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Mao T, Liu M, Lin L, Cheng Y, Fang C. A Study on Doping and Compound of Zinc Oxide Photocatalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4484. [PMID: 36365478 PMCID: PMC9657537 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As an excellent semiconductor photocatalyst, zinc oxide is widely used in the field of photocatalysis and is regarded as one of the most reliable materials to solve environmental problems. However, because its band gap energy limits the absorption of visible light and reduces the efficiency of catalytic degradation, it needs to be doped with other substances or compounded with other substances and precious metal. This paper summarizes the research on this aspect at home and abroad in recent years, introduces the doping of transition metal ions by zinc oxide, the compounding of zinc oxide with precious metals or other semiconductors, and the prospect of further improving the catalytic efficiency of zno photocatalyst is also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Mao
- College of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
- College of Printing, Packaging and Digital Media, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- College of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Liyuan Lin
- College of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Youliang Cheng
- College of Printing, Packaging and Digital Media, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Changqing Fang
- College of Printing, Packaging and Digital Media, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
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Lincho J, Zaleska-Medynska A, Martins RC, Gomes J. Nanostructured photocatalysts for the abatement of contaminants by photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155776. [PMID: 35537515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The water scarcity, the presence of different contaminants in the worldwide waters and wastewaters and their impacts should motivate their good elimination and water management. With this, photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation are strong solutions to obtain good quality reclaimed water, for different applications. Nanostructured supported photo-active catalysts, such as the TiO2, WO3 or ZnO can positively affect the performance of such technologies. Therefore, different semiconductors materials have been aroused the interest of the scientific community, mainly due to its functional properties as well as characteristics imposed by the different nanostructures. With this, this work overviews different works and perspective on the TiO2 nanotubes and other semiconductors nanostructures, with the analysis of different works from 2001 to 2022. Aspects as the substrate effect, electrolyte nature, aspect ratio, electrolyte aging, and annealing treatment but also the effect of morphology, anodization time, applied voltage, temperature and viscosity are discussed. Modification of TiO2 nanotubes is also presented in this paper. The main objective of this work is to present and discuss the key parameters and their effects on the anodization of different semiconductors, as well as the results obtained until today on the degradation of different contaminants by photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation, as well as their use on the treatment of real wastewater. TiO2 nanotubes present unique properties and highly ordered configuration, which motivate their use on photo-driven technologies for the pollutant's abatement, even when compared to other nanostructures. However, photocatalysts with activity on the visible range and solar radiation, such as the WO3, can present higher performance and can decrease operational costs, and must be an important source and a key to find efficient and cost-friendly solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lincho
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rui C Martins
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Gomes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Olive Mill Wastewater Remediation: From Conventional Approaches to Photocatalytic Processes by Easily Recoverable Materials. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive oil production in Mediterranean countries represents a crucial market, especially for Spain, Italy, and Greece. However, although this sector plays a significant role in the European economy, it also leads to dramatic environmental consequences. Waste generated from olive oil production processes can be divided into solid waste and olive mill wastewaters (OMWW). These latter are characterized by high levels of organic compounds (i.e., polyphenols) that have been efficiently removed because of their hazardous environmental effects. Over the years, in this regard, several strategies have been primarily investigated, but all of them are characterized by advantages and weaknesses, which need to be overcome. Moreover, in recent years, each country has developed national legislation to regulate this type of waste, in line with the EU legislation. In this scenario, the present review provides an insight into the different methods used for treating olive mill wastewaters paying particular attention to the recent advances related to the development of more efficient photocatalytic approaches. In this regard, the most advanced photocatalysts should also be easily recoverable and considered valid alternatives to the currently used conventional systems. In this context, the optimization of innovative systems is today’s object of hard work by the research community due to the profound potential they can offer in real applications. This review provides an overview of OMWW treatment methods, highlighting advantages and disadvantages and discussing the still unresolved critical issues.
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Saber O, Osama A, Alshoaibi A, Shaalan NM, Osama D. New Approach for Designing Zinc Oxide Nanohybrids to Be Effective Photocatalysts for Water Purification in Sunlight. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122005. [PMID: 35745344 PMCID: PMC9227281 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution and deficient energy are the main challenges for the scientific society across the world. In this trend, new approaches include designing zinc oxide nanohybrids to be very active in sunlight. In this line, organic and magnetic species intercalate among the nanolayers of Al/Zn to build inorganic-magnetic-organic nanohybrid structures. A series of nanolayered and nanohybrid structures have been prepared through intercalating very fine particles of cobalt iron oxide nanocomposites and long chains of organic fatty acids such as n-capric acid and stearic acid inside the nanolayered structures of Al/Zn. By thermal treatment, zinc oxide nanohybrids have been prepared and used for purifying water from colored pollutants using solar energy. The optical measurements have shown that the nanohybrid structure of zinc oxide leads to a clear reduction of band gap energy from 3.30 eV to 2.60 eV to be effective in sunlight. In this line, a complete removal of the colored pollutants (naphthol green B) was achieved after ten minutes in the presence of zinc oxide nanohybrid and sunlight. Finally, this new approach for designing photoactive nanohybrids leads to positive results for facing the energy- and water-related problems through using renewable and non-polluting energy for purifying water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Saber
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.O.); (A.A.); (N.M.S.); (D.O.)
- Petroleum Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P.O. Box 11727, Cairo 11765, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-(61)-3589-9440
| | - Aya Osama
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.O.); (A.A.); (N.M.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.O.); (A.A.); (N.M.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Nagih M. Shaalan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.O.); (A.A.); (N.M.S.); (D.O.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Doaa Osama
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.O.); (A.A.); (N.M.S.); (D.O.)
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Doping Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Nanocomposites Using Organic Species for Fast Removal of Industrial Pollutants from Water in UV Light. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced photo-active materials have attracted attention for their potential uses in water purification. In this study, a novel and facile route was used for designing nanohybrids to be valuable sources for producing effective photocatalysts for purifying water from the colored pollutants. Host-guest interaction and intercalation reactions used long chains of hydrocarbons of n-capric acid and stearic acid to facilitate incorporation of fine particles of cobalt iron oxide nanocomposite with the internal surface of the nanolayers of Al/Zn for building nanohybrids. The thermal decomposition of the prepared nanohybrids led to formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with multi-oxides of magnetic and non-magnetic dopants. These dopants created new optical centers causing a strong reduction in the band gap energy from 3.30 eV to 2.60 eV. This positive effect was confirmed by a complete removal of the dye of Naphthol green B from water after 15 min of light irradiation. Moreover, a kinetic study showed that the reaction rate of photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants was faster than that of the conventional photocatalysts. Finally, this route was effective for producing benign and fast solutions for purifying water in addition to environment-related problems.
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Designing Novel Strategy to Produce Active Nanohybrids in Sunlight for Purification of Water Based on Inorganic Nanolayers, Magnetic Nanocomposites and Organic Species. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123673. [PMID: 35744799 PMCID: PMC9227506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy and water related problems have attracted strong attention from scientists across the world because of deficient energy and water pollution. Following this line, new strategy depended on preparing nanolayers of Al/Zn and magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt iron oxides nanocomposite in addition to long chains of hydrocarbons of stearic acid to be used as roofs, fillers and pillars; respectively, to design optical-active nanohybrids in sunlight for removing the colored pollutants from water in few minutes. By using long chains of hydrocarbons of stearic acid, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results and TEM images showed expansion of the interlayered spacing from 0.76 nm to 2.02 nm and insertion of magnetic nanoparticles among the nanolayers of Al/Zn. The optical properties and activities showed that the nanohybrid structure based on zinc oxide led to clear reduction of the band gap energy from 3.3 eV to 2.75 eV to be effective in sunlight. Photocatalytic degradation of the dye of acid green 1 confirmed the high activity of the prepared zinc oxide nanohybrids because of a complete removal of the dye after ten minutes in sunlight. Finally, this strategy was effective for producing photo-active nanohybrids for using renewable and non-polluting energy for purifying water.
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Saber O, Osama M, Alshoaibi A, Shaalan NM, Osama D. Designing inorganic–magnetic–organic nanohybrids for producing effective photocatalysts for the purification of water. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18282-18295. [PMID: 35800303 PMCID: PMC9211058 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a new strategy for modifying the structure of zinc oxide for removing colored pollutants from water after a few minutes of light irradiation. In this context, the magnetic nanocomposite was combined with the nanolayers of Al/Zn to build inorganic–magnetic nanohybrids. The long chains of hydrocarbons of stearic acid have been used as pillars to widen interlayered spacing among the nanolayers to build organic–magnetic–inorganic nanohybrids. These nanohybrids were used as sources for designing zinc oxide nanohybrids to purify water from the green dyes using UV-light. The optical measurements showed that the nanohybrid structure of zinc oxide led to a clear reduction in the band gap energy from 3.30 eV to 2.75 eV to be more effective. In addition, a complete removal of naphthol green B was achieved after 15 min in the presence of zinc oxide nanohybrid using UV-light. The kinetic study showed that the reaction rate for the photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants was faster than that of the conventional photocatalysts. Finally, this strategy for designing photoactive nanohybrids led to positive results for overcoming environment- and water-related problems using the fast technique for purifying water. The present study describes a new strategy for modifying the structure of zinc oxide for removing colored pollutants from water after a few minutes of light irradiation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Saber
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, P. O. Box 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Osama
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagih M. Shaalan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Doaa Osama
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Solvothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange and p-Nitrophenol. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13223224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is an effective method of controlling environmental pollution. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by the solvothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). The results showed that the ZnO NPs had a uniform size of 25–40 nm, hexagonal wurtzite structure, and a band gap of 2.99 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) was used as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs. The photocatalytic degradation rates (pseudo-first-order kinetics) of MO and PNP were 92% (0.0128 min−1) and 56.2% (0.0042 min−1), respectively, with a 25 W ultraviolet lamp, MO/PNP concentration = 20 mg/L, ZnO NPs dose = 1.5 g/L, and time = 180 min. The photocatalytic mechanism of ZnO NPs and degradation pathways of MO and PNP were also proposed. The results provide valuable information and guidance for the treatment of wastewater via photocatalytic methods.
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One-Step Multi-Doping Process for Producing Effective Zinc Oxide Nanofibers to Remove Industrial Pollutants Using Sunlight. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Doping processes for optical materials are one of the driving forces for developing efficient and clean technologies for decontamination of aquatic effluents through lowering their band gap energy to become effective in sunlight. The current study has used a non-conventional technique for doping zinc oxide by multi metals, non-metals and organic dyes through a one-step process. In this trend, Zn-Al nanolayered structures have been used as hosts for building host–guest interactions. Organic dyes that have inorganic species of iron, nitrogen and sulfur have been used as guests in the intercalation reactions of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides. By intercalating green dyes, organic–inorganic nanohybrids were formed as nanolayered structures with expanding interlayered spacing to 2.1 nm. By changing the concentration of green dyes and thermal treatment, series of nanofibers and nanoplates of zinc oxides were formed and doped by aluminum, iron and sulfur in addition to colored species. The optical properties of the multi-doped zinc oxide indicated that it became suitable for solar applications because its band gap energy decreased from 3.30 eV to 2.80 eV. The experimental and kinetic results of the multi-doped zinc oxide concluded that the colored pollutants were effectively removed during 50 min of sunlight irradiation.
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Lashuk B, Yargeau V. A review of ecotoxicity reduction in contaminated waters by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147645. [PMID: 34000552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread deterioration of our water systems requires new wastewater treatment technologies to ensure environmental protection. Conventional wastewater treatments were not designed for, and are therefore ineffective, at removing contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. Furthermore, treatment processes capable of breaking down CECs may produce toxic transformation products more harmful than the parent chemicals. Heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation provides a promising option with high degradation and mineralization of organic compounds. The aim of the present paper is to review ecotoxicity reduction in water treated by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation as a measure of process viability. The discussion investigates changes in toxicity based on a variety of toxicity tests performed to evaluate potential effects on ecosystems, the types of catalysts and radiation sources used, the nature of the target contaminants, and the type of water matrix treated. Acute toxicity testing, TiO2 catalysts, and mercury-vapour lamps including blacklights were dominant in the reviewed studies, investigated in 86%, 84% and 79% of the papers, respectively. Pharmaceuticals were the main group of chemicals treated and the water matrices used were predominantly pure water and secondary effluent. Overall, the findings of these studies provide evidence that photocatalytic ozonation is an efficient process to remove persistent organic compounds while, most of the time, not increasing the toxicity of the effluent (as reported by 86% of the studies). Due to the wide variation in experimental set-ups, no clear correlation between reaction conditions and toxicity was determined, however, V. fischeri acute toxicity assays and chronic/sublethal tests appeared most sensitive to transformation products. Future studies need to a) incorporate multiple toxicity tests to produce a more reliable and inclusive ecotoxicity assessment of treated effluent and b) investigate immobilized catalysts and energy efficient radiation sources (i.e. solar and LEDs) for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Lashuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada.
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Rangkooy HA, Jahani F, Afshar faroji D, Nakhaei pour M. Photocatalytic activity of synthetic ZnO/WO 3 nanocomposites immobilized on a Y-zeolite in removal of gas-phase styrene. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:181-191. [PMID: 34150228 PMCID: PMC8172691 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The widespread use of styrene along with its harmful effects on human health has led to many studies on how to control and reduce its vapors in the workplace. In this study, efficient removal of styrene molecules in the gas phase was attempted by using Y-ZnO/WO3 hybrid photocatalysts. METHODS ZnO/WO3 nanocomposites with different WO3 Wt% were prepared and immobilized on Y-zeolite. The samples' characteristics were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). RESULTS The Y- ZnO/WO3 catalyst exhibits an improved photocatalytic activity as compared to Y-ZnO and Y-zeolite alone. This higher photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/WO3 supported on Y-zeolite can be attributed to a more efficient interaction of the ZnO/WO3 with the zeolite leading to higher adsorption capacities. Results reveal that the photocatalyst was highly photoactive in mineralizing styrene. The high activity can be attributed to the synergetic effects of strong UV, ZnO/WO3 nanocomposite and surface hydroxyl groups. The photocatalytic degradation reaction of styrene with the Y-ZnO/WO3 follows Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that this photocatalyst is suitable for the removal of styrene under UV light. The highest removal efficiency achieved was with Y-ZnO/WO3 at 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Rangkooy
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Occupational Health, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fereshte Jahani
- Department of Occupational Health, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Expert in Bushehr Petrochemical Compony, HSE Department, Asaluyeh, Iran
| | - Davoud Afshar faroji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nakhaei pour
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Haq I, Mazumder P, Kalamdhad AS. Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 312:123636. [PMID: 32527619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulp and paper mill wastewater contains lignin related synthetic, aromatic and chlorinated chemical compounds. Extracting lignin from pulp and paper mill wastewater is one way of recovering valuable organic material. Due to its complex structure, lignin is difficult to break and provides economical and technical provocations in biomass recovery. The conventional wastewater treatment processes are seldom efficacious for the complete removal of lignin from paper mill effluents. A wide range of thermal, mechanical and physico-chemical methods have been reported for the removal of lignin. Moreover, biological method of lignin removal employed microorganisms including bacteria and fungi as a one-step treatment and/or amalgamation of various physico-chemical techniques. Compared with other methods, biological process for degradation of lignin is regarded as eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable. Therefore, this review will provide insight into the recent breakthroughs and future trends in lignin removal with special emphasis on biological treatment and scope of lignin utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izharul Haq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Xing L, Kong M, Xie X, Sun J, Wei D, Li A. Feasibility and safety of papermaking wastewater in using as ecological water supplement after advanced treatment by fluidized-bed Fenton coupled with large-scale constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134369. [PMID: 31677464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of pulp-and-paper industry wastewater as reclaimed water is an effective way to mitigate water resource shortage. In this study, the feasibility and safety of papermaking wastewater for the use as ecological water supplement after the treatment by fluidized-bed Fenton (FBF) coupled with constructed wetland (CW), were investigated from laboratory-scale to large-scale field. The optimum pH, H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+ ratio and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of FBF were 3.5, 0.93 mL/L, 4 and 60 min, respectively, based on reduction of both total organic carbon (TOC) and genotoxicity. Furthermore, the safety of effluent was evaluated using SOS/umu assay and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in zebrafish. Results showed FBF followed by CW improved the conventional water quality indicators and reduced the toxicity. Average removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and colority were 87.3%, 93.59%, 51.73%, 84.75% and 95.86%, respectively. The equivalent concentration of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO-EQ) decreased from 30.6 ± 1.6 μg/L in influent to 12.4 ± 1.0 μg/L after treated by FBF, then decreased to 5.9 ± 0.4 μg/L after treated by CW and to 3.2 ± 0.3 μg/L after 12-km downstream self-purification. The chronic survival rates of 21-d zebrafish significantly increased from 0.0% in influent to 58.8 ± 4.0% in effluent of CW and gradually increased to 68.8 ± 2.6% after 12-km downstream self-purification. Similarly, 8-OHdG level in zebrafish decreased from 120.0 ± 19.3 ng/L in effluent of ecological oxidation pond to 94.0 ± 7.5 ng/L in effluent of CW and gradually decreased to 42.0 ± 3.0 ng/L after 12-km downstream self-purification. The study concluded that FBF-CW is an efficient detoxication and water quality improvement technology for papermaking wastewater to be used as an ecological water supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215216, China.
| | - Dongyang Wei
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Atarodi H, Faghihian H. Selective photodegradation of atrazine by a novel molecularly imprinted nanophotocatalyst prepared on the basis of chitosan. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sánchez-Cid P, Jaramillo-Páez C, Navío J, Martín-Gómez A, Hidalgo M. Coupling of Ag2CO3 to an optimized ZnO photocatalyst: Advantages vs. disadvantages. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Khan J, Ilyas S, Akram B, Ahmad K, Hafeez M, Siddiq M, Ashraf MA. Zno/NiO coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for textile dyes degradation. ARAB J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Mahmoodi V, Bastami TR, Ahmadpour A. Solar energy harvesting by magnetic-semiconductor nanoheterostructure in water treatment technology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8268-8285. [PMID: 29372526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic pollutants in the wastewater using dispersed semiconductor nanophotocatalysts has a number of advantages such as high activity, cost effectiveness, and utilization of free solar energy. However, it is difficult to recover and recycle nanophotocatalysts since the fine dispersed nanoparticles are easily suspended in waters. Furthermore, a large amount of photocatalysts will lead to color contamination. Thus, it is necessary to prepare photocatalysts with easy separation for the reusable application. To take advantage of high photocatalysis activity and reusability, magnetic photocatalysts with separation function were utilized. In this review, the photocatalytic principle, structure, and application of the magnetic-semiconductor nanoheterostructure photocatalysts under solar light are evaluated. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Rohani Bastami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, P.O. Box 94771-67335, Quchan, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Enhanced UV/H2O2 process by expanded graphite: an effective method for rhodamine B dye decolorization. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Oke N, Singh S, Garg A. A comparative treatment of bleaching wastewater by physicochemical processes. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2367-2379. [PMID: 29144295 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bleaching effluent discharged from a pulp and paper mill contains chlorinated organic compounds which are toxic to living matter. Physicochemical treatments such as coagulation and different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were employed for combined bleaching effluent generated from the first two stages (i.e. chlorination and alkali extraction) (pH = 3.5, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 1,920 mg/L, and total organic carbon (TOC) = 663 mg/L). At optimum conditions (pH = 7.5, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) dose = 3.84 g/L and slow mixing time = 25 min), ∼68% removal in UV254 and ∼23% TOC removal was obtained during coagulation. Among various AOPs, UV/Fe2+/TiO2/H2O2 system showed the highest TOC and COD removals (∼78%) after 2 h duration (Fe2+:H2O2 molar ratio = 1:100). After the AOP process, chloride ion concentration and biodegradability of the treated wastewater was increased to 2,762 mg/L and 0.46 from an initial value of 2,131 mg/L and 0.29, respectively. The wastewater and sludge analysis showed oxidation and adsorption as the major mechanisms for organics removal. Upon reuse of the regenerated catalysts, TOC removal was reduced significantly. It was found that three times more sludge per unit TOC removal was generated after coagulation in comparison to that produced after UV/Fe2+/TiO2/H2O2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Oke
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India E-mail:
| | - Swati Singh
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India E-mail:
| | - Anurag Garg
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India E-mail:
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Gholami M, Abbasi Souraki B, Pendashteh A, Bagherian Marzouni M. Efficiency evaluation of the membrane/AOPs for paper mill wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1127-1138. [PMID: 27532776 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1218553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by combining an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was investigated at a bench scale. In the present study, the effects of impressive parameters on membrane fouling such as CaCl2 (mg/L), pH, and temperature (°C) were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). According to the results yielded, at the temperature of 45°C, pH of 10 and CaCl2 concentration of 400 mg/L, the fouling reached its minimum (32%). Therefore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the average thickness of cake layer on the UF surface decreased from approximately 75.37 µm to 11.38 µm by optimizing the operating conditions. The results showed the UF permeate quality is not sufficient. Thus, AOPs applied for permeate. In this way, the performance of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals, generated by the activation of oxidants, such as persulfate ([Formula: see text]) and H2O2, by Fe(II) for removal efficiencies was examined. Accordingly, under the optimum conditions of Filtration/Fenton ([H2O2] = 15 mM, [Fe(II)] = 6 mM, pH = 3), the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, and UV280 was 95.02%, 86.74%, and 87.08%, respectively. This is while, in the optimum conditions of Filtration/[Formula: see text]/Fe(II) ([[Formula: see text]] = 7 mM, [Fe(II)] = 2 mM and pH = 6), the removal efficiency of COD, UV254, and UV280 reached 94.96%, 92.04%, and 90.16%, respectively. This is indicative of the fact that the process of Filtration/[Formula: see text]/Fe(II), with a lower oxidant and catalyst concentration and pH close to the neutral range is more efficient than that of Filtration/Fenton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeen Gholami
- a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Guilan , Rasht , Iran
| | - Behrooz Abbasi Souraki
- a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Guilan , Rasht , Iran
| | - Alireza Pendashteh
- b Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources , University of Guilan , Rasht , Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherian Marzouni
- c Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education , Culture and Research (ACECR) , Rasht , Iran
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21
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Salgueiro AM, Evtuguin DV, Saraiva JA, Almeida F. High pressure-promoted xylanase treatment to enhance papermaking properties of recycled pulp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9885-9893. [PMID: 27383606 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Industrially produced bleached recycled pulp (R) comprising essentially hardwood fibres was subjected to enzymatic treatment with endo-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus with or without ultra-high hydrostatic pressure (UHP) pre-treatment at 300-600 MPa for 10 min. The kinetics and the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis after UHP pre-treatment under different conditions have been evaluated by released reducing sugars and the analysis of neutral sugars in pulps, respectively. The changes in surface chemical composition of pulps were assessed by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. UHP-pre-treated R under optimal conditions (400 MPa), with or without posterior enzymatic treatment, was used for the production of handsheets and evaluation of its mechanical properties. It was suggested that enzymatic modification improves significantly the papermaking properties of recycled pulp. These improvements were related with selective removal of xylan bound to impurities and to aggregated cellulose fibrils on the fibre surface, thus favouring the ensuing swelling and inter-fibre bonding in paper. UHP pre-treatment and posterior enzymatic treatment revealed a synergetic effect on the mechanical properties of recycled pulp. This fact was assigned to enhanced accessibility of fibres towards xylanase and by forced hydration and favourable rearrangement of cellulosic fibrils in fibres after UHP pre-treatment. The increase of basic strength properties after UHP-promoted xylanase treatment was up to 30 % being the most pronounced for the tensile strength and the burst resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Salgueiro
- CICECO, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,QOPNA, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-195, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- QOPNA, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-195, Aveiro, Portugal
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22
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Giahi M. Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium in aqueous solution using N, S, and C-doped ZnO. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s10704272150120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Mohammadzadeh S, Olya ME, Arabi AM, Shariati A, Khosravi Nikou MR. Synthesis, characterization and application of ZnO-Ag as a nanophotocatalyst for organic compounds degradation, mechanism and economic study. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 35:194-207. [PMID: 26354709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The current work deals with ZnO-Ag nanocomposites (in the wide range of x in the Zn1-xO-Agx chemical composition) synthesized using microwave assisted solution combustion method. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the samples were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry), SEM (scanning electron microscopy technique), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum), ICP (inductively coupled plasma technique), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method), UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer) and photoluminescence spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO-Ag was investigated by photo-degradation of Acid Blue 113 (AB 113) under UV illumination in a semi-batch reactor. This experiment showed that ZnO-Ag has much more excellent photocatalytic properties than ZnO synthesized by the same method. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was due to the decrease in recombination of photogenerated electron-holes. The results showed the improvement of ZnO photocatalytic activity and there is an optimum amount of Ag (3.5mol%) that needs to be doped with ZnO. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, catalyst dose and dye concentration were investigated. The reaction byproducts were identified by LC/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) analysis and a pathway was proposed as well. Kinetic studies indicated that the decolorization process follows the first order kinetics. Also, the degradation percentage of AB 113 was determined using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. Additionally, cost analysis of the process, the mechanism and the role of Ag were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammadzadeh
- Gas Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - M E Olya
- Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A M Arabi
- Department of Nanomaterials and Nanocoatings, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shariati
- Gas Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - M R Khosravi Nikou
- Gas Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
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Kamani H, Bazrafshan E, Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Askari M, Ameri R. Photocatalyst Decolorization of C. I. Sulphur Red 14 From Aqueous Solution by UV Irradiation in the Presence of ZnO Nanopowder. HEALTH SCOPE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Benvenuti T, Rodrigues MAS, Arenzon A, Bernardes AM, Zoppas-Ferreira J. Toxicity effects of nickel electroplating effluents treated by photoelectrooxidation in the industries of the Sinos River Basin. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:17-24. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>The Sinos river Basin is an industrial region with many tanneries and electroplating plants in southern Brazil. The wastewater generated by electroplating contains high loads of salts and metals that have to be treated before discharge. After conventional treatment, this study applied an advanced oxidative process to degrade organic additives in the electroplating bright nickel baths effluent. Synthetic rinsing water was submitted to physical-chemical coagulation for nickel removal. The sample was submitted to ecotoxicity tests, and the effluent was treated by photoelectrooxidation (PEO). The effects of current density and treatment time were evaluated. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) was 38% lower. The toxicity tests of the effluent treated using PEO revealed that the organic additives were partially degraded and the concentration that is toxic for test organisms was reduced.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- T Benvenuti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - A Arenzon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - AM Bernardes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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26
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Miksch K, Cema G, Corvini PFX, Felis E, Sochacki A, Surmacz-Górska J, Wiszniowski J, Żabczynski S. R&D priorities in the field of sustainable remediation and purification of agro-industrial and municipal wastewater. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Hermosilla D, Merayo N, Gascó A, Blanco Á. The application of advanced oxidation technologies to the treatment of effluents from the pulp and paper industry: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:168-91. [PMID: 25185495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The paper industry is adopting zero liquid effluent technologies to reduce freshwater use and meet environmental regulations, which implies closure of water circuits and the progressive accumulation of pollutants that must be removed before water reuse and final wastewater discharge. The traditional water treatment technologies that are used in paper mills (such as dissolved air flotation or biological treatment) are not able to remove recalcitrant contaminants. Therefore, advanced water treatment technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are being included in industrial wastewater treatment chains aiming to either improve water biodegradability or its final quality. A comprehensive review of the current state of the art regarding the use of AOPs for the treatment of the organic load of effluents from the paper industry is herein addressed considering mature and emerging treatments for a sustainable water use in this sector. Wastewater composition, which is highly dependent on the raw materials being used in the mills, the selected AOP itself, and its combination with other technologies, will determine the viability of the treatment. In general, all AOPs have been reported to achieve good organic removal efficiencies (COD removal >40%, and about an extra 20% if AOPs are combined with biological stages). Particularly, ozonation has been the most extensively reported and successfully implemented AOP at an industrial scale for effluent treatment or reuse within pulp and paper mills, although Fenton processes (photo-Fenton particularly) have actually addressed better oxidative results (COD removal ≈ 65-75%) at a lab scale, but still need further development at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hermosilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain,
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28
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Karthikeyan S, Viswanathan K, Boopathy R, Maharaja P, Sekaran G. Three dimensional electro catalytic oxidation of aniline by boron doped mesoporous activated carbon. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Ghaedi M, Nasab AG, Khodadoust S, Sahraei R, Daneshfar A. Characterization of zinc oxide nanorods loaded on activated carbon as cheap and efficient adsorbent for removal of methylene blue. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Subash B, Krishnakumar B, Swaminathan M, Shanthi M. ZnS–Ag–ZnO as an Excellent UV-Light-Active Photocatalyst for the Degradation of AV 7, AB 1, RR 120, and RY 84 Dyes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5018145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Subash
- Photocatalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Krishnakumar
- Photocatalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Swaminathan
- Photocatalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Shanthi
- Photocatalysis Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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31
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Hynek J, Kalousek V, Zouželka R, Bezdička P, Dzik P, Rathouský J, Demel J, Lang K. High photocatalytic activity of transparent films composed of ZnO nanosheets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:380-386. [PMID: 24328455 DOI: 10.1021/la404017q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanometric thin films were prepared by dip-coating and inkjet printing ZnO nanosheets on glass plates. The side-by-side alignment of the ZnO nanosheets on the substrate resulted in thin, transparent, oriented ZnO surfaces with the high-energy {001} facets exposed. The method of nanosheet deposition affected the film morphology; the dip-coated films were very smooth and nonporous, while the inkjet-printed films were rough and porous with the estimated void volume approximately 60-70% of the total film volume. The first-order rate constants for the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol on the nanosheet-based films were approximately 2 times larger than those on nanocolumnar ZnO films or ZnO films prepared by the sol-gel technique. We attribute the high photocatalytic activity of the ZnO nanosheets to the fact that their {001} facets were predominantly exposed to the oxidized substrate. This surface arrangement and the simplicity of fabricating the ZnO nanosheet-based films make them promising for the construction of optical devices and dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hynek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the AS CR, v. v. i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
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Flores NM, Pal U, Galeazzi R, Sandoval A. Effects of morphology, surface area, and defect content on the photocatalytic dye degradation performance of ZnO nanostructures. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04522j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contributions of morphology, surface area, and defect content, on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Morales Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Dispositivos Semiconductores
- ICUAP
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla, Mexico
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto de Física
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla, Mexico
| | - Reina Galeazzi
- Centro de Investigación en Dispositivos Semiconductores
- ICUAP
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alberto Sandoval
- Instituto de Física
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla, Mexico
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33
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Lin CS, Hwang CC. Synthesis of Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Photocatalyst by Combustion Method. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dhir A, Prakash NT, Sud D. Coupling of solar-assisted advanced oxidative and biological treatment for degradation of agro-residue-based soda bleaching effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3906-3913. [PMID: 22645007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of integrated solar-assisted advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological treatment on the extent of degradation of effluents from chlorination (C) and first alkaline extraction (E(1)) stages of soda pulp bleaching in agro-residue-based pulp and paper mill. Biodegradation of the effluents was attempted in suspended mode using activated sludge from the functional pulp and paper industry effluent treatment plant acclimatized to effluents in question. The photocatalytic treatment was employed using zinc oxide (ZnO) in slurry mode for decontamination of effluents in a batch manner and the degradation was evaluated in terms of reduction in chemical oxygen demand. The biological treatment (24 h) of C and E(1) effluent resulted in 30 and 57 % of degradation, respectively. Solar-induced AOP of C and E(1) effluents resulted in 53 and 43 % degradation under optimized conditions (2.5 g L(-1) ZnO at pH 8.0) after 6 h of exposure. For C effluent, a short duration of solar/ZnO (1 h) prior to biological treatment reduced the time required at biological step from 24 to 12 h for almost same extent (92 %) of degradation. However, sequential biological treatment (24 h) followed by solar/ZnO (2 h) resulted in 85.5 % degradation. In contrast, in the case of E(1) effluent, sequential biological (24 h)-solar/ZnO (2 h) system effectively degrades effluent to 95.4 % as compared to 84.8 % degradation achieved in solar/ZnO (2 h)-biological treatment (24 h) system. In the present study, the sequencing of photocatalysis with the biological treatment is observably efficient and technically viable process for the complete mineralization of the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dhir
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
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35
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Subash B, Krishnakumar B, Swaminathan M, Shanthi M. Solar-light-assisted photocatalytic degradation of NBB dye on Zr-codoped Ag–ZnO catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Lucas MS, Peres JA, Amor C, Prieto-Rodríguez L, Maldonado MI, Malato S. Tertiary treatment of pulp mill wastewater by solar photo-Fenton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 225-226:173-181. [PMID: 22633923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on pulp mill wastewater (PMW) tertiary treatment by Fenton (Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2)) and solar photo-Fenton (Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2)/UV) processes in a pilot plant based on compound parabolic collectors (CPCs). Solar photo-Fenton reaction is much more efficient than the respective dark reaction under identical experimental conditions. It leads to DOC mineralisation, COD and total polyphenols (TP) removal higher than 90%. The solar photo-Fenton experiment with 5mg Fe L(-1) reaches 90% of DOC mineralisation with 31kJ L(-1) of UV energy and 50mM of H(2)O(2). The initial non-biodegradability of PMW, as shown by respirometry assays and BOD(5)/COD ratio, can be changed after a solar photo-Fenton treatment. Experiments with 20 and 50mg Fe L(-1) revealed that solar photo-Fenton can reach the same DOC degradation (90%), however, consuming less H(2)O(2) and time. Diluting the initial organic load to 50% also diminishes the dosage of H(2)O(2) and the necessary reaction time to achieve high DOC removals. Accordingly, solar photo-Fenton can be considered an alternative or complementary process to improve the performance of a biologic treatment and, subsequently, achieve legal limits on discharge into natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Lucas
- Centro de Química de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Hermosilla D, Merayo N, Ordóñez R, Blanco A. Optimization of conventional Fenton and ultraviolet-assisted oxidation processes for the treatment of reverse osmosis retentate from a paper mill. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:1236-1243. [PMID: 22244652 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
According to current environmental legislation concerned with water scarcity, paper industry is being forced to adopt a zero liquid effluent policy. In consequence, reverse osmosis (RO) systems are being assessed as the final step of effluent treatment trains aiming to recover final wastewater and reuse it as process water. One of the most important drawbacks of these treatments is the production of a retentated stream, which is usually highly loaded with biorecalcitrant organic matter and inorganics; and this effluent must meet current legislation stringent constraints before being ultimately disposed. The treatment of biorefractory RO retentate from a paper mill by several promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) - conventional Fenton, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis - was optimized considering the effect and interaction of reaction parameters; particularly using response surface methodology (RSM) when appropriate (Fenton processes). The economical cost of these treatments was also comparatively assessed. Photo-Fenton process was able to totally remove the COD of the retentate, and resulted even operatively cheaper at high COD removal levels than conventional Fenton, which achieved an 80% reduction of the COD at best. In addition, although these optimal results were produced at pH=2.8, it was also tested that Fenton processes are able to achieve good COD reduction efficiencies (>60%) without adjusting the initial pH value, provided the natural pH of this wastewater was close to neutral. Finally, although TiO(2)-photocatalysis showed the least efficient and most expensive figures, it improved the biodegradability of the retentate, so its combination with a final biological step almost achieved the total removal of the COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hermosilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Di Paola A, García-López E, Marcì G, Palmisano L. A survey of photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 211-212:3-29. [PMID: 22169148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process which has been the subject of a huge amount of studies related to air cleaning and water purification. All these processes have been carried out mainly by using TiO(2)-based materials as the photocatalysts and ca. 75% of the articles published in the last 3 years is related to them. This review illustrates the efforts in the search of alternative photocatalysts that are not based on TiO(2), with some exceptions concerning particularly innovative modifications as nanoassembled TiO(2) or TiO(2) composites with active carbon, graphite and fullerene. Papers reporting preparation, characterization and testing of binary, ternary and quaternary compounds, have been reviewed. Despite many of these photocatalysts being effective for the photodecomposition of many pollutants, most of them do not allow a complete mineralization of the starting compounds, differently from TiO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatino Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni, di tecnologie Chimiche, Automatica e modelli Matematici (DIEETCAM), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Cho S, Jang JW, Lee JS, Lee KH. Porous ZnO-ZnSe nanocomposites for visible light photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2066-71. [PMID: 22337249 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11869f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of porous ZnO-ZnSe nanocomposites for use in visible light photocatalysis. Porous ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction then converted into porous ZnO-ZnSe nanocomposites by a microwave-assisted dissolution-recrystallization process using an aqueous solution containing selenium ions. ZnO and ZnSe nanocrystallites of the nanocomposites were well-mixed (rather than forming simple core-shell (ZnO-ZnSe) structures), particularly, in the outer regions. Both ZnO and ZnSe were present at the surface and exposed to the environment. The porous ZnO-ZnSe nanocomposites showed absorption bands in the visible region as well as in the UV region. The porous ZnO-ZnSe nanocomposites had much higher activities than the porous ZnO nanostructures. Control experiments using cutoff filters revealed that the main photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanostructures arose from photo-excitation of the semiconductor (ZnO or ZnSe) via absorption of light of an energy equal to or exceeding the band gap energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
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Krishnakumar B, Subash B, Swaminathan M. AgBr–ZnO – An efficient nano-photocatalyst for the mineralization of Acid Black 1 with UV light. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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42
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Patrinoiu G, Tudose M, Calderón-Moreno JM, Birjega R, Budrugeac P, Ene R, Carp O. A green chemical approach to the synthesis of photoluminescent ZnO hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Giwa A, Nkeonye PO, Bello KA, Kolawole KA. Photocatalytic Decolourization and Degradation of C. I. Basic Blue 41 Using TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.39124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Krishnakumar B, Swaminathan M. Influence of operational parameters on photocatalytic degradation of a genotoxic azo dye Acid Violet 7 in aqueous ZnO suspensions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 81:739-44. [PMID: 21788154 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of a genotoxic azo dye Acid Violet 7 (AV 7) using ZnO as a photocatalyst in aqueous solution has been investigated under UV irradiation. The degradation is higher with UV/ZnO process than with UV/TiO(2)-P25 process at pH 9. The effects of different parameters such as pH of the solution, amount of catalyst, initial dye concentration and the influence of cations, anions and oxidants on photodegradation of AV 7 were analyzed. Addition of oxidants except H(2)O(2) has no significant effect on degradation. The degradation of AV 7 follows pseudo-first order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The degradation of AV 7 has also been confirmed by COD and CV measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krishnakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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45
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Rizzo L. Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4311-40. [PMID: 21722938 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely used in water and wastewater treatment for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants as well as to improve biodegradability of industrial wastewater. Unfortunately, the partial oxidation of organic contaminants may result in the formation of intermediates more toxic than parent compounds. In order to avoid this drawback, AOPs are expected to be carefully operated and monitored, and toxicity tests have been used to evaluate whether effluent detoxification takes place. In the present work, the effect of AOPs on the toxicity of aqueous solutions of different classes of contaminants as well as actual aqueous matrices are critically reviewed. The dualism toxicity-biodegradability when AOPs are used as pre-treatment step to improve industrial wastewater biodegradability is also discussed. The main conclusions/remarks include the followings: (i) bioassays are a really useful tool to evaluate the dangerousness of AOPs as well as to set up the proper operative conditions, (ii) target organisms for bioassays should be chosen according to the final use of the treated water matrix, (iii) acute toxicity tests may be not suitable to evaluate toxicity in the presence of low/realistic concentrations of target contaminants, so studies on chronic effects should be further developed, (iv) some toxicity tests may be not useful to evaluate biodegradability potential, in this case more suitable tests should be applied (e.g., activated sludge bioassays, respirometry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Cheng ZW, Zhang LL, Chen JM, Yu JM, Gao ZL, Jiang YF. Treatment of gaseous alpha-pinene by a combined system containing photo oxidation and aerobic biotrickling filtration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1650-1658. [PMID: 21803492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration of hydrophobic and/or recalcitrant volatile pollutants is intrinsically limited. In the present study, a combined ultraviolet-biotrickling filter (UV-BTF) was developed to improve the removal of these compounds, and a single BTF as the control was operated under the same conditions. The experimental results showed that the UV-BTF provided higher removal efficiencies than the single BTF at an inlet concentration range of 600-1500 mg m(-3) under shorter residence times. The maximum elimination capacities (ECs) obtained were 94.2 mg m(-3)h(-1) and 44 mg m(-3)h(-1) in the combined UV-BTF and single BTF, respectively. The mass ratio of carbon dioxide produced to α-pinene removed in the UV-BTF was approximately 2.74, which was much higher than that of the single BTF (1.99). Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis indicated that there was more complicated microbial community in the UV-BTF than that in the single BTF. In addition, we investigated the effect of starvation or stagnation on re-acclimation and removal performance from an engineering standpoint. The results showed that the combined UV-BTF could deal with fluctuating conditions or periods without any flow (air or liquid) supply much better than the single BTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Wei Cheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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5 Structure and Reactivity of Transition Metal Chalcogenides toward the Molecular Oxygen Reduction Reaction. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5580-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Chen C, Liu J, Liu P, Yu B. Investigation of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange by Using Nano-Sized ZnO Catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2011.11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yeber MC, Díaz L, Fernández J. Catalytic activity of the SO4− radical for photodegradation of the azo dye Cibacron Brilliant Yellow 3 and 3,4-dichlorophenol: Optimization by application of response surface methodology. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kon K, Brauer CN, Hidaka K, Löhmannsröben HG, Karthaus O. Preparation of patterned zinc oxide films by breath figure templating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12173-12176. [PMID: 20557076 DOI: 10.1021/la904897m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of microporous polymer films can be prepared by the breath figure technique. Here, we report on its use for the formation of microporous zinc oxide films. Zinc acetylacetonate, a zinc oxide precursor, is either dissolved in a polymer solution that is cast at high humidity to form microporous films or is vacuum evaporated onto a preformed microporous polymer film. Annealing leads to the pyrolysis of the organic material and the formation of zinc oxide films, which show increased photocatalytic activity as compared to unstructured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kon
- Graduate School of Photonic Science, Institute of Chemistry & Innovation Center innoFSPEC Potsdam
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