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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J. Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Snezana Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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Mohammadi I, Sadeghi M, Tajmiri G, Brühl AB, Sadeghi Bahmani L, Brand S. Evaluation of Blood Levels of Omentin-1 and Orexin-A in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:245. [PMID: 36676194 PMCID: PMC9865616 DOI: 10.3390/life13010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can be related to changes in the levels of adipokines and neuropeptides, which in turn may affect the energy balance components of neuronal cells. Herein, a systematic review and meta-analysis checked the changes in serum/plasma levels of omentin-1 (OM-1: an adipokine) and orexin-A (OXA: a neuropeptide) in adults (age > 18 years old) with OSA (aOSA) compared to controls. Materials and methods: Four databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were systematically searched until 14 November 2022, without any restrictions. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist adapted for case−control studies was used to assess the quality of the papers. The effect sizes were extracted using the Review Manager 5.3 software for the blood levels of OM-1 and OXA in aOSA compared with controls. Results: Thirteen articles, with six studies for OM-1 levels and eight for OXA levels, were included. The pooled standardized mean differences were −0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.19, 0.48; p = 0.21; I2 = 98%) and −0.20 (95%CI: −1.16, 0.76; p = 0.68; I2 = 96%) for OM-1 and OXA levels, respectively. Among the studies reporting OM-1, five were high and one was moderate quality. Among the studies reporting OXA, six were moderate, one was high, and one was low quality. Based on the trial sequential analysis, more participants are needed to confirm the pooled results of the analyses of blood levels of OM-1 and OXA. In addition, the radial plot showed outliers as significant factors for high heterogeneity. Conclusions: The main findings indicated a lack of association between the blood levels of OM-1 and OXA and OSA risk. Therefore, OM-1 and OXA did not appear to be suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis and development of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Mohammadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Golnaz Tajmiri
- Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laleh Sadeghi Bahmani
- Department of Education and Psychology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Ishafan 8179949999, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 25529, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Milbank E, López M. Orexins/Hypocretins: Key Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31920958 PMCID: PMC6918865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described to be involved in feeding regulation, orexins/hypocretins are now also considered as major regulatory actors of numerous biological processes, such as pain, sleep, cardiovascular function, neuroendocrine regulation, and energy expenditure. Therefore, they constitute one of the most pleiotropic families of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Although their orexigenic effect is well documented, orexins/hypocretins also exert central effects on energy expenditure, notably on the brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. A better comprehension of the underlying mechanisms and potential interactions with other hypothalamic molecular pathways involved in the modulation of food intake and thermogenesis, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is essential to determine the exact implication and pathophysiological relevance of orexins/hypocretins on the control of energy balance. Here, we will review the actions of orexins on energy balance, with special focus on feeding and brown fat function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Edward Milbank
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Miguel López
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Liguori G, Squillacioti C, Assisi L, Pelagalli A, Vittoria A, Costagliola A, Mirabella N. Potential role of orexin A binding the receptor 1 for orexins in normal and cryptorchid dogs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:55. [PMID: 29482574 PMCID: PMC5828418 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptorchidism is one of the most common birth disorders of the male reproductive system identified in dogs and other mammals. This condition is characterised by the absence of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) gonads from the scrotum. The peptides orexin A (OxA) and B (OxB) were obtained by post-transcriptional proteolytic cleavage of a precursor molecule, called prepro-orexin. These substances bind two types of G-coupled receptors called receptor 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R) for orexins. OX1R is specific to OxA while OX2R binds the two peptides with equal affinity. Orexins modulate a great variety of body functions, such as the reproductive mechanism. The purpose of the present research was to study the presence of OxA and its receptor 1 and their possible involvement in the canine testis under healthy and pathological conditions. Methods This study was performed using adult male normal dogs and male dogs affected by unilateral cryptorchidism. Tissue samples were collected from testes and were divided into three groups: normal, contralateral and cryptic. The samples were used for immunohistochemistry, Western blot and in vitro tests for testosterone evaluation in normal and pathological conditions. Results OxA-immunoreactivity (IR) was described in interstitial Leydig cells of the normal gonad, and Leydig, Sertoli cells and gonocytes in the cryptic gonad. In the normal testis, OX1R-IR was described in Leydig cells, in pachytene and second spermatocytes and in immature and mature spermatids throughout the stages of the germ developing cycle of the male gonad. In the cryptic testis OX1R-IR was distributed in Leydig and Sertoli cells. The presence of prepro-orexin and OX1R was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. The incubation of fresh testis slices with OxA caused the stimulation of testosterone synthesis in the normal and cryptic gonad while the steroidogenic OxA-induced effect was cancelled by adding the selective OX1R antagonist SB-408124. Conclusions These results led us to hypothesise that OxA binding OX1R might be involved in the modulation of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in canine testis in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Assisi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 6, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Via De Amicis 95, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vittoria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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6
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Liguori G, Squillacioti C, Assisi L, Mirabella N, Langella E, Costagliola A, Vittoria A. Localization of orexin B and receptor 2 for orexins in testicular cytotypes of the camelid alpaca (Vicugna pacos
). Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:452-458. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - C Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - L Assisi
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - N Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - E Langella
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Basilicata; Potenza Italy
| | - A Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A Vittoria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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7
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Abstract
Initially implicated in the regulation of feeding, orexins/hypocretins are now acknowledged to play a major role in the control of a wide variety of biological processes, such as sleep, energy expenditure, pain, cardiovascular function and neuroendocrine regulation, a feature that makes them one of the most pleiotropic families of hypothalamic neuropeptides. While the orexigenic effect of orexins is well described, their central effects on energy expenditure and particularly on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis are not totally unraveled. Better understanding of these actions and their possible interrelationship with other hypothalamic systems controlling thermogenesis, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, will help to clarify the exact role and pathophysiological relevance of these neuropeptides have on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fernø
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rosa Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain.
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8
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Abstract
Pre-diabetes and diabetes occur secondary to a constellation of pathophysiological abnormalities that culminate in insulin resistance, which results in reduced cellular glucose uptake and increased glucose production. Although pre-diabetes and diabetes have a strong genetic basis, they are largely environmentally driven through lifestyle factors. Traditional lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity do not fully explain the dramatic rise in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Sleep has emerged as an additional lifestyle behavior, important for metabolic health and energy homeostasis. In this article, we review the current evidence surrounding the sleep-diabetes association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Arora
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Room C008, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Room C008, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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ZHONG YINGJUN, FENG ZHEN, WANG LIANG, WEI TIANQI. Wake-promoting actions of median nerve stimulation in TBI-induced coma: An investigation of orexin-A and orexin receptor 1 in the hypothalamic region. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4441-4447. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the rat epididymis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 155:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pavone LM, Tafuri S, Avallone L, Staiano N, Vittoria A. Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the vestibular glands of the cattle genital tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:202-6. [PMID: 19089887 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic peptide orexin A (oxA) binds specifically the G-protein-coupled orexin receptor 1 (ox1R). It is involved in many physiological functions including the regulation of food intake, sleep-wake cycle, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and sexual behavior. The localization of oxA in adrenal glands, stomach, bowel, pancreas, and testis has recently been assessed. Here, we provide the first evidence for the expression of oxA and ox1R in the vestibular glands of mammalian genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, Italy
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Aksu K, Güven SF, Aksu F, Ciftci B, Ciftci TU, Aksaray S, Şipit T, Peker Y. Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Cigarette Smoking and Plasma Orexin-A in a Sleep Clinic Cohort. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:331-40. [PMID: 19383226 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of food intake and the sleep-wake cycle. This study investigated plasma orexin-A levels in a sleep clinic cohort, adjusting for smoking habits, in 76 participants comprising 41 with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) (apnoea-hypopnoea index [AHI] 44.1 ± 19.1 events/h) and 35 without OSA (AHI 6.3 ± 4.7 events/h). Plasma orexin-A levels were significantly lower in OSA patients (15.0 ± 4.6 ng/ml) compared with those without OSA (31.4 ± 6.5 ng/ml). In non-OSA subjects, there was no significant difference between never smokers and ex/current smokers in plasma orexin-A levels (32.9 ± 9.5 versus 29.7 ± 8.9 ng/ml, respectively) whereas, in the OSA sub-group, orexin-A levels were significantly lower in never smokers than in ex/current smokers (4.0 ± 1.2 versus 21.4 ± 7.0 ng/ml). A significant inverse relationship was found between plasma orexin-A levels and AHI amongst never smokers, but there was no significant relationship amongst ex/current smokers. These results confirm previous studies demonstrating lower levels of plasma orexin-A in OSA patients and indicate that smoking may affect orexin-A levels and AHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aksu
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Firat Güven
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Aksu
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Ciftci
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - T Ulukavak Ciftci
- Department of Pulmonology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Aksaray
- Department of Biochemistry, Numune Training and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - T Şipit
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Pulmonology, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y Peker
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skoevde, Sweden
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Busquets X, Barbé F, Barceló A, de la Peña M, Sigritz N, Mayoralas LR, Ladaria A, Agustí A. Decreased plasma levels of orexin-A in sleep apnea. Respiration 2005; 71:575-9. [PMID: 15627867 DOI: 10.1159/000081757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin-A, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide implicated in appetite and sleep regulation. Because the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness, we hypothesized that orexin-A levels may be abnormal in patients with OSAS. Further, since treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with OSAS is very effective in normalizing daytime sleepiness, we also hypothesized that the chronic use of CPAP may influence plasma levels of orexin-A in these patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate plasma levels of orexin-A in patients with OSAS and the effect of CPAP treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We compared the plasma levels of orexin-A in 13 healthy controls, 27 untreated patients with OSAS and 14 patients treated with CPAP during at least 1 year (4.5 +/- 0.5 h/night; mean +/- SEM). All patients had severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index, 57 +/- 4 h(-1)). RESULTS Orexin-A plasma levels were significantly lower in untreated (9.4 +/- 1.9 pg.ml(-1), p < 0.01) and treated patients with OSAS (4.2 +/- 1.5 pg.ml(-1), p < 0.001) than in healthy subjects (20.6 +/- 4.5 pg.ml(-1)). In untreated patients, orexin-A levels were not significantly related to daytime somnolence assessed by Epworth scale (r = -0.18, p = 0.37) or the body mass index (r = -0.13, p = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS Orexin-A plasma levels are abnormally low in patients with OSAS, independently of the level of somnolence and/or presence of obesity. These results suggest that these low orexin-A levels may be related to the pathogenesis of OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Busquets
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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14
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Bullen JW, Ziotopoulou M, Ungsunan L, Misra J, Alevizos I, Kokkotou E, Maratos-Flier E, Stephanopoulos G, Mantzoros CS. Short-term resistance to diet-induced obesity in A/J mice is not associated with regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E662-70. [PMID: 15361355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00114.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms underlying long-term resistance of the A/J mouse strain to diet-induced obesity, we studied, over a period of 4 wk, the expression of uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue and the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides known to regulate energy homeostasis and then used microarray analysis to identify other potentially important hypothalamic peptides. Despite increased caloric intake after 2 days of high-fat feeding, body weights of A/J mice remained stable. On and after 1 wk of high-fat feeding, A/J mice adjusted their food intake to consume the same amount of calories as mice fed a low-fat diet; thus their body weight and insulin, corticosterone, free fatty acid, and glucose levels remained unchanged for 4 wk. We found no changes in hypothalamic expression of several orexigenic and/or anorexigenic neuropeptides known to play an important role in energy homeostasis for the duration of the study. Uncoupling protein-2 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue, however, was significantly upregulated after 2 days of high-fat feeding and tended to remain elevated for the duration of the 4-wk study. Gene array analysis revealed that several genes are up- or downregulated in response to 2 days and 1 wk of high-fat feeding. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed that expression of the hypothalamic IL-1 pathway (IL-1beta, IL-1 type 1 and 2 receptors, and PPM1b/PP2C-beta, a molecule that has been implicated in the inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase-1-mediated IL-1 action) is altered after 2 days, but not 1 wk, of high-fat feeding. The role of additional molecules discovered by microarray analysis needs to be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Bullen
- Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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15
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Cluderay JE, Harrison DC, Hervieu GJ. Protein distribution of the orexin-2 receptor in the rat central nervous system. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 104:131-44. [PMID: 11830288 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B are neuropeptides mainly expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). A role for orexins was first demonstrated in the regulation of feeding behaviour. Subsequently, the peptides have been implicated in the control of arousal. To date, two receptors for orexins have been characterised: orexin-1 and -2 receptors (OX-R1 and OX-R2). Both receptor genes are widely expressed within the rat brain. Particularly high expression of both receptor genes in certain hypothalamic and pons nuclei could be responsible for the orexigenic and arousal properties of the peptides. It is, however, presently unclear if one given receptor subtype or both subtypes may mediate a specific biological effect of orexins such as an increase in food intake. We have recently reported the distribution of the OX-R1 protein in the rat nervous system. In this study, we report the distribution of the OX-R2 protein in the rat brain and spinal cord using specific anti-peptide antisera raised against the OX-R2 protein. We also assess the expression profile of the OX-R2 gene in different brain regions. Immunolabelling for the OX-R2 protein was observed in brain regions that exhibited OX-R1-like immunoreactivity (cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and many other regions in the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and reticular formation). Differences in the OX-R1 and OX-R2 distribution were, however, noticed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and dorso-lateral pons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cluderay
- Psychiatry Biology Department, Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, Biology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Essex CM19 5AW, Harlow, UK
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16
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Novak CM, Albers HE. Localization of hypocretin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the diurnal rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus. J Chem Neuroanat 2002; 23:49-58. [PMID: 11756009 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(01)00144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin (HCRT, also called orexin) acts in the brain to increase arousal and inhibit REM sleep. There is also substantial evidence that disruption of the hypocretin system results in narcolepsy. The distribution of HCRT + fibers in nocturnal animals is consistent with its role in arousal; fibers are concentrated in brain areas important in arousal and the inhibition of REM sleep. The distribution of HCRT-like immunoreactive (HCRT +) cells and fibers has been described in nocturnal but not diurnal rodents. We therefore examined the anatomical distribution of HCRT + cells and fibers in the diurnal murid rodent Arvicanthis niloticus (unstriped Nile grass rat). Arvicanthis niloticus were perfused and brain sections were collected through the forebrain and midbrain and processed for HCRT immunocytochemistry. Hypocretin-like immunopositive cell bodies were located in the lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and perifornical area. The densest staining for HCRT + neuronal fibers was seen in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the raphe nuclei. The distribution of HCRT + cells and fibers is consistent with that found in other rodents such as rats and Syrian hamsters. Although the pattern of HCRT-like immunostaining for cells and fibers is similar in nocturnal rodents and diurnal A. niloticus, it will be important to compare the pattern of HCRT release, as well as activity of HCRT cells, between nocturnal and diurnal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Novak
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Walder K, McMillan JS, Lee S, Civitarese A, Zimmet P, Collier GR. Effects of beacon administration on energy expenditure and substrate utilisation in Psammomys obesus (Israeli sand rats). Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:1281-5. [PMID: 11571588 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Revised: 01/22/2001] [Accepted: 02/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether beacon administration affects substrate utilisation, physical activity levels or energy expenditure in Psammomys obesus. DESIGN Pairs of age- and sex-matched Psammomys obesus were randomly assigned to either beacon-treated (15 microg/day for 7 days (i.c.v.)) or control (i.c.v. saline) groups. MEASUREMENTS Indirect calorimetry on day 0 and day 7 to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, which were used to calculate fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation and total energy expenditure. Physical activity in the calorimeter was measured using an infrared beam system. Food intake and body weight were measured daily. RESULTS The administration of beacon significantly increased body weight compared to saline-treated control animals. This body weight gain was primarily due to increased body fat content. Average daily food intake tended to be higher in beacon-treated Psammomys obesus, but no effect of beacon administration on substrate oxidation, activity or energy expenditure was detected. CONCLUSION The effects of beacon on body weight are due to increased food intake, with no detectable effect on nutrient partitioning, physical activity or energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Stansberry
- University of Tennessee College of Nursing, Knoxville, USA
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Hervieu GJ, Cluderay JE, Harrison DC, Roberts JC, Leslie RA. Gene expression and protein distribution of the orexin-1 receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience 2001; 103:777-97. [PMID: 11274794 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexins-A and -B are neuropeptides derived from a single precursor prepro-orexin. The mature peptides are mainly expressed in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas. The orexins have been implicated in the control of arousal and appear to be important messengers in the regulation of food intake. Two receptors for orexins have been characterised so far: orexin-1 and -2 receptors. To gain a further understanding of the biology of orexins, we studied the distribution of the orexin-1 receptor messenger RNA and protein in the rat nervous system. We first assessed the expression profile of the orexin-1 receptor gene (ox-r1) in different regions by using quantitative reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the distribution of orexin-1 receptor protein in the rat brain using a rabbit affinity-purified polyclonal antiserum raised against an N-terminal peptide. The orexin-1 receptor was widely and strongly expressed in the brain. Thus, immunosignals were observed in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and various other subcortical nuclei in the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and reticular formation. In particular, robust immunosignals were present in many hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, as well as in the locus coeruleus. The distribution of the receptor protein was generally in agreement with the distribution of the receptor messenger RNA in the brain as reported previously by others and confirmed in the present study. In addition, we present in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical data showing the presence of orexin-1 receptor messenger RNA and protein in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia. Finally, due to the shared anatomical and functional similarities between orexins and melanin-concentrating hormone, we present a comparison between the neuroanatomical distribution of the orexin-1 receptor and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor protein-like immunoreactivities in the rat central nervous system, and discuss some functional implications. In conclusion, our neuroanatomical data are consistent with the biological effects of orexins on food intake and regulation of arousal. In addition, the data suggest other physiological roles for orexins mediated through the orexin-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hervieu
- Department of Neuroscience, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taheri
- Endocrine Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, The Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Although numerous epidemiological studies have provided convincing evidence for the inverse association between tobacco smoking and body weight, the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well-understood. Nicotine, as a potent secretagogue, could be expected to influence the levels and expression of many classes of neurotransmitters, as well as of cell-membrane constituents linked to neurotransmission, including signal transducers and related effectors. A potentially major group of candidate molecules that could be involved in feeding-related actions of nicotine are the numerous neuropeptides and peptide hormones shown in the past two decades to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. These could include neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexins, leptins, and uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Some of these peptides were already shown to respond to nicotine treatment in terms of regulation of levels and of activity at the level of cell-membrane receptors. The primary objective of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on the food intake and energy expenditure as related to the expression levels of leptin, NPY, orexin, uncoupling proteins, and of NPY and orexin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA.
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