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Patil PB, Begum S, Joshi M, Kleman MI, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Phenotypic and in vivo functional characterization of immortalized human fetal liver cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:705-14. [PMID: 24730442 PMCID: PMC4059185 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.830328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the establishment and characterization of immortalized human fetal liver progenitor cells by expression of the Simian virus 40 large T (SV40 LT) antigen. Well-characterized cells at various passages were transplanted into nude mice with acute liver injury and tested for functional capacity. The SV40LT antigen-immortalized fetal liver cells showed a morphology similar to primary cells. Cultured cells demonstrated stable phenotypic expression in various passages, of hepatic markers such as albumin, CK 8, CK18, transcription factors HNF-4α and HNF-1α and CYP3A/7. The cells did not stain for any of the tested cancer-associated markers. Albumin, HNF-4α and CYP3A7 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Flow cytometry showed expression of some progenitor cell markers. In vivo study showed that the cells expressed both fetal and differentiated hepatocytes markers. Our study suggests new approaches to expand hepatic progenitor cells, analyze their fate in animal models aiming at cell therapy of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep B. Patil
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Setara Begum
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Meghnad Joshi
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Olausson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhao LF, Pan XP, Li LJ. Key challenges to the development of extracorporeal bioartificial liver support systems. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:243-9. [PMID: 22672816 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly three decades, extracorporeal bioartificial liver (BAL) support systems have been anticipated as promising tools for the treatment of liver failure. However, these systems are still far from clinical application. This review aimed to analyze the key challenges to the development of BALs. DATA SOURCE We carried out a PubMed search of English-language articles relevant to extracorporeal BAL support systems and liver failure. RESULTS Extracorporeal BALs face a series of challenges. First, an appropriate cell source for BAL is not readily available. Second, existing bioreactors do not provide in vivo-like oxygenation and bile secretion. Third, emergency needs cannot be met by current BALs. Finally, the effectiveness of BALs, either in animals or in patients, has been difficult to document. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal BAL support systems are mainly challenged by incompetent cell sources and flawed bioreactors. To advance this technology, future research is needed to provide more insights into interpreting the conditions for hepatocyte differentiation and liver microstructure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Zhao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Schmelzer E, Triolo F, Turner ME, Thompson RL, Zeilinger K, Reid LM, Gridelli B, Gerlach JC. Three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture supports differentiation of human fetal liver cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2007-16. [PMID: 20088704 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human fetal liver cells to survive, expand, and form functional tissue in vitro is of high interest for the development of bioartificial extracorporeal liver support systems, liver cell transplantation therapies, and pharmacologic models. Conventional static two-dimensional culture models seem to be inadequate tools. We focus on dynamic three-dimensional perfusion technologies and developed a scaled-down bioreactor, providing decentralized mass exchange with integral oxygenation. Human fetal liver cells were embedded in a hyaluronan hydrogel within the capillary system to mimic an in vivo matrix and perfusion environment. Metabolic performance was monitored daily, including glucose consumption, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and secretion of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. At culture termination cells were analyzed for proliferation and liver-specific lineage-dependent cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4/3A7) gene expression. Occurrence of hepatic differentiation in bioreactor cultures was demonstrated by a strong increase in CYP3A4/3A7 gene expression ratio, lower alpha-fetoprotein, and higher albumin secretion than in conventional Petri dish controls. Cells in bioreactors formed three-dimensional structures. Viability of cells was higher in bioreactors than in control cultures. In conclusion, the culture model implementing three-dimensionality, constant perfusion, and integral oxygenation in combination with a hyaluronan hydrogel provides superior conditions for liver cell survival and differentiation compared to conventional culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203, USA.
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DUNCAN ANDREWW, DORRELL CRAIG, GROMPE MARKUS. Stem cells and liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:466-81. [PMID: 19470389 PMCID: PMC3136245 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the defining features of the liver is the capacity to maintain a constant size despite injury. Although the precise molecular signals involved in the maintenance of liver size are not completely known, it is clear that the liver delicately balances regeneration with overgrowth. Mammals, for example, can survive surgical removal of up to 75% of the total liver mass. Within 1 week after liver resection, the total number of liver cells is restored. Moreover, liver overgrowth can be induced by a variety of signals, including hepatocyte growth factor or peroxisome proliferators; the liver quickly returns to its normal size when the proliferative signal is removed. The extent to which liver stem cells mediate liver regeneration has been hotly debated. One of the primary reasons for this controversy is the use of multiple definitions for the hepatic stem cell. Definitions for the liver stem cell include the following: (1) cells responsible for normal tissue turnover, (2) cells that give rise to regeneration after partial hepatectomy, (3) cells responsible for progenitor-dependent regeneration, (4) cells that produce hepatocyte and bile duct epithelial phenotypes in vitro, and (5) transplantable liver-repopulating cells. This review will consider liver stem cells in the context of each definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANDREW W. DUNCAN
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - CRAIG DORRELL
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - MARKUS GROMPE
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland,
Papé Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Schwartz RE, Linehan JL, Painschab MS, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM, Kaufman DS. Defined Conditions for Development of Functional Hepatic Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:643-55. [PMID: 16433619 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells provide an important means to evaluate specific soluble and cell-bound stimuli that regulate development of specific cell lineages. Here, we examined specific cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support differentiation of hES cells to hepatocytes. Tests of several different conditions determined that addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-4 and hepatocyte growth factor in completely serum-free cultures of hES cell-derived embryoid bodies subsequently allowed to attach to type I collagen-coated dishes led to maximal differentiation into cells, not only with the morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of hepatocytes but also the functional characteristics. Expression of common hepatic transcription factors including HNF-3beta, HNF-1, and GATA-4 were all significantly induced under these conditions. Hepatocyte function was demonstrated by multiple complementary criteria: production of urea and albumin, phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P450 expression, and uptake of indocyanine green. These hES cell-derived hepatocytes will serve as a resource to understand normal human hepatocyte development and for applications such as cell replacement therapies and screening of pharmacologic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schwartz
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Li J, Li LJ, Cao HC, Sheng GP, Yu HY, Xu W, Sheng JF. Establishment of Highly Differentiated Immortalized Human Hepatocyte Line With Simian Virus 40 Large Tumor Antigen for Liver Based Cell Therapy. ASAIO J 2005; 51:262-8. [PMID: 15968957 DOI: 10.1097/01.mat.0000161045.16805.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure and metabolic liver disorder animal models have demonstrated that hepatocytes transplanted into the liver or spleen survive and participate in the liver repopulation process, and recent studies have documented the usefulness of hepatocyte transplantation in humans. However, despite the promising cell therapy, there are still many restrictions, such as the shortage of donor human livers and the limited lifespan and the functional insufficiency of primary cultured hepatocytes. The immortalized and highly differentiated human hepatocyte could provide an unlimited supply of transplantable cells. In this study, we established an efficient and highly differentiated immortalized human hepatocyte line for bioartificial liver and hepatocyte transplantation research. Hepatocytes isolated from the liver of a 25 year old, brain dead male were transfected with pcDNA3.1 (-) recombinant plasmid containing the genes encoding simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen. One of the hepatocyte clones, HepLL, displayed highly differentiated liver functions with immortalized characteristics and was selected with a 700-300 microg/ml of G418 technique in 42 days. To characterize this immortalized cell line for cell therapy in the near future, HepLL cells were studied with immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, immunoblotting, and tumorigenicity tests. The results revealed that HepLL cells displayed morphologic characteristics of liver parenchymal cells, secreted albumin, synthesized urea and glycogen, and expressed liver enriched functional markers, but there were no tumorigenic qualities after transplantation into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Thus this immortalized human hepatocyte line is expected to be a useful tool for studying the functions of differentiated human hepatocyte and a promising strategy to resolve the shortages of donor organs and the limits of primary human hepatocyte for transplantation and bioartificial liver support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Lab of Infectious Disease of Ministry of Health, China
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Santoro A, Mancini E, Buttiglieri S, Krause A, Yakubovich M, Tetta C. Extracorporeal support of liver function (II part). Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27:176-85. [PMID: 15112883 DOI: 10.1177/039139880402700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Nephrology and Urology, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Several extracorporeal bioartificial liver (BAL) devices are currently being evaluated as an alternative or adjunct therapy for liver disease. While these hybrid systems show promise, in order to become a clinical reality, BAL devices must clearly demonstrate efficacy in improving patient outcomes. Here, we present aspects of BAL devices that could benefit from fundamental advances in cell and developmental biology. In particular, we examine the development of human hepatocyte cell lines, strategies to stabilize the hepatocyte phenotype in vitro, and emphasize the importance of the cellular microenvironment in bioreactor design. Consideration of these key components of BAL systems will greatly improve next generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Allen
- Microscale Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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Abstract
Treatment of liver disease has been greatly improved by the advent and evolution of liver transplantation. However, as demand for donor organs continues to increase beyond their availability, the need for alternative liver therapies is clear. Several approaches including extracorporeal devices, cell transplantation, and tissue-engineered constructs have been proposed as potential adjuncts or even replacements for transplantation. Simultaneously, experience from the liver biology community have provided valuable insight into tissue morphogenesis and in vitro stabilization of the hepatocyte phenotype. The next generation of cellular therapies must therefore consider incorporating cell sources and cellular microenvironments that provide both a large population of cells and strategies to maintain liver-specific functions over extended time frames. As cell-based therapies evolve, their success will require contribution from many diverse disciplines including regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and transplant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Allen
- Microscale Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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Köksoy S, Phipps AJ, Hayes KA, Mathes LE. SV40 Immortalization of feline fibroblasts as targets for MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cell assays. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 79:285-95. [PMID: 11389962 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CTL assays in outbred cats have been difficult to perform because of a lack of a good source of syngeneic target cell. Primary fibroblasts from cats are widely used as target cells for MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) assays, but their limited life-spans of 8-10 culture passages can be problematic for longitudinal studies. To circumvent the life-span limitations of primary fibroblast cultures, we developed a procedure for immortalizing feline primary fibroblast cells by transfection with a molecular clone of simian virus 40 (SV40). Fibroblast cultures from skin biopsies of 28 cats were immortalized using this procedure and have been passaged for longer than 6 months without showing any phenotypic difference from the original primary cells. Non-SV40 transfected feline fibroblasts from a selection of animals in the same group survived for only 6-8 weeks before reaching senescence. The immortalized fibroblasts expressed SV40 T-antigen and Class I MHC protein, and were successfully used as target cells in 51Cr release CTL assays in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats and in vitro stimulated allogeneic T-cell cultures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Cats/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Cellular Senescence/physiology
- Chromium Radioisotopes
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/veterinary
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- S Köksoy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210,USA
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