects the metabolic stability of sulfur amino acids and their metabolites in the two grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moemen S Hanafy
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
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Leisso R, Buchanan D, Lee J, Mattheis J, Rudell D. Cell wall, cell membrane, and volatile metabolism are altered by antioxidant treatment, temperature shifts, and peel necrosis during apple fruit storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1373-87. [PMID: 23311914 DOI: 10.1021/jf3046208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The transition from cold storage to ambient temperature alters apple quality through accelerated softening, flavor and color changes, and development of physiological peel disorders, such as superficial scald, in susceptible cultivars. To reveal global metabolism associated with this transition, the 'Granny Smith' peel metabolome was evaluated during storage of 6 months and shelf life periods. Treatment with the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) reduced scald, creating a metabolic contrast with untreated fruit, which developed superficial scald. Superficial scald symptoms developed on control fruit after 120 days of storage, and symptoms progressed following transition to ambient-temperature shelf life. The metabolic profile of control and DPA-treated fruit was divergent after 30 days of cold storage due to differing levels of α-farnesene oxidation products, methyl esters, phytosterols, and other compounds potentially associated with chloroplast integrity and oxidative stress response. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed coregulation within the volatile synthesis pathway including control of the availability of methyl, propyl, ethyl, acetyl, and butyl alcohol and/or acid moieties for ester biosynthesis. Overall, the application of metabolomics techniques lends new insight into physiological processes leading to cell death and ripening processes that affect fruit flavor, appearance, and overall quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leisso
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1104 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
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Ohnoutkova L, Zitka O, Mrizova K, Vaskova J, Galuszka P, Cernei N, Smedley MA, Harwood WA, Adam V, Kizek R. Electrophoretic and chromatographic evaluation of transgenic barley expressing a bacterial dihydrodipicolinate synthase. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2365-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarina Mrizova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacky University; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vaskova
- Institute of Experimental Botany; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacky University; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Mark A. Smedley
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre; Norwich Research Park; United Kingdom
| | - Wendy A. Harwood
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre; Norwich Research Park; United Kingdom
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Arruda P, Neshich IP. Nutritional‐rich and stress‐tolerant crops by saccharopine pathway manipulation. Food Energy Secur 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Arruda
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, IB Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Izabella Pena Neshich
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
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Serrano GCDM, Rezende e Silva Figueira T, Kiyota E, Zanata N, Arruda P. Lysine degradation through the saccharopine pathway in bacteria: LKR and SDH in bacteria and its relationship to the plant and animal enzymes. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:905-11. [PMID: 22449979 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysine degradation through the saccharopine pathway has been shown only in plants and animals. Here, we show that bacteria possess the genes encoding lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH). In Silicibacter, the contiguous lkr and sdh genes are interspersed, in another frame, by a polypeptide of unknown function. The bacterial enzyme does not contain the 110-amino-acid interdomain (ID) that intersperses the LKR and SDH domains of the plant enzyme. The ID was found in Cyanobacteria interspersing polypeptides without similarities and activities of LKR and SDH. The LKR/SDH bifunctional polypeptide of animals and plants may have arisen from a α-proteobacterium with a configuration similar to that of Silicibacter, whereas the ID in the plant enzyme may have been inherited from Cyanobacteria.
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Venu R, Sreerekha M, Nobuta K, Beló A, Ning Y, An G, Meyers BC, Wang GL. Deep sequencing reveals the complex and coordinated transcriptional regulation of genes related to grain quality in rice cultivars. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:190. [PMID: 21492454 PMCID: PMC3098810 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milling yield and eating quality are two important grain quality traits in rice. To identify the genes involved in these two traits, we performed a deep transcriptional analysis of developing seeds using both massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) and sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS). Five MPSS and five SBS libraries were constructed from 6-day-old developing seeds of Cypress (high milling yield), LaGrue (low milling yield), Ilpumbyeo (high eating quality), YR15965 (low eating quality), and Nipponbare (control). Results The transcriptomes revealed by MPSS and SBS had a high correlation co-efficient (0.81 to 0.90), and about 70% of the transcripts were commonly identified in both types of the libraries. SBS, however, identified 30% more transcripts than MPSS. Among the highly expressed genes in Cypress and Ilpumbyeo, over 100 conserved cis regulatory elements were identified. Numerous specifically expressed transcription factor (TF) genes were identified in Cypress (282), LaGrue (312), Ilpumbyeo (363), YR15965 (260), and Nipponbare (357). Many key grain quality-related genes (i.e., genes involved in starch metabolism, aspartate amino acid metabolism, storage and allergenic protein synthesis, and seed maturation) that were expressed at high levels underwent alternative splicing and produced antisense transcripts either in Cypress or Ilpumbyeo. Further, a time course RT-PCR analysis confirmed a higher expression level of genes involved in starch metabolism such as those encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and granule bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) in Cypress than that in LaGrue during early seed development. Conclusion This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the developing seed transcriptome of rice available to date. Using two high throughput sequencing methods, we identified many differentially expressed genes that may affect milling yield or eating quality in rice. Many of the identified genes are involved in the biosynthesis of starch, aspartate family amino acids, and storage proteins. Some of the differentially expressed genes could be useful for the development of molecular markers if they are located in a known QTL region for milling yield or eating quality in the rice genome. Therefore, our comprehensive and deep survey of the developing seed transcriptome in five rice cultivars has provided a rich genomic resource for further elucidating the molecular basis of grain quality in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rc Venu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH-43210, USA
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Hartings H, Lauria M, Lazzaroni N, Pirona R, Motto M. The Zea mays mutants opaque-2 and opaque-7 disclose extensive changes in endosperm metabolism as revealed by protein, amino acid, and transcriptome-wide analyses. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:41. [PMID: 21241522 PMCID: PMC3033817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The changes in storage reserve accumulation during maize (Zea mays L.) grain maturation are well established. However, the key molecular determinants controlling carbon flux to the grain and the partitioning of carbon to starch and protein are more elusive. The Opaque-2 (O2) gene, one of the best-characterized plant transcription factors, is a good example of the integration of carbohydrate, amino acid and storage protein metabolisms in maize endosperm development. Evidence also indicates that the Opaque-7 (O7) gene plays a role in affecting endosperm metabolism. The focus of this study was to assess the changes induced by the o2 and o7 mutations on maize endosperm metabolism by evaluating protein and amino acid composition and by transcriptome profiling, in order to investigate the functional interplay between these two genes in single and double mutants. Results We show that the overall amino acid composition of the mutants analyzed appeared similar. Each mutant had a high Lys and reduced Glx and Leu content with respect to wild type. Gene expression profiling, based on a unigene set composed of 7,250 ESTs, allowed us to identify a series of mutant-related down (17.1%) and up-regulated (3.2%) transcripts. Several differentially expressed ESTs homologous to genes encoding enzymes involved in amino acid synthesis, carbon metabolism (TCA cycle and glycolysis), in storage protein and starch metabolism, in gene transcription and translation processes, in signal transduction, and in protein, fatty acid, and lipid synthesis were identified. Our analyses demonstrate that the mutants investigated are pleiotropic and play a critical role in several endosperm-related metabolic processes. Pleiotropic effects were less evident in the o7 mutant, but severe in the o2 and o2o7 backgrounds, with large changes in gene expression patterns, affecting a broad range of kernel-expressed genes. Conclusion Although, by necessity, this paper is descriptive and more work is required to define gene functions and dissect the complex regulation of gene expression, the genes isolated and characterized to date give us an intriguing insight into the mechanisms underlying endosperm metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hartings
- Unità di Ricerca per la Maiscoltura, Via Stezzano 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
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Inbar E, Canepa GE, Carrillo C, Glaser F, Suter Grotemeyer M, Rentsch D, Zilberstein D, Pereira CA. Lysine transporters in human trypanosomatid pathogens. Amino Acids 2010; 42:347-60. [PMID: 21170560 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we characterized arginine transporter genes from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani, the etiological agents of chagas disease and kala azar, respectively, both fatal diseases in humans. Unlike arginine transporters in higher eukaryotes that transport also lysine, these parasite transporters translocate only arginine. This phenomenon prompted us to identify and characterize parasite lysine transporters. Here we demonstrate that LdAAP7 and TcAAP7 encode lysine-specific permeases in L. donovani and T. cruzi, respectively. These two lysine permeases are both members of the large amino acid/auxin permease family and share certain biochemical properties, such as specificity and Km. However, we evidence that LdAAP7 and TcAAP7 differ in their regulation and localization, such differences are likely a reflection of the dissimilar L. donovani and T. cruzi life cycles. Failed attempts to delete both alleles of LdAAP7 support the premise that this is an essential gene that encodes the only lysine permeases expressed in L. donovani promastigotes and T. cruzi epimastigotes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Inbar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
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Oliveira AP, Silva LR, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Silva BM, Gonçalves RF, Pereira JA, Guedes de Pinho P. Further insight into the latex metabolite profile of Ficus carica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10855-10863. [PMID: 20923221 DOI: 10.1021/jf1031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Latex is a sticky emulsion that exudes upon damage from specialized canals from several plants. It contains several biologically active compounds, such as phytosterols, fatty acids, and amino acids. In plants, these compounds are involved in the interaction between plants, insects, and the environment. Despite its chemical, biological, and ecological importance, Ficus carica latex is still poorly studied. To improve the knowledge on the metabolite profile of this matrix, a targeted metabolite analysis was performed in a representative sample from F. carica latex. Seven phytosterols were determined by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), with β-sitosterol and lupeol being the compounds present in higher concentrations (ca. 54 and 14%, respectively). A total of 18 fatty acids were characterized by GC-ITMS, being essentially represented by saturated fatty acids (ca. 86.4% of total fatty acids). A total of 13 free amino acids were also identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (HPLC/UV-vis), and cysteine and tyrosine were the major ones (ca. 38.7 and 31.4%, respectively). In humans, phytosterols and some polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, are known for their anticarcinogenic properties. With regard to amino acids, some of them, such as glycine, are neurotransmitters. Our results reveal the presence of a wide diversity of compounds, from distinct classes, in F. carica latex, possessing various potential pharmacological activities; thus, its biological potential appears to be worth further exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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High-lysine maize: the key discoveries that have made it possible. Amino Acids 2010; 39:979-89. [PMID: 20373119 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five years ago, a paper published by Mertz et al. (Science 145:279-280, 1964) initiated a revolution in the history of plant protein quality and affected dramatically the study of cereal crop storage proteins. The observation of the high lysine content of the endosperm of the opaque-2 (o2) maize mutant was a key factor in bringing about a new concept in the production of cereal seeds with a high nutritional value. It has been a long and very interesting road with astonishing results over these 45 years. We are now probably about to see the release of commercially engineered high-lysine maize lines. We have decided to pinpoint some key contributions to the science behind high-lysine plants and concentrated on the research done on maize, which is possibly the most complete and simple example to illustrate the advances achieved. However, studies on other plant species such as barley and model species such as tobacco are totally relevant and will be briefly addressed.
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Iriti M, Di Maro A, Bernasconi S, Burlini N, Simonetti P, Picchi V, Panigada C, Gerosa G, Parente A, Faoro F. Nutritional traits of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) seeds from plants chronically exposed to ozone pollution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:201-208. [PMID: 19055366 DOI: 10.1021/jf802819m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic exposure to ozone pollution on nutritional traits of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) seeds from plants grown in filtered and nonfiltered open-top chambers (OTCs) has been investigated. Results showed that, among seed macronutrients, ozone significantly raised total lipids, crude proteins, and dietary fiber and slightly decreased total free amino acid content, although with a significant reduction of asparagine, lysine, valine, methionine, and glycine, compensated by a conspicuous augmentation of ornithine and tryptophan. Phytosterol analysis showed a marked increase of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol in seeds collected from nonfiltered OTCs. With regard to secondary metabolites, ozone exposure induced a slight increase of total polyphenol content, although causing a significant reduction of some flavonols (aglycone kaempferol and its 3-glucoside derivative) and hydroxycinnamates (caffeic, p-coumaric, and sinapic acids). Total anthocyanins decreased significantly, too. Nevertheless, ozone-exposed seeds showed higher antioxidant activity, with higher Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values than those measured in seeds collected from filtered air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Istituto di Patologia Vegetale, Universita di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Hansen M, Friis C, Bowra S, Holm PB, Vincze E. A pathway-specific microarray analysis highlights the complex and co-ordinated transcriptional networks of the developing grain of field-grown barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 60:153-167. [PMID: 19015218 PMCID: PMC3298879 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the molecular and biochemical interactions associated with amino acid biosynthesis and storage protein accumulation in the developing grains of field-grown barley. Our strategy was to analyse the transcription of genes associated with the biosynthesis of storage products during the development of field-grown barley grains using a grain-specific microarray assembled in our laboratory. To identify co-regulated genes, a distance matrix was constructed which enabled the identification of three clusters corresponding to early, middle, and late grain development. The gene expression pattern associated with the clusters was investigated using pathway-specific analysis with specific reference to the temporal expression levels of a range of genes involved mainly in the photosynthesis process, amino acid and storage protein metabolism. It is concluded that the grain-specific microarray is a reliable and cost-effective tool for monitoring temporal changes in the transcriptome of the major metabolic pathways in the barley grain. Moreover, it was sensitive enough to monitor differences in the gene expression profiles of different homologues from the storage protein families. The study described here should provide a strong complement to existing knowledge assisting further understanding of grain development and thereby provide a foundation for plant breeding towards storage proteins with improved nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hansen
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Carsten Friis
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steve Bowra
- Verzyme (UK) Ltd., Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Preben Bach Holm
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Eva Vincze
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Vendemiatti A, Rodrigues Ferreira R, Humberto Gomes L, Oliveira Medici L, Antunes Azevedo R. Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Seeds: Storage Proteins and Amino Acids. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430802463487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rice EA, Bannon GA, Glenn KC, Jeong SS, Sturman EJ, Rydel TJ. Characterization and crystal structure of lysine insensitive Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydrodipicolinate synthase (cDHDPS) protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 480:111-21. [PMID: 18930704 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The lysine insensitive Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydrodipicolinate synthase enzyme (cDHDPS) was recently successfully introduced into maize plants to enhance the level of lysine in the grain. To better understand lysine insensitivity of the cDHDPS, we expressed, purified, kinetically characterized the protein, and solved its X-ray crystal structure. The cDHDPS enzyme has a fold and overall structure that is highly similar to other DHDPS proteins. A noteworthy feature of the active site is the evidence that the catalytic lysine residue forms a Schiff base adduct with pyruvate. Analyses of the cDHDPS structure in the vicinity of the putative binding site for S-lysine revealed that the allosteric binding site in the Escherichia coli DHDPS protein does not exist in cDHDPS due to three non-conservative amino acids substitutions, and this is likely why cDHDPS is not feedback inhibited by lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Rice
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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Weigelt K, Küster H, Radchuk R, Müller M, Weichert H, Fait A, Fernie AR, Saalbach I, Weber H. Increasing amino acid supply in pea embryos reveals specific interactions of N and C metabolism, and highlights the importance of mitochondrial metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:909-26. [PMID: 18494854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The application of nitrogen to legumes regulates seed metabolism and composition. We recently showed that the seed-specific overexpression of amino acid permease VfAAP1 increases amino acid supply, and the levels of N and protein in the seeds. Two consecutive field trials using Pisum sativum AAP1 lines confirmed increases in the levels of N and globulin in seed; however, compensatory changes of sucrose/starch and individual seed weight were also observed. We present a comprehensive analysis of AAP1 seeds using combinatorial transcript and metabolite profiling to monitor the effects of nitrogen supply on seed metabolism. AAP1 seeds have increased amino acids and stimulated gene expression associated with storage protein synthesis, maturation, deposition and vesicle trafficking. Transcript/metabolite changes reveal the channelling of surplus N into the transient storage pools asparagine and arginine, indicating that asparagine synthase is transcriptionally activated by high N levels and/or C limitation. Increased C-acceptor demand for amino acid synthesis, resulting from elevated levels of N in seeds, initiates sucrose mobilization and sucrose-dependent pathways via sucrose synthase, glycolysis and the TCA cycle. The AAP1 seeds display a limitation in C, which leads to the catabolism of arginine, glutamic acid and methionine to putrescine, beta-alanine and succinate. Mitochondria are involved in the coordination of C/N metabolism, with branched-chain amino acid catabolism and a gamma-amino-butyric acid shunt. AAP1 seeds contain higher levels of ABA, which is possibly involved in storage-associated gene expression and the N-dependent stimulation of sucrose mobilization, indicating that a signalling network of C, N and ABA is operating during seed maturation. These results demonstrate that legume seeds have a high capacity to regulate N:C ratios, and highlight the importance of mitochondria in the control of N-C balance and amino acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Weigelt
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany
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Varisi VA, Camargos LS, Aguiar LF, Christofoleti RM, Medici LO, Azevedo RA. Lysine biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): study of enzymes and nitrogen-containing compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:11-8. [PMID: 18006325 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspartate kinase (AK, EC 2.7.2.4), homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH, EC 1.1.1.3) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, EC 4.2.1.52) were isolated and partially purified from immature Chenopodium quinoa Willd seeds. Enzyme activities were studied in the presence of the aspartate-derived amino acids lysine, threonine and methionine and also the lysine analogue S-2-aminoethyl-l-cysteine (AEC), at 1 mM and 5 mM. The results confirmed the existence of, at least, two AK isoenzymes, one inhibited by lysine and the other inhibited by threonine, the latter being predominant in quinoa seeds. HSDH activity was also shown to be partially inhibited by threonine, whereas some of the activity was resistant to the inhibitory effect, indicating the presence of two isoenzymes, one resistant and another sensitive to threonine inhibition. Only one DHDPS isoenzyme highly sensitive to lysine inhibition was detected. The results suggest that the high concentration of lysine observed in quinoa seeds is possibly due to a combined effect of increased lysine synthesis and accumulation in the soluble form and/or as protein lysine. Nitrogen assimilation was also investigated and based on nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity, amino acid distribution and ureide content, the leaves were identified as the predominant site of nitrate reduction in this plant species. The amino acid profile analysis in leaves and roots also indicated an important role of soluble glutamine as a nitrogen transporting compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanderlei A Varisi
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Schaffer RJ, Friel EN, Souleyre EJF, Bolitho K, Thodey K, Ledger S, Bowen JH, Ma JH, Nain B, Cohen D, Gleave AP, Crowhurst RN, Janssen BJ, Yao JL, Newcomb RD. A genomics approach reveals that aroma production in apple is controlled by ethylene predominantly at the final step in each biosynthetic pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1899-912. [PMID: 17556515 PMCID: PMC1949883 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.093765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is the major effector of ripening in many fleshy fruits. In apples (Malus x domestica) the addition of ethylene causes a climacteric burst of respiration, an increase in aroma, and softening of the flesh. We have generated a transgenic line of 'Royal Gala' apple that produces no detectable levels of ethylene using antisense ACC OXIDASE, resulting in apples with no ethylene-induced ripening attributes. In response to external ethylene these antisense fruits undergo a normal climacteric burst and produced increasing concentrations of ester, polypropanoid, and terpene volatile compounds over an 8-d period. A total of 186 candidate genes that might be involved in the production of these compounds were mined from expressed sequence tags databases and full sequence obtained. Expression patterns of 179 of these were assessed using a 15,720 oligonucleotide apple microarray. Based on sequence similarity and gene expression patterns we identified 17 candidate genes that are likely to be ethylene control points for aroma production in apple. While many of the biosynthetic steps in these pathways were represented by gene families containing two or more genes, expression patterns revealed that only a single member is typically regulated by ethylene. Only certain points within the aroma biosynthesis pathways were regulated by ethylene. Often the first step, and in all pathways the last steps, contained enzymes that were ethylene regulated. This analysis suggests that the initial and final enzymatic steps with the biosynthetic pathways are important transcriptional regulation points for aroma production in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Schaffer
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mt. Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
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Coe DM, Viola RE. Assessing the roles of essential functional groups in the mechanism of homoserine succinyltransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 461:211-8. [PMID: 17442255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Homoserine acyltransferases catalyze the commitment step to methionine and other important biological precursors which make this class of enzymes essential for the survival of bacteria, plants and fungi. This class of enzymes is not found in humans, making them an attractive new target for antimicrobial design. Homoserine O-succinyltransferase (HST) is a representative from this class, with little known about the key amino acids involved in substrate specificity and catalysis. HST from Escherichia coli has been cloned, purified and kinetically characterized. Through site-directed mutagenesis and steady-state kinetic studies the residues that comprise a catalytic triad for HST, the catalytic cysteine nucleophile, an active site acid-base histidine, and the base orienting glutamate, have been identified and characterized. Several residues which confer substrate specificity for both homoserine and succinyl-CoA have also been identified and kinetically evaluated. Mutations of an active site glutamate to either aspartate or alanine drastically increase the K(m) for homoserine, assigning this glutamate to a binding role for the alpha-amino group of homoserine. An active site arginine orients the carboxyl moiety of homoserine, while the carboxyl moiety of succinyl-CoA is positioned for catalysis by a lysine residue. Removing functionality at either of these positions alters the enzyme's ability to effectively utilize homoserine or succinyl-CoA, respectively, reflected in an increased K(m) and decreased catalytic efficiency. The data presented here provides new details of the catalytic mechanism of succinyltransferases, resolves a controversy between alternative mechanistic hypotheses, and provides a starting point for the development of selective inhibitors of HST.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Coe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Helm CV, de Francisco A, Gaziola SA, Francisco Fornazier R, Bertoni Pompeu G, Antunes Azevedo R. Hull-less Barley Varieties: Storage Proteins and Amino Acid Distribution in Relation to Nutritional Quality. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/fbt-200040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Azevedo RA, Lancien M, Lea PJ. The aspartic acid metabolic pathway, an exciting and essential pathway in plants. Amino Acids 2006; 30:143-62. [PMID: 16525757 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspartate is the common precursor of the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine in higher plants. In addition, aspartate may also be converted to asparagine, in a potentially competing reaction. The latest information on the properties of the enzymes involved in the pathways and the genes that encode them is described. An understanding of the overall regulatory control of the flux through the pathways is undisputedly of great interest, since the nutritive value of all cereal and legume crops is reduced due to low concentrations of at least one of the aspartate-derived amino acids. We have reviewed the recent literature and discussed in this paper possible methods by which the concentrations of the limiting amino acids may be increased in the seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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Bertoni Pompeu G, Vendemiatti A, Lupino Gratão P, Aparecida Gaziola S, John Lea P, Antunes Azevedo R. Saccharopine Dehydrogenase Activity in the High-Lysine Opaque and Floury Maize Mutants. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430500524101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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