1
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Magdy G, ElNaggar MH, Belal F, Elmansi H. A novel quality-by-design optimized spectrofluorimetric method for the sensitive determination of ricinine alkaloid in edible oils. Food Chem 2023; 404:134588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A. Medical Countermeasures against Ricin Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020100. [PMID: 36828415 PMCID: PMC9966136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked glycoprotein (AB toxin) comprising one enzymatic A chain (RTA) and one cell-binding B chain (RTB) contained in the castor bean, a Ricinus species. Ricin inhibits peptide chain elongation via disruption of the binding between elongation factors and ribosomes, resulting in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, in addition to the classically known rRNA damage. Ricin has been used in traditional medicine throughout the world since prehistoric times. Because ricin toxin is highly toxic and can be readily extracted from beans, it could be used as a bioweapon (CDC B-list). Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as a biological weapon, ricin toxin remains a global public health concern requiring specific countermeasures. Currently, no specific treatment for ricin intoxication is available. This review focuses on the drugs under development. In particular, some examples are reviewed to demonstrate the proof of concept of antibody-based therapy. Chemical inhibitors, small proteins, and vaccines can serve as alternatives to antibodies or may be used in combination with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Unité Immunopathologies, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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3
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Gangwar C, Yaseen B, Kumar I, Nayak R, Sarkar J, Baker A, Kumar A, Ojha H, Kumar Singh N, Mohan Naik R. Nano palladium/palladium oxide formulation using Ricinus communis plant leaves for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Facile synthesis of 6-organyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1 H)-ones and their polyfluoroalkyl-containing analogs. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:1687-1700. [PMID: 36185466 PMCID: PMC9510450 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-component cyclization of 3-polyfluoroalkyl-3-oxopropanoates and methyl ketones with ammonium acetate affords 6-organyl-4-(polyfluoroalkyl)pyridin-2(1H)-ones (organyl is alkyl, aryl, or hetaryl). The synthesized pyridones were evaluated for antifungal, antibacterial, and analgesic activity.
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5
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Elouardi M, Zair T, Mabrouki J, Fattah G, Benchrifa M, Qisse N, El Belghiti MA. A review of botanical, biogeographical phytochemical and toxicological aspects of the toxic plants in Morocco. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Kamali M, Shahi S. Catalytic Switching in the Multi-component Synthesis of Novel Thioethers Based on 4-Hydroxy-2-pyridones. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.2010468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Shahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Kamali M, Keramat Pirolghor F. One‐pot three‐component synthesis of novel chromeno[3,2‐
c
]pyridine‐1,9(
2
H
)‐diones by using
SnCl
2
⋅2H
2
O
as catalyst. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Jadhav CK, Nipate AS, Chate AV, Kulkarni MV, Dofe VS, Gill CH. Rapid Multicomponent Tandem Annulation in Ionic Liquids: Convergent Access to 3-Amino-1-Alkylpyridin-2(1 H)-One Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Scaffolds. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1994427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan K. Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol S. Nipate
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha V. Chate
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Makrand V. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya S. Dofe
- Department of Chemistry, Deogiri College of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charansingh H. Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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9
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Tao S, Xiao J, Li Y, Sun F, Du Y. PhICl
2
/
NH
4
SCN‐Mediated
Oxidative Regioselective Thiocyanation of Pyridin‐2(
1
H
)‐ones. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanqing Tao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiaxi Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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10
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Das B, Rout N, Sarkar D. Ruthenium (VIII) Catalysed Dearomative Pyridyl C−X Activation: Direct Synthesis of
N
‐ Alkyl‐2‐pyridones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Organic Synthesis and Molecular Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha 769008 India
| | - Nilendri Rout
- Organic Synthesis and Molecular Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha 769008 India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Organic Synthesis and Molecular Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha 769008 India
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11
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Isenberg SL, Carter MD, Moon JL, Laughlin S, Petway M, Mojica MA, Rood JE, Gursky AK, Sheppard CI, Bagarozzi DA, Pirkle JL, Johnson RC. The Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Chemical Biomarker Recovery from Mixed Chemical/Biological Threat Exposure Specimens. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 5:273-280. [PMID: 32445395 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irradiative sterilization of clinical specimens prior to chemical laboratory testing provides a way to not only sterilize pathogens and ensure laboratorian safety but also preserve sample volume and maintain compatibility with quantitative chemical diagnostic protocols. Since the compatibility of clinical biomarkers with gamma irradiation is not well characterized, a subset of diagnostic biomarkers ranging in molecular size, concentration, and clinical matrix was analyzed to determine recovery following gamma irradiation. METHODS Sample irradiation of previously characterized quality control materials (QCs) at 5 Mrad was carried out at the Gamma Cell Irradiation Facility at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Following irradiation, the QCs were analyzed alongside non-irradiated QCs to determine analyte recovery between dosed and control samples. RESULTS Biomarkers for exposure to abrin, ricin, and organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) were analyzed for their stability following gamma irradiation. The diagnostic biomarkers included adducts to butyrylcholinesterase, abrine, and ricinine, respectively, and were recovered at over 90% of their initial concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results from this pilot study support the implementation of an irradiative sterilization protocol for possible mixed-exposure samples containing both chemical and biological threat agents (mixed CBTs). Furthermore, irradiative sterilization significantly reduces a laboratorian's risk of infection from exposure to an infectious agent without compromising chemical diagnostic testing integrity, particularly for diagnostic assays in which the chemical analyte has been shown to be fully conserved following a 5 Mrad irradiative dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jonathan L Moon
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah Laughlin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marla Petway
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mike A Mojica
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Julia E Rood
- Epidemiology Elective Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexis K Gursky
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cody I Sheppard
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dennis A Bagarozzi
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - James L Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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12
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Gulati S, John SE, Shankaraiah N. Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:819-865. [PMID: 33968258 PMCID: PMC8077743 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted (MWA) multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have successfully emerged as one of the useful tools in the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. These reactions are strategically employed for the generation of a variety of heterocycles along with multiple point diversifications. Over the last few decades classical MCRs such as Ugi, Biginelli, etc. have witnessed enhanced yield and efficiency with microwave assistance. The highlights of MWA-MCRs are high yields, reduced reaction time, selectivity, atom economy and simpler purification techniques, such an approach can accelerate the drug discovery process. The present review focuses on the recent advances in MWA-MCRs and their mechanistic insights over the past decade and shed light on its advantage over the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gulati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
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13
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Auxtero MD, Chalante S, Abade MR, Jorge R, Fernandes AI. Potential Herb-Drug Interactions in the Management of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 33478035 PMCID: PMC7835864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia represent a significant burden on healthcare systems and a unique challenge to medicine due to the currently limited treatment options. Plant phytochemicals have been considered in alternative, or complementary, prevention and treatment strategies. Herbals are consumed as such, or as food supplements, whose consumption has recently increased. However, these products are not exempt from adverse effects and pharmacological interactions, presenting a special risk in aged, polymedicated individuals. Understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions is warranted to avoid undesirable adverse drug reactions, which may result in unwanted side-effects or therapeutic failure. The present study reviews the potential interactions between selected bioactive compounds (170) used by seniors for cognitive enhancement and representative drugs of 10 pharmacotherapeutic classes commonly prescribed to the middle-aged adults, often multimorbid and polymedicated, to anticipate and prevent risks arising from their co-administration. A literature review was conducted to identify mutual targets affected (inhibition/induction/substrate), the frequency of which was taken as a measure of potential interaction. Although a limited number of drugs were studied, from this work, interaction with other drugs affecting the same targets may be anticipated and prevented, constituting a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Auxtero
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Susana Chalante
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Mário R. Abade
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Rui Jorge
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, School of Agriculture, Quinta do Galinheiro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- CIEQV, Life Quality Research Centre, IPSantarém/IPLeiria, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares, 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
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14
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Vasudhevan P, Manikandan M, Thangavel P, Vadivukkarasi S. Characterization of partially purified alkaloids from Cucurbita maxima seed and evaluation of their antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and leukocytes. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13225. [PMID: 32301513 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita maxima, is a therapeutic plant spread all over the world. The seed of C. maxima constitutes a large amount of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Vitamin E, and other secondary metabolites. The experiment was performed in four setups (Control, Only H2 O2 , H2 O2 + 25 mg of alkaloid, H2 O2 + 50 mg of alkaloids). The enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined to analyze the antioxidant effect of partially purified alkaloids. The results showed that partially purified alkaloids from C. maxima seed reacts effectively on the erythrocytes and leukocytes antioxidant enzyme system when compared to the hydrogen peroxide group. The present results indicate that the alkaloids present in this plant can be used as a natural antioxidant for the pharmacological purposes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The C. maxima seed constitutes rich source of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Vitamin E, and other secondary metabolites. The results obtained revealed that the purified alkaloids from C. maxima seed acts as natural antioxidants, which enhanced the potential to scavenge H2 O2 and aids in protecting the RBC and WBC cells. The presence of 27 alkaloids of which seven major alkaloids possessing higher medicinal properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-malarial, analgesic, nematicide, pesticide, and hemolytic activity were determined from the GC-MS analysis of the extract. Alkaloids acts as major constituent in phytotheraphy and has wide range of clinical application in humans and animals. In conclusion, alkaloids from C. maxima seed may have several properties that leading to the opening of new avenues in the natural product for the therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoharan Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode, India
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15
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Kamali M, Shahi S, Mashhadi Akbar Bujar M. Temperature‐Dependent Green Synthesis of New Series of Mannich Bases from 4‐Hydroxy‐pyridine‐2‐one and Their Antioxidant Activity Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Kamali
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University Mofatteh Ave., No. 49 15614 Tehran Iran
| | - Sahar Shahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University Mofatteh Ave., No. 49 15614 Tehran Iran
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16
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Majumder M, Debnath S, Gajbhiye RL, Saikia R, Gogoi B, Samanta SK, Das DK, Biswas K, Jaisankar P, Mukhopadhyay R. Ricinus communis L. fruit extract inhibits migration/invasion, induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and arrests tumor progression in vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14493. [PMID: 31601896 PMCID: PMC6787038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plant-based therapies can be important for treatment of cancer owing to high efficiency, low cost and minimal side effects. Here, we report the anti-cancer efficacy of Ricinus communis L. fruit extract (RCFE) using estrogen positive MCF-7 and highly aggressive, triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. RCFE induced cytotoxicity in these cells in dose and time-dependent manner. It also demonstrated robust anti-metastatic activity as it significantly inhibited migration, adhesion, invasion and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 in both cell lines. Further, flow cytometry analysis suggested RCFE-mediated induction of apoptosis in these cells. This was supported by attenuation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, induction of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-7 expressions as well as PARP cleavage upon RCFE treatment. RCFE (0.5 mg/Kg body weight) treatment led to significant reduction in tumor volume in 4T1 syngeneic mouse model. HPLC and ESI-MS analysis of active ethyl acetate fraction of RCFE detected four compounds, Ricinine, p-Coumaric acid, Epigallocatechin and Ricinoleic acid. Individually these compounds showed cytotoxic and migration-inhibitory activities. Overall, this study for the first time demonstrates the anti-cancer efficacy of the fruit extract of common castor plant which can be proposed as a potent candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmi Majumder
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Shibjyoti Debnath
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Rahul L Gajbhiye
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rimpi Saikia
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskarjyoti Gogoi
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
- Department of Biotechnology Royal School of Bio-Sciences Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Suman Kumar Samanta
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Deepjyoti K Das
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Kaushik Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
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17
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Nebo L, Varela RM, Fernandes JB, Palma M. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Ricinine from Ricinus communis Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100438. [PMID: 31581463 PMCID: PMC6826910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloid ricinine (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) is found in different parts of the Ricinus communis plant and is known to possess several bioactive properties, including strong antioxidant activity. In this study, a new microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The extraction variables studied were extraction temperature (between 125 °C and 175 °C), microwave power (between 500 W and 1000 W), extraction time (between 5 min and 15 min), extraction solvent (between 10% and 90% of EtOAc in MeOH), and solvent-to-sample ratio (between 25:1 mL and 50:1 mL of solvent per gram of the sample). On studying the effects of extraction variables, both solvent and liquid-to-solid ratio were found to exhibit the highest effects on ricinine recovery. A fast (15 min) microwave-assisted extraction method was developed (high temperatures can be applied because the stability of ricinine is proven in the literature), allowing for the recovery of ricinine from R. communis leaves. The study revealed that R. communis leaves had almost 1.5 mg g−1 (dried weight) of ricinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Nebo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas, INBIO, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - João B Fernandes
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Miguel Palma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria, IVAGRO, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
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18
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Franke H, Scholl R, Aigner A. Ricin and Ricinus communis in pharmacology and toxicology-from ancient use and "Papyrus Ebers" to modern perspectives and "poisonous plant of the year 2018". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1181-1208. [PMID: 31359089 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While probably originating from Africa, the plant Ricinus communis is found nowadays around the world, grown for industrial use as a source of castor oil production, wildly sprouting in many regions, or used as ornamental plant. As regards its pharmacological utility, a variety of medical purposes of selected parts of the plant, e.g., as a laxative, an anti-infective, or an anti-inflammatory drug, have been described already in the sixteenth century BC in the famous Papyrus Ebers (treasured in the Library of the University of Leipzig). Quite in contrast, on the toxicological side, the native plant has become the "poisonous plant 2018" in Germany. As of today, a number of isolated components of the plant/seeds have been characterized, including, e.g., castor oil, ricin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, ricinin, nudiflorin, and several allergenic compounds. This review mainly focuses on the most toxic protein, ricin D, classified as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2). Ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known. It has been considered as an important bioweapon (categorized as a Category B agent (second-highest priority)) and an attractive agent for bioterroristic activities. On the other hand, ricin presents great potential, e.g., as an anti-cancer agent or in cell-based research, and is even explored in the context of nanoparticle formulations in tumor therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology and toxicology-related body of knowledge on ricin. Toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic aspects of ricin poisoning and possibilities for analytical detection and therapeutic use are summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Scholl
- Department of History, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Brito LB, Riet-Correa F, Almeida VM, Silva Filho GB, Chaves HA, Braga TC, Evêncio Neto J, Mendonça FS. Spontaneous poisoning by Ricinus communis leaves (Euphorbiaceae) in goats. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to report the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of poisoning by the ingestion of Ricinus communis leaves in a herd of goats at Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Within 3-5 hours after ingesting the sprouts and young shrubs of the plant, twenty Toggenburg female goats and two adults crossbred wethers presented acute neurological clinical signs, which were initially characterized by decreased locomotor activity that later evolved to severe ataxia, depression, incoordination and staggering gait. Four goat that died spontaneously were necropsied. Gross lesions were unspecific and consisted in focal areas of lungs edema, petechial hemorrhages in the epicardium and congestion and enlargement of liver. The contents of the rumen, reticulum and omasum were dry and contained leaves of the plant. Histologically there were no lesions in the CNS. In the liver, the main lesion consisted in cytoplasmic vacuolization and necrosis of hepatocytes. Eighteen goats recovered after a supportive therapy with activated charcoal, glycated isotonic solution, dexamethasone and vitamin B12. There is no specific therapy for poisoning by R. communis, however supportive and symptomatic treatments are recommended and should be based on the clinical signs.
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Isenberg SL, Carter MD, Miller MA, Noras AI, Mojica MA, Carlson ST, Bulathsinghala CP, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. Quantification of Ricinine and Abrine in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS-MS: Biomarkers of Exposure to Ricin and Abrin. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:630-636. [PMID: 29931062 PMCID: PMC6214751 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin and abrin are toxic ribosome-inactivating proteins found in plants. Exposure to these toxins can be detected using the biomarkers ricinine and abrine, which are present in the same plant sources as the toxins. The concentration of the biomarkers in urine and blood will be dependent upon the purification of abrin or ricin, the route of exposure, and the length of time between exposure and sample collection. Here, we present the first diagnostic assay for the simultaneous quantification of both ricinine and abrine in blood matrices. Furthermore, this is the first-ever method for the detection of abrine in blood products. Samples were processed by isotope-dilution, solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation and quantification by HPLC-MS-MS. This analytical method detects abrine from 5.00 to 500 ng/mL and ricinine from 0.300 to 300 ng/mL with coefficients of determination of 0.996 ± 0.003 and 0.998 ± 0.002 (n = 22), respectively. Quality control material accuracy was determined to have <10% relative error, and precision was within 19% relative standard deviation. The assay's time-to-first result is three hours including sample preparation. Furthermore, the method was applied for the quantification of ricinine in the blood of a patient who had intentionally ingested castor beans to demonstrate the test was fit-for-purpose. This assay was designed to support the diagnosis of ricin and abrin exposures in public health investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melissa D. Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael A. Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M, Christus Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Corpus Christi, TX
| | - Aleksandra I. Noras
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mike A. Mojica
- Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean T. Carlson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M, Christus Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Corpus Christi, TX
| | | | - Jerry D. Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Mekheimer RA, Al-Sheikh MA, Medrasi HY, Alsofyani NHH. A Novel Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyridines by a One-Pot, Three-Component Tandem Reaction of Aldehydes, Malononitrile and N-Alkyl-2-cyanoacetamides under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29522435 PMCID: PMC6017934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient, fast and environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of a new series of highly functionalized N-alkylated pyridines as privileged medicinal scaffolds was developed via a unique three-component reaction of easily available aromatic as well as heteroaromatic aldehydes, N-alkyl-2-cyanoacetamides and malononitrile in EtOH in the presence of K2CO3 as a base promoter under microwave irradiation. The presented tandem process is presumed to proceed via Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, intramolecular cyclization, autoxidation and subsequent aromatization. Particularly valuable features of this protocol, including high product yields, mild conditions, atom-efficiency, simple execution, short reaction times and easy purification make it a highly efficient and promising synthetic strategy to prepare substituted pyridine nuclei. The proposed mechanism of this novel one-pot reaction and structure elucidation of the products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Abdullah Al-Sheikh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanadi Yousef Medrasi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia.
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Farooq U, Khan A, Naz S, Rauf A, Khan H, Khan A, Ullah I, Bukhari SM. Sedative and antinociceptive activities of two new sesquiterpenes isolated from Ricinus communis. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:225-230. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RM, Pfister JA, Mendonça FS. Toxic plants affecting the nervous system of ruminants and horses in Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- National Institute for Agriculture Research, Uruguay; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
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Chicca A, Berg R, Jessen HJ, Marck N, Schmid F, Burch P, Gertsch J, Gademann K. Biological evaluation of pyridone alkaloids on the endocannabinoid system. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6102-6114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Goryaeva MV, Burgart YV, Kudyakova YS, Ezhikova MA, Kodess MI, Saloutin VI. Synthesis of Pyridone Derivatives from 7-Hydroxy-7-polyfluoroalkylhexahydroimidazo[1,2-a
]pyridin-5-ones. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Goryaeva
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Yanina V. Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Yulia S. Kudyakova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Marina A. Ezhikova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Kodess
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Victor I. Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis; Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 22 S. Kovalevskoy Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
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Mohieldin EAM, Muddathir AM, Mitsunaga T. Inhibitory activities of selected Sudanese medicinal plants on Porphyromonas gingivalis and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and isolation of bioactive compounds from Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf) bark. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:224. [PMID: 28427461 PMCID: PMC5399347 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Periodontal diseases are one of the major health problems and among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium which has been strongly implicated in the etiology of periodontitis. Additionally, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) is an important factor contributing to periodontal tissue destruction by a variety of mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the selected Sudanese medicinal plants against P. gingivalis bacteria and their inhibitory activities on MMP-9. Methods Sixty two methanolic and 50% ethanolic extracts from 24 plants species were tested for antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis using microplate dilution assay method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The inhibitory activity of seven methanol extracts selected from the 62 extracts against MMP-9 was determined by Colorimetric Drug Discovery Kit. In search of bioactive lead compounds, Combretum hartmannianum bark which was found to be within the most active plant extracts was subjected to various chromatographic (medium pressure liquid chromatography, column chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20, preparative high performance liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic methods (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)) to isolate and characterize flavogalonic acid dilactone and terchebulin as bioactive compounds. Results About 80% of the crude extracts provided a MIC value ≤4 mg/ml against bacteria. The extracts which revealed the highest potency were: methanolic extracts of Terminalia laxiflora (wood; MIC = 0.25 mg/ml) followed by Acacia totrtilis (bark), Ambrosia maritima (aerial part), Argemone mexicana (seed), C. hartmannianum (bark), Terminalia brownii (wood) and 50% ethanolic extract of T. brownii (bark) with MIC values of 0.5 mg/ml. T. laxiflora (wood) and C. hartmannianum (bark) which belong to combretaceae family showed an inhibitory activity over 50% at the concentration of 10 μg/ml against MMP-9. Additionally, MMP-9 was significantly inhibited by terchebulin with IC50 value of 6.7 μM. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, flavogalonic acid dilactone and terchebulin were isolated from C. hartmannianium bark for the first time in this study. Because of terchebulin and some crude extracts acting on P. gingivalis bacteria and MMP-9 enzyme that would make them promising natural preference for preventing and treating periodontal diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1735-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhang Y, Cheng J, Yang S, Liang F, Qu X. Enhanced acaricidal activity of ricinine achieved by the construction of nano-formulation using amphiphilic block copolymer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymer PEO–PCL improves the encapsulation of ricinine and enhances the acaricidal efficiency of the pesticide on V. unguiculata (L.) when compared to the formulations made by surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering
- Beijing University of Agriculture
- Beijing 102206
- China
| | - Saina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Fuxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xiaozhong Qu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
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Mouser P, Filigenzi MS, Puschner B, Johnson V, Miller MA, Hooser SB. Fatal Ricin Toxicosis in a Puppy Confirmed by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry when Using Ricinine as a Marker. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:216-20. [PMID: 17402623 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a lectin from the castor bean plant ( Ricinis communis), is considered one of the most potent plant toxins. Ingestion of masticated seeds results in high morbidity, with vomiting and watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea. The prognosis varies with the number of seeds ingested, the degree of mastication, individual susceptibility, and the delay in treatment. Low mortality restricts assessment of histologic lesions, and the literature on toxicologic analysis for ricin is limited. This report describes a fatal case of castor bean ingestion in a 12-week-old Mastiff puppy, with confirmation of ricin exposure through detection of the biomarker ricinine by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Despite supportive therapy, the puppy died several hours after presentation for acute vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. At necropsy, a segment of jejunum and mesenteric lymph nodes were congested. When the owner reported the presence of castor beans in the dog's feces, selected formalin-fixed and unfixed tissues were submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Histopathologic findings included superficial necrotizing enteritis of the jejunum and occasional, random foci of coagulative necrosis in the liver. The alkaloid ricinine was detected in gastric content by using a newly developed LC/MS method. This confirmation of exposure is important in the diagnosis of ricin toxicosis, because ingestion of castor beans is not always fatal, histologic lesions are nonspecific, and the degree of mastication can influence the effective dose of ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mouser
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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de Almeida E Castro VTN, Sobrinho TJDSP, Corrêa AJC, de Sousa Araújo TA, Da Silva TG, de Amorim ELC. The Anticholinesterase Properties of Plants from the Northeast of Brazil Selected by an Ethnopharmacological Study for Disorders Relating to the Nervous System. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S195-200. [PMID: 27279706 PMCID: PMC4883078 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Various factors may trigger Alzheimer's disease and the cholinergic hypothesis, which is one of the most widely accepted, argues damage to the brain nuclei, may reduce the production of the choline acetyltransferase enzyme, and cause a decline in the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). Studies have thus focused on discovering molecules that are capable of inhibiting the action of cholinesterase enzymes that degrade ACh, thereby preventing the evolution of the disease. Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess the anticholinesterase properties of extracts of medicinal plants in a semi-arid region of Northeast of Brazil. Materials and Methods: The species were selected by way of an ethnobotanical study and were collected if there were some indications that they are related to the nervous system. The plant samples were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Anticholinesterase activity in vitro was assessed by way of bioautography in thin layer chromatography and microassays in 96-well plates. Results: Twenty-three species of plant were collected, and 75 extracts were analyzed. The bioautography revealed that 26.7% of the samples showed inhibitory activity against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. After the test for false positives, 8% of the samples were found to inhibit AChE. Thirty samples were analyzed by microassay (500 μg/mL), on which 86.7% showed moderate to powerful anticholinesterase activity. Conclusion: Of the extracts tested, Citrus limonum, Ricinus communis, and Senna occidentalis stand out as was the most promising in terms of anticholinesterase activity and may serve as a guide for the discovery and development of new substances for the treatment of AD. SUMMARY The bioautography revealed that 26.7% of the samples showed inhibitory activity against the acetylcholinesterase enzyme Samples were analyzed by microassay (500 μg/mL), upon which 86.7% showed moderate to powerful anticholinesterase activity Citrus limonum, Ricinus communis, and Senna occidentalis stand out as being the most promising in terms of anticholinesterase activity C. limonum, R. communis, and S. occidentalis may serve as a guide for the discovery and development of new substances for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Abbreviations used: AChE: Acetilcolinesterase
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Suleiman MHA. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by communities of Northern Kordofan region, Sudan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:232-42. [PMID: 26519203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The present study provides significant ethnopharmacological information on plant species used in North Kordofan region, western Sudan. The study was undertaken with an aim to document the medicinal uses of the species known to some Northern Kordofan communities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted between 2012 and 2013. The plants were identified and voucher specimens prepared. Information was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with 258 informants (195 men and 63 women). In addition, the use value (UV) of the species was determined and the informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for the medicinal plants researched in the study. Further analysis was carried out to compare results with previous studies from the study area and other regions of Sudan. RESULTS A total of 44 plant species representing 24 families were found to be commonly used in the treatment of 73 different human health problems. The families most represented were Leguminosae (18%), Caesalpiniaceae (9%), Malvaceae (9%), Asclepiadaceae (6.8%) and Combretaceae (6.8%). The highest number of plant species are used against digestive system disorders (23 species) followed by microbial infections (21 species) and dermatology (19 species). Among all the plant parts leaves (20%), roots (19%), fruits and bark (14% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the informants. There was strong agreement among the informants as to the usages of the plants (informant consensus factor 0.63-0.93). The most important plants on the basis of use-value were Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia senna, Guiera senegalensis and Tamarindus indica. CONCLUSION This study has helped to document information that may otherwise be lost to future generations. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of the ICF and UV methods in the study area. Plants with high ICF and UV values should be subjected for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation for scientific validation.
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Kichu M, Malewska T, Akter K, Imchen I, Harrington D, Kohen J, Vemulpad SR, Jamie JF. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Chungtia village, Nagaland, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:5-17. [PMID: 25747148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional medicinal plant knowledge is an integral and very important part of Indigenous cultures worldwide. For many communities there is a great urgency in recording this knowledge in written form. This is the first ethnobotanical report of medicinal plant knowledge of the Nagaland Ao tribe of Chungtia village and is an important step in the preservation of this culturally and medicinally significant knowledge. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the presented work was to perform an ethnobotanical study on plants of medicinal and other significance to the Chungtia villagers of Nagaland, North East India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected from traditional practitioners and Elders of Chungtia village by means of open group discussions and semi-structured interviews of groups and individuals using questionnaires. The interviews were also recorded in an audio format in the local Mongsen language. The gathered ethnobotanical knowledge was compared with reported ethnobotanical usages worldwide and reported biological properties and phytochemical studies relevant to the Chungtia villagers׳ applications. RESULTS A total of 135 plant species of 69 families and 123 genera were recorded for medicinal and household maintenance applications. Those applications were grouped into 13 categories based on Chungtia villagers׳ classification system. The families most represented were Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae. The most reported uses were for gastrointestinal problems, followed by dermatological problems. The most commonly used plant parts were leaves, followed by fruits and stems and they were most commonly administered as a paste, decoction, infusion, juice or poultice, or taken orally with no preparation. There was strong agreement among the informants as to the usages of the plants (informant consensus factor 0.80-0.91). The use value of 6 for Cassia floribunda, Dolichos lablab, Hedyotis scandens, Phyllanthus urinaria and Rhus javanica indicated these are the most important species. Forty four of the 135 plants had a fidelity level of 100%. CONCLUSION This study has helped to document and preserve in written format important traditional plant knowledge of 135 plants of the Chungtia villagers, assisting them in the continued preservation of their cultural values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyanungsang Kichu
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Teresa Malewska
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kaisarun Akter
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - David Harrington
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - James Kohen
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Subramanyam R Vemulpad
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Joanne F Jamie
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Ohishi K, Toume K, Arai MA, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Mizoguchi T, Itoh M, Ishibashi M. Ricinine: a pyridone alkaloid from Ricinus communis that activates the Wnt signaling pathway through casein kinase 1α. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4597-601. [PMID: 25124862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays important roles in proliferation, differentiation, development of cells, and various diseases. Activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the Ricinus communis stem led to the isolation of four compounds (1-4). The TCF/β-catenin transcription activities of 1 and 3 were 2.2 and 2.5 fold higher at 20 and 30μM, respectively. Cells treated with ricinine (1) had higher β-catenin and lower of p-β-catenin (ser 33, 37, 45, Thr 41) protein levels, whereas glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α) protein levels remained unchanged. Cells treated with pyrvinium, an activator of CK1α, had lower β-catenin levels. However, the combined treatment of pyrvinium and 1 led to higher β-catenin levels than those in cells treated with pyrvinium alone, which suggested that 1 inhibited CK1α activity. Furthermore, 1 increased β-catenin protein levels in zebrafish embryos. These results indicated that 1 activated the Wnt signaling pathway by inhibiting CK1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ohishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Midori A Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Samir K Sadhu
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Firoj Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Sarkar R, Mukhopadhyay C. l-Proline catalyzed expeditious multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of fused N-substituted-2-pyridone derivatives in aqueous medium. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peng J, Cai S, Wang L, Zhao N, Zhang TJ, Chen ZX, Meng FH. A metabonomic analysis of serum from rats treated with ricinine using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90416. [PMID: 24618672 PMCID: PMC3949718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabonomic approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to study the hepatotoxicity of ricinine in rats. Potential biomarkers of ricinine toxicity and toxicological mechanism were analyzed by serum metabonomic method. The significant differences in the metabolic profiling of the control and treated rats were clear by using the principal components analysis (PCA) of the chromatographic data. Significant changes of metabolite biomarkers like phenylalanine, tryptophan, cholic acid, LPC and PC were detected in the serum. These biochemical changes were related to the metabolic disorders in amino acids and phospholipids. This research indicates that UPLC/MS-based metabonomic analysis of serum samples can be used to predict the hepatotoxicity and further understand the toxicological mechanism induced by ricinine. This work shows that metabonomics method is a valuable tool in drug mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ting-jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zai-xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fan-hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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Pittman CT, Guido J, Hamelin EI, Blake TA, Johnson RC. Analysis of a ricin biomarker, ricinine, in 989 individual human urine samples. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:237-40. [PMID: 23471955 PMCID: PMC4547525 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinine (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) is a urinary biomarker that can be measured to confirm human exposure to castor bean products such as ricin. Because many consumer products contain castor oil, another castor bean product, ricinine may be detectable in the general population. The following study characterized urinary ricinine concentrations from 989 individuals who were presumed to be unexposed to ricin. An automated diagnostic method was utilized to simplify the analysis of this large sample set. Sample preparation included a 96-well polystyrene divinylbenzene high throughput extraction and preconcentration step. Purified samples were analyzed by an efficient dual column, reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation and (13)C-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. In this convenience sample set, only 1.2% of the urine specimens had detectable amounts of ricinine, randomly distributed between 0.186 and 4.15 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Pittman
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - John Guido
- Oak Ridge Institute for Scientific Education, MC-100-44, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Elizabeth I. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341
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Zarai Z, Ben Chobba I, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Gharsallah N, Kadri A. Essential oil of the leaves of Ricinus communis L.: in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:102. [PMID: 22888805 PMCID: PMC3492038 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to appraise the antimicrobial activity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil against different pathogenic microorganisms and the cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines. Methods The agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil against 12 bacterial and 4 fungi strains. The disc diameters of zone of inhibition (DD), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the concentration inhibiting 50% (IC50) were investigated to characterize the antimicrobial activities of this essential oil. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Ricinus communis L. essential oil was examined using a modified MTT assay; the viability and the IC50 were used to evaluate this test. Results The essential oil from the leaves of Ricinus communis L. was analyzed by GC–MS and bioassays were carried out. Five constituents of the oil were identified by GC–MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was investigated in order to evaluate its efficacy against twelve bacteria and four fungi species, using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested with higher sensitivity for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the essential oil on HeLa cell lines were examined by MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of the oil was quite strong with IC50 values less than 2.63 mg/ml for both cell lines. Conclusion The present study showed the potential antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic properties of the essential oil of Ricinus communis L., indicating the possibilities of its potential use in the formula of natural remedies for the topical treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Zarai
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, BPW,University of Sfax, 1173, Sfax, Tunisia
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Iqbal J, Zaib S, Farooq U, Khan A, Bibi I, Suleman S. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Aerial Parts of Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:563267. [PMID: 22919511 PMCID: PMC3418662 DOI: 10.5402/2012/563267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context. Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Objective. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various extracts of aerial parts of Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis. Materials and Methods. In vitro antioxidant activities of the plant extract were determined by DPPH and NO scavenging method. Superoxide anion radical activity was measured by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as compared with standard antioxidants. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of these plants were determined by gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and serial tube dilution method, respectively. Results. Plants showed significant radical scavenging activity. The results were expressed as IC(50). n-Propyl gallate and 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole were used as standards for antioxidant assay. All the extracts of both plants showed comparable IC(50) to those of standards. Plants extract exhibited high phenolic contents and antibacterial activities were comparable with standard drug, Ciprofloxacin. Discussion and Conclusion. The present study provides evidence that Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis prove to be potent natural antioxidants and could replace synthetic antioxidants. Plants can also be used against pathogenic bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Souza KMR, Guilhon GMSP, Santos LS, Cascaes MM, Secco RS, Brasil DSB, Andrade EHA, Marinho PSB, Freire LR, Muller AH. Ricinine and other constituents of Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:364-70. [PMID: 22708684 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.695368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical study of Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae) led to the isolation of tannins, together with the alkaloid ricinine and other common compounds. The composition of A. cordatum is similar to most of the Alchornea species, from the same subtribe, except for the occurrence of ricinine. This study rectifies the first investigations published for A. cordatum that were conducted with Croton palanostigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla M R Souza
- Faculdade de Quimica-ICEN, Universidade Federal do Para, Avenida Augusto Correa n. 1, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
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Khalid H, Abdalla WE, Abdelgadir H, Opatz T, Efferth T. Gems from traditional north-African medicine: medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2012. [PMCID: PMC4131591 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-012-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sudanese folk medicine represents a unique blend of indigenous cultures with Islamic, Arabic and African traditions. In addition, Sudan encompasses different terrains and climatic zones, ranging from desert and semi-desert in the north to equatorial with a short rainy season (semi-aridand semi-humid) in the centre to equatorial with a long rainy season (arid-humid and equatorialhumid) in the south. This variation contributes to the immense diversity of vegetation in the region. The flora of Sudan consists of 3137 species of flowering plants belonging to 170 families and 1280 genera. It is estimated that 15% of these plants are endemic to Sudan. The intersection of diverse cultures and the unique geography holds great potential for Sudanese herbal medicine. Medicinal and aromatic plants and their derivatives represent an integral part of life in Sudan. Indigenous remedies are the only form of therapy available to the majority of poor people. It has been estimated that only 11% of the population has access to formal health care. Therefore, research on the desired pharmacological effects and possible unwanted side effects or toxicity is required to improve efficacy and safety of Sudanese herbal medicine. In the future, it would be preferable to promote the use of traditional herbal remedies by conversion of raw plant material into more sophisticated products instead of completely replacing the traditional remedies with synthetic products from industrialized countries. The present review gives an overview of traditional Sudanese medicinal and aromatic herbs and their habitats, traditional uses, and phytochemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Khalid
- The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), National Centre for Research, Mac Nimr Street, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wail Elsadig Abdalla
- The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), National Centre for Research, Mac Nimr Street, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Haider Abdelgadir
- The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), National Centre for Research, Mac Nimr Street, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Worbs S, Köhler K, Pauly D, Avondet MA, Schaer M, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Ricinus communis intoxications in human and veterinary medicine-a summary of real cases. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1332-72. [PMID: 22069699 PMCID: PMC3210461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental and intended Ricinus communis intoxications in humans and animals have been known for centuries but the causative agent remained elusive until 1888 when Stillmark attributed the toxicity to the lectin ricin. Ricinus communis is grown worldwide on an industrial scale for the production of castor oil. As by-product in castor oil production ricin is mass produced above 1 million tons per year. On the basis of its availability, toxicity, ease of preparation and the current lack of medical countermeasures, ricin has gained attention as potential biological warfare agent. The seeds also contain the less toxic, but highly homologous Ricinus communis agglutinin and the alkaloid ricinine, and especially the latter can be used to track intoxications. After oil extraction and detoxification, the defatted press cake is used as organic fertilizer and as low-value feed. In this context there have been sporadic reports from different countries describing animal intoxications after uptake of obviously insufficiently detoxified fertilizer. Observations in Germany over several years, however, have led us to speculate that the detoxification process is not always performed thoroughly and controlled, calling for international regulations which clearly state a ricin threshold in fertilizer. In this review we summarize knowledge on intended and unintended poisoning with ricin or castor seeds both in humans and animals, with a particular emphasis on intoxications due to improperly detoxified castor bean meal and forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Centre for Biological Security, Microbial Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, Berlin 13353, Germany; (S.W.); (D.P.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Street 96, Giessen 35392, Germany;
| | - Diana Pauly
- Centre for Biological Security, Microbial Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, Berlin 13353, Germany; (S.W.); (D.P.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- Biology and Chemistry Section, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports DDPS SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland; (M.-A.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Schaer
- Biology and Chemistry Section, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports DDPS SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland; (M.-A.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Centre for Biological Security, Microbial Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, Berlin 13353, Germany; (S.W.); (D.P.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Centre for Biological Security, Microbial Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, Berlin 13353, Germany; (S.W.); (D.P.); (M.B.D.)
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Abstract
We report a case of multisystem organ failure after large volume subcutaneous injection of castor oil for cosmetic enhancement. An unlicensed practitioner injected 500 mL of castor oil bilaterally to the hips and buttocks of a 28-year-old male to female transsexual. Immediate local pain and erythema were followed by abdominal and chest pain, emesis, headache, hematuria, jaundice, and tinnitus. She presented to an emergency department 12 hours postinjection. Persistently hemolyzed blood samples complicated preliminary laboratory analysis. She rapidly deteriorated despite treatment and developed fever, tachycardia, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, respiratory distress, and anuric renal failure. An infectious diseases evaluation was negative. After intensive supportive care, including mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis, she was discharged 11 days later, requiring dialysis for an additional 1.5 months. Castor oil absorption was inferred from recovery of the Ricinus communis biomarker, ricinine, in the patient's urine (41 ng/mL). Clinicians should anticipate multiple complications after unapproved methods of cosmetic enhancement.
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Cazal CDM, Batalhão JR, Domingues VDC, Bueno OC, Filho ER, Forim MR, da Silva MFGF, Vieira PC, Fernandes JB. High-speed counter-current chromatographic isolation of ricinine, an insecticide from Ricinus communis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4290-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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. IKK. Variation of Callus Induction and Active Metabolite Accumulation in Callus Cultures of Two Varieties of Ricinus communis L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2007.193.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aslani MR, Maleki M, Mohri M, Sharifi K, Najjar-Nezhad V, Afshari E. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) toxicosis in a sheep flock. Toxicon 2007; 49:400-6. [PMID: 17157890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes clinical, laboratory and pathological findings of sheep, which is intoxicated with castor bean. The source of intoxication was a miscellaneous garden waste. Forty-five animals showed clinical toxicosis and 17 died. The clinical signs included weakness, salivation, profuse watery diarrhoea, dehydration, mydriasis, teeth grinding, hypothermia and recumbency. The most significant haematological and biochemical findings were a high haematocrit, high concentration of serum BUN, creatinine and phosphorus and high activity of serum CK and AST. Pathology revealed severe gastroenteritis, cardiac haemorrhage and necrosis, hepatic necrosis and acute tubular necrosis in kidneys. Treatment included symptomatic and supportive care with fluid therapy and cathartic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Aslani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran.
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Nisha M, Kalyanasundaram M, Paily KP, Vanamail P, Balaraman K. In vitro screening of medicinal plant extracts for macrofilaricidal activity. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:575-9. [PMID: 17013649 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened at 1-10 mg/ml for in vitro macrofilaricidal activity by worm motility assay against adult Setaria digitata, the cattle filarial worm. Four plant extracts showed macrofilaricidal activity by worm motility at concentrations below 4 mg/ml and an incubation period of 100 min. Complete inhibition of worm motility and subsequent mortality was observed at 3, 2, 1 and 1 mg/ml, respectively, for Centratherum anthelminticum, Cedrus deodara, Sphaeranthus indicus and Ricinus communis. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay was carried out at 1 mg ml(-1) and 4-h incubation period, and the results showed that C. deodara, R. communis, S. indicus and C. anthelminticum exhibited 86.56, 72.39, 61.20 and 43.15% inhibition respectively in formazan formation compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Nisha
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605006, India.
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Ferraz AC, Anselmo-Franci JA, Perosa SR, de Castro-Neto EF, Bellissimo MI, de Oliveira BH, Cavalheiro EA, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Da Cunha C. Amino acid and monoamine alterations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice submitted to ricinine-induced seizures. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 72:779-86. [PMID: 12062566 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid ricinine isolated from the plant Ricinus communis, when administered to mice at high doses, induces clonic seizures accompanied by electroencephalographic alterations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The lethal nature of ricinine-induced seizures is considered to be a good model for the study of the events that cause death during clonic seizures, particularly those related to respiratory spasms. The initial signs (pre-seizure period) were marked by exophthalmus and decreased locomotor behavior. Animals killed during the preseizure period presented an increased utilization rate (HVA/DA) of dopamine (DA), an increased concentration of noradrenaline (NA), and a decreased concentration of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), taurine (Tau), and serotonin (5-HT) in the cerebral cortex. The seizure period is characterized by the occurrence of hind limb myoclonus and respiratory spasms, which are followed by death. Alterations in the cerebral cortex concentration of these neurotransmitters persisted during the seizure period. These alterations are only partially observed in the hippocampus, mainly during the seizure period. The present results suggest that an increased release of Glu in the cerebral cortex can be implicated in the genesis of the ricinine-induced seizure and that it triggers many anticonvulsive mechanisms, like the release of Tau, DA, 5-HT, and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete C Ferraz
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do SNC, Departamento de Fisiologia e Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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