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Wolf TG, Rempapi T, Wierichs RJ, Waber AL. Morphology and root canal configuration of maxillary canines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:944. [PMID: 39143543 PMCID: PMC11325658 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the internal morphology of maxillary canines (MxC) through a systematic review of existing literature. METHODS Research articles up to June 2024 were retrieved from five electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and Cochrane). Predefined search terms and keywords were used, and potential studies were identified by cross-referencing and bibliographies of the selected articles reviewed. RESULTS Two hundred studies were identified, 73 duplicates were removed, 127 records were screened, and 113 were removed after consultation of title and abstract. After full-text consultation and hand searching, finally 22 studies were included. Using the method for describing the root canal configuration (RCC) of Briseño Marroquín et al. (2015) and Vertucci (Ve) (1984), the most frequently reported RCC of MxC were 1-1-1/1 (Ve I, 75.4-100%), 2-2-1/1 (Ve II, 0.1-20%), 1-2-1/1 (Ve III, 0.1-11.6%), 2-2-2/2 (Ve IV, 0.1-0.4%), 1-1-2/2 (Ve V, 0.1-2.4%), 2-1-2/2 (Ve VI, 0.5-1.2%), and 1-2-1/2 (Ve VII, 0.1-0.2%). The meta-analysis of six studies (Europe/Asia) showed that a significantly higher number of RCC of 2-2-1/1 (Ve II) (OR [95%CI] = 1.34 [0.53, 3.41]), 1-2-1/1 (Ve III) (OR [95%CI] = 2.07 [1.01, 4.26]), and 1-1-2/2 (Ve V) (OR [95%CI] = 2.93 [1.07, 8.07]), were observed in males, and 2-2-2/2 (Ve IV) (OR [95%CI] = 0.08 [0.00, 4.00]) in females. No sex differences in the RCC of 1-1-1/1 (Ve I) and 1-2-1/2 (Ve VII) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Cone beam computed tomography is the most frequently used method for research on the RCC of MxC. Despite the high prevalence of type 1-1-1/1 (Ve I) RCC in MxC, clinicians should remain vigilant for more complex and sex-differentiated patterns in up to 25% of cases to prevent endodontic treatment complications or failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Theodora Rempapi
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Johannes Wierichs
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Lisa Waber
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Manik K, Ikhar A, Patel A, Chandak M, Bhopatkar J, Rathod P, Bhojwani PR. Anatomical Variations in Mandibular Molars: Focus on Midmesial Canals. Cureus 2024; 16:e61711. [PMID: 38975529 PMCID: PMC11226225 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Endodontic therapy focuses on the root canal system to treat infected or damaged pulp tissue within the tooth, ultimately preserving the tooth and restoring its function. The root canal space should be cleaned with the use of proper instruments and chemical disinfectants to eradicate infected pulpal tissue and its remnants. The failure of endodontic therapy is attributed to a lack of understanding of the differences in anatomy among teeth, as evidenced by research. Canals are identified, and endodontic treatment is facilitated by the use of dental operating microscopes. Therefore, to achieve a favorable endodontic result, it is imperative to use all available methods to identify additional aberrant root canals. Failure to detect and adequately treat the midmesial canal (MMC) can lead to persistent infection, treatment failure, and the need for retreatment. This case underscores the importance of meticulous assessment and advanced techniques in treating complex canal configurations, ultimately leading to favorable outcomes in endodontic therapy. The MMC, a challenging anatomical feature, was located through careful clinical and radiographic examination. Advanced techniques, including ultrasonic activation and meticulous instrumentation, were employed to navigate and clean the canal effectively. Sodium hypochlorite irrigation and passive ultrasonic activation were utilized for thorough disinfection. The MMC was sealed with biocompatible materials, ensuring comprehensive obturation of the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Manik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Anuja Ikhar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Aditya Patel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Manoj Chandak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Jay Bhopatkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pratik Rathod
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Priyanka R Bhojwani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Odabaşı Tezer E, Buyuksungur A, Celikten B, Dursun PH, Sevimay FS. Effects of Access Cavity Design and Placement Techniques on Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Obturation Quality in Simulated Immature Teeth: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:878. [PMID: 38929495 PMCID: PMC11205533 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In teeth with open apices, performing single session apexification is a challenging treatment due to the difficulty in handling mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Minimally invasive approaches in dentistry have also influenced the cavity designs in endodontics. Until now, different techniques have not been investigated in addition to manual condensation during the process of placing MTA in traditional (TradACs) or conservative (ConsACs) endodontic access cavities. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the obturation quality of MTA apical plugs placed with different techniques in TradACs or ConsACs. Materials and Methods: Sixty upper central teeth were divided into two main groups based on cavity design, and then each main group was further divided into three subgroups according to MTA placement techniques (n = 10): TradAC-manual, TradAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, TradAC-manual + XP-endo Shaper (XPS), ConsAC-manual, ConsAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, and ConsAC-manual + XPS. Subsequently, the porosity percentages in the MTA apical plug were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: There were differences in volume of porosity percentages (%) according to cavity designs and MTA application techniques (p < 0.05). Except for the XPS group, more porosity was observed in ConsACs compared to TradACs. In TradACs, the significantly lowest open and total porosity was observed in the manual, ultrasonic, and XPS techniques, respectively. In ConsACs, the significantly lowest porosity was observed in the manual, XPS, and ultrasonic techniques, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In MTA obturation, cavity designs and application techniques had an impact on the MTA porosity. Creating an apical plug in ConsACs may result in more porosity compared to TradACs, especially when manual or indirect ultrasonic activation is preferred. Opting for the manual technique alone may be considered sufficient for controlling porosity for both TradACs and ConsACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Odabaşı Tezer
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (A.B.); (B.C.); (P.H.D.); (F.S.S.)
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Wolf TG, Rempapi T, Schumann S, Campus G, Spagnuolo G, Armogida NG, Waber AL. Micro-computed tomographic analysis of the morphology of maxillary lateral incisors. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:335. [PMID: 38780805 PMCID: PMC11116233 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the morphology of maxillary lateral incisors (MxLI) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS The root canal configurations (RCC) of maxillary lateral incisors (MxLI) of a mixed Swiss-German population were examined using micro-CT, 3D imaging, and a 4-digit system code indicating the main root canal from coronal to apical thirds and the main foramina number. RESULTS The most frequently observed RCC of MxLI were 1-1-1/1 (Vertucci I/Ve I, 80.0%), 1-1-2/2 (Ve V, 7.3%), 1-2-1/1 (Ve III, 6.4%), 2-1-1/1 (Ve II, 1.8%), and 1-1-1/2 (1.8%)(n = 110). Three additional RCC were observed less frequently (0.9%). The MxLI showed one physiological foramen in 89.1%, two in 9.1%, and seldom three (1.8%). Most accessory canals were identified in the apical third of a root (20.0%), and no accessory canals in 72.7% of the samples. CONCLUSIONS Detailed information on the internal morphology of MxLI of a Swiss-German population is given. The most frequently observed RCC of MxLI is 1-1-1/1 (Ve I). However, accessory canals may occur in all apical thirds, and 20% of all teeth investigated showed a challenging RCC for clinical treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study offers clinicians comprehensive data on MxLI morphology, emphasizing the significance of understanding varied RCC and accessory canal presence for improving root canal treatment outcomes. Over 25% of teeth exhibited complex RCC or accessory canals, influencing decisions during root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Theodora Rempapi
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute for Anatomy, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, India
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Niccolò Giuseppe Armogida
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisa Waber
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Xiang Y, Wu Z, Yang L, Zhang W, Cao N, Xu X, Lin Y. Morphology and classification of the second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first molars: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis in a Chinese population. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:568. [PMID: 38745216 PMCID: PMC11094936 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the tooth anatomy is crucial for ensuring effective endodontic treatment. This study investigated the root canal morphology of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first molars (MFMs) in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS This study evaluated 486 MFMs with MB2 canals from 285 participants undergoing CBCT examination and determined the Vertucci's classification and position of the MB2 canal orifice. The prevalence of the MB2 canal was correlated with the sex, age, and tooth side. The correlations between the prevalence of the MB2 canal and sex and tooth side were assessed using the Fisher's exact test. The chi-square test was used for evaluating the correlation between the prevalence of the MB2 canal and age. RESULTS The number of type II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and other root canals in the MFMs was 30.9%, 0.6%, 65.0%, 1.2%, 1.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%, respectively. Among the 201 cases with bilateral inclusion, 87.6% showed consistent canal configuration. Results of the first clear apparent position (FCAP) of the MB2 canals showed that 434, 44, and 3 teeth had FCAP at the upper, middle, and bottom one-third of the root, respectively. The FCAPs of the MB2 canal in the MFMs with types II, IV, and VI, as well as types III and V canals showed significant differences (p<0.05). The horizontal distance between the MB1 and MB2 canal orifices in the type II canals of MFMs was significantly lesser than those in the type IV canals of MFMs (p < 0.01). The longitudinal distance between the pulp chamber floor plane and MB2 canal orifice significantly correlated with age (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The morphology of the mesiobuccal root canal in the MFMs is complex. Complete understanding of the anatomical morphology of the root canal combined with the CBCT and dental operating microscope is necessary for the accurate detection of the MB2 canal and consequently improved success rate of root canal treatment. Our study findings can help endodontists improve endodontic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiang
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China
| | - Zhaojun Wu
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China
| | - Lvli Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China
- Departments of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China
| | - Na Cao
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China
| | | | - Yao Lin
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Huli District, No. 1309, Lvling Road, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian, China.
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Liu H, Hao J, Shen Y. Endodontic Treatment of a Maxillary Second Molar With Five Canals: A Case Report and a Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e59179. [PMID: 38807838 PMCID: PMC11130562 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of both common and uncommon root canal anatomies is crucial for the success of root canal treatments, as missing a canal can lead to treatment failure. Although the maxillary second molar typically features three canals, the occurrence of five canals, particularly a mesial buccal third canal (MB3) canal in the mesiobuccal root, is extremely rare. This case report documents such a rare occurrence in a maxillary second molar with five canals. With the assistance of a dental operating microscope, all canals were successfully located, and root canal preparation, irrigation, and filling were accomplished. This case report underscores the significance of in-depth knowledge of root canal anatomy and the invaluable aid of a dental operating microscope in achieving successful root canal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Jing Hao
- Conservative and Endodontic Dentistry, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou, CHN
| | - Ya Shen
- Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
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Taha NA, Makahleh N, Hatipoglu FP. Root canal morphology of anterior permanent teeth in Jordanian population using two classification systems: a cone-beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:170. [PMID: 38308267 PMCID: PMC10837869 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is essential for success of root canal treatment and to overcome treatemnt failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth using 2 classification systems. METHODS 3342 lower anteriors were evaluated from 557 CBCT scans. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a CS 3D imaging software (V3.10.4, Carestream Dental). Demographic data recorded, the number of roots and canal's morphology were described according to Vertucci and Ahmed classifications. RESULTS Frequency of Type I configuration was significantly the highest in incisors and canines (76%, N = 2539), followed by Type III (20.6%, N = 687). Type II (1.1%, N = 37), IV (1.1%, N = 37), and V (0.3%, N = 11) were rarely encountered. 0.9% (N = 31) of the teeth could not be classified with the Vertucci System. The frequency of 2 roots (2MA in Ahmed classification) which has no correspondence in the Vertucci classification, was 1.1% (N = 38), it was significantly higher in canines and in females (35 canines and 3 laterals). A moderate correlation in root canal morpology was found between the left and right sides (V > 0.30). 80% (N = 2538) of the teeth did not exhibit any divergence/merging. The bifurcation level occurred mostly in the middle third of the root. CONCLUSIONS One fourth of anterior teeth had variation from the simple type I canal configuration and therefore requires attention during treatment. The new classification system offers a more accurate and simplified presentation of canal morphology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence and mid root bifurcation of second canal in lower anteriors requires attention to ensure adequate quality root canal treatment without compromising the integrity of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessrin A Taha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Nisrein Makahleh
- Dental Teaching Clinics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Singh T, Bathla S, Dutta SK, Mohammed MAA, Jethi N, Chansoria H, Pulluri SS. Morphological Variation of Mandibular Molars in Rohilkhand Population: An Original Research. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S632-S636. [PMID: 38595359 PMCID: PMC11000881 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_907_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In-depth knowledge of common and aberrant pulp morphology is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning before commencing root canal treatment. The radicular morphology of mandibular molars has been extensively studied. Considerable variation in the number of canals and roots found in these teeth has been reported. Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate the root canal morphology of the mandibular molars among the Rohilkhand population using Dentascan. Materials and Methods Dentascan images of mandibular molar were taken from 99 extracted teeth that were collected from the Department of Oral Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, and private clinics. The examination of root canal systems of the teeth was based on Vertucci's classification. Results The mandibular molar (n = 99) were taken. Out of the 99 teeth examined, three canals were seen in 60 (60.6%) teeth, four canals in 39 (39.4%) teeth, 3% had extra distal roots, and 6% with C-shaped canals. Conclusion Among mandibular first molars, only 3% had three roots. Mesial roots of the first molar typically present with two canals and two apical foramina with type IV or II canal configuration. Most distal roots of the first molar presented with a type I canal configuration. The remainder were distributed mainly between types II, IV, III, and V. Among 99 mandibular molars, 6% had single C-shaped roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singh
- PhD Scholar, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Bathla
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Kumar Dutta
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmed Amer Mohammed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Navdeep Jethi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Daswani Dental College and Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harsh Chansoria
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Govt. College of Dentistry Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saraswathi Sravani Pulluri
- Department of Health Information Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mirah MA, Bafail A, Baik A, Abu Zaid B, Hakeem M, Ghabbani H. Root Canal Morphology of Premolars in Saudis. Cureus 2023; 15:e45888. [PMID: 37885565 PMCID: PMC10599201 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate root number and morphological variations of the root canal system in maxillary and mandibular premolars among the Saudi subpopulation. METHODOLOGY A total of 500 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were assessed, including 2442 maxillary and mandibular premolars. The evaluation encompassed the number of roots and canals and their configuration based on the Vertucci classification. Gender differences were considered, along with the position of premolars and unilateral or bilateral symmetry. RESULTS Maxillary first premolars predominantly exhibited two roots (82.6%), followed by one root (16.3%) and three roots (0.97%), with a majority having two root canals (83.6%). Regarding maxillary second premolars, the most common morphology was one root (66.6%), with two root canals (40.5%) observed more frequently than one root canal (38.1%). Mandibular first and second premolars mainly featured one root (84.8% and 96.1%, respectively) with one root canal (70.8% and 90.2%, respectively), whereas two root canals were less prevalent (2.3% and 1.8%, respectively). Three canals and three roots were rarely found in mandibular premolars (0.3%). Regarding maxillary premolars, males exhibited significantly higher type IV and mandibular type I root configurations compared with females. Conversely, regarding mandibular premolars, females showed significant mandibular type V and higher type I root configurations compared with males. CONCLUSION CBCT imaging facilitated precise assessment of root morphology and root canal configurations in maxillary and mandibular premolars. The present findings can aid dentists in diagnosing, evaluating case difficulty, and devising effective root canal treatments, particularly in patients from Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir A Mirah
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Arwa Bafail
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Abdulmajeed Baik
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Basim Abu Zaid
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Muhannad Hakeem
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Hani Ghabbani
- Endodontic Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Madinah, SAU
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Erkan E, Olcay K, Eyüboğlu TF, Şener E, Gündoğar M. Assessment of the canal anatomy of the premolar teeth in a selected Turkish population: a cone-beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:403. [PMID: 37337200 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teeth may have additional roots and a different number of root canals. Overlooked root canals may cause endodontic failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of root canals and the number of roots of premolars in a selected Turkish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2,570 teeth from 1,438 patients were evaluated. The cone-beam computed tomography scans of 1,055 maxillary and 1,515 mandibular premolars were examined. RESULTS Type IV root canal morphology was observed most frequently in maxillary first premolars (77%), and the rates of single and double channel formations were very similar (51% and 49%, respectively). Of the second maxillary premolars, 57.4% had Type I morphology, and 89.9% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 68.6% had a single root canal. The most common formation was Type I (85%) among mandibular first premolars, and a single root was observed in 95.6% of these teeth. In addition, 87% of the mandibular first premolars had a single root canal. The second mandibular premolars mostly had Type I (95.4%) formation, and 99.3% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 96.9% had a single root canal. CONCLUSION According to our findings, 51% of maxillary first premolars had a single root, 79.4% had two root canals, and 77% had Type IV (77%) formation. Maxillary second premolars mostly had Type I formation. In addition, a single root and single root canal formation were most common. Mandibular first premolars generally had a single root and single root canal formation, but 13% had two root canals, and 6.4% had Type V formation. More than 95% of mandibular second premolars had Type I formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Erkan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Medipol Mega Dental Hospital, Istanbul Medipol University, TEM Avrupa Otoyolu Goztepe No: 1, Bagcilar, Istanbul, 34214, Turkey.
| | - Keziban Olcay
- Department of Endodontics School of Dentistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Cad. No: 34/E, Cerrahpasa, Fatih, Istanbul, 34098, Turkey
| | - Tan Fırat Eyüboğlu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Ataturk Blvd., No: 27, Unkapanı, Fatih, Istanbul, 34083, Turkey
| | - Elif Şener
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Erzene Mah. Ankara Cad. No: 172/109, Bornova, Izmir, 35040, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Medipol Mega Dental Hospital, Istanbul Medipol University, TEM Avrupa Otoyolu Goztepe No: 1, Bagcilar, Istanbul, 34214, Turkey
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Karobari MI, Iqbal A, Syed J, Batul R, Adil AH, Khawaji SA, Howait M, Khattak O, Noorani TY. Evaluation of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolar amongst Saudi subpopulation using the new system of classification: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:291. [PMID: 37189077 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinician should have complete knowledge of the normal anatomy of the root as well as complexities in the root canal configuration for a better outcome, as missed or improper handling of the canal system can lead to the failure of an entire endodontic procedure. The present study aims to assess the morphology of roots and canals in permanent mandibular premolars in the Saudi subpopulation with a new classification system. METHODS The present study includes 1230 mandibular premolars (645 first premolars and 585-second premolars) from 500 CBCT images of the patients, including retrospective data. iCAT scanner system (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to obtain the images; scanning of 8 × 8 cm images was performed at 120 KVp and 5-7 mA with a voxel size of 0.2 mm. The new method of classification presented by Ahmed et al. 2017 was used to record and classify the root canal morphology, followed by recording the differences regarding the age and gender of the patients. Comparison of canal morphology in lower permanent premolars and its association with gender and age of the patients was done by Chi-square test/ Fisher exact test; the significance level was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The left mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars with one root were 47.31%, with two roots were 2.19%. However, three roots (0.24%) and C-shaped canals (0.24%) were reported only in the left mandibular 2nd premolar. The right mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars with one root were 47.56%, with two roots were 2.03%. The overall percentage of the number of roots and canals in the first and second premolars 1 PM 1 (88.38%), 2 PM 1 B 1 L 1 (3.5%), 2 PM B 1 L 1 (0.65%), 1 PM 1-2-1 (3.08%), 1 PM 1-2 (3.17%), 1 PM 1-2-1-2 (0.24%), 3 PMMB 1 DB 1 L1 (0.48%). However, the C-shaped canals (0.40%) were reported in right and left mandibular second premolars. No statistically significant difference was reported between mandibular premolars and gender. A statistically significant difference was reported between mandibular premolars and the age of the study subjects. CONCLUSION Type I (1 TN 1) was the major root canal configuration in permanent mandibular premolars, which was higher among males. The CBCT imaging provides thorough details about the root canal morphology of lower premolars. These findings could support diagnosis, decision-making, and root canal treatment, for dental professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaluddin Syed
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rumesa Batul
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Habeeb Adil
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Sara Akili Khawaji
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Howait
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, p.o box 80209, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia
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Khanna S, Jobanputra L, Mehta J, Parmar A, Panchal A, Mehta F. Revisiting Premolars Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis and Classifying Their Roots and Root Canal Morphology Using Newer Classification. Cureus 2023; 15:e38623. [PMID: 37284378 PMCID: PMC10240846 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to compare the internal morphology of premolars while applying the Vertucci and recent classification system for root canal variations in the Gujarat population using CBCT. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A sample size of 537 CBCT images collected from various diagnostic centers in Gujarat was analyzed. The root canal morphology was then classified by using two methods - Ahmed et al. and Vertucci classification system. Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS All the premolars revealed a varied canal configuration. More than half of maxillary first and 42% of maxillary second premolars were double rooted. Vertucci type IV classification was the most common in first maxillary premolars and Type I and type IV were commonly seen in second premolars. According to the new system, the code 2N B1 P1 was commonly seen for first maxillary premolars. The majority of mandibular premolars were single rooted. Classification wise type I Vertucci and 1 N1 were the most common types observed. CONCLUSION Premolars - both maxillary and mandibular - in this subpopulation had a wide range of root canal anatomical variations. Clinicians should be aware of this for a successful treatment outcome. The new system for classifying canal morphology describes the root and canal configurations in a more accurate and practical manner compared to the Vertucci classification and hence can be used routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Khanna
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Leena Jobanputra
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Jahnvi Mehta
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Akshali Parmar
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Aarti Panchal
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Foram Mehta
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Jamnagar, Jamnagar, IND
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Bhattacharyya A, Majumder G, Maity AB, Datta S. A rare case of persistent postendodontic symptomatic maxillary central incisor with aberrant canal configuration confirmed by cone-beam computer tomography and its nonsurgical management by retreatment. J Conserv Dent 2023; 26:359-363. [PMID: 37398854 PMCID: PMC10309136 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_64_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maxillary central incisor is considered the tooth with least anatomical variations. In literature, the prevalence of single root and single canal in maxillary central incisor has been reported as 100%. Only a handful of case reports suggesting more than one root or one canal are available and are mostly associated with developmental anomalies such as gemination and fusion. This article describes a rare case report of retreatment of a maxillary central incisor with two roots with normal clinical crown which was confirmed by cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT). A 50-year-old Indian male patient presented with pain and discomfort on a root canal-treated anterior tooth. Pulp sensibility testing of left maxillary central incisor was negative. Intraoral periapical digital radiograph revealed an obturated canal with suspected outline of a second root which got confirmed with cone shift technique. The tooth was treated under dental operating microscope during which two canals were located and retreatment was completed. Postobturation, CBCT was performed to study the root and canal morphology. Clinically and radiographically, all the follow-up examinations revealed an asymptomatic tooth without any active periapical lesion. The present case report emphasizes the fact that clinicians should approach each case with an open mind having a thorough knowledge of the normal tooth anatomy and should suspect variations in every case to ensure successful endodontic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Bhattacharyya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Gayatri Majumder
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Bikash Maity
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Soham Datta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Haldia, West Bengal, India
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Aydın H. Comparing the crown and root metric properties of double-rooted and single-rooted mandibular canine teeth. Oral Radiol 2023; 39:301-311. [PMID: 35819742 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the crown and root metric properties of two- and single-rooted/multi-canal mandibular canines (MnCn) with single-rooted/single-canal MnCn. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography images of 1000 patients (500 women and 500 men) with both right and left MnCn were analyzed. First, the root and canal morphologies of all teeth were examined. Then, the teeth were divided into three groups; (a) 2-rooted, (b) 1-rooted and multi-canals, (c) 1-rooted and single-canal. Crown lengths/sizes and tooth lengths were compared between the three groups. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, Welch, post hoc pairwise comparison, and independent sample t-tests. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Of all the teeth, 2.35% were 2-rooted, and 6.3% were 1-rooted/multi-canal. The frequency of double roots was higher in women (p < 0.05). Double-rooted teeth had longer crown lengths but shorter tooth lengths than single-rooted teeth (p < 0.05). In 2-rooted teeth, buccal and lingual root lengths were similar, root bifurcation levels were mostly at the mid-root, and the mean distance of the bifurcation points of the canals to the cemento-enamel junction was 4.09 mm. Double-rooted teeth were mostly observed unilaterally. CONCLUSIONS Since 2-rooted MnCn do not differ significantly from other teeth in terms of crown sizes, it is not possible to differentiate between single- vs. double-rooted MnCn based on clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aydın
- Private Ballıpınar Dental Center, Çağlayan Mahallesi, Barınaklar Bulvari, 07230, Muratpaşa, Antalya, Turkey.
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Chen Y, Dai Y, Yan Z, You Y, Wu B, Lu B. Morphological analysis of anterior permanent dentition in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography. Head Face Med 2023; 19:12. [PMID: 36959644 PMCID: PMC10037846 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-023-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Morphological analysis of permanent anterior dentition is essential for achieving an ideal treatment outcome and avoiding unnecessary failure. This study aimed to analyze the morphologies of anterior teeth in the Chinese population in depth. METHODS In this retrospective study, 4309 anterior teeth from 401 Chinese patients were investigated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from 2019-2021. We summarized the morphological characteristics of the anterior teeth in terms of the root length, cementoenamel junction curvature (CEJ-C), root furcation and canal variations. RESULTS We found that the root lengths of the maxillary anterior incisors were similar (13.3 mm), while the root lengths of the mandibular central (12.2 mm) and lateral incisors (13.4 mm) varied significantly (p < .0001). Both the maxillary (16.6 mm) and mandibular canines (15.5 mm) were found to have greater root lengths than the corresponding incisors (p < .0001). The CEJ-C was significantly greater around incisors (2.5 mm) than around the canines (2.0 mm) in the maxilla (p < .0001), while the curvature remained similar in mandibular anterior teeth (1.8 mm). Root furcation was observed in mandibular canines and lateral incisors. Moreover, all types of Vertucci's classification in anterior dentitions were observed, while two other new types were found. Among them, the maxilla was only observed to exhibit types I, II, III, and ST II, while the mandible was found to exhibit almost all types. However, Type I still accounts for the majority of dentitions. CONCLUSIONS Morphological analysis of permanent anterior dentition revealed diversity in the tooth length, CEJ-C, furcation proportion, and canal variations. In general, mandibular anterior teeth showed a more complex structure than maxillary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Dentistry, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109 Guangdong China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Dentistry, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong China
| | - Zhengbin Yan
- Department of Dentistry, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109 Guangdong China
| | - Yuehua You
- Department of Dentistry, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109 Guangdong China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Dentistry, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109 Guangdong China
| | - Bingtai Lu
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong 510080 Guangzhou, China
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Prevalence of Second Root and Root Canal in Mandibular and Maxillary Premolars Based on Two Classification Systems in Sub-Population of Northern Region (Saudi Arabia) Assessed Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Retrospective Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030498. [PMID: 36766603 PMCID: PMC9914268 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to assess the prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars based on two classification systems of root canal morphology using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 286 CBCT scans from the archive of the Radiology department of a hospital were assessed for the presence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars. The canal configuration and its assessment was undertaken using Vertucci and Ahmed's classification. A Chi-square test was used to test the significance of the difference between gender and age. A total of 286 premolars were examined (217 mandibular premolars and 69 maxillary premolars); of these, 173 teeth (60.5%) were from males and 113 were from females (39.5%). Some 62% of maxillary left first premolars had two roots, followed by maxillary right first premolars (47%), and then maxillary left second premolars (30%) and maxillary right ones (27%), respectively. Type IV Vertucci were seen in maxillary premolars, while type I were ordinarily seen in the included mandibular premolars. Surprisingly, Vertucci type III was only found in mandibular left first premolars at a frequency of 2%. One orifice with two separate canals and two orifices of two distinct canals with two portals of exit were predominantly noticed with maxillary first premolars (2 FP B1 P1) in 73% and 81%, respectively, followed by (1 FP 2) 19%. The prevalence of a second canal in maxillary and mandibular premolars was low in the investigated premolars in comparison to the premolars that had just one root and canal, as assessed based on Vertucci and Ahmed's root canal system classification.
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Park R, Choi M, Seo J, Park EH, Jang SW, Shon WJ, Kim HY, Kim W. Root canal irrigation system using remotely generated high-power ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106168. [PMID: 36137469 PMCID: PMC9493060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root canal treatment is performed to remove the bacteria proliferating in the root canals of a tooth. Many conventional root canal irrigation methods use an instrument inserted into the root canals. However, bacteria removal is often incomplete in the apical region of the root canal, and the treatment carries clinical risks, such as instrument fracture and extrusion of irrigation liquid through the canal apex. We here suggest a novel, remotely generated high-intensity ultrasound irrigation system that exhibits better irrigation performance and a reduced clinical risk. Our device employs powerful ultrasonic waves generated by a transducer placed outside a target tooth. The generated ultrasonic waves are guided to travel into the root canals. In the root canals of the target tooth, acoustic cavitation occurs, and vapor bubbles are created. The dynamic motions of vapor bubbles create remarkable cleaning effects. Using root canal models, we tested the cleaning performance of the proposed system and compared it with other conventional irrigation methods. The results revealed that biofilm in the apical region of the root canal models can be removed exclusively using the proposed system, thus demonstrating an improvement in cleaning performance. We also measured pressure at the apex of the root canals of an extracted tooth while operating the proposed system. Our system exhibited a smaller pressure compared to the syringe irrigation method, thus suggesting a reduced risk of apical extrusion of the irrigation liquid. Since the proposed system operates without inserting instruments into the root canal, it can clean multiple root canals in a tooth simultaneously with a single treatment. The proposed device would be a breakthrough in root canal treatment in terms of irrigation performance, clinical safety, and ease of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeol Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaedeok Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea; Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Buchanan GD, Gamieldien MY, Fabris-Rotelli I, van Schoor A, Uys A. A study of mandibular premolar root and canal morphology in a Black South African population using cone-beam computed tomography and two classification systems. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:300-306. [PMID: 36089376 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An investigation of the configurations of mandibular premolar roots and canals in a population of Black South Africans. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of 772 mandibular premolars was performed, and the premolars were classified according to the systems proposed by Vertucci and Ahmed et al. Root number, canal morphology, age, and sex were recorded. Fisher's exact test was used to determine relationships based on age and sex (P < 0.05). RESULTS Single roots were seen in the majority of mandibular premolars (97.1%). Single canal configurations (i.e., Vertucci Type 1/Ahmed et al. 1MP1) were observed in 48.5% of first and 81.3% of second mandibular premolars. Mandibular first premolars demonstrated multiple canals in more than half of the sample (51.5%), and C-shaped morphology in more than one-tenth (11.1%). A relationship between sex and the presence of radicular grooves was demonstrated (P = 0.049), males being more likely to demonstrate this feature (P = 0.051). Multiple canals in mandibular first premolars also showed a relationship with sex (P = 0.005), a male predilection being evident (P = 0.007). The Ahmed et al. system proved superior to the Vertucci classification for reporting complex configurations and anatomical variations, although a greater number of unique categories were created. CONCLUSION Diverse mandibular premolar root and canal morphology was observed in the studied population. Clinicians must be aware of common morphological features as well as possible anatomical variations in mandibular premolars, as failure to treat complete root canal systems may negatively impact endodontic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynn D Buchanan
- Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Mohamed Y Gamieldien
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Inger Fabris-Rotelli
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Albert van Schoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Andre Uys
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
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Asiri AA, AlQahtani KW, Tarrosh MY, Shaiban AS, Al Shawkani HA, Alaajam WH, Bamasud MS, Alqahtani M, Alyousefy MA, Al Moaleem MM. Root Morphology and Canal Configuration of Permanent Canines Among Saudi Population: Systematic Review and Comparison with Worldwide Studies. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:6849-6860. [PMID: 36061964 PMCID: PMC9439648 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s380084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The root morphology and canal configuration (RMCC) of mandibular and maxillary canines among Saudi population is systematically reviewed and compared with international studies in this research. Methods This study was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations. The electronic databases of PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley Library, Google website search, and Web of Science were searched. Only local and international cross-sectional, comparative, evaluation, and validation studies or case reports published between 2016 and 2022 that directly evaluated canine RMCC and assessed participants using cone beam computed tomography were included. Results Forty-three studies that investigated RMCCs (17 local and 26 international) were involved in this review. The original Saudi research recorded that almost 100% of maxillary canines had one root and one canal, whereas 98.4% and 94.1% had one root and one canal in the mandibular arch. Vertucci's class I had the highest percentages in the maxillary and mandibular arches at 98.3% and 95.8%, respectively, followed by class III with 0.7% and 1.9% for the same arches, respectively. International studies recorded that 100% of maxillary canines had one canal and root; the percentages of the mandibular arch were 92.3 and 98% for single canal and root, respectively; and the highest percentage was obtained by Vertucci's class I (91.1%), followed by class III (4.7%). Conclusion This review reports and confirmed the symmetry of the RMCCs of maxillary and mandibular canines between Saudi studies and other populations. Moreover, Vertucci's classes I and III were the most frequent RMCCs, and two-rooted canines in both arches were considerably less frequently than single-rooted ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Y Tarrosh
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal S Shaiban
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A Al Shawkani
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa H Alaajam
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam S Bamasud
- Dental Department, Ministry of Health, Sakaka City, Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muqbil Alqahtani
- General Practitioner, King Faisal University, Alhafuf City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanad A Alyousefy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibn al-Nafis for Medical Sciences, Sana’a, 4337, Yemen
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20
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Alenezi MA, Al-Nazhan SA, Al-Omari MA. Three-dimensional evaluation of root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars: Micro–computed tomographic study. Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:611-616. [PMID: 36267529 PMCID: PMC9577341 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the root and root canal morphology of maxillary first premolar teeth in a Kuwaiti population using micro–computed tomography (μ- CT). Materials and methods A total of 100 maxillary first premolars were scanned in a micro– computed tomographic device. The external anatomy (number of roots, distance from cementoenamel junction to apex, and presence of a palatal groove) and internal anatomy (number of canals and presence of apical deltas, lateral canals, and isthmi) of teeth were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results The number of roots was one root (57 %), two roots (41 %), and three roots (2 %). The longest and shortest roots measured 17.7 and 11.2 mm, respectively. The palatal groove was present in 63.4 % of the teeth. According to Vertucci’s classification, type IV configuration was the most prevalent (53 %), followed by type II. A new root canal configuration type (1–2–1–2–1) was detected. Apical deltas, lateral canals, and isthmi were present in 33 %, 48 %, and 21 % of teeth, respectively. Conclusion Type IV canal configuration was the most common root canal configuration. A new root canal configuration type IX for (1–2–1–2–1) was proposed for Kuwaiti population. The μ-CT device could to be a better diagnostic tool for understanding the anatomy of the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmad Alenezi
- Endodontic Unit, Farwaniya Specialized Dental Center, Dental Administration, Ministry of Health, Kuwait and Restorative Dentistry Department – Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Endodontic Unit, Farwaniya Specialized Dental Center, Dental Administration, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 81004, Farwaniya 13001, Kuwait.
| | - Saad Abdulaziz Al-Nazhan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry – Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, P.O. Box 84891, Riyadh 11681, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Al-Omari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry – Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, P.O. Box 84891, Riyadh 11681, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma M, Gupta S, Bhayya DP, Upadhyay K, Pandya D, Srivastava A, Gupta S. CBCT Analysis of Maxillary First Molar in Indian Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:258-262. [PMID: 35991782 PMCID: PMC9357535 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess the variations in root canal morphology of permanent maxillary first molar with the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods One hundred extracted teeth were cleaned and arranged in U shape template mimicking natural arch in set of five teeth. These arches were scanned in CBCT and were analyzed by expert radiologist for number of roots, number of canals per root, and Vertucci classification. Result A maximum number of permanent maxillary first molars had three roots, and only 2% had two roots. All the palatal roots and 99% of distobuccal roots had one canal, but one of the distobuccal roots had two canals. Incidence of two canals in MB root is more frequent (60%) than incidence of one canal. The most common type of Vertucci's classification for MB root is a type I, followed by type IV, type II, type VI, type V, type VII. How to cite this article Sharma M, Gupta S, Bhayya DP, et al. CBCT Analysis of Maxillary First Molar in Indian Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):258-262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Dentistry, Shrimant Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Medical College and Hospital, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak P Bhayya
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kanchi Upadhyay
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Kanchi Upadhyay, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, Phone: 91+ 9630172599, e-mail:
| | - Divya Pandya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kusum Devi Sundarlal Duggar Jain Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shweta Gupta
- The Dental Studio and Implant Center, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Iqbal A, Karobari MI, Alam MK, Khattak O, Alshammari SM, Adil AH, Noorani TY, Algarani HA, Alonazi MA, Sirivastava KC, Issrani R. Evaluation of root canal morphology in permanent maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Saudi subpopulation using two classification systems: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:171. [PMID: 35538514 PMCID: PMC9092761 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and possible variations is essential to achieve perfect root canal treatment and overcome treatment failure. Appropriate knowledge on root and canal morphology, communication, and documentation amongst dentists will be challenging from a diagnostic and successful treatment point of view. METHODS A total of 3420 samples were included in this study from 285 cone-beam computed tomography images of the Saudi residents, including 171 males and 114 females aged 15 to 68 years from retrospective data dated from January 2018 to April 2021. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a 3D version software 1.0.10.6388. The number of canal and canal morphology was recorded using Vertucci and the new classification system. The SPSS 26 was used to conduct the statistical analysis as descriptive statistics such as mean; standard deviation and frequency were calculated. The Chi-square test analysed the data with the significance level set at 0.05. RESULTS A total of 285 subjects participated in the study. Majority of the participants were Saudi nationals (80.7%), followed by Indian (7.4%), Pakistani (4.2%) and other nationalities. According to Vertucci and the new classification system, Type I and 1TN1 were the most common types, followed by Type III and Type IV, and then 1TN1-2-1 and 1TN1-2 in mandibular anteriors. The prevalence of canal variations in mandibular canine was higher in females than in males (P = 0.002). Maxillary laterals and mandibular anteriors showed the significant difference in the prevalence of root canal variation in relation to the ethnicity (P = 0.001) and age of the patients. Younger patients showed more variations than the older patients (P = 0.012, P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in terms of maxillary laterals, mandibular central, laterals and canines, respectively. CONCLUSION Mandibular permanent anteriors showed a wide range of canal variations and canal complexity. Males and females did not demonstrate a wide range of variation in the root canal morphology except for the canines in relation to the gender of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. .,Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia.
| | - Mohammad Khursheed Alam
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil international University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Metab Alshammari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Habeeb Adil
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hamoud Ali Algarani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Aber Alonazi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumar Chandan Sirivastava
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakhi Issrani
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia
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Root and Canal Morphology of Mandibular Premolars in a Saudi Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:4038909. [PMID: 35310460 PMCID: PMC8924601 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4038909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The efficacy of root canal therapy is dependent on a thorough understanding of both normal and aberrant root canal morphology. As a result, the purpose of this study was to use CBCT to characterize the exact root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Saudi subpopulation. Methods The current study included 1000 mandibular premolars (507 first premolars and 493 second premolars) with completely developed roots. CBCT was performed to assess the shape of the roots and to classify the canal anatomy according to Vertucci's classification. The incidence and similarity of the left and right sides, as well as men and women, were investigated. The data were examined using the chi-square test. Results Of the 507 mandibular first premolars analyzed, 484 (95.5%) had one root, whereas 23 (4.5%) had two roots. Of the 493 mandibular second premolars analyzed, 489 (99.2%) had one root, whereas four teeth had two roots (0.8%). There were no statistically significant variations in the number of roots identified across groups (p > 0.05). The most prevalent in mandibular first premolars was type I, accounting for 70.0% (n = 355) of the studied sample, followed by type II (14.2%, n = 72) and type IV (10.1%, n = 51). For mandibular second premolar, type I had the highest incidence (449 (91.1%)), followed by type II (5.7%, n = 28). Conclusion In a Saudi subpopulation, the majority of mandibular first and second premolar teeth had a single root with a type I canal system. On the other hand, numerous roots with various canal classifications were found.
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Ahmed HMA. A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and canal anatomy. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:229-280. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur
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Mashyakhy M, Awawdeh M, Abu-Melha A, Alotaibi B, AlTuwaijri N, Alazzam N, Almutairi R, Alessa R. Anatomical Evaluation of Root and Root Canal Configuration of Permanent Maxillary Dentition in the Population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3428229. [PMID: 35075425 PMCID: PMC8783711 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3428229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is aimed at combining the sample sizes of all studies on permanent maxillary teeth conducted in different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to obtain a large sample size that represents the population of the KSA. The outcome of these combined studies is compared with international studies in terms of the number of roots, number of canals, and canal configurations on the basis of Vertucci's classification. Methodology. The studies were systematically reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis chart. Studies were included in the analysis if they were conducted in the KSA, involved permanent human maxillary teeth, and had a sample of more than 10 teeth (power). By contrast, studies were excluded if they involved deciduous teeth in the sample size, investigated nonhuman teeth, were not conducted in the KSA, and were case reports, case series, review studies, and anomalies. Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Direct Science by two calibrated teams, starting in August 2020, without time limits or language restrictions. RESULTS The database searches and cross-referencing identified a total of 19 relevant studies. All maxillary canines (N = 1,018) had one root, whereas 98.4% had one canal and 98.3% had Vertucci type I. Moreover, 63.2% of the maxillary first premolars had two roots, and 91.4% had two canals. The most common Vertucci root canal configuration was type IV (64.6%). The maxillary second premolars mostly had one root (84.4%) and one canal (50.4%). The most common canal configuration was Vertucci type I (47.1%). The majority of maxillary first molars had three roots (98.9%), 48.7% of which had three canals, and 46.4% had four canals. The most prevalent feature of the canal morphology of mesiobuccal roots was Vertucci type II (35.3%). The investigated maxillary second molars had three roots, 88.0% of which had three canals. CONCLUSION This systematic review represents the Saudi population since samples were combined from different studies from different regions of the country. Variations in findings were observed in the same group of teeth from different regions and the same region, while the overall combined samples results fell within the range of other international studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mashyakhy
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Awawdeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Abu-Melha
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nada AlTuwaijri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alazzam
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Almutairi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reuof Alessa
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Altan Şallı G, Egil E. Evaluation of mesial root canal configuration of mandibular first molars using micro-computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2022; 51:383-388. [PMID: 34987998 PMCID: PMC8695466 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal morphology of mesial roots of mandibular first molars. Materials and Methods Forty extracted mandibular first molars were used in this study. The morphological examination of root canals was conducted in accordance with the Vertucci classification using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Any aberrant root canal configurations not included in the Vertucci classification were recorded, and their frequency was established using descriptive statistics. Intra-observer reliability was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, while inter-observer reliability was assessed using the Cohen kappa test. Significance was evaluated at the P<0.05 level. Results The mesial roots of mandibular first molars had canal configurations of type I (15%), type II (7.5%), type III (25%), type IV (10%), type V (2.5%), type VI (7.5%), and type VII (7.5%). The images showed 10 (25%) additional configuration types that were not included in the Vertucci classification. These types were 1-3-2-3, 1-2-3-2-3, 2-3-1, 2-3, 1-2-3-1, 2-1-2-3, 3-2-1, 1-2-3-1, 2-3-2-3, and 1-2-1-2-1. The intra-observer differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05) and the kappa value for inter-observer agreement was found to be 0.957. Conclusion Frequent variations were detected in mesial roots of mandibular first molars. Clinicians should take into consideration the complex structure of the root canal morphology before commencing root canal treatment procedures to prevent iatrogenic complications. Micro-CT was a highly suitable method to provide accurate 3-dimensional visualizations of root canal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Altan Şallı
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edibe Egil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Gelişim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yüzer G, Sadullah K. Root canal morphologies of mandibular premolars in Southeast Anatolian population: Evaluation of CBCT. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/bjdm2201022y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Southeast Anatolian population. Material and Methods: The study examined a total of 1258 mandibular first and second premolars using cone-beam computed tomography images of 370 randomly selected patients who applied to the Department of OralDental and Maxillofacial Radiology of Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University due to various indications. The total number of roots and root canals, canal symmetry and correlations between the right and left side of the mandible, and the prevalence in men and women were recorded. Data was analzyed using the Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests. Canal configurations were evaluated based on the Vertucci classification. Results: The evaluation of CT images of a total of 370 individuals showed that 88.89% of the first premolars and 98.45% of the second premolars were symmetrical. The canal anatomy of the first premolars suggested that 85.98% of the premolars were of Type I, 12.02% were of Type V, and 2% were of Type III based on the Vertucci classification. On the other hand, the canal anatomy of the second premolars revealed that 98.83% were of Type I, 0.67% were of Type V, and 0.5% were of Type III. Conclusions: The prevalent morphology of the multiple canals was Type V, except for the Vertucci classification Type I in the mandibular first premolars. Limited number of canal variations were observed in the mandibular second premolars.
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MAZZI-CHAVES JF, LEONI GB, OLIVEIRA JS, SILVA-SOUSA YTC, SILVA RG, PAUWELS R, SOUSA-NETO MD. Influence of anatomical features in the endodontic treatment planning of maxillary anterior teeth. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e005. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Iqbal A, Khattak O, Issrani R, Alonazi MA, Ali AH. Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Root Morphology of the Premolars in Saudi Arabian Subpopulation. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
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Mala K, Jain R, Shetty N, Bhimani N, Kamath P. Endodontic Management of Mandibular anterior teeth and premolars with Vertucci's Type VIII canal morphology: A Rare Case. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:197-201. [PMID: 35720828 PMCID: PMC9205348 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_518_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough knowledge of variable and complex tooth morphology, detailed exploration of the internal anatomy and underlying pathology, proper interpretation of radiographic images, conservative access to explore all the canals, thorough debridement and disinfection of canal system, three-dimensional seal by obturation, and good coronal seal by final restoration are essential steps in the management for a successful endodontic treatment outcome. Clinical management of rare case with extra canals in the lower anterior teeth and premolars had to undergo root canal therapy has been described. Referring to the hard-tissue repository of the human dental internal morphology, carefully interpreting multiangled radiography/cone-beam computed tomography, using tools such as magnifying loupes with illumination and ultrasonics, thermoplasticized gutta-percha system to obturate, are very helpful to the clinician can achieve this goal. This article describes and illustrates the management of a rare case with Vertucci's Type VIII canal anatomy in lower anterior teeth and premolars.
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Buchanan GD, Gamieldien MY, Fabris-Rotelli I, van Schoor A, Uys A. Root and canal morphology of the permanent anterior dentition in a Black South African population using cone-beam computed tomography and two classification systems. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:218-223. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynn D. Buchanan
- Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Mohamed Y. Gamieldien
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Inger Fabris-Rotelli
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Albert van Schoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
| | - Andre Uys
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria
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Rincón Rodriguez ML, Martínez-Vega RA, Duarte Monsalve ML, Moreno Monsalve JO. Reproducibilidad y validez de criterio de dos técnicas radiográficas para variaciones de premolares mandibulares comparadas con CBCT. REVISTA CUIDARTE 2022. [DOI: 10.15649/cuidarte.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: La existencia de variaciones anatómicas ocasiona fracasos en tratamientos endodónticos, por lo que es importante diagnosticarlas. El objetivo fue determinar la reproducibilidad y la validez de criterio de las radiografías con placa de fósforo y la radiovisografía con sensor para identificar las variaciones anatómicas detectadas por tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) en premolares inferiores. Métodos: En 140 premolares se obtuvieron imágenes por CBCT, radiografía y radiovisografía. Se realizó lectura independiente por dos endodocistas, evaluándose la clasificación de Vertucci y las ramificaciones. Se determinó la reproducibilidad intraobservador e interobservador. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad y áreas bajo la curva operador-receptor (AUC) utilizando como estándar de oro la CBCT. Resultados: La reproducibilidad intraobservador e interobservador fue mayor para radiografía. Para la Clase I de Vertucci, la radiografía presentó mayor sensibilidad (94,7%), especificidad (64,9%) y AUC (0,795) que la radiovisiografía (89,3%, 62,2% y 0,757, respectivamente), al igual que para la Clase V (Radiografía 69,2%, 93% y 0,811; Radiovisiografía 50%, 84,2% y 0,671, respectivamente). Ninguna de las técnicas aportó al diagnóstico de la Clase III (AUC <0,5). Las ramificaciones fueron infrecuentes (2,9%) y su detección fue baja (Sensibilidad 25% para radiografía y 0% para radiovisiografía). Discusión: Este es el primer estudio que evalúa la reproducibilidad y validez de estas dos técnicas radiográficas comparadas con la CBCT para la detección de variaciones anatómicas en dientes. Conclusiones: La radiografía con placa de fósforo presentó mayor reproducibilidad y validez para el diagnóstico de las Clase I y V de Vertucci, que fueron las variaciones más frecuentes.
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Assessment of the prevalence and configuration of middle distal canals in the mandibular molars in a Saudi subpopulation using Cone-Beam computed tomography. Saudi Dent J 2021; 34:150-154. [PMID: 35241905 PMCID: PMC8864375 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CBCT should be performed before treatment of complex root canal anatomy. Occurrence of middle distal (MD) canal in the mandibular molar has been reported. The prevalence of the MD canal in a Saudi subpopulation was found to be low. It is crucial to determine additional canals to achieve successful root canal therapy.
Purpose The prevalence of the middle distal (MD) canal in the mandibular molar is significantly low among countries including the USA, Spain, Turkey, and Jordan; however, analysis of its prevalence and configuration has not been performed in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and configuration of the MD canal in Saudi Arabia. Methods A retrospective analysis of 132 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images was performed to evaluate the presence of the MD canal in patients visiting the Radiology Department of The College of Dentistry in King Saud University between July 2018 and July 2019. The canal was examined if it was confluent with the distobuccal (DB) or distolingual (DL) canals, fin, or independent. Moreover, the distances from the MD canal to the DL and DB canals and cementoenamel junction (CEJ) were recorded. Results One MD canal (0.7%) was observed in 145 teeth. It was confluent with the DL canal. No statistical significance was observed among sex and age. The distances from the MD canal to the DL canal, DB canal, and CEJ were 1.4 mm, 1.9 mm, and 3.1 mm, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of the MD canal was significantly low in a Saudi subpopulation (0.7%). Careful evaluation of CBCT images and the pulpal floor is significantly important to detect the MD canal to ensure a good prognosis.
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Gellis J, Foley R. A novel system for classifying tooth root phenotypes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251953. [PMID: 34739489 PMCID: PMC8570528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human root and canal number and morphology are highly variable, and internal root canal form and count does not necessarily co-vary directly with external morphology. While several typologies and classifications have been developed to address individual components of teeth, there is a need for a comprehensive system, that captures internal and external root features across all teeth. Using CT scans, the external and internal root morphologies of a global sample of humans are analysed (n = 945). From this analysis a method of classification that captures external and internal root morphology in a way that is intuitive, reproducible, and defines the human phenotypic set is developed. Results provide a robust definition of modern human tooth root phenotypic diversity. The method is modular in nature, allowing for incorporation of past and future classification systems. Additionally, it provides a basis for analysing hominin root morphology in evolutionary, ecological, genetic, and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gellis
- Department of Archaeology, The Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Robert Foley
- Department of Archaeology, The Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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Canal Configuration of Maxillary Premolars in Cukurova Population: A CBCT Analysis. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: Aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of root-canal systems and numbers of permanent maxillary premolars’ roots and canals, using cone beam computed tomography scans.
Material and Methods: In this retrospective and observational study, maxillary right/left and first/second premolars of patients who were screened with cone beam computed tomography for various reasons in a Turkish dental school, were examined. Evaluated parameters were age, gender, canal configuration (Vertucci classification) and numbers of roots and canals. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: A total of 1086 maxillary premolars including 555 first premolars and 531 second premolars were examined in 331 patients (186 female, 145 male). Presence of two roots was shown in 75% of first premolars. 76.3% of second premolars were found to have a single root. Most common canal configuration was type IV (73.2%) for first premolars and type II (32.4%) for second premolars. There was a significant relationship between gender and numbers of first and second premolars’ roots and canals.
Conclusions: High heterogeneity of maxillary premolar root-canal system anatomy should be considered during endodontic treatment.
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Olczak K, Pawlicka H, Szymański W. Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Odontology 2021; 110:365-375. [PMID: 34714481 PMCID: PMC8930800 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolars in a Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography scanning (CBCT) and to compare the classifications by Vertucci and Ahmed et al. Images of 350 maxillary first premolars were analyzed. Scans were obtained from 226 patients: 131 women and 95 men. The root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci and a new system by Ahmed et al. In addition, the number of roots and the level where roots bifurcated were identified. The results were submitted to statistical analysis. Most maxillary first premolars had two roots (69.1%). Most bifurcations were located in the coronal part of the root (44.2%) and the least in the apical part (15.3%). Bifurcation in the coronal part of the root was observed more often in the teeth of men than women. In turn, bifurcation in the central or apical part was significantly more common in women than in men. The most common canal configuration of the maxillary first premolars was type IV (78.2%) according to Vertucci and 2FPB1P1 (65.4%) according to the new classification. Among the remaining cases, almost all types of canals described by Vertucci, and many combinations of codes given in the new classification were demonstrated. The maxillary first premolars displayed a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations. The new system for classifying canal morphology based on Ahmed et al. is more accurate than the Vertucci classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Olczak
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Halina Pawlicka
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Witold Szymański
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Wolf TG, Anderegg AL, Yilmaz B, Campus G. Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of the Mandibular Canine: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10197. [PMID: 34639498 PMCID: PMC8507995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review the root canal morphology and configuration (RCC) of mandibular canines (MaCa). The review was registered in the PROSPERO database (ID-272297) and it was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. Three electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus) were searched. Randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional, cohort, comparative, evaluation and validation studies have been included. The anatomical quality assessment (AQUA) tool was used for a quality assessment of the anatomical studies. Of 910 studies retrieved from the systematic search, 28 studies investigating RCCs were included. Most MaCa were single-rooted (87.9-100%), while two-rooted MaCa were present up to 12.1%. The 1-1-1/1 (35.8-96.4%) was the most commonly reported RCC, followed by 2-2-1/1 (0.2-22.0%) and 1-2-1/1 (0.9-20.0%). A high frequency of 1-1-1/1 RCC in MaCa has been described. Most systematic review reports confirm that two-rooted MaCa are found considerably less frequently than single-rooted ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.L.A.); (B.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 553131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Lisa Anderegg
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.L.A.); (B.Y.); (G.C.)
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.L.A.); (B.Y.); (G.C.)
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.L.A.); (B.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Pediatric, Prophylaxis Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Liao SC, Wang HH, Hsu YH, Huang HM, Gutmann JL, Hsieh SC. The investigation of thermal behaviour and physical properties of several types of contemporary gutta-percha points. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2125-2132. [PMID: 34420210 PMCID: PMC9290796 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim To analyse the contents and thermal behaviour of several brands of contemporary gutta‐percha points due to the variable nature of the components of gutta‐percha, and the impact they can have on the physical properties of this unique material during canal filling. Methodology Six brands of gutta‐percha were investigated: Conform Fit TM Gutta‐Percha Points for ProTaper Gold® (PTG) (Dentsply Sirona), ProTaper® Universal Gutta‐Percha Points (PTU) (Dentsply Sirona), Autofit TM Feathered Tip Gutta Percha (Kerr), Mtwo® Gutta‐Percha (VDW), Gutta Percha Root Canal Points (GC, GC Corporation) and Gutta‐Percha Points ISO Color‐Coded (ISO; Dentsply Sirona). The organic and inorganic fractions of gutta‐percha points were separated by quantitative chemical analysis. Thermal conductivity was detected using a laser flash method. In addition, the thermal behaviour of gutta‐percha in response to temperature variations was analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests were applied for comparisons amongst groups for chemical compositions and temperature obtained from DSC. The associations between compositions and thermal conductivity were determined using simple linear regression. A p value <.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results There were significant difference in the inorganic fractions of the gutta‐percha points in percentage by weight amongst the groups (p < .05). PTG had the lowest thermal conductivity (0.42 W/m K). A positive correlation was observed between the percentage of inorganic fraction and thermal conductivity (r = 0.95). The initial phase changing temperature and peak temperature measured by DSC were significantly different when the β‐form transformed to α‐form (p < .05), whereas no significant difference was found during the α‐form to the amorphous‐phase transition (p > .05). Conclusions Chemical compositions and initial phase changing temperature by DSC varied according to the various brands of gutta‐percha points. Conform Fit TM gutta‐percha had the lowest percentage of inorganic fraction and thermal conductivity amongst these six brands of gutta‐percha. Thermal conductivity had the strongest positive correlation with the percentage of inorganic components and zinc, whilst there was a negative correlation to the amount (ratio) of gutta‐percha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chin Liao
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Wang
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Hsu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James L Gutmann
- College of Dentistry, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wolf TG, Anderegg AL, Wierichs RJ, Campus G. Root canal morphology of the mandibular second premolar: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:309. [PMID: 34134669 PMCID: PMC8207603 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this paper was to systematically review the root canal configuration (RCC) and morphology literature of the mandibular second premolar (Mn2P). Methods Systematic research of five electronic databases was performed to identify published literature concerning the root canal configuration (RCC) of the Mn2P up through July 2020. Studies were selected according to predefined search terms and keywords inclusion criteria: “root canal configuration”, “root canal system”, “root canal morphology”, “mandibular second premolar”, “mandibular premolars”, “morphology” and “anatomy”. Further possible studies were identified by cross-referencing and screening the bibliographies of the selected articles. Results From 1622 retrieved studies, 44 studies investigating the internal morphology of 17,839 Mn2Ps were included. Most examined Mn2Ps were single-rooted (89.5–100%); two-rooted (0.1–8%) and three-rooted (0.1–3.5%) Mn2Ps at lower frequency. Most frequent RCCs reported were 1–1–1/1 (55.3–99.6%) followed by 1–1–2/2 (0.5–57%) and 2–2–2/2 (0.6–18%). The meta-analysis of seven studies demonstrated that a significantly higher number of RCC type 1–2–1/1 (OR [95%CI] = 2.05 [1.27, 3.33]) and 2–2–2/2 (OR [95%CI] = 2.32 [0.65, 8.63]) were observed in male than in female patients. Conclusions Different RCC research methods have been reported. Whereas clearing and radiographs were commonly used in the past, CBCT has been prevalent in recent years. A globally high frequency of a 1–1–1/1 RCC in the Mn2P has been reported. Nevertheless, the probability that different, more complicated RCCs can appear in Mn2Ps should not be underestimated and, thus, should be taken into consideration when making decisions during an endodontic treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01668-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - A L Anderegg
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R J Wierichs
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Campus
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,School of Dentistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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A Microcomputed Tomographic Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary Second Premolars in a Pakistani Cohort. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate variations in the root canal morphology of maxillary second premolar (MSP) teeth using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Sixty (N = 60) human extracted MSPs were collected and prepared for micro-CT scanning. The duration for scanning a single sample ranged between 30 and 40 min and a three-dimensional (3-D) image was obtained for all the MSPs. The images were evaluated by a single observer who recorded the canal morphology type, number of roots, canal orifices, apical foramina(s), apical delta(s), and accessory canals. The root canal configuration was categorized in agreement with Vertucci’s classification, and any configuration not in agreement with Vertucci’s classification was reported as an “additional canal configuration”. Descriptive statistics (such as mean percentages) were calculated using SPSS software. The most common types agreeing with Vertucci’s classification (in order of highest to lowest incidence) were types I, III, V, VII, II, and VI. The teeth also exhibited four additional configurations that were different from Vertucci’s classification: types 2-3, 1-2-3, 2-1-2-1, and 1-2-1-3. A single root was found in 96.7% and the majority of the samples demonstrated two canals (73.3%). Further, 80% of the teeth showed one canal orifice. The number of apical foramina’s in the teeth was variable, with 56.7% having solitary apical foramen. The accessory canal was found in 33.3%, and apical delta was found in only 20% of the samples. Variable morphology of the MSPs was detected in our study. The canal configuration most prevalent was type 1; however, the results also revealed some additional canal types.
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Alghamdi FT, Khalil WA. Root canal morphology and symmetry of mandibular second premolars using cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Radiol 2021; 38:126-138. [PMID: 33963988 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aims to investigate the morphology and symmetry of root canals of mandibular second premolar teeth via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) among a sample of the Saudi population. METHODS A total of 1200 CBCT images were examined in the study. The number of roots in the mandibular second premolars was identified, and canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci classification. Bilateral symmetry and association between gender and number of roots and root canal configuration were investigated using a chi-square test was utilized for data analysis and p value was set at 0.05 for significance. RESULTS Of the total 2400 Mandibular second premolars, 98.33% were single rooted and 1.67% were double rooted. The prevalence of double roots in females on the right side was significantly higher than that on the left side (p = 0.017), but the opposite was found among males. Only Type I and II canal configurations showed significant differences regarding gender and sides. 98.0% of teeth showed the symmetrical number of roots in both genders. The symmetry in canal configuration was 96.7% in males and 97.3% in females and 99.1% was Type I in both sides, 0.5% Type III, and 0.3% Type IV in both sides. CONCLUSIONS The root morphology of mandibular second premolars in the Saudi population demonstrated a high degree of variability. The vast majority of mandibular premolars have a single root with one canal and a low prevalence of two rooted teeth. Contralateral mandibular second premolars exhibited great symmetry of roots and root canal configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal T Alghamdi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wafaa A Khalil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Algarni YA, Almufarrij MJ, Almoshafi IA, Alhayaza HH, Alghamdi N, Baba SM. Morphological variations of mandibular first premolar on cone-beam computed tomography in a Saudi Arabian sub-population. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:150-155. [PMID: 33679108 PMCID: PMC7910648 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth knowledge of common and aberrant pulp morphology is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning prior to commencing root canal treatment. Radicular morphology of mandibular premolars has been extensively studied. Considerable variation in the number of canals and roots found in these teeth has been reported. Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate the root and root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar among Saudi Arabian subpopulation in Aseer using CBCT. Methods Cone-beam computed tomography images of Mandibular first premolar were taken from 166 patients which were referred to Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region (AFHSR), Khamis Mushayt, Asir region Saudi Arabia. All the images were assessed by two Evaluators (An Endodontist and a Radiologist). Inter-examiner reliability was determined and was assessed by KAPPA value. Results The mandibular first premolar (n = 216) distributed as 120 teeth in female and 96 teeth in male. Out of the 120 teeth examined in female groups one canal was seen in 95 (79.2%) teeth, two canals in 19 (15.8%) teeth and three canals in 6 (5%) teeth where as in the Male group out of 96 teeth, 52 (54.1%) teeth showed one canal, 32 (33.3%) teeth with two canals whereas 12 (12.5%) teeth showed presence of three canals. Chi-Square test for mandibular first premolars demonstrated the chance of second canal in the mandibular first premolar more in male than female and these differences was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Endodontic therapy of mandibular premolars is a challenge for clinician because of their frequent morphological and anatomical abnormalities. Proper knowledge about number of root canals and canal configuration is a key to success in Endodontic. There is a great variability in different population regarding the root canal configuration in mandibular pre-molars. However, most studies state the mandibular first premolar has one root canal. Also, the most prevalent type of root canal found was Type I vertucci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Nuha Alghamdi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suheel Manzoor Baba
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
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Aydin H. Analysis of root and canal morphology of fused and separate rooted maxillary molar teeth in Turkish population. Niger J Clin Pract 2021; 24:435-442. [PMID: 33723120 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_316_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the root canal anatomy and the incidence of fused roots in maxillary first molar (MFM) and maxillary second molar (MSM) teeth in the Turkish population and compare them to teeth with separate roots using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS CBCT images of 616 MFMs and 703 MSMs were analyzed from 402 patients for the number of roots and the presence of fusion. The canal configuration of teeth with separate and fused roots was compared. Type of fusion and canal merging positions were determined. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Five hundred and seventy-one (92.69%) MFMs had three separate roots, one (0.16%) had four roots and the incidence of root fusion was 7.14%. An additional mesiobuccal (MB) canal was present in 79.34% of the teeth with three separate roots. There was no merging of canals in 36 of 44 teeth with fused roots. The prevalence of fusion was higher in the MSMs (23.47%). The incidence of three and four separate roots in MSM teeth was 74.68% and 1.85%, respectively. The prevalence of additional MB canals in teeth with three separate roots was 53.14%. There was no canal merging in 60% of the fused rooted teeth. There were two-merged canals in 31.52% and multiple merged canals in 8.48% of the MSMs. CONCLUSIONS In the Turkish population, the incidence of root fusion in the MFMs and MSMs was 7.14% and 23.47%, respectively, with more canal merging in the MSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aydin
- Private Practice, Antalya, Turkey
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Interpretation of Root Canal Anatomy of Maxillary and Mandibular Permanent Canines in Saudi Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:5574512. [PMID: 33628245 PMCID: PMC7896851 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5574512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the root canal anatomy of permanent canines in a Saudi subpopulation utilizing CBCT. A total of 1328 CBCT images of maxillary (634) and mandibular (694) permanent canines were collected from Saudi patients who visited the College of Dentistry at King Saud University in Riyadh. The images were analyzed for root and canal numbers, canal configuration types, and symmetry between the bilateral canine teeth in each arch. Gender, age, and tooth position were recorded. The Kappa test was used for both inter- and intraexaminer reliabilities. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test at a P value ≤ 0.05. There were no two-rooted teeth in maxillary canines, and 1.89% had two canals. Double roots and double canals in mandibular canines were found in 2.88% and 9.94% of the teeth, respectively. Type I canal configuration was more common in maxillary canines (97.94%) compared to mandibular canines (92.07%). Maxillary canines showed higher bilateral symmetries of root and canal numbers and canal configuration types (100%, 98.1%, and 97.9%, resp.) compared to mandibular canines (97.1%, 90.1%, and 92.1%, respectively). The majority of maxillary and mandibular canines had a single root with a single canal and type I canal configuration. Mandibular canines are characterized by having more than one root and canal and alterations in root canal configurations compared to maxillary canines.
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Zhang B, Wang J, Zhou Z, Ge X, Cheng G, Chen Y, Wang X. Treatment of a Young Maxillary Central Incisor with Two Root Canals: A Case Report. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:419-423. [PMID: 33603448 PMCID: PMC7886291 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s292603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the common treatment for pulpitis and periapical diseases is root canal treatment. However, the complex variations of root canal system often affect the effect of root canal treatment and even lead to treatment failure. Therefore, it is of great significance for dentists to emphasize the diversity of root canal morphology and to be familiar with the anatomical morphology of root canal to improve the success rate of clinical diagnosis and treatment. We reported a case of an eight-year-old female patient of type V root canal in a young maxillary middle incisor. The young maxillary central incisor was diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis by radiography and CBCT examination. The present case report described the entire treatment procedure of a young maxillary central incisor after trauma, including successive apical examination, CBCT examination and multiple root canal filling, and finally the treatment was completed with the aid of microscope. The root canals were filled with the vertical compression technique. Z350 composite resin was used to repair the tooth. The patient was followed-up at three, six, and 12 months after endodontic treatment. All of the examinations were normal. Finding the anatomical configuration of root canal by various ways will help to improve the success rate of root canal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baize Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The General Hospital of Tibetan Military Region, Lasha, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
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Sierra-Cristancho A, González-Osuna L, Poblete D, Cafferata EA, Carvajal P, Lozano CP, Vernal R. Micro-tomographic characterization of the root and canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:93. [PMID: 33420202 PMCID: PMC7794380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the root anatomy and root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. 186 teeth were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three-dimensionally. The root canal system morphology was classified using both Vertucci’s and Ahmed’s criteria. The radicular grooves were categorized using the ASUDAS system, and the presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was associated with Ahmed’s score. A single root canal was identified in 65.05% of teeth, being configuration type I according to Vertucci’s criteria and code 1MP1 according to Ahmed’s criteria. Radicular grooves were observed in 39.25% of teeth. The ASUDAS scores for radicular grooves were 60.75%, 13.98%, 12.36%, 10.22%, 2.15%, and 0.54%, from grade 0 to grade 5, respectively. The presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was identified only in teeth with multiple root canals, and it was more frequently associated with code 1MP1–2 of Ahmed’s criteria. The root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars showed a wide range of anatomical variations in the Chilean population. Teeth with multiple root canals had a higher incidence of radicular grooves, which were closely related to more complex internal anatomy. Only teeth with multiple root canals presented Tomes’ anomalous root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Poblete
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla P Lozano
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Mehta V, Joshi P, Shetty R, Sarode G, Chakraborty D. Root anatomy and canal configuration of human permanent mandibular second molar: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:298-306. [PMID: 35282577 PMCID: PMC8896125 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_642_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to review the literature on root anatomy and canal configuration in permanent mandibular second molar based on Vertucci classification. Online electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using appropriate keywords from the earliest available date till 10th February 2021 restriction on language. Additional sources such as Google Scholar, major journals, unpublished studies, conference proceedings, and cross-references were explored. Information curated for data extraction included methodology, population, sample size (number of teeth), number of root canals, and type of root canal configuration (RCC). Thirty-seven articles were selected with a total of 12,393 permanent mandibular second molar teeth. In the mesial root, Type IV canal configuration with 37.3% was more frequent, having two canals with 70.4%. In the distal roots, one canal was more prevalent with 77% occurrence, and Type I canal configuration was more frequent with 85.2%. Comprehensive knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology is crucial to root canal treatment. Therefore, an understanding of the canal configuration and anatomy is necessary for the dentist to enhance successful endodontic treatment. Our systematic review findings reveal a wide variety of possible canal configurations among permanent mandibular second molar, while the number of canals ranged from 1 to 5 in number. The evidence is intended to help dental practitioners to avoid mishaps such as perforation and missing canals and anticipation of potential complications during treatment.
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Verma R, Saha S, Chaudhary A, Bharadwaj A, Paradkar S, Khandelwal S. Tomographic analysis of the apical anatomy of mandibular first and second premolars in central India population. ENDODONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_85_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Karobari MI, Noorani TY, Halim MS, Ahmed HMA. Root and canal morphology of the anterior permanent dentition in Malaysian population using two classification systems: A CBCT clinical study. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 47:202-216. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Conservative Dentistry Unit School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Health campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Health campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Conservative Dentistry Unit Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Health campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syahrizal Halim
- Conservative Dentistry Unit School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Health campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Conservative Dentistry Unit Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Health campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Wolf TG, Kozaczek C, Campus G, Paqué F, Wierichs RJ. Root Canal Morphology of 116 Maxillary Second Premolars by Micro-Computed Tomography in a Mixed Swiss-German Population with Systematic Review. J Endod 2020; 46:1639-1647. [PMID: 32822696 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this investigation was to examine the root canal system morphology of maxillary second premolars (Mx2Ps) of a Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography and provide systematic review of the root canal configuration (RCC) literature of Mx2Ps. METHODS The RCC, main foramina as well as accessory canals and foramina frequency of 116 Mx2Ps, were investigated by means of micro-computed tomography and 3-dimensional software imaging. The RCC from the coronal to apical thirds of the root as well as the main foramina number were described by using a four-digit system code. The literature review follows the PRISMA guideline analyzing randomized controlled trials and cross-sectional, cohort, comparative, validation, and evaluation studies on RCC in Embase, grey literature, PubMed, and Scopus. RESULTS Most frequently observed RCCs of Mx2Ps were 1-1-1/1 (35.3%), 1-1-1/2 (21.6%), and 2-1-1/1 (14.7%). Another 11 less frequent RCCs were observed. All Mx2Ps had 1 root. One main foramen was observed in 59.5% and two in 37.9%. Accessory foramina were observed in 46.6%. Thirty-one percent of the Mx2Ps showed accessory canals. One connecting canal between the buccal and palatal was observed in 12.1%. CONCLUSIONS Detailed RCC information of Mx2Ps in a Swiss-German population and the results of a systematic literature review of different populations and research methods used to investigate root canal morphology and configuration of Mx2Ps are given. Within the limitations of the study, a high RCC, connecting and accessory canals variability occur in maxillary second premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kozaczek
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology and Community Dentistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Paqué
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology, Department of Endodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Johannes Wierichs
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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