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Benito-Martín A, Jasiulionis MG, García-Silva S. Extracellular vesicles and melanoma: New perspectives on tumor microenvironment and metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1061982. [PMID: 36704194 PMCID: PMC9871288 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1061982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles without functional nucleus naturally released from cells which constitute an intercellular communication system. There is a broad spectrum of vesicles shed by cells based on their physical properties such as size (small EVs and large EVs), biogenesis, cargo and functions, which provide an increasingly heterogenous landscape. In addition, they are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, EV release is opted by tumor cells as a beneficial process for tumor progression. Cutaneous melanoma is a cancer that originates from the melanocyte lineage and shows a favorable prognosis at early stages. However, when melanoma cells acquire invasive capacity, it constitutes the most aggressive and deadly skin cancer. In this context, extracellular vesicles have been shown their relevance in facilitating melanoma progression through the modulation of the microenvironment and metastatic spreading. In agreement with the melanosome secretory capacity of melanocytes, melanoma cells display an enhanced EV shedding activity that has contributed to the utility of melanoma models for unravelling EV cargo and functions within a cancer scenario. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of the characteristics of melanoma-derived EVs and their role in melanoma progression highlighting key advances and remaining open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benito-Martín
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
| | - Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Alberto Benito-Martín, ; Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis, ; Susana García-Silva,
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133086. [PMID: 35804857 PMCID: PMC9264817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma arises from a malignant transformation of the melanocytes in the skin. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer owing to its potential to metastasize. While recent advances in immuno-oncology have been successful in melanoma treatment, not all the patients respond to the treatment equally, thus individual pre-screening and personalized combination therapies are essential to stratify and monitor patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarker candidates to tackle these challenges. EVs are ~50-1000-nm-sized, lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres, which are secreted by almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Their cargo, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, can be transferred to target cells. Thanks to these properties, EVs can both provide a multiplexed molecular fingerprint of the cell of origin and thus serve as potential biomarkers, or reveal pathways important for cancer progression that can be targeted pharmaceutically. In this review we give a general overview of EVs and focus on their impact on melanoma progression. In particular, we shed light on the role of EVs in shaping the tumor-stroma interactions that facilitate metastasis and summarize the latest findings on molecular profiling of EV-derived miRNAs and proteins that can serve as potential biomarkers for melanoma progression.
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3
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Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Understanding extracellular vesicle diversity – current status. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:887-910. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1537788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
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Laghezza Masci V, Taddei AR, Gambellini G, Giorgi F, Fausto AM. Microvesicles shed from fibroblasts act as metalloproteinase carriers in a 3-D collagen matrix. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:1849454416663660. [PMID: 28936262 PMCID: PMC5548308 DOI: 10.1177/1849454416663660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that fibroblasts migrating into a collagen matrix release numerous microvesicles into the surrounding medium. By spreading in regions of the matrix far distant from cells of origin, microvesicles carry metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) to act upon the collagen fibrils. As a result, the collagen matrix is gradually transformed from a laminar to a fibrillar type of architecture. As shown by western blots and gelatin zymography, MMP-9 is secreted as a 92 kDa precursor and activated upon release of 82 kDa product into the culture medium. Activation is more efficient under three-dimensional than in two-dimensional culturing conditions. While MMP-9 labeling is associated with intraluminal vesicles clustered inside the microvesicles, the microvesicle's integrin β1 marker is bound to the outer membrane. The intraluminal vesicles are recruited from the cortical cytoplasm and eventually released following uploading inside the microvesicle. Here, we propose that fusion of the intraluminal vesicles with the outer microvesicle's membrane could work as a mechanism controlling the extent to which MMP-9 is first activated and then released extracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Laghezza Masci
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agrifood and Forestry Systems (DIBAF), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Taddei
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Great Equipment Center, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gambellini
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Great Equipment Center, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agrifood and Forestry Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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Proteolytic Enzymes Clustered in Specialized Plasma-Membrane Domains Drive Endothelial Cells' Migration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154709. [PMID: 27152413 PMCID: PMC4859482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultured endothelial cells forming a continuous monolayer establish stable cell-cell contacts and acquire a “resting” phenotype; on the other hand, when growing in sparse conditions these cells acquire a migratory phenotype and invade the empty area of the culture. Culturing cells in different conditions, we compared expression and clustering of proteolytic enzymes in cells having migratory versus stationary behavior. In order to observe resting and migrating cells in the same microscopic field, a continuous cell monolayer was wounded. Increased expression of proteolytic enzymes was evident in cell membranes of migrating cells especially at sprouting sites and in shed membrane vesicles. Gelatin zymography and western blotting analyses confirmed that in migrating cells, expression of membrane-bound and of vesicle-associated proteolytic enzymes are increased. The enzymes concerned include MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, seprase, DPP4 (DiPeptidyl Peptidase 4) and uPA. Shed membrane vesicles were shown to exert degradative activity on ECM components and produce substrates facilitating cell migration. Vesicles shed by migrating cells degraded ECM components at an increased rate; as a result their effect on cell migration was amplified. Inhibiting either Matrix Metallo Proteases (MMPs) or Serine Integral Membrane Peptidases (SIMPs) caused a decrease in the stimulatory effect of vesicles, inhibiting the spontaneous migratory activity of cells; a similar result was also obtained when a monoclonal antibody acting on DPP4 was tested. We conclude that proteolytic enzymes have a synergistic stimulatory effect on cell migration and that their clustering probably facilitates the proteolytic activation cascades needed to produce maximal degradative activity on cell substrates during the angiogenic process.
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Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Microvesicles in the brain: Biomarker, messenger or mediator? J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:70-8. [PMID: 26531697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are cell-derived vesicles produced after membrane remodeling of eukaryotic cells during activation or apoptosis. MVs are considered a novel biomarker/messenger for many diseases. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, as well as neural stem cells, have been described to release MVs, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of platelets and endothelial MVs in some central nervous diseases. This review is focused on understanding the role of MVs in the brain; new findings demonstrated that MVs can contribute to the onset and progression of some neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as to the development and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Varga Z, Yuana Y, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Gollwitzer C, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Towards traceable size determination of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23298. [PMID: 24511372 PMCID: PMC3916677 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have clinical importance due to their roles in a wide range of biological processes. The detection and characterization of EVs are challenging because of their small size, low refractive index, and heterogeneity. Methods In this manuscript, the size distribution of an erythrocyte-derived EV sample is determined using state-of-the-art techniques such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and electron microscopy, and novel techniques in the field, such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with dynamic light scattering detection. Results The mode values of the size distributions of the studied erythrocyte EVs reported by the different methods show only small deviations around 130 nm, but there are differences in the widths of the size distributions. Conclusion SAXS is a promising technique with respect to traceability, as this technique was already applied for traceable size determination of solid nanoparticles in suspension. To reach the traceable measurement of EVs, monodisperse and highly concentrated samples are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Varga
- Department of Biological Nanochemistry, Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yuana Yuana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Muralidharan-Chari V, Clancy JW, Sedgwick A, D'Souza-Schorey C. Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1603-11. [PMID: 20445011 PMCID: PMC2864708 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles are generated by the outward budding and fission of membrane vesicles from the cell surface. Recent studies suggest that microvesicle shedding is a highly regulated process that occurs in a spectrum of cell types and, more frequently, in tumor cells. Microvesicles have been widely detected in various biological fluids including peripheral blood, urine and ascitic fluids, and their function and composition depend on the cells from which they originate. By facilitating the horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules such as proteins, RNAs and microRNAs, they are now thought to have vital roles in tumor invasion and metastases, inflammation, coagulation, and stem-cell renewal and expansion. This Commentary summarizes recent literature on the properties and biogenesis of microvesicles and their potential role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alanna Sedgwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
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9
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Sbai O, Ould-Yahoui A, Ferhat L, Gueye Y, Bernard A, Charrat E, Mehanna A, Risso JJ, Chauvin JP, Fenouillet E, Rivera S, Khrestchatisky M. Differential vesicular distribution and trafficking of MMP-2, MMP-9, and their inhibitors in astrocytes. Glia 2010; 58:344-66. [PMID: 19780201 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an active role in the central nervous system and are critically involved in astrogliosis, a homotypic response of these cells to disease, injury, and associated neuroinflammation. Among the numerous molecules involved in these processes are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, secreted or membrane-bound, that regulate by proteolytic cleavage the extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and plasma membrane receptors. MMP activity is tightly regulated by the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), a family of secreted multifunctional proteins. Astrogliosis in vivo and astrocyte reactivity induced in vitro by proinflammatory cues are associated with modulation of expression and/or activity of members of the MMP/TIMP system. However, nothing is known concerning the intracellular distribution and secretory pathways of MMPs and TIMPs in astrocytes. Using a combination of cell biology, biochemistry, fluorescence and electron microscopy approaches, we investigated in cultured reactive astrocytes the intracellular distribution, transport, and secretion of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. MMP-2 and MMP-9 demonstrate nuclear localization, differential intracellular vesicular distribution relative to the myosin V and kinesin molecular motors, and LAMP-2-labeled lysosomal compartment, and we show vesicular secretion for MMP-2, MMP-9, and their inhibitors. Our results suggest that these proteinases and their inhibitors use different pathways for trafficking and secretion for distinct astrocytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, UMR 6184 CNRS--Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 51 Boulevard Pierre Dramard, Marseille Cedex 15, France
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10
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Obregon C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gerber P, Gehr P, Nicod LP. Active uptake of dendritic cell-derived exovesicles by epithelial cells induces the release of inflammatory mediators through a TNF-alpha-mediated pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:696-705. [PMID: 19628765 PMCID: PMC2715287 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can release hundreds of membrane vesicles, called exovesicles, which are able to activate resting DCs and distribute antigen. Here, we examined the role of mature DC-derived exovesicles in innate and adaptive immunity, in particular their capacity to activate epithelial cells. Our analysis of exovesicle contents showed that exovesicles contain major histocompatibility complex-II, CD40, and CD83 molecules in addition to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors, TNFRI and TNFRII, and are important carriers of TNF-alpha. These exovesicles are rapidly internalized by epithelial cells, inducing the release of cytokines and chemokines, but do not transfer an alloantigen-presenting capacity to epithelial cells. Part of this activation appears to involve the TNF-alpha-mediated pathway, highlighting the key role of DC-derived exovesicles, not only in adaptive immunity, but also in innate immunity by triggering innate immune responses and activating neighboring epithelial cells to release cytokines and chemokines, thereby amplifying the magnitude of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Obregon
- Médecin chef, Service de pneumologie, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne. Switzerland
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11
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Pliyev BK. Activated human neutrophils rapidly release the chemotactically active D2D3 form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR/CD87). Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 321:111-22. [PMID: 18830568 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR/CD87) exists both in cell-bound and soluble forms. Neutrophils contain extensive intracellular pools of uPAR that are translocated to the plasma membrane upon activation. In the present study, we investigated the ability of human neutrophils to shed uPAR from cell surface following activation and addressed the possible involvement of the released receptor in the inflammatory response. We first observed that the spontaneous release of suPAR by resting neutrophils was strongly and rapidly (within minutes) enhanced by calcium ionophore ionomycin and to a lesser extent when cells were primed with TNF-alpha and then stimulated with fMLP or IL-8. We demonstrated that suPAR is produced by resting and activated neutrophils predominantly as a truncated form devoid of N-terminal D1 domain (D2D3 form) that lacks GPI anchor. Migration of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1)-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells toward the supernatants harvested from activated neutrophils was significantly diminished when D2D3 form of suPAR was immunodepleted from the supernatants. We conclude that activated neutrophils release the chemotactically active D2D3 form of suPAR that acts as a ligand of FPRL1. Interestingly, we present evidence that GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) that has previously been shown to shed uPAR in cancer cells is not involved in suPAR release from human neutrophils. We suggest that production of the chemotactically active D2D3 form of suPAR by activated human neutrophils in vivo could contribute to the recruitment of monocytes and other formyl peptide receptors-expressing cells to the sites of acute inflammation where neutrophil accumulation and activation occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Pliyev
- Department of Biological and Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Kang D, Oh S, Ahn SM, Lee BH, Moon MH. Proteomic analysis of exosomes from human neural stem cells by flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3475-80. [PMID: 18570454 DOI: 10.1021/pr800225z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, small membrane vesicles secreted by a multitude of cell types, are involved in a wide range of physiological roles such as intercellular communication, membrane exchange between cells, and degradation as an alternative to lysosomes. Because of the small size of exosomes (30-100 nm) and the limitations of common separation procedures including ultracentrifugation and flow cytometry, size-based fractionation of exosomes has been challenging. In this study, we used flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) to fractionate exosomes according to differences in hydrodynamic diameter. The exosome fractions collected from FlFFF runs were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to morphologically confirm their identification as exosomes. Exosomal lysates of each fraction were digested and analyzed using nanoflow LC-ESI-MS-MS for protein identification. FIFFF, coupled with mass spectrometry, allows nanoscale size-based fractionation of exosomes and is more applicable to primary cells and stem cells since it requires much less starting material than conventional gel-based separation, in-gel digestion and the MS-MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukjin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Schiera G, Proia P, Alberti C, Mineo M, Savettieri G, Di Liegro I. Neurons produce FGF2 and VEGF and secrete them at least in part by shedding extracellular vesicles. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 11:1384-94. [PMID: 18205708 PMCID: PMC4401300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that neurons are able to affect the ability of brain capillary endothelial cells to form in vitro a monolayer with properties resembling the blood-brain barrier. We then looked, by immunofluorescence and western analysis, for factors, produced by neurons, with the potential to influence growth and differentiation of endothelial cells. In the present paper, we report that neurons produce both vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, two well-known angiogenic factors. More interestingly, we gained evidence that both factors are released by neurons, at least in part, by shedding of extracellular vesicles, that contain beta1 integrin, a membrane protein already known to be part of extracellular vesicles released by tumour cells. Shedding of extracellular vesicles by neurons was also confirmed by scanner electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Taverna S, Rigogliuso S, Salamone M, Vittorelli ML. Intracellular trafficking of endogenous fibroblast growth factor‐2. FEBS J 2008; 275:1579-1592. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Taverna
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Monica Salamone
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Italy
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15
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Van Overloop H, Van Veldhoven PP. Ceramide-dependent release of ceramide kinase from cultured cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Obregon C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gitahi SK, Gehr P, Nicod LP. Exovesicles from human activated dendritic cells fuse with resting dendritic cells, allowing them to present alloantigens. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2127-36. [PMID: 17148675 PMCID: PMC1762484 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can release microvesicles, but the latter's numbers, size, and fate are unclear. Fluorescently labeled DCs were visualized by laser-scanning microscopy. Using a Surpass algorithm, we were able to identify and quantify per cell several hundred microvesicles released from the surface of stimulated DCs. We show that most of these microvesicles are not of endocytic origin but result from budding of the plasma membrane, hence their name, exovesicle. Using a double vital staining, we show that exovesicles isolated from activated DCs can fuse with the membrane of resting DCs, thereby allowing them to present alloantigens to lymphocytes. We concluded that, within a few hours from their release, exovesicles may amplify local or distant adaptive immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Obregon
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, and Clinic and Policlinic of Pneumology, University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstr. 15, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
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17
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Alessandro R, Di Bella MA, Flugy AM, Fontana S, Damiani F, Corrado C, Colomba P, Todaro M, Russo D, Santoro A, Kohn EC, De Leo G. Comparative study of T84 and T84SF human colon carcinoma cells: in vitro and in vivo ultrastructural and functional characterization of cell culture and metastasis. Virchows Arch 2006; 449:48-61. [PMID: 16612624 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between tumor heterogeneity, differentiation, and metastasis, suitable experimental models permitting in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary. A new variant cell line (T84SF) exhibiting an altered phenotype was recently selected from a colon cancer cell line (T84) by repetitive plating on TNF-alpha treated human endothelial cells and subsequent selection for adherent cells. The matched pair of cell lines provides a useful system to investigate the extravasation step of the metastatic cascade. Since analysis of morphological differences can be instructive to the understanding of metastatic potential of tumor cells, we compared the ultrastructural and functional phenotype of T84 and T84SF cells in vitro and in vivo. The reported ultrastructural features evidence differences between the two cell lines; selected cells showed a marked pleomorphism of cell size and nuclei, shape, and greater surface complexity. These morphological differences were also coupled with biochemical data showing a distinct tyrosine phosphorylation-based signaling, an altered localization of beta-catenin, MAPK, and AKT activation, as well as an increased expression in T84SF cells of Bcl-X(L), a major regulator of apoptosis. Therefore, these cell lines represent a step forward in the development of appropriate models in vitro and in vivo to investigate colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Università di Palermo, Via Divisi 83, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
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18
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Celis JE, Gromov P, Cabezón T, Moreira JMA, Ambartsumian N, Sandelin K, Rank F, Gromova I. Proteomic characterization of the interstitial fluid perfusing the breast tumor microenvironment: a novel resource for biomarker and therapeutic target discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3:327-44. [PMID: 14754989 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m400009-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cancer proteomics aims at the identification of markers for early detection and predictive purposes, as well as to provide novel targets for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention. Proteomics-based analysis of traditional sources of biomarkers, such as serum, plasma, or tissue lyzates, has resulted in a wealth of information and the finding of several potential tumor biomarkers. However, many of these markers have shown limited usefulness in a clinical setting, underscoring the need for new clinically relevant sources. Here we present a novel and highly promising source of biomarkers, the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) that perfuses the breast tumor microenvironment. We collected TIFs from small pieces of freshly dissected invasive breast carcinomas and analyzed them by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Western immunoblotting, as well as by cytokine-specific antibody arrays. This approach provided for the first time a snapshot of the protein components of the TIF, which we show consists of more than one thousand proteins--either secreted, shed by membrane vesicles, or externalized due to cell death--produced by the complex network of cell types that make up the tumor microenvironment. So far, we have identified 267 primary translation products including, but not limited to, proteins involved in cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, the actin cytoskeleton assembly, protein folding, and transport. As expected, the TIF contained several classical serum proteins. Considering that the protein composition of the TIF reflects the physiological and pathological state of the tissue, it should provide a new and potentially rich resource for diagnostic biomarker discovery and for identifying more selective targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Celis
- Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research, and Department of Proteomics in Cancer, Institute of Cancer Biology, The Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Taverna S, Ghersi G, Ginestra A, Rigogliuso S, Pecorella S, Alaimo G, Saladino F, Dolo V, Dell'Era P, Pavan A, Pizzolanti G, Mignatti P, Presta M, Vittorelli ML. Shedding of Membrane Vesicles Mediates Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Release from Cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51911-9. [PMID: 14523006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), a polypeptide with regulatory activity on cell growth and differentiation, lacks a conventional secretory signal sequence, and its mechanism of release from cells remains unclear. We characterized the role of extracellular vesicle shedding in FGF-2 release. Viable cells released membrane vesicles in the presence of serum. However, in serum-free medium vesicle shedding was dramatically down-regulated, and the cells did not release FGF-2 activity into their conditioned medium. Addition of serum to serum-starved cells rapidly induced intracellular FGF-2 clustering under the plasma membrane and into granules that colocalized with patches of the cell membrane with typical features of shed vesicle membranes. Shed vesicles carried three FGF-2 isoforms (18, 22, 24 kDa). Addition of vesicles to endothelial cells stimulated chemotaxis and urokinase plasminogen activator production, which were blocked by anti-FGF-2 antibodies. Treatment of intact vesicles with 2.0 m NaCl or heparinase, which release FGF-2 from membrane-bound proteoglycans, did not abolish their stimulatory effect on endothelial cells, indicating that FGF-2 is carried inside vesicles. The comparison of the stimulatory effects of shed vesicles and vesicle-free conditioned medium showed that vesicles represent a major reservoir of FGF-2. Thus, FGF-2 can be released from cells through vesicle shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Taverna
- Dipartimento Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy
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