1
|
Airs PM, Brown C, Gardiner E, Maciag L, Adams JP, Morgan ER. WormWatch: Park soil surveillance reveals extensive Toxocara contamination across the UK and Ireland. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2341. [PMID: 36352759 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocarosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease, but sources of infection are not well documented over large geographical scales. To determine levels of environmental contamination, soil from 142 parks and recreational areas across the UK and Ireland was assessed for the presence of Toxocara. METHODS Toxocara ova (eggs) were isolated from soil samples by sieving and flotation and then enumerated. Individual eggs were isolated and imaged, and a subset was characterised by species-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Characteristic Toxocara-type eggs were found in 86.6% of parks, with an average of 2.1 eggs per 50 g of topsoil. Representative eggs were confirmed as Toxocara canis by Sanger sequencing, with many eggs containing developed larvae, hence being viable and potentially infective. Positive samples were more common, and egg density was higher, in parks with greater perceived levels of dog fouling. LIMITATIONS Samples were collected at a single timepoint and with limited spatial mapping within parks. Further study is needed to discern spatiotemporal differences within parks and recreational areas. CONCLUSION Toxocara is widespread in soil in public parks, indicating a need for further efforts to reduce egg shedding from pet dogs. Standardised methods and large-scale surveys are required to evaluate risk factors for egg presence and the impact of interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Airs
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Claire Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Erica Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Liz Maciag
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University Centre Peterborough, Peterborough, UK
| | - Jamie P Adams
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK, Bracknell, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raissi V, Masoumi MT, Ibrahim A, Etemadi S, Getso M, Jalali P, Babaei Pouya N, Zareie M, Ehsani Amraei F, Raiesi O. Spatial analysis of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil as a potential for serious human infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101619. [PMID: 33621915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxocara spp. cause one of the most widespread soil-transmitted helminthic infections worldwide. In both developed and developing countries, soil contamination with Toxocara eggs is considered as a major threat to public health. A total of 515 soil samples from 89 sampling sites were collected from different locations of public health such as Wastelands and Streets, public parks, and marginal areas. The soil samples were examined for Toxocara eggs using a centrifugal-floatation technique utilizing a saturated sodium nitrate solution. centralization of positive soil samples in the province was studied by Spatial Statistics Techniques such as Average Nearest Neighbors and Spatial Autocorrelation and Kernel Density Function Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 94 (18.25 %) out of 515 samples collected from the studied areas. According to the results obtained, marginal areas are often contaminated with eggs of Toxocara. Consequently, preventive measures including health education should be implemented to reduce the potential risk of this parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Raissi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute University of Sadat City Sadat, Egypt
| | - Soudabeh Etemadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Getso
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Pantea Jalali
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Babaei Pouya
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zareie
- Department of Basic Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ehsani Amraei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ultrasonography for early diagnosis of Toxocara canis infection in puppies. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:873-880. [PMID: 30706166 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxocara canis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in dogs and represents a highly infectious zoonotic parasite worldwide. Adult worms live in the bowel of dogs, and infections in puppies are commonly acquired transplacentally. The biology of the parasite and the commonly used diagnostic method, based on faecal examination, often prevent an early diagnosis of toxocariasis in puppies. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of intestinal ascariasis could be a feasible alternative method to diagnose T. canis infection in puppies during the prepatent period. The present study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of intestinal toxocariasis in new-born puppies during the prepatent period. Fifty-four new-born puppies were prospectively recruited in the study. Each dog underwent intestinal ultrasonography and copro-microscopic examination every 5 days, starting from the 10th day post-birth. Intestinal ultrasonography visualized adult T. canis nematodes in the puppies' small intestine from the 10th day post-birth. On the 15th day after birth, ultrasonography showed 100% specificity and 85.4% sensitivity in diagnosing T. canis infection, despite negative results deriving from the copro-microscopic examination performed at the same time point. Our results showed that ultrasonography can be used as test for early diagnosis of T. canis infection in new-born puppies during the prepatent period. Early ultrasonographic diagnosis of T. canis infection in puppies could help control the disease in dogs and reduce the zoonotic risk for the human population.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahim T, Barrios PR, McKee G, McLaws M, Kosatsky T. Public Health Considerations Associated with the Location and Operation of Off-Leash Dog Parks. J Community Health 2018; 43:433-440. [PMID: 29027053 PMCID: PMC5830495 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-017-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Off-leash dog parks may enhance human health, but may also lead to health risk through infection or canine aggression. Published evidence was reviewed to examine positive and negative public health impacts of off-leash dog parks, as well as strategies for enhancing benefits and mitigating risks. Evidence suggests that off-leash dog parks can benefit physical and social health, as well as community connectedness. While studies have documented shedding of zoonotic agents in dog parks, the risk of transmission to humans is relatively unknown. Evidence on the risk of dog bites in off-leash dog parks is also limited. Case-examples from North American off-leash dog parks highlight the importance of park location/design, public adherence to safe and hygienic practices, and effective regulatory strategies for mitigating potential risks and maximizing the benefits of off-leash dog parks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tissa Rahim
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada.
- Environmental Health Services, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Pablo Romero Barrios
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Geoffrey McKee
- School of Public and Population Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Melissa McLaws
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tom Kosatsky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Environmental Health Services, Vancouver, Canada
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yaya-Beas RE, Cadillo-La-Torre EA, Kujawa-Roeleveld K, van Lier JB, Zeeman G. Presence of helminth eggs in domestic wastewater and its removal at low temperature UASB reactors in Peruvian highlands. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:286-293. [PMID: 26748206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the anaerobic sludge filtration capacity for pathogens reduction in a 29 L and 1.65 m height lab-scale UASB reactor treating domestic wastewater at low temperatures in the city of Puno (Peru). The anaerobic sludge filtration capacity was performed applying upflow velocities of 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.20, 0.27 and 0.41 m/h. Results show that the HE removal varied between 89 and 95% and the most common specie was Ascaris lumbricoides. Faecal coliform and Escherichia coli removal varied in the range of 0.9-2.1 and 0.8-1.6 log10 respectively. Likely related to the low operational temperatures, the total COD removal varied between 37 and 62%. The best performance in terms of removal of HE, total COD and turbidity was obtained at the lowest upflow velocity of 0.12 m/h. In order to meet WHO standards for water reuse a post-treatment unit will be required to polish the effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Elena Yaya-Beas
- Environmental Engineering Faculty, National University of Engineering, Lima 25, Peru; Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Lettinga Associates Foundation (LeAF), P.O. Box 500, 6700 AM Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Unesco-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Lettinga Associates Foundation (LeAF), P.O. Box 500, 6700 AM Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghomashlooyan M, Falahati M, Mohaghegh MA, Jafari R, Mirzaei F, Kalani H, Sangani GS, Azami M. Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks of Isfahan City, Central Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Maraghi S, Mazhab Jafari K, Sadjjadi SM, Latifi SM, Zibaei M. Study on the contamination of Abadan public parks soil with Toxocara spp. eggs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:86. [PMID: 24872887 PMCID: PMC4036808 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases caused by Toxocara larva stage in humans. One of the major transmission routes of infection, especially in children is pica. The aim of this topic was study the contamination of Abadan public parks with Toxocara eggs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and ninety one samples of soil were collected from 31 parks. The samples were examined for Toxocara spp. eggs by modified floatation method using saturated sucrose. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and Chi-square test. RESULTS Eighty five (29.2%) out of 291 samples were infected with Toxocara spp. eggs, means19 (61.2%) of the 31 parks were contaminated. There was no significant difference between the urban and suburb parks contamination (p = 0.208) but there was significant relation between contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs and traces of cats and dogs presence in the parks (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION As the contamination of Abadan public parks soil with Toxocara spp. eggs is relatively high, the people and specially children might get the contamination during stay in the parks and measures should be taken to control the stray cats and dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Maraghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Abadan Arvand International division, Institute of Health, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Komeil Mazhab Jafari
- Abadan school of Medical sciences, Abadan, Iran
- Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Department of Biostatistic and Epidemiology, School of Health, Health research institute, Diabetes research Center, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thomas D, Jeyathilakan N. Detection of Toxocara eggs in contaminated soil from various public places of Chennai city and detailed correlation with literature. J Parasit Dis 2012; 38:174-80. [PMID: 24808647 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocarosis is one of the most prevalent human helminthosis caused by larvae of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, the most widely distributed nematode parasites of dogs and cats respectively. Soil is considered as the principal source of transmission of Toxocara infection to human beings. With increasing population of dogs and cats, soil contamination with ova or eggs of Toxocara can be detected in public and private locations of city backyards, playgrounds, streets, sand pits and so on, regardless of the season of the year. In this context the present study was carried out to estimate the extent of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs in public parks, playgrounds and few kennels situated in different parts of Chennai city. A total of 105 soil samples from 40 public places and 5 kennels were screened for the presence of parasitic eggs. Toxocara eggs were recovered from 5 soil samples indicating an overall prevalence rate of 4.75 %. Out of 80 samples collected from public places, three samples, one each from Mogappair, My lady park (Periamet) and Madras Veterinary College showed the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs indicating an overall prevalence of 3.75 per cent. Out of the 25 samples from 5 kennels, two samples one each from Tambaram and Thorappakkam kennels were positive for Toxocara eggs with prevalence of 8 per cent. Low prevalence of Toxocara eggs in soil samples of these areas can be attributed to the less population of pups, the carriers of adult worms and the active source of soil contamination. The progress made in ABC (animal birth control) programme carried out by both governmental and non-governmental organizations has contributed to reduction of birth rate in dogs and thereby reduced the chances of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs to a certain extent in Chennai city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divyamol Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600007 Tamil Nadu India
| | - N Jeyathilakan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600007 Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marques JP, Guimarães CDR, Boas AV, Carnaúba PU, Moraes JD. Contamination of public parks and squares from Guarulhos (São Paulo State, Brazil ) by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:267-71. [PMID: 22983290 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contaminated soil with mammal feces is an important factor of risk to infection with zoonotic diseases. Amongst these zoonoses are visceral larva migrans and cutaneous larva migrans caused by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp., respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs and hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) in public parks and squares in the city of Guarulhos, a metropolitan area of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected, between September and December 2010, and examined using the centrifugal flotation technique with sodium dichromate and zinc sulphate as well as the modified Baermann method. Notably, 35 (74.5%) of the 47 districts surveyed in Guarulhos possessed samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. and/or eggs or larvae of Ancylostoma spp. The frequency of Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. in the samples from public areas was 68.1% and 46.8%, respectively. Overall, the eastern side of Guarulhos is the region with the highest occurrence of causative agents of larva migrans. In all collection sites, the presence of feces from dogs and cats accompanied by their owners and stray animals were observed. Notably, it is important to adopt measures to control dog and cat breeding, to treat infected animals, and provide health education to the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacó Pereira Marques
- Supervisão de Vigilância em Saúde, SUVIS Casa Verde, Secretaria de Saúde da Cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirchheimer R, Jacobs DE. Toxocara
species egg contamination of soil from children's play areas in southern England. Vet Rec 2008; 163:394-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.13.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kirchheimer
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - D. E. Jacobs
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avcioglu H, Burgu A. Seasonal Prevalence of Toxocara Ova in Soil Samples from Public Parks in Ankara, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:345-50. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Avcioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A. Burgu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The investigation of Toxocara canis eggs in coats of different dog breeds as a potential transmission route in human toxocariasis. Vet Parasitol 2008; 152:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Seasonal contamination of public squares and lawns by parasites with zoonotic potential in southern Brazil. J Helminthol 2008; 82:1-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07870829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe presence of helminths and protozoans in public squares and lawns of the city of Maringá, southern Brazil, during winter and summer was assessed in order to evaluate their seasonal fluctuations in relation to edaphic and climatic factors. Samples were collected from January 2003 through June 2004 in 90% (13) of all public squares covered by sand, and in 30% (4) of all lawns used as leisure areas. The samples were analysed quantitatively by modified centrifugal-flotation and sedimentation in water techniques, and qualitatively by a method based on positive larval thermo-hydrotropism. Meteorological data were recorded, and physical, chemical and structural characteristics of the soil were analysed. One hundred and thirty samples of sand from squares, 65 in summer and 65 in winter, and 40 samples of grass from lawns, 20 in each season, were collected. All samples from lawns, 62 (95.38%) from squares in winter and 45 (69.23%) in summer, contained protozoans and/or helminths. Eggs of Toxocara spp. were the most frequently observed parasites in both winter and summer in squares (P < 0.0001) and in lawns (P = 0.6142), being equally distributed among the different locations (P = 0.2038). Species diversity was lower in winter; fewer parasites were found in summer. This region, with a tropical climate and a mild winter dry season, has favourable edaphic and climatic conditions for soil contaminants to persist year-round. In addition, the high frequency of animals such as dogs and cats and the poor sanitary measures in force made it possible for zoonoses to be transmitted in the public spaces.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dubná S, Langrová I, Jankovská I, Vadlejch J, Pekár S, Nápravník J, Fechtner J. Contamination of soil with Toxocara eggs in urban (Prague) and rural areas in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:81-6. [PMID: 17049747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of soil with feline and canine ascarid eggs in public parks, backyards and sand pits in Prague, Czech Republic was investigated in this work. Soil samples from shelters and rural areas were also collected. The comparison of soil from different areas (urban, rural, backyards and shelters) exhibited significant difference (chi(2)=32.16, d.f.=3 and p<0.0001). The highest rate of contamination (45%) was found in backyards inhabited by feral cats. The eggs of Toxocara spp. were found in 20.4% of parks, 10% of shelters and 5% of rural samples. Mean egg density per sample from Prague parks was 6.2 eggs/100g of soil. In 126 composite samples from children's and pits, the prevalence of Toxocara eggs was 11.90%. The number of eggs in positive samples varied from 2 to 22 (per 100g). A high proportion (46.9%) of eggs was fully embryonated. There was no difference between the sand pits with or without formal exclusion of dogs (chi(2)=0.6, d.f.=1 and p<0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dubná
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Kamýcká 957, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aydenizöz Ozkayhan M. Soil contamination with ascarid eggs in playgrounds in Kirikkale, Turkey. J Helminthol 2006; 80:15-8. [PMID: 16469167 DOI: 10.1079/joh2005311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of soil with feline and canine ascarid eggs in eight playgrounds in Kirikkale, Turkey was investigated monthly from February 2003 to January 2004. Dog faeces were also collected and all samples were examined using the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation method. Eggs of Toxocara were observed in 5 of 8 (62.5%) of playgrounds examined and in 15.6% of 480 soil samples. The number of eggs varied from 1 to 11. Eggs were observed in soil samples collected in February, March to June, August and November, with embryonated eggs appearing in June and August. Eggs of Toxascaris leonina and Taenia spp. and oocysts of Isospora spp. were also found in 1.5%, 1.0% and 0.2% of soil samples, respectively. Of 26 samples of dog faeces collected, 7.7% were contaminated with Toxocara spp. and 11.5% with Taenia spp. The presence of Toxocara eggs in the city playgrounds and dog populations suggests a potential human health hazard due to toxocariasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aydenizöz Ozkayhan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kirikkale University, 71451 Kirikkale, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cianferoni A, Schneider L, Schantz PM, Brown D, Fox LM. Visceral larva migrans associated with earthworm ingestion: clinical evolution in an adolescent patient. Pediatrics 2006; 117:e336-9. [PMID: 16452340 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old girl developed a cough, hypereosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count: 32000/mm3), hypergammaglobulinemia, and multiple noncavitary pulmonary nodules 1 month after having ingested an earthworm on a dare. Spirometry revealed moderate restriction and reduced gas diffusion. Parabronchial biopsy demonstrated eosinophilic organizing pneumonitis with multiple eosinophilic microabscesses, and Toxocara titers were elevated (>1:4096). Ophthalmologic examination ruled out ocular larva migrans. The patient received a 10-day course of albendazole (400 mg orally twice daily) and demonstrated significant clinical improvement with resolution of cough and pulmonary function abnormalities. Her white blood cell count and hypergammaglobulinemia normalized within 20 days, yet eosinophils (absolute eosinophil count: 1780/mm3) and Toxocara serologies (>1:4096) remained elevated 3 months after completing antihelminthic therapy. In this instance, the ingested earthworm served as the paratenic carrier of Toxocara larvae from the soil to the patient. This case highlights the clinical evolution of pulmonary visceral larva migrans infection caused by Toxocara spp. associated with a discrete ingestion in an adolescent patient. In addition, it provides a rare opportunity to define the incubation period of visceral larva migrans and emphasizes the importance of education regarding sources of Toxocara infection.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wiwanitkit V, Waenlor W. The frequency rate of Toxocara species contamination in soil samples from public yards in a urban area "Payathai", Bangkok, Thailand. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:113-4. [PMID: 15141284 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara species are most common roundworms of Canidae and Felidae. Human toxocariasis develops by ingesting of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil. There is no previous report of Toxocara contamination in the soil samples from the public areas in Bangkok. For this reason our study have been carried out to examine the frequency of Toxocara eggs in public yards in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 175 sand and clay samples were collected and examined for parasite eggs. According to this study, Toxocara eggs were detected from 10 (5.71%) of 175 soil samples. The high rate of contamination in this study implies the importance of the control of this possible zoonotic disease: control of abandon of dogs and cats, is still necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Peracho V, Villalbí JR, Llebaría X, Armengou JM, Guix J. De la perrera municipal al centro de acogida de animales de compañía de Barcelona. GACETA SANITARIA 2003; 17:515-9. [PMID: 14670260 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9111(03)71800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to present changes in public health policy and services related to pet dogs and cats in the city of Barcelona from 1983 to 2001. Initially the center's activity was limited to the custody and euthanasia of stray animals, serving not only the city but also the rest of the province. With the formulation of a city Plan for Pet Animals, the activities were redirected, concentrating on services within the city limits and stimulating adoption. Participation of both professional and humane organizations was sought, premises were renovated, responsible ownership of animals was promoted, controlled urban colonies of cats were established, and adoptions become the cornerstone of policy, centering the activity of the shelter toward its clients. Changes in the shelter's activity since 1998 reflects a clear decrease in the number of animals retained, as well as in the proportion subjected to euthanasia. This decrease may reflect an improvement in the problem of stray animals. These developments have also resulted in a positive change in the relationship with the media and animal welfare organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Peracho
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Barcelona. España.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Fortuna M, Osimani P, Antonicelli L, Del Prete MS, Riva A, D'Errico MM, Petrelli E, Scalise G. Environmental and serological evidence for the presence of toxocariasis in the urban area of Ancona, Italy. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 16:1023-6. [PMID: 11421470 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010853124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the Toxocara spp. eggs environmental contamination of the soil of the urban or suburban area Ancona (Italy), 22 public playgrounds were selected and several cores of soil were taken from any selected areas. To study the Toxocara seroprevalence in the inhabitants of Ancona, blood samples were collected from selected groups of individuals. One hundred and sixty-three blood samples were tested using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique (Lofarma Lab, Milan, Italy) for the detection of IgG-specific antibodies to T. canis excretory-secretory antigens. Toxocara spp. eggs were found in the soil samples from 14 (63.6%) playgrounds. Toxocara seroprevalence was detected in blood specimens from six (8.1%) out of 74 symptomatic individuals and from one (1.1%) out of 89 asymptomatic controls. Among symptomatic individuals, the association between Toxocara seroprevalence and eosinophilia resulted statistically significant (p = 0.029). The high environmental contamination frequency found make necessary to prompt preventive public health measures, such as control of stray animals, treatment of infected pets and hygiene education of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Giacometti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, University of Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Gillespie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free and University College London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ruiz De Ybáñez MR, Garijo M, Goyena M, Alonso FD. Improved methods for recovering eggs of Toxocara canis from soil. J Helminthol 2000; 74:349-53. [PMID: 11138025 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of soil in parks and public places containing eggs of Toxocara may constitute a significant health risk, particularly to children. To determine the most efficient method for extracting eggs from experimentally contaminated soil, two consecutive studies were undertaken. Four techniques, including washing, sieving, vacuum, and the one recommended by the World Health Organization, were evaluated. Recovery rates of over 85% were recorded with both washing and sieving methods. Using the washing technique, all combinations of the four pre-treatment solutions, distilled water, acetoacetic solution pH 5, 0.1 n sodium hydroxide and 1% Tween 20, and seven flotation fluids with different specific gravities (S.G.) ranging from 1.20 to 1.35 were assayed. The association of distilled water and saccharose solution with an S.G. of 1.27 showed the best results, with a recovery rate of 99.91%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ruiz De Ybáñez
- Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Espinardo, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carabin H, Gyorkos TW, Kokoskin E, Payment P, Joseph L, Soto J. Comparison of methods of sampling for Toxocara species and fecal coliforms in an outdoor day care environment. Can J Infect Dis 1998; 9:149-56. [PMID: 22346537 PMCID: PMC3250911 DOI: 10.1155/1998/613048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1997] [Accepted: 06/11/1997] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare three sampling methods and to pretest methods for the determination of fecal coliform (FC) counts and Toxocara species from sand in the day care outdoor environment. DESIGN The sand samples were obtained from the play area and the sandbox of a day care centre and examined for the presence of FC and Toxocara species, the common roundworm of dogs and cats. The sampling methods included random selection and two types of judgement methods. The latter included one method where domestic animals were judged to be likely to defecate and the other where children would be likely to be playing. In addition, to obtain a global estimate of contamination, the entire areas of both the sandbox and the play area were sampled on the last day. SETTING Outdoor day care environment. MAIN RESULTS The most representative levels of bacterial contamination and Toxocara species originated from the combined sample of the entire surface areas rather than from any separate random or judgement method of sampling. FCs were found in all sampled areas of the sandbox (median 910 FCs/g of sand) and of the play area (median 350 FCs/g of sand). Toxocara species were recovered from a number of areas in both the sandbox and the play area. CONCLUSIONS Research on environmental microbial contamination of outdoor day care settings would benefit from the application of standardized and validated sampling and laboratory methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Carabin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Theresa W Gyorkos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Evelyne Kokoskin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Pierre Payment
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Lawrence Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Julio Soto
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cilla G, Pérez-Trallero E, Gutiérrez C, Part C, Gomáriz M. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12:541-3. [PMID: 8905319 DOI: 10.1007/bf00144010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of human toxocarosis in disadvantaged socioeconomic population in Europe is unknown. In Gipuzkoa the seroprevalence in middle-class children 2- to 5-years-old, and 6- to 16-year-olds, was zero (n = 135) and 4.4% (n = 320), respectively. In contrast, among socially and economically disadvantaged children the figures were 37% (n = 27) and 65.7% (n = 64). This high prevalence obliges us to consider toxocarosis as a public health problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Cilla
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital NS Aránzazu, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
O'Lorcain P. Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in public playgrounds in the Dublin area of Ireland. J Helminthol 1994; 68:237-41. [PMID: 7829844 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00014401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of nine playground sites in Dublin city and county were surveyed from which 228 samples were removed. Of these samples, 15% were positive for Toxocara canis ova and a mean egg density of 1.4 ova/100 g was calculated. Two types of playground sites were identified and that the level of toxocaral contamination was found to be greater in 'neighbourhood playgrounds' than in 'adventure playgrounds'. There was no significant difference in the number of positive samples taken from sites both inside and outside these playgrounds. No evidence of Toxocara cati ova was found. Only one sample was positive for Toxascaris leonina ova. Over 50% of the T. canis ova identified were infective. The findings in this study suggest that the sample's moisture content contributes to the long term survival of infective Toxocara ova in the environment. A recovery rate of 69.8% was achieved with a modified version of the flotation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O'Lorcain
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bryden AS. The prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in soil samples from parks and gardens in the London area. Public Health 1992; 106:167-8. [PMID: 1609053 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|