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Zhao D, Kong Y, Zhao S, Xing H. Engineering Functional DNA–Protein Conjugates for Biosensing, Biomedical, and Nanoassembly Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction-amplified immunoassay (immuno-PCR, iPCR) is a method that combines the specificity of an immunological detection method and the sensitivity of a nucleic acid amplification method. In this way, immuno-PCR uses a minimum amount of sample, and allows the detection of rare diseases and those diseases in very early stage (i.e. infectious diseases, degenerative disorders, or neoplastic diseases). The present review was aimed to describe this new methodology and applications to the early detection of cancer and non-cancer related diseases, and discuss about the possibility to detect diverse biomarkers of oncology disorders, such as breast, gastric, colorectal and nasopharynx cancer, and other factors related to the growth of the neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza F V Assumpção
- a Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rodrigo C da Silva
- b Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , MS , USA
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Chang L, Li J, Wang L. Immuno-PCR: An ultrasensitive immunoassay for biomolecular detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mehta PK, Raj A, Singh NP, Khuller GK. Detection of potential microbial antigens by immuno-PCR (PCR-amplified immunoassay). J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:627-641. [PMID: 24568881 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-PCR (PCR-amplified immunoassay; I-PCR) is a novel ultrasensitive method combining the versatility of ELISA with the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification of PCR. The enormous exponential amplification power of PCR in an I-PCR assay leads to at least a 10(2)-10(4)-fold increase in sensitivity compared with an analogous ELISA. I-PCR has been used to detect many biological molecules such as proto-oncogenes, toxins, cytokines, hormones, and biomarkers for autoimmune and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as microbial antigens and antibodies, and it can be adapted as a novel diagnostic tool for various infectious and non-infectious diseases. Quantitative real-time I-PCR has the potential to become the most analytically sensitive method for the detection of proteins. The sensitivity and specificity of a real-time I-PCR assay can be enhanced further with the use of magnetic beads and nanoparticles. This review is primarily focused on the detection of potential viral, bacterial and parasitic antigens by I-PCR assay, thus enabling their application for immunological research and for early diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Ankush Raj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Netra Pal Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Gopal K Khuller
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160014, India
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Nong RY, Gu J, Darmanis S, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Landegren U. DNA-assisted protein detection technologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:21-32. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang H, Xu Y, Huang Q, Yi C, Xiao T, Li Q. Natural phage nanoparticle-mediated real-time immuno-PCR for ultrasensitive detection of protein marker. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3778-80. [PMID: 23539517 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current immuno-PCR methods either use bare or nanostructured DNA as a reporter or combine phage display for antigen binding and reporting, however, they are often complex to carry out and lack universality. We present a novel and universal design of immuno-PCR termed natural phage nanoparticle-mediated real-time immuno-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Barletta J, Bartolome A. Immuno-polymerase chain reaction as a unique molecular tool for detection of infectious agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:267-88. [PMID: 23489312 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Theoretically, the immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) method is the most sensitive technique for the detection of proteins and gains its uniqueness through the exponential amplification of a signal-generating nucleic acid intermediate attached to a protein target. This method is similar to PCR for the detection of nucleic acid targets, and has now been shown to offer the ability to detect infectious agents where nucleic acids are not present. Although the technical development of IPCR has taken a torturous path down a winding avenue of encouraging advances, the method remains rarely utilized by the scientific community and completely unused as a clinical diagnostic test approved by a national accrediting agency. Although the use of real-time instrumentation has enhanced the performance of IPCR to higher levels of statistical accuracy and reproducibility, as compared with the conventional method, its application remains limited by the high standards required for clinical diagnoses of infectious diseases. This review summarizes experimental data published to date describing the utilization of the IPCR method as it relates to the detection and diagnosis of human infectious disease, and examines the progressive development of this method, as well as the factors impeding its universal application as a clinical diagnostic tool. With further standardization and validation, the IPCR method has the potential to become the most analytically sensitive method available for the detection of target proteins of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Barletta
- University of Maryland Baltimore, Department of Pathology, 725 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA +1 410 706 2215 ; +1 410 706 0155 ;
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Malou N, Raoult D. Immuno-PCR: a promising ultrasensitive diagnostic method to detect antigens and antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu J, Choi S, Richards CI, Antoku Y, Dickson RM. Live cell surface labeling with fluorescent Ag nanocluster conjugates. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1435-9. [PMID: 18764887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encapsulated silver clusters are readily conjugated to proteins and serve as alternatives to organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots. Stable and bright on the bulk and single molecule levels, Ag nanocluster fluorescence is readily observed when staining live cell surfaces. Being significantly brighter and more photostable than organics and much smaller than quantum dots with a single point of attachment, these nanomaterials offer promising new approaches for bulk and single molecule biolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Proteins are essential components of organisms and are involved in a wide range of biological functions. There are increasing demands for ultra-sensitive protein detection, because many important protein biomarkers are present at ultra-low levels, especially during the early stages of disease. Measuring proteins at low levels is also crucial for investigations of the protein synthesis and functions in biological systems. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of novel technology enabling ultrasensitive protein detection. We focus on two groups of techniques that involve either polymerase amplification of affinity DNA probes or signal amplification by the use of nano-/micro-materials. The polymerase-based amplification of affinity DNA probes indirectly improves the sensitivity of protein detection by increasing the number of detection molecules. The use of nano-/micro-materials conjugated to affinity probes enhances the measurement signals by using the unique electrical, optical, and catalytic properties of these novel materials. This review describes the basic principles, performances, applications, merits, and limitations of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Zhang
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Mello de Queiroz F, Suarez-Kurtz G, Stühmer W, Pardo LA. Ether à go-go potassium channel expression in soft tissue sarcoma patients. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:42. [PMID: 17022811 PMCID: PMC1618397 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of the human Eag1 potassium channel (Kv10.1) is normally restricted to the adult brain, but it has been detected in both tumour cell lines and primary tumours. Our purpose was to determine the frequency of expression of Eag1 in soft tissue sarcoma and its potential clinical implications. RESULTS We used specific monoclonal antibodies to determine the expression levels of Eag1 in soft tissue sarcomas from 210 patients by immunohistochemistry. Eag1 was expressed in 71% of all tumours, with frequencies ranging from 56% (liposarcoma) to 82% (rhabdomyosarcoma). We detected differences in expression levels depending on the histological type, but no association was seen between expression of this protein and sex, age, grade or tumour size. Four cell lines derived from relevant sarcoma histological types (fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma) were tested for Eag1 expression by real-time RT-PCR. We found all four lines to be positive for Eag1. In these cell lines, blockage of Eag1 by RNA interference led to a decrease in proliferation. CONCLUSION Eag1 is aberrantly expressed in over 70% sarcomas. In sarcoma cell lines, inhibition of Eag1 expression and/or function leads to reduced proliferation. The high frequency of expression of Eag1 in primary tumours and the restriction of normal expression of the channel to the brain, suggests the application of this protein for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mello de Queiroz
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti 37/3° andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti 37/3° andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Stühmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis A Pardo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Guo YC, Zhou YF, Zhang XE, Zhang ZP, Qiao YM, Bi LJ, Wen JK, Liang MF, Zhang JB. Phage display mediated immuno-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e62. [PMID: 16682441 PMCID: PMC1458518 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-PCR (IPCR) is a powerful detection technology in immunological study and clinical diagnosis due to its ultrasensitivity. Here we introduce a new strategy termed phage display mediated immuno-PCR (PD-IPCR). Instead of utilization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and chemically bond DNA that required in the conventional IPCR, a recombinant phage particle is applied as a ready reagent for IPCR experiment. The surface displayed single chain variable fragment (scFv) and phage DNA themselves can directly serve as detection antibody and PCR template, respectively. The aim of the design is to overcome shortcoming of low detection sensitivity of scFv so as to largely facilitate the real application of scFv in immunoassay. The idea has been demonstrated by applying hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein (NP) and prion protein (PrP) as detection targets in three experimental protocols (indirect, sandwich and real-time PD-IPCR assays). The detection sensitivity was increased 1000- to 10 000-folds compared with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). This proof-of-concept study may serve as a new model to develop an easy to operate, low cost and ultrasensitive immunoassay method for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100039, China
| | - Ya-Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 58881508; Fax: +86 27 87199;
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan-Mei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100039, China
| | - Li-Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Kai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
| | - Mi-Fang Liang
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100052, China
| | - Ji-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, China
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Niemeyer CM, Adler M, Wacker R. Immuno-PCR: high sensitivity detection of proteins by nucleic acid amplification. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:208-16. [PMID: 15780713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification techniques are used for signal generation in antibody-based immunoassays, thereby dramatically enhancing the sensitivity of conventional immunoassays. Methodological aspects, as well as applications of this novel approach, are summarized in this review, with an emphasis on immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR). IPCR is based on chimeric conjugates of specific antibodies and nucleic acid molecules, the latter of which are used as markers to be amplified by PCR for signal generation. The enormous efficiency of nucleic acid amplification typically leads to a 100-10,000-fold increase in sensitivity, as compared with the analogous enzyme-amplified immunoassay. The evolution of IPCR included the development of efficient reagents, the design of assay formats and the maintenance of functionality, even within complex biological matrices. Eventually, IPCR crossed the border from being a research method to a routine laboratory technique, enabling a broad range of applications in immunological research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M Niemeyer
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Hanaki KI, Ohka S, Yamamoto K, Nomoto A, Yoshikura H. Oligo(dA-dT)-dependent signal amplification for the detection of proteins in cells. Biotechniques 2004; 36:856-60, 862-3. [PMID: 15152606 DOI: 10.2144/04365pt01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive protein detection system in situ named the ImmunoAT-tailing method was developed. It consists of three elementary processes: (i) detection of a protein by a primary antibody and a biotinylated secondary antibody; (ii) linking of biotinylated 15-base oligo(dA-dT) to the biotinylated immunocomplex via streptavidin; and (iii) self-priming elongation of oligo(dA-dT) by the Klenow fragment, 3' to 5' exo-. After the elongation reaction in the presence of dATP, dTTP, and dye-labeled dUTP, the protein was labeled with a large number of the dye molecules. The poly(dA-dT) elongated without the labeled nucleotides was detected by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. By combining the different labelings, double staining was possible. This ImmunoAT-tailing method has a specificity and sensitivity higher than that of tyramide signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Hanaki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Jeffery P, Holgate S, Wenzel S. Methods for the assessment of endobronchial biopsies in clinical research: application to studies of pathogenesis and the effects of treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:S1-17. [PMID: 14555461 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200202-150ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jeffery
- Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Adler M, Wacker R, Niemeyer CM. A real-time immuno-PCR assay for routine ultrasensitive quantification of proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:240-50. [PMID: 12901860 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A fast and robust assay, based on the combination of the highly sensitive immuno-PCR (IPCR), employing standardized self-assembled DNA-protein conjugates as reagents, and the well-established, reliable, and fast real-time PCR detection by means of the TaqMan principle is introduced in this work. The use of anti-species immunoglobulin reagents allows one for easy adaptation of this assay to basically any existing ELISA application. The use of an internal competitor in the real-time IPCR (rtIPCR) further increases the sensitivity and significance of this assay; 0.1-0.01 amol (500-50 fg/mL) IgG from several species (mouse, rabbit, goat, and human) were detectable using direct, indirect, and sandwich model rtIPCR assays, thereby increasing the detection limit of the analogous ELISA tests about 100- to 1000-fold. The robustness of this method was demonstrated in two typical applications by detecting 40 pg/mL of the novel anti-cancer drug rViscumin in human plasma samples as well as 100 pg/mL of a research antibody in cell culture media. In both cases, a comparable ELISA was 1000-fold less sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Andras SC, Power JB, Cocking EC, Davey MR. Strategies for signal amplification in nucleic acid detection. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 19:29-44. [PMID: 11697219 DOI: 10.1385/mb:19:1:029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of molecular genetics necessitate the detection of nucleic acid sequences. Current approaches involving target amplification (in situ PCR, Primed in situ Labeling, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, Strand Displacement Amplification), probe amplification (Ligase Chain Reaction, Padlock Probes, Rolling Circle Amplification) and signal amplification (Tyramide Signal Amplification, Branched DNA Amplification) are summarized in the present review, together with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Andras
- Babes-Boylai University, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Ecology and Genetics Department, Str. Clinicilor 5-7, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania
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