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Harwacki J, Pisklak DM, Szeleszczuk L. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy as a tool for identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets and guide for develop new identification approach of falsified product. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122837. [PMID: 36921742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit drugs are a global problem that is directly related to the safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. The black market for counterfeit products is constantly growing and related to the wide availability through online shopping. Therefore, there is a constant need to develop analytical methods that would allow for the unambiguous identification of counterfeit products from the original ones. One of such techniques is solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which allows for direct registration and analysis of spectra of multicomponent solid forms of pharmaceutical formulations. The paper explores the possibility of using this technique in the identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets. In this study, solid-state NMR has been used to detect the non-pharmacopoeial cellulose present in the samples of counterfeit Viagra tablets. Besides, the NMR results allowed to develop a rapid dying technique that can be used to distinguish between the counterfeit and original drug. It has been shown that solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows for numerous analyses such as identification of counterfeit products, assessment of the composition of analyte, estimation of qualitative differences between the original and falsified product, and the development of simple analytical methods based on tablets composition differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Harwacki
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Szeleszczuk
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ali AMBH, Abdel-Aal FAM, Rageh AH, Mohamed AMI. A Comprehensive Review on Analytical Techniques for Determination of Sex Stimulants, PDE5 Inhibitors in Different Matrices with Special Focus on the Electroanalytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36508289 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting men and its incidence increases with aging. Due to its substantial influence on the quality of life, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been implemented to treat ED by increasing the penile blood flow that results in improving erection. PDE5 inhibitors is a class of drugs that affects many pharmacological sectors, and it is essential to review the different analytical methods described for their determination. Few reviews were published concerning this group of drugs. For this reason, this review article gathers the different analytical methods used to determine PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical and biological samples over the past 20 years. Different analytical techniques were used to analyze these compounds in different matrices such as separation methods (capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS), spectroscopic methods (UV-visible methods, FT-IR spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry) and electrochemical methods (polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry). This review focuses on the different electrochemical methods and their use in analytical determination of PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Moreover, it discusses the different modified electrodes used for their electroanalytical determination and the behavior of the studied drugs at different modified electrodes. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetics of the studied compounds and their interactions with other co-administered drugs especially the metabolic interactions between the studied compounds and other co-administered drugs in different matrices. This literature survey would provide a beneficial guide for future analytical investigation of PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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3
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Ouranidis A, Tsiaxerli A, Vardaka E, Markopoulou CK, Zacharis CK, Nicolaou I, Hatzichristou D, Haidich AB, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kachrimanis K. Sildenafil 4.0-Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:365. [PMID: 33920975 PMCID: PMC8071249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the fourth industrial era catalyzing the treatment advances against erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The plethora of detailed clinical data accumulated and the two sildenafil analogues marketed, namely tadalafil and vardenafil, signify the relevant therapeutic and commercial achievements. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug appears complex, interdependent and of critical importance whereas the treatment of special population cohorts is considered. The diversity of the available formulation strategies and their compatible administration routes, extend from tablets to bolus suspensions and from per os to intravenous, respectively, inheriting the associated strengths and weaknesses. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to elucidate the multi-disciplinary elements spanning the knowledge fields of chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, formulation approaches for different routes of administration and analytical strategies, currently employed to guide the development of sildenafil-based compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiaxerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Hatzichristou
- Department of Urology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna-Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
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4
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Rouhani M, Soleymanpour A. Molecularly imprinted sol-gel electrochemical sensor for sildenafil based on a pencil graphite electrode modified by Preyssler heteropolyacid/gold nanoparticles/MWCNT nanocomposite. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:512. [PMID: 32833062 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on the imprinted sol-gel on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and Preyssler heteropolyacid (PHPA) nanohybrid was fabricated for the determination of trace amounts of sildenafil. The pencil graphite electrode was first deposited by the AuNPs@PHPA-MWCNT nanohybrids, and then, the modified electrode of MIP-sol-gel/AuNPs@PHPA-MWCNTs was prepared by the electrochemical method. The synthesized nanohybrids and prepared modified electrodes were characterized with FE-SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, and UV/Vis. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques were applied for the electrochemical analysis using the modified electrodes. By measuring the oxidation and reduction currents of the potassium ferricyanide probe, the efficiency of this sensor was evaluated for the detection of sildenafil. The anodic peak current was measured at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl by differential pulse voltammetry in the potential range - 0.1 to 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Under the optimum conditions, the current response for the detection of sildenafil was linear in two concentration ranges of 0.1-2 and 2-30 nM and the obtained limit of detection was 0.033 nM. The constructed sensor was used for the measurement of sildenafil in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rouhani
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 3671641167, Iran
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5
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Lin L, Qu F, Nie P, Zhang H, Chu B, He Y. Rapid and Quantitative Determination of Sildenafil in Cocktail Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091790. [PMID: 31075815 PMCID: PMC6539339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil (SD) and its related compounds are the most common adulterants found in herbal preparations used as sexual enhancer or man’s virility products. However, the abuse of SD threatens human health such as through headache, back pain, rhinitis, etc. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect the presence of SD in alcoholic beverages. In this study, the Opto Trace Raman 202 (OTR 202) was used as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active colloids to detect SD. The results demonstrated that the limit of detection (LOD) of SD was found to be as low as 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 could be qualitatively determined as SD characteristic peaks. In a practical application, SD in cocktail could be easily detected using SERS based on OTR 202. Also, there was a good linear correlation between the intensity of Raman peaks at 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 and the logarithm of SD concentration in cocktail was in the range of 0.1–10 mg/L (0.9822 < R2 < 0.9860). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 12.7% and the recovery ranged from 93.0%–105.8%. Moreover, the original 500–1700 cm−1 SERS spectra were pretreated and the partial least squares (PLS) was applied to establish the prediction model between SERS spectra and SD content in cocktail and the highest determination coefficient (Rp2) reached 0.9856. In summary, the SD in cocktail could be rapidly and quantitatively determined by SERS, which was beneficial to provide a rapid and accurate scheme for the detection of SD in alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Qu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pengcheng Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bingquan Chu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Yilmaz E, Ulusoy Hİ, Demir Ö, Soylak M. A new magnetic nanodiamond/graphene oxide hybrid (Fe3O4@ND@GO) material for pre-concentration and sensitive determination of sildenafil in alleged herbal aphrodisiacs by HPLC-DAD system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Asfaram A, Ghaedi M, Purkait MK. Novel synthesis of nanocomposite for the extraction of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) from water and urine samples: Process screening and optimization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMID: 28633848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method is investigated to concentrate and determine trace level of Sildenafil Citrate (SLC) present in water and urine samples. The method is based on a sample treatment using dispersive solid-phase micro-extraction (DSPME) with laboratory-made Mn@ CuS/ZnS nanocomposite loaded on activated carbon (Mn@ CuS/ZnS-NCs-AC) as a sorbent for the target analyte. The efficiency was enhanced by ultrasound-assisted (UA) with dispersive nanocomposite solid-phase micro-extraction (UA-DNSPME). Four significant variables affecting SLC recovery like; pH, eluent volume, sonication time and adsorbent mass were selected by the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) experiments. These selected factors were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) to maximize extraction of SLC. The results exhibited that the optimum conditions for maximizing extraction of SLC were 6.0 pH, 300μL eluent (acetonitrile) volume, 10mg of adsorbent and 6min sonication time. Under optimized conditions, virtuous linearity of SLC was ranged from 30 to 4000ngmL-1 with R2 of 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.50ngmL-1 and the recoveries at two spiked levels were ranged from 97.37 to 103.21% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 4.50% (n=15). The enhancement factor (EF) was 81.91. The results show that the combination UAE with DNSPME is a suitable method for the determination of SLC in water and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Asfaram
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
| | - Mihir Kumar Purkait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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8
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Silva TD, Toledo CR, Vianna-Soares CD. Development and validation of alternative methods by non-aqueous acid-base titration and derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry for quantification of sildenafil in raw material and tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000115181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Ochiai LM, Bindewald EH, Mengarda P, Marcolino-Junior LH, Bergamini MF. Disposable potentiometric citrate sensor based on polypyrrole-doped films for indirect determination of sildenafil in pharmaceuticals formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M. Ochiai
- Departamento De Química, Laboratório De Sensores Eletroquímicos - LabSensE; Universidade Federal Do Paraná; Curitiba-PR Brazil
| | - Eduardo H. Bindewald
- Departamento De Química, Laboratório De Sensores Eletroquímicos - LabSensE; Universidade Federal Do Paraná; Curitiba-PR Brazil
| | - Priscilla Mengarda
- Departamento De Química, Laboratório De Sensores Eletroquímicos - LabSensE; Universidade Federal Do Paraná; Curitiba-PR Brazil
| | - Luiz H. Marcolino-Junior
- Departamento De Química, Laboratório De Sensores Eletroquímicos - LabSensE; Universidade Federal Do Paraná; Curitiba-PR Brazil
| | - Márcio F Bergamini
- Departamento De Química, Laboratório De Sensores Eletroquímicos - LabSensE; Universidade Federal Do Paraná; Curitiba-PR Brazil
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Wang CC, Gómez RA, Fernandez LP. Determination of sildenafil by preconcentration on surfactant coated polymeric resin followed by spectrofluorimetry. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:173-179. [PMID: 29403813 PMCID: PMC5760990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The illicit addition of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors like sildenafil (Viagra) in product offered as herbal medicine or dietary supplement for male erectile dysfunction has concerned authorities in recent times. In this paper, we proposed a sensitive surfactant-coated Amberlite XAD™ resin for sildenafil preconcentration method with spectrofluorimetric detection. Retention capacity of micellar coated XAD resin for sildenafil was studied and the obtained eluate was measured by spectrofluorometer at excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 and 430 nm, respectively. This method allowed the detection of sildenafil at 0.15 ng/mL with linear range of 0.0003-7.0 μg/mL. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of some local commercially available herbal medicines and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien C. Wang
- INQUISAL-CONICET, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700-San Luis, Argentina
| | - Roxana A. Gómez
- INQUISAL-CONICET, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700-San Luis, Argentina
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina
| | - Liliana P. Fernandez
- INQUISAL-CONICET, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700-San Luis, Argentina
- Área de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina
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Ortiz RS, Mariotti KDC, Holzschuh MH, Romão W, Limberger RP, Mayorga P. Profiling counterfeit Cialis, Viagra and analogs by UPLC–MS. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Song Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang S. Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid determination of sildenafil in adulterated functional foods. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.630066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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13
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Dissociation Enthalpies and Thermodynamic Constants of Sildenafil Citrate by the Regression of Multiwavelength pH-spectrophotometric Titration Data. J SOLUTION CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-012-9929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Wang CC, Sombra L, Fernández L. Automated flow system for sildenafil enrichment using surfactant coated solid-phase with fluorescence detection. Talanta 2012; 98:247-52. [PMID: 22939155 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Amberlite XAD-1180 resin is used for on-line surfactant-mediated pre-concentration of sildenafil as a prior step for its fluorescent detection. In order to activate the column for sildenafil pre-concentration, the cationic surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammoniunm bromide, HTAB) is adsorbed onto the resin. In these conditions, sildenafil is retained by HTAB-resin and then it is eluted with ethanol and analyzed by spectrofluorimetry. Drug-surfactant association produces a considerable fluorescence enhancement, increasing considerably the sensitivity of detection. Therefore, sildenafil can be pre-concentrated and quantitatively determined, with a detection limit of 0.2 ng mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of bulk drug, human urine, tablets, and local herbal medicine. Validation processes were performed by recovering studies and statistical analysis with satisfactory results.
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Lee JH, Choi G, Oh YJ, Park JW, Choy YB, Park MC, Yoon YJ, Lee HJ, Chang HC, Choy JH. A nanohybrid system for taste masking of sildenafil. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1635-49. [PMID: 22619517 PMCID: PMC3356190 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanohybrid was prepared with an inorganic clay material, montmorillonite (MMT), for taste masking of sildenafil (SDN). To further improve the taste-masking efficiency and enhance the drug-release rate, we coated the nanohybrid of SDN-MMT with a basic polymer, polyvinylacetal diethylaminoacetate (AEA). Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared experiments showed that SDN was successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of MMT. The AEA-coated SDN-MMT nanohybrid showed drug release was much suppressed at neutral pH (release rate, 4.70 ± 0.53%), suggesting a potential for drug taste masking at the buccal cavity. We also performed in vitro drug release experiments in a simulated gastric fluid (pH = 1.2) and compared the drug-release profiles of AEA-coated SDN-MMT and Viagra(®), an approved dosage form of SDN. As a result, about 90% of SDN was released from the AEA-coated SDN-MMT during the first 2 hours while almost 100% of drug was released from Viagra(®). However, an in vivo experiment showed that the AEA-coated SDN-MMT exhibited higher drug exposure than Viagra(®). For the AEA-coated SDN-MMT, the area under the plasma concentration- time curve from 0 hours to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) and maximum concentration (C(max)) were 78.8 ± 2.32 μg · hour/mL and 12.4 ± 0.673 μg/mL, respectively, both of which were larger than those obtained with Viagra(®) (AUC(0-∞) = 69.2 ± 3.19 μg · hour/mL; C(max) = 10.5 ± 0.641 μg/mL). Therefore, we concluded that the MMT-based nanohybrid is a promising delivery system for taste masking of SDN with possibly improved drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Lee
- Center for Intelligent Nano-Bio Materials (CINBM), Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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A new methodology for detection of counterfeit Viagra® and Cialis® tablets by image processing and statistical analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 216:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Sopha H, Hocevar SB, Pihlar B, Ogorevc B. Bismuth film electrode for stripping voltammetric measurement of sildenafil citrate. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bunaciu AA, El Nashar RM, Aboul-Enein HY. Mini Review: Determination of Sildenafil Citrate in Pharmaceutical Prepaprations. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.546019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Frag EY, Mohamed GG, Alelaiwi HM. Electroanalytical determination of sildenafil in Viagra tablets using screen-printed and conventional carbon paste electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Gopalan AI, Lee KP, Komathi S. Strategically functionalized carbon nanotubes as the ultrasensitive electrochemical probe for picomolar detection of sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3018-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Han WS, Kim JK, Chung KC, Hong JY, Hong JK, Kim JH, Hong TK. Poly(aniline) solid contact ion selective electrode for udenafil. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Letter to the Editor. Mol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Tyszczuk K, Korolczuk M. Voltammetric method for the determination of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 78:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Issa YM, El-Hawary WF, Youssef AFA, Senosy AR. Spectrophotometric determination of sildenafil citrate in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulation using some chromotropic acid azo dyes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:1297-1303. [PMID: 20129817 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of the drug sildenafil citrate (SC), Viagra, in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations, through ion-associate formation reactions (method A) with mono-chromotropic acid azo dyes, chromotrope 2B (I) and chromotrope 2R (II) and ion-pair reactions (method B) with bi-chromotropic acid azo dyes, 3-phenylazo-6-o-carboxyphenylazo-chromotropic acid (III), bis-3,6-(o-hydroxyphenylazo)-chromotropic acid (IV), bis-3,6-(p-N,N-dimethylphenylazo)-chromotropic acid (V) and 3-phenylazo-6-o-hydroxyphenylazo-chromotorpic acid (VI). The reaction products, extractable in methylene chloride, were quantitatively measured at 540, 520, 540, 570, 600 and 575 nm using reagents, I-VI, respectively. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. Beer's plots were linear in the concentration ranges 3.3-87.0, 3.3-96.0, 5.0-115.0, 2.5-125.0, 8.3-166.7 and 0.8-15.0 microg mL(-1) with corresponding molar absorptivities 1.02 x 10(4), 8.34 x 10(3), 6.86 x 10(3), 5.42 x 10(3), 3.35 x 10(3) and 2.32 x 10(4)Lmol(-1) cm(-1) using reagents I-VI, respectively. The limits of detection and Sandell's sensitivities were calculated. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablets (Vigoran) and the recovery study reveals that there is no interference from the common excipients that are present in tablets. Statistical comparison of the results was performed with regard to accuracy and precision using Student's t- and F-tests at 95% confidence level. There is no significant difference between the reported and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Issa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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26
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Batista ÉF, Sartori ER, Medeiros RA, Rocha-Filho RC, Fatibello-Filho O. Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra®) in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903491153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Trefi S, Gilard V, Balayssac S, Malet-Martino M, Martino R. The usefulness of 2D DOSY and 3D DOSY-COSY 1H NMR for mixture analysis: application to genuine and fake formulations of sildenafil (Viagra). MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47 Suppl 1:S163-S173. [PMID: 19655367 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) (1)H NMR is proposed to analyze drugs that are complex mixtures in order to discriminate genuine from fake formulations. The method was applied to the analysis of 17 formulations of sildenafil, one being genuine Viagra and the others illegally manufactured formulations of this drug coming from India, Syria and China. It enabled (i) distinguishing imitations or counterfeit from the authentic formulation, (ii) detecting the presence of sildenafil or adulterants, (iii) gaining information on the formulation process by detection of various excipients, thus giving a precise and global 'signature' of the manufacturer. Even though some samples are slightly overdosed, the quality of products manufactured in India and Syria was better than that of Chinese formulations which were adulterated with vardenafil and homosildenafil. This study also presents a three-dimensional DOSY-COSY (1)H NMR experiment that provides both virtual separation and structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Trefi
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
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28
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Diamond paste-based electrodes for the determination of sildenafil citrate (Viagra). J Solid State Electrochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Manjunatha DH, Seetharamappa J, Kandagal PB, Kalanur SS. New extractive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical dosages. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Ensafi AA, Khayamian T, Khaloo SS. Simultaneous determination of trace amounts of vanadium and molybdenum in water and foodstuff samples using adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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de Veij M, Deneckere A, Vandenabeele P, de Kaste D, Moens L. Detection of counterfeit Viagra® with Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Jalali F, Rajabi MJ. Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Fluconazole by Ion-pair Complex Formation with Bromocresol Green. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Ergun B, Saracoglu A, Ilgin S, Atkosar Z, Kircali K, Altiokka G. Validation of a Reversed‐Phase HPLC Method for the Analysis of Sildenafil Citrate in Pharmaceutical Preparations and in Spiked Human Plasma. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200058345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Ergun
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Saracoglu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ilgin
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zeki Atkosar
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kircali
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Göksel Altiokka
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
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34
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Guermouche MH, Bensalah K. Solid phase extraction and liquid chromatographic determination of sildenafil and N-demethylsidenafil in rat serum with basic mobile phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:952-7. [PMID: 16242895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HPLC method for the determination of sildenafil and its metabolite (N-demethylsildenafil) in rat serum has been developed. The technique included a solid phase extraction of the serum samples on a [poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)] solid phase extraction sorbent. After conditioning, the cartridge was loaded with 0.5 mL of buffered serum containing internal standard. Elution was made with 1 mL of acetonitrile. After evaporation of the eluates to dryness and reconstitution with methanol, the samples were analyzed on Kromasil C18 column phase with phosphate buffer 0.05 M/acetonitrile: 54/46, pH 8. Detection was carried out using a photodiode array detector. For sildenafil and demethylsildenafil, full validation of the proposed method was provided (linearity range, calibration curves, average extraction efficiency; average intra-day and interday variabilities, limit of detection, limit of quantification, specificity). The proposed method was successfully utilised to quantify sildenafil and N-demethylsidenafil in rat serum for a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Guermouche
- Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, B.P. No. 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, Alger, Algeria.
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35
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Liu SP, Fan L, Hu XL, Liu ZF, Li S. Resonance Rayleigh-Scattering Method for the Determination of Sildenafil Citrate in a Pharmaceutical Formulation Using Evans Blue. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:819-23. [PMID: 16772678 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive resonance Rayleigh-scattering (RRS) method for the determination of sildenafil citrate has been developed, based on the fact that sildenafil (Sild) reacted with Evans Blue (EB) to form an ion-association complex in pH 1.1 - 4.6 aqueous solution. This resulted in a significant enhancement of the RRS intensity, and a new spectrum appeared. The wavelength of the maximum RRS was at 365 nm, and other scattering peaks were at 400, 442, 470 and 534 nm, respectively. The intensity of RRS was directly proportional to the concentration of Sild in the range 0 - 11.5 microg ml(-1), and the detection limit for Sild (3 sigma) was 30.3 ng ml(-1). The composition of the ion-association complex was Sild:EB = 1:1, as established by Job's method. The method had good selectivity and could be applied to the determination of Sild in the aqueous phase without using organic solvent extraction. The method was simple and rapid. In addition, the reaction mechanism and the reason for RRS enhancement were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Pu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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36
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Hassan SS, Elnemma EM, Mahmoud WH, Mohammed AH. Continuous potentiometric monitoring of viagra (sildenafil) in pharmaceutical preparations using novel membrane sensors. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-005-9041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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El-Didamony AM. Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Oxomemazine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Bromocresol Green, Bromocresol Purple and Bromophenol Blue. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2005; 338:190-7. [PMID: 15864789 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200400947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of oxomemazine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complexes between the examined drug and bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), and bromophenol blue (BPB) as sulphophthalein dyes in acetate-HCl buffer of pH 3.6, 3.4, and 4.0, respectively. The formed complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured at 405 nm for all three systems. The best conditions of the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges 2.0-12, 2.0-13, and 2.0-14 microg mL(-1) with molar absorptivities of 3.2 x 10(4), 3.7 x 10(4), and 3.1 x 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) for the BCG, BCP, and BPB methods, respectively. Sandell's sensitivity, correlation coefficient, detection and quantification limits are also calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure form and in its dosage forms. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical excipients. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by HPLC method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram M El-Didamony
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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38
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Othman A, Rizk N, El-Shahawi M. Polymer membrane sensors for sildenafil citrate (Viagra) determination in pharmaceutical preparations. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Özkan SA, Uslu B, Zuman P. Electrochemical oxidation of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on carbon electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratories, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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