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Souza AFCE, Gabardo S, Coelho RDJS. Galactooligosaccharides: Physiological benefits, production strategies, and industrial application. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:116-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bamigbade GB, Subhash AJ, Kamal-Eldin A, Nyström L, Ayyash M. An Updated Review on Prebiotics: Insights on Potentials of Food Seeds Waste as Source of Potential Prebiotics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185947. [PMID: 36144679 PMCID: PMC9505924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are a group of biological nutrients that are capable of being degraded by microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), primarily Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. When prebiotics are ingested, either as a food additive or as a supplement, the colonic microflora degrade them, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are simultaneously released in the colon and absorbed into the blood circulatory system. The two major groups of prebiotics that have been extensively studied in relation to human health are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The candidature of a compound to be regarded as a prebiotic is a function of how much of dietary fiber it contains. The seeds of fruits such as date palms have been reported to contain dietary fiber. An increasing awareness of the consumption of fruits and seeds as part of the daily diet, as well as poor storage systems for seeds, have generated an enormous amount of seed waste, which is traditionally discarded in landfills or incinerated. This cultural practice is hazardous to the environment because seed waste is rich in organic compounds that can produce hazardous gases. Therefore, this review discusses the potential use of seed wastes in prebiotic production, consequently reducing the environmental hazards posed by these wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gafar Babatunde Bamigbade
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Athira Jayasree Subhash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Echegaray N, Yegin S, Kumar M, Hassoun A, Bastianello Campagnol PC, Lorenzo JM. Application of oligosaccharides in meat processing and preservation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10947-10958. [PMID: 35648076 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, consumer preference and attention to foodstuff presented as healthy and with desirable nutritional information, has increased significantly. In this field, the meat industry has a challenging task since meat and meat products have been related to various chronic diseases. Functional ingredients have emerged in response to the increasing demand for healthier and more nutritious foods. On this matter, oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) have been presented as suitable ingredients for the meat industry with the aim of obtaining healthier meat derivatives (e.g. with low fat or sugar content, reduced amount of additives, and desirable functional properties, etc.). However, studies considering application of such oligomers in the meat sector are scarce. In addition, a large number of issues remain to be solved related both to obtaining and characterizing the oligosaccharides available in the industry and to the effect that these ingredients have on the features of meat products (mainly physicochemical and sensory). The study of new oligosaccharides, the methodologies for obtaining them, and their application to new meat products should be promoted, as well as improving knowledge about their effects on the properties of functional meat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Echegaray
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sirma Yegin
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Emerging trends of microbial technology for the production of oligosaccharides from biowaste and their potential application as prebiotic. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109610. [PMID: 35278799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ojwach J, Adetunji AI, Mutanda T, Mukaratirwa S. Oligosaccharides production from coprophilous fungi: An emerging functional food with potential health-promoting properties. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00702. [PMID: 35127459 PMCID: PMC8803601 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods are essential food products that possess health-promoting properties for the treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, they provide energy and nutrients, which are required for growth and survival. They occur as prebiotics or dietary supplements, including oligosaccharides, processed foods, and herbal products. However, oligosaccharides are more efficiently recognized and utilized, as they play a fundamental role as functional ingredients with great potential to improve health in comparison to other dietary supplements. They are low molecular weight carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization. They occur as fructooligosaccharide (FOS), inulooligosaccharadie (IOS), and xylooligosaccahride (XOS), depending on their monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides are produced by acid or chemical hydrolysis. However, this technique is liable to several drawbacks, including inulin precipitation, high processing temperature, low yields, and high production costs. As a consequence, the application of microbial enzymes for oligosaccharide production is recognized as a promising strategy. Microbial enzymatic production of FOS and IOS occurs by submerged or solid-state fermentation in the presence of suitable substrates (sucrose, inulin) and catalyzed by fructosyltransferases and inulinases. Incorporation of FOS and IOS enriches the rheological and physiological characteristics of foods. They are used as low cariogenic sugar substitutes, suitable for diabetics, and as prebiotics, probiotics and nutraceutical compounds. In addition, these oligosaccharides are employed as anticancer, antioxidant agents and aid in mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, immune regulation etc. This review, therefore, focuses on the occurrence, physico-chemical characteristics, and microbial enzymatic synthesis of FOS and IOS from coprophilous fungi. In addition, the potential health benefits of these oligosaccharides were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ojwach
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17 Bellville 7530, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Taurai Mutanda
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Glutaraldehyde functionalization of halloysite nanoclay enhances immobilization efficacy of endoinulinase for fructooligosaccharides production from inulin. Food Chem 2022; 381:132253. [PMID: 35123224 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current work describes the enhancement of immobilization efficacy of Aspergillus tritici endoinulinase onto halloysite nanoclay using crosslinker glutaraldehyde. Under statistical optimized immobilization conditions, viz. glutaraldehyde 1.50% (v/v), enzyme coupling-time 2.20 h, glutaraldehyde activation-time 1.00 h and endoinulinase load 50 IU, maximum activity yield (65.77%) and immobilization yield (82.45%) was obtained. An enhancement of 1.15- and 1.23-fold in both enzyme activity yield and immobilization yield of endoinulinase was observed, when compared with APTES-functionalized halloysite nanoclay immobilized endoinulinase. Immobilized biocatalyst showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 60 °C with broad pH (4.0-8.5) and temperature (50-75 °C) stability. Further, optimal hydrolytic conditions (inulin concentration 8.0%; endoinulinase load 80 IU; agitation 125 rpm and hydrolysis-time 13 h) supported fructooligosaccharides yield (95.44%) in a batch system. HPTLC studies blueprint confirmed 95.44% fructooligosaccharides containing 35.41% kestose, 26.19% nystose and 9.69% fructofuranosylnystose. The developed immobilized biocatalyst shown good stability of 8 cycles for inulin hydrolysis.
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Robles-Hernández L, Salas-Salazar NA, Gonzalez-Franco AC. Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial Activity against Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Culture Fluids from Ganoderma lucidum. Molecules 2021; 26:5553. [PMID: 34577024 PMCID: PMC8465007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of Ganoderma lucidum have focused on its medicinal applications. Limited information is available about its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens. Thus, the goal of this study was to purify and characterize the antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria from culture fluids of G. lucidum. The nature of the bioactive components was determined using heat boiling, organic solvents, dialysis tubing, gel exclusion chromatography (GEC), proteinase sensitivity, HPLC, HPLC-APCI-MS, and GC-MS. The bioactive compounds were neither lipid, based on their solubility, nor proteic in nature, based on proteinase digestion and heat stability. The putative-bioactive polysaccharides have molecular weights that range from 3500 to 4500 Daltons as determined by dialysis tubing, GEC and APCI-MS analysis. The composition of the antibacterial compounds was determined by GC-MS. This is the first report of small polysaccharides produced by G. lucidum with activity against bacterial plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana C. Gonzalez-Franco
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Campus 1, Chihuahua 31310, Mexico; (L.R.-H.); (N.A.S.-S.)
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8
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Current status of xylooligosaccharides: Production, characterization, health benefits and food application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Hao X, Sun X, Zhu H, Xie L, Wang X, Jiang N, Fu P, Sang M. Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Complexed Resveratrol Enhanced Antitumor Activity in a Cervical Cancer Model: In Vivo Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:573909. [PMID: 33935691 PMCID: PMC8082405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.573909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES) exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Various methodological approaches have been established to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of RES. Moreover, additional in vivo studies are required to support clinical application. In this study, RES/HP-β-CD (RHSD) inclusion complex was prepared and characterized by FTIR, PXRD, DSC and NMR data. The effect and potential mechanism of RHSD against cervical cancer were investigated in a mouse xenograft tumor model by qPCR assay, Western blot assay, and immunohistochemical assay. Results showed that RHSD significantly decreased tumor growth compared with free RES, while the effect of preventing tumor growth was more prominent in vivo. Notably, RHSD could inhibit tumor development by suppressing the expression of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes and upregulating P53 and Rb1 protein in cervical cancer. These findings demonstrated that RHSD was safe and potential for development of a new oral administration drug to treat cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Hao
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lixia Xie
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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10
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Jaafar NR, Ahmad RA, Nawawi NN, Abd Rahman NH, Shamsul Annuar NA, Rahman RA, Illias RM. Synergistic action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and maltogenic amylase improves the bioconversion of starch to malto-oligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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A porous-cross linked enzyme aggregates of maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1: Robust biocatalyst with improved stability and substrate diffusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:1222-1231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods 2019; 8:E92. [PMID: 30857316 PMCID: PMC6463098 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are a group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota. Their relationship with human overall health has been an area of increasing interest in recent years. They can feed the intestinal microbiota, and their degradation products are short-chain fatty acids that are released into blood circulation, consequently, affecting not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides are the two important groups of prebiotics with beneficial effects on human health. Since low quantities of fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides naturally exist in foods, scientists are attempting to produce prebiotics on an industrial scale. Considering the health benefits of prebiotics and their safety, as well as their production and storage advantages compared to probiotics, they seem to be fascinating candidates for promoting human health condition as a replacement or in association with probiotics. This review discusses different aspects of prebiotics, including their crucial role in human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Davani-Davari
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Milad Mohkam
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Seyed Jalil Masoumi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
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Benkoulouche M, Fauré R, Remaud-Siméon M, Moulis C, André I. Harnessing glycoenzyme engineering for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180069. [PMID: 30842872 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined with chemical synthesis, the use of glycoenzyme biocatalysts has shown great synthetic potential over recent decades owing to their remarkable versatility in terms of substrates and regio- and stereoselectivity that allow structurally controlled synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Nonetheless, the lack of appropriate enzymatic tools with requisite properties in the natural diversity has hampered extensive exploration of enzyme-based synthetic routes to access relevant bioactive oligosaccharides, such as cell-surface glycans or prebiotics. With the remarkable progress in enzyme engineering, it has become possible to improve catalytic efficiency and physico-chemical properties of enzymes but also considerably extend the repertoire of accessible catalytic reactions and tailor novel substrate specificities. In this review, we intend to give a brief overview of the advantageous use of engineered glycoenzymes, sometimes in combination with chemical steps, for the synthesis of natural bioactive oligosaccharides or their precursors. The focus will be on examples resulting from the three main classes of glycoenzymes specialized in carbohydrate synthesis: glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and glycoside phosphorylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Benkoulouche
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Régis Fauré
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
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Qiu Y, Lei P, Zhang Y, Sha Y, Zhan Y, Xu Z, Li S, Xu H, Ouyang P. Recent advances in bio-based multi-products of agricultural Jerusalem artichoke resources. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:151. [PMID: 29881456 PMCID: PMC5984348 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Jerusalem artichoke is a perennial plant that belongs to the sunflower family. As a non-grain crop, Jerusalem artichoke possesses a number of desirable characteristics that make it a valuable feedstock for biorefinery, such as inulin content, rapid growth, strong adaptability, and high yields. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to renewable Jerusalem artichoke-based biomass resources and recent advances in bio-based product conversion. Furthermore, we discuss the latest in the development of inulinase-producing microorganisms and enhanced inulin hydrolysis capacity of microbes by genetic engineering, which lead to a more cost-effective Jerusalem artichoke biorefinery. The review is aimed at promoting Jerusalem artichoke industry and new prospects for higher value-added production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Peng Lei
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042 China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Yuanyuan Sha
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Yijing Zhan
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Zongqi Xu
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
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15
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Abdul Manas NH, Md Illias R, Mahadi NM. Strategy in manipulating transglycosylation activity of glycosyl hydrolase for oligosaccharide production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:272-293. [PMID: 28683572 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1339664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing market demand for oligosaccharides has intensified the need for efficient biocatalysts. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are still gaining popularity as biocatalyst for oligosaccharides synthesis owing to its simple reaction and high selectivity. PURPOSE Over the years, research has advanced mainly directing to one goal; to reduce hydrolysis activity of GHs for increased transglycosylation activity in achieving high production of oligosaccharides. DESIGN AND METHODS This review concisely presents the strategies to increase transglycosylation activity of GHs for oligosaccharides synthesis, focusing on controlling the reaction equilibrium, and protein engineering. Various modifications of the subsites of GHs have been demonstrated to significantly modulate the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity of the enzymes. The clear insight of the roles of each amino acid in these sites provides a platform for designing an enzyme that could synthesize a specific oligosaccharide product. CONCLUSIONS The key strategies presented here are important for future improvement of GHs as a biocatalyst for oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan , Malaysia.,b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia.,c Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- d Comparative Genomics and Genetics Research Centre , Malaysia Genome Institute , Kajang , Malaysia
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Vergès A, Cambon E, Barbe S, Moulis C, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Novel product specificity toward erlose and panose exhibited by multisite engineered mutants of amylosucrase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:566-577. [PMID: 28019698 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A computer-aided engineering approach recently enabled to deeply reshape the active site of N. polysaccharea amylosucrase for recognition of non-natural acceptor substrates. Libraries of variants were constructed and screened on sucrose allowing the identification of 17 mutants able to synthesize molecules from sole sucrose, which are not synthesized by the parental wild-type enzyme. Three of the isolated mutants as well as the new products synthesized were characterized in details. Mutants contain between 7 and 11 mutations in the active site and the new molecules were identified as being a sucrose derivative, named erlose (α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-Fructose), and a new malto-oligosaccharide named panose (α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-Glucose). These product specificities were never reported for none of the amylosucrases characterized to date, nor their engineered variants. Optimization of the production of these trisaccharides of potential interest as sweeteners or prebiotic molecules was carried out. Molecular modelling studies were also performed to shed some light on the molecular factors involved in the novel product specificities of these amylosucrase variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Vergès
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31400, France
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Belorkar SA, Gupta AK. Oligosaccharides: a boon from nature's desk. AMB Express 2016; 6:82. [PMID: 27699701 PMCID: PMC5047869 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the varied sources of oligosaccharides available in nature as silent health promoting, integral ingredients of plants as well as animal products like honey and milk. The article focuses on exotic and unfamiliar oligosaccharides like Galactooligosaccharides, Lactulose derived Galactooligosaccharides, Xylooligosaccharides, Arabinooligosaccharides and algae derived Marine oligosaccharides along with the most acknowledged prebiotic fructooligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides are named as on the grounds of the monomeric units forming oligomers with functional properties. The chemical structures, natural sources, microbial enzyme mediated synthesis and physiological effects are discussed. An elaborate account of the different types of oligosaccharides with special reference to fructooligosaccharides are presented. Finally, the profound health benefits of oligosaccharides are rigourously discussed limelighting its positive physiological sequel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema A. Belorkar
- Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, 206, Budhiya complex, Sarkanda, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495004 India
| | - A. K. Gupta
- Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG 492010 India
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Singh RS, Singh RP, Kennedy JF. Recent insights in enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides from inulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mutanda T, Wilhelmi BS, Whiteley CG. Biocatalytic conversion of inulin and sucrose into short chain oligosaccharides for potential pharmaceutical applications. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2015.1085178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Optimization of levansucrase/endo-inulinase bi-enzymatic system for the production of fructooligosaccharides and oligolevans from sucrose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Microbial enzymatic production and applications of short-chain fructooligosaccharides and inulooligosaccharides: recent advances and current perspectives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:893-906. [PMID: 24793124 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulooligosaccharides is expanding rapidly due to the pharmaceutical importance of these compounds. These compounds, concisely termed prebiotics, have biofunctional properties and hence health benefits if consumed in recommended dosages. Prebiotics can be produced enzymatically from sucrose elongation or via enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin by exoinulinases and endoinulinases acting alone or synergistically. Exoinulinases cleave the non-reducing β-(2, 1) end of inulin-releasing fructose while endoinulinases act on the internal linkages randomly to release inulotrioses (F3), inulotetraoses (F4) and inulopentaoses (F5) as major products. Fructosyltransferases act by cleaving a sucrose molecule and then transferring the liberated fructose molecule to an acceptor molecule such as sucrose or another oligosaccharide to elongate the short-chain fructooligosaccharide. The FOS produced by the action of fructosyltransferases are 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4). The production of high yields of oligosaccharides of specific chain length from simple raw materials such as inulin and sucrose is a technical challenge. This paper critically explores recent research trends in the production and application of short-chain oligosaccharides. Inulin and enzyme sources for the production of prebiotics are discussed. The mechanism of FOS chain elongation and also the health benefits associated with prebiotics consumption are discussed in detail.
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Nobre C, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. New Trends and Technological Challenges in the Industrial Production and Purification of Fructo-oligosaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1444-55. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of fructooligosaccharides and novel maltosylfructosides by inulosucrase from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4129-40. [PMID: 23645191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00854-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an inulosucrase (IS) from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 to synthesize fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and maltosylfructosides (MFOS) in the presence of sucrose and sucrose-maltose mixtures was investigated after optimization of synthesis conditions, including enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and reaction time. The maximum formation of FOS, which consist of β-2,1-linked fructose to sucrose, was 45% (in weight with respect to the initial amount of sucrose) and was obtained after 24 h of reaction at 55°C in the presence of sucrose (300 g liter(-1)) and 1.6 U ml(-1) of IS-25 mM sodium acetate buffer-1 mM CaCl2 (pH 5.2). The production of MFOS was also studied as a function of the initial ratios of sucrose to maltose (10:50, 20:40, 30:30, and 40:20, expressed in g 100 ml(-1)). The highest yield in total MFOS was attained after 24 to 32 h of reaction time and ranged from 13% (10:50 sucrose/maltose) to 52% (30:30 sucrose/maltose) in weight with respect to the initial amount of maltose. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structural characterization indicated that IS from L. gasseri specifically transferred fructose moieties of sucrose to either C-1 of the reducing end or C-6 of the nonreducing end of maltose. Thus, the trisaccharide erlose [α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-fructofuranoside] was the main synthesized MFOS followed by neo-erlose [β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2→6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranose]. The formation of MFOS with a higher degree of polymerization was also demonstrated by the transfer of additional fructose residues to C-1 of either the β-2,1-linked fructose or the β-2,6-linked fructose to maltose, revealing the capacity of MFOS to serve as acceptors.
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Recent developments in manufacturing oligosaccharides with prebiotic functions. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:257-95. [PMID: 23942834 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The market for prebiotics is steadily growing. To satisfy this increasing worldwide demand, the introduction of effective bioprocessing methods and implementation strategies is required. In this chapter, we review recent developments in the manufacture of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). These well-established oligosaccharides (OS) provide several health benefits and have excellent technological properties that make their use as food ingredients especially attractive. The biosyntheses of lactose-based GOS and sucrose-based FOS show similarities in terms of reaction mechanisms and product formation. Both GOS and FOS can be synthesized using whole cells or (partially) purified enzymes in immobilized or free forms. The biocatalysis results in a final product that consists of OS, unreacted disaccharides, and monosaccharides. This incomplete conversion poses a challenge to manufacturers because an enrichment of OS in this mixture adds value to the product. For removing digestible carbohydrates from OS, a variety of bioengineering techniques have been investigated, including downstream separation technologies, additional bioconversion steps applying enzymes, and selective fermentation strategies. This chapter summarizes the state-of-the-art manufacturing strategies and recent advances in bioprocessing technologies that can lead to new possibilities for manufacturing and purifying sucrose-based FOS and lactose-based GOS.
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Torres DP, Gonçalves MDPF, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Production, Properties, Applications, and Significance as Prebiotics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:438-454. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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RENUKA B, PRAKASH M, PRAPULLA S. FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES BASED LOW CALORIE GULAB JAMUN: STUDIES ON THE TEXTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES. J Texture Stud 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2010.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractIncreasing awareness of the importance of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) as ingredients of functional foods has led to intensive search of new sources of fructosyltransferases (FTase), enzymes responsible for the conversion of sucrose to fructooligosaccharides. A local strain of Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from spoilt orange fruit with high fructosyltransferase activity (U t) of 12.31–45.70 U mL−1 during a fermentation period of 24–120 h is herein reported. It showed low hydrolytic activity (U h) in the range of 0.86–1.78 U mL−1 during the same period. FOS yield of 34 % (1-kestose, GF2, nystose, GF3) was produced by FTase obtained from a 72 h-old culture using 60 g of sucrose per 100 mL of the substrate. When the isolate was grown in a defined submerged medium, its pH dropped sharply from the intial value of 5.5 to 1.0 within 24 h, and this value was maintained throughout the fermentation. The biomass content ranged from 8.8 g L−1 at 24 h of fermentation to reach the maximum of 10 g L−1 at 72 h. It was reduced to 5.6 g L−1 at the end of 120 h of fermentation. This report represents the first reference to a strain of Rhizopus as a source of FTase for the production of FOS. The high U t/U h ratio shown by this isolate indicates that it may be a good strain for the industrial and commercial production of FOS. However, there is a need of further optimization of the bioprocess to increase the conversion efficiency of sucrose to FOS by the enzyme.
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Mabel M, Sangeetha P, Platel K, Srinivasan K, Prapulla S. Physicochemical characterization of fructooligosaccharides and evaluation of their suitability as a potential sweetener for diabetics. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Flood MT, Kondo M. Toxicity evaluation of a beta-galactosidase preparation produced by Penicillium multicolor. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 40:281-92. [PMID: 15546682 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tilactase is a beta-galactosidase enzyme preparation having lactase activity produced from the fungus Penicillium multicolor. The safety of tilactase was investigated in rats, dogs, and rabbits. Adult and juvenile rats administered 0, 500, 1000, or 4000 mg/kg bw/day of the enzyme preparation by gavage for 35 days, and dogs administered 0, 200, 500, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day in capsules for 30 days, exhibited no significant dose-related changes in body weights, feed consumption, organ weights, urinalysis, hematological profiles, clinical chemistry, or histopathological profiles. Rats receiving the same doses for 6 months also exhibited no dose-related effects, except for a small increase in the weight of the large intestine, an effect considered to be a physiological reaction to passage of a large amount of a non-absorbable substance. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 4000 mg/kg bw/day for rats and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for dogs. In three separate studies to examine reproductive and developmental toxicity, rats received 0, 250, 1000 or 4000 mg/kg bw/day by gavage up to the 7th day of pregnancy, during days 7-17 of pregnancy, and from day 17 of pregnancy to 21 days after delivery. There were no treatment-related effects on the dams, gestation period, numbers of implantations, parturition rates, sex ratios, or survival of offspring in any of the studies. No treatment-related external, internal, or skeletal abnormalities were observed in fetuses from any of the three studies. The NOAEL was 4000 mg/kg bw/day. In addition to the three rat studies, rabbits received 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day by gavage from the 6th to 18th day of pregnancy. No treatment-related changes were observed in the dams, or fertility indices; nor were there any treatment-related fetal abnormalities. The NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg bw/day. When viable P. multicolor spores were injected into the tail veins of mice, no deaths occured, no fungal cells were observed in various organs, and histopathology showed only focal necrosis in the liver of some of the animals, including the controls. Similar effects were observed when spores were administered to mice in a single dose by gavage. The particular strain of P. multicolor used to prepare tilactase is not pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Flood
- Keller and Heckman LLP, 1001 G Street, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
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Sangeetha P, Ramesh M, Prapulla S. Fructooligosaccharide production using fructosyl transferase obtained from recycling culture of Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sangeetha P, Ramesh M, Prapulla S. Production of fructo-oligosaccharides by fructosyl transferase from Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202 and Aureobasidium pullulans CFR 77. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recent research in the area of prebiotic oligosaccharides and synbiotic combinations with probiotics is leading towards a more targeted development of functional food ingredients. Improved molecular techniques for analysis of the gut microflora, new manufacturing biotechnologies, and increased understanding of the metabolism of oligosaccharides by probiotics are facilitating development. Such developments are leading us to the time when we will be able to rationally develop prebiotics and synbiotics for specific functional properties and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rastall
- School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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