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Sdogati S, Pacini T, Bibi R, Caporali A, Verdini E, Orsini S, Ortenzi R, Pecorelli I. Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin B 1, Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A in Feed and Feed Materials in Central Italy from 2018 to 2022. Foods 2024; 13:313. [PMID: 38254614 PMCID: PMC10815256 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of feed and feed materials represent a serious health hazard. This study details the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in 826 feed and 617 feed material samples, collected in two Italian Regions (Umbria and Marche) from 2018 to 2022 analyzed using a UPLC-FLD platform. The developed method was validated and accredited (ISO/IEC 17025) with satisfactory accuracy and precision data obtained in repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility conditions. Feed had a higher incidence of contaminated samples (26%) with respect to feed materials (6%). AFB1 was found up to 0.1045 mg/kg in cattle feeds and 0.1234 mg/kg in maize; ZEN was detected up to 6.420 mg/kg in sheep feed while OTA was rarely reported and in lower concentrations (up to 0.085 mg/kg). Co-contamination of at least two mycotoxins was reported in 0.8% of the analyzed samples. The incidence of above maximum content/guidance level samples was 2% for feed and feed materials while almost 3-fold-higher for maize (5.8%) suggesting how mycotoxin contamination can affect some matrices more than others. Obtained data can be useful to improve official monitoring plans and therefore further raise awareness of this issue between agriculture stakeholders, healthcare entities and non-professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sdogati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy (I.P.)
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Sun J, Kim J, Jeong H, Kwon D, Moon Y. Xenobiotic-induced ribosomal stress compromises dysbiotic gut barrier aging: A one health perspective. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102565. [PMID: 36470131 PMCID: PMC9720106 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to internal or environmental insults, ribosomes stand sentinel. In particular, stress-driven dysregulation of ribosomal homeostasis is a potent trigger of adverse outcomes in mammalians. The present study assessed whether the ribosomal insult affects the aging process via the regulation of sentinel organs such as the gut. Analyses of the human aging dataset demonstrated that elevated features of ribosomal stress are inversely linked to barrier maintenance biomarkers during the aging process. Ribosome-insulted worms displayed reduced lifespan, which was associated with the disruption of gut barriers. Mechanistically, ribosomal stress-activated Sek-1/p38 signaling, a central platform of ribosomal stress responses, counteracted the gut barrier deterioration through the maintenance of the gut barrier, which was consistent with the results in a murine insult model. However, since the gut-protective p38 signaling was attenuated with aging, the ribosomal stress-induced distress was exacerbated in the gut epithelia and mucosa of the aged animals, subsequently leading to increased bacterial exposure. Moreover, the bacterial community-based evaluation predicted concomitant increases in the abundance of mucosal sugar utilizers and mucin metabolic enzymes in response to ribosomal insult in the aged host. All of the present evidence on ribosomal insulting against the gut barrier integrity from worms to mammals provides new insights into organelle-associated translational modulation of biological longevity in a one health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Sun
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Hoyoung Jeong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Dasom Kwon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea; Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
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Groestlinger J, Seidl C, Varga E, Del Favero G, Marko D. Combinatory Exposure to Urolithin A, Alternariol, and Deoxynivalenol Affects Colon Cancer Metabolism and Epithelial Barrier Integrity in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:882222. [PMID: 35811943 PMCID: PMC9263571 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.882222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is an important site of nutrient absorption and a crucial barrier against xenobiotics. It regularly faces “chemical cocktails” composed of food constituents, their human and microbial metabolites, and foodborne contaminants, such as mycotoxins. Hence, the colonic epithelium adapts to dietary molecules tuning its immune response, structural integrity, and metabolism to maintain intestinal homeostasis. While gut microbiota metabolites of berry ellagitannins, such as urolithin A (Uro A) might contribute to physiological epithelial barrier integrity, foodborne co-contaminating mycotoxins like alternariol (AOH) and deoxynivalenol (DON) could hamper epithelial function. Hence, we investigated the response of differentiated Caco-2 cells (clone C2BBe1) in vitro to the three compounds alone or in binary mixtures. In virtue of the possible interactions of Uro A, AOH, and DON with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, potential effects on phase-I-metabolism enzymes and epithelial structural integrity were taken as endpoints for the evaluation. Finally, Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry measurements elucidated the absorption, secretion, and metabolic capacity of the cells under single and combinatory exposure scenarios. Uro A and AOH as single compounds, and as a binary mixture, were capable to induce CYP1A1/1A2/1B1 enzymes triggered by the AhR pathway. In light of its ribosome inhibiting capacity, the trichothecene suppressed the effects of both dibenzo-α-pyrones. In turn, cellular responsiveness to Uro A and AOH could be sustained when co-exposed to DON-3-sulfate, instead of DON. Colonic epithelial structural integrity was rather maintained after incubation with Uro A and AOH: this was reinforced in the combinatory exposure scenario and disrupted by DON, an effect, opposed in combination. Passage through the cells as well as the metabolism of Uro A and AOH were rather influenced by co-exposure to DON, than by interaction with each other. Therefore, we conclude that although single foodborne bioactive substances individually could either support or disrupt the epithelial structure and metabolic capacity of colon cancer, exposure to chemical mixtures changes the experimental outcome and calls for the need of combinatory investigations for proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Groestlinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Seidl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Giorgia Del Favero,
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doris Marko,
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Juraschek LM, Kappenberg A, Amelung W. Mycotoxins in soil and environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152425. [PMID: 34952071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi that have harmful effects on animals and humans. Worldwide more than 300 different mycotoxins are already known, frequently with concentrations in harvest products exceeding acceptable limits. Nevertheless, although these compounds have extensively been studied in food and feed, only little is known about their occurrence and fate in soil and agro-environmental matrices, such as manure, sewage sludge, drainage water and sediments. Therefore, the aim of this review was to (i) resume available methods for quantifying mycotoxins in soil, (ii) describe the occurrence and quantities of mycotoxins in soil and related agro-environmental matrices, and (iii) discuss the environmental fate of these target compounds with specific focus on their leaching potential into groundwater. The safest and most reliable method for mycotoxin quantification relies on mass spectrometry, while the extraction method and solvent composition differ depending on the compound under investigation. Mycotoxin levels detected in soils to date were in the μg range, reaching maximum amounts of 72.1 μg kg-1 for zearalenone, 32.1 μg kg-1 for deoxynivalenol, 23.7 μg kg-1 for ochratoxin A, 6.7 μg kg-1 for nivalenol, and 5.5 μg kg-1 for aflatoxin. Different compartments in the agroecosystem (cereals, corn, rice, water, manure, sewage sludge) each contained at least one mycotoxin. Mycotoxin retention in soils is controlled by texture, with significant adsorption of the compounds to clays but leaching potentials in sandy soils. We did not find any reports detecting mycotoxins in sediments, although there are increasing reports of mycotoxins in freshwater samples. Overall, it appears that soils and sediments are still underrepresented in research on potential environmental contamination with mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Marie Juraschek
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arne Kappenberg
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wulf Amelung
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Minutillo SA, Ruano-Rosa D, Abdelfattah A, Schena L, Malacrinò A. The Fungal Microbiome of Wheat Flour Includes Potential Mycotoxin Producers. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050676. [PMID: 35267309 PMCID: PMC8908971 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly demanding higher quality and safety standards for the products they consume, and one of this is wheat flour, the basis of a wide variety of processed products. This major component in the diet of many communities can be contaminated by microorganisms before the grain harvest, or during the grain storage right before processing. These microorganisms include several fungal species, many of which produce mycotoxins, secondary metabolites that can cause severe acute and chronic disorders. Yet, we still know little about the overall composition of fungal communities associated with wheat flour. In this study, we contribute to fill this gap by characterizing the fungal microbiome of different types of wheat flour using culture-dependent and -independent techniques. Qualitatively, these approaches suggested similar results, highlighting the presence of several fungal taxa able to produce mycotoxins. In-vitro isolation of fungal species suggest a higher frequency of Penicillium, while metabarcoding suggest a higher abundance of Alternaria. This discrepancy might reside on the targeted portion of the community (alive vs. overall) or in the specific features of each technique. Thus, this study shows that commercial wheat flour hosts a wide fungal diversity with several taxa potentially representing concerns for consumers, aspects that need more attention throughout the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Minutillo
- CIHEAM—Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - David Ruano-Rosa
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, 47007 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam (ATB), University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Y, Li Z, He Y, Liu Y, Mi G, Chen J. T-2 toxin induces articular cartilage damage by increasing the expression of MMP-13 via the TGF-β receptor pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221075555. [PMID: 35213812 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221075555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin pre-disposes individuals to osteoarthritis, Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). The major pathological change associated with KBD is the degradation of the articular cartilage matrix. Herein, we investigated the key molecules that regulate T-2 toxin-mediated cartilage degradation. Potential KBD treatments were also investigated. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the T-2 toxin group and the control group. The T-2 toxin group received 100 ng/g BW/day, whereas the control group received a similar dose of PBS. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and TGF-β receptor I/II (TGF-βRI/II) was analyzed using immunohistochemical staining. C28/I2 chondrocytes were exposed to TGF-βRI/II binding inhibitor (GW788388) for 24 h before incubation in different T-2 toxin concentrations (0, 6, 12, and 24 ng/mL for 72 h). The expression of mRNA for TGF-βRI/II, MMP-13 and proteins for MMP-13, and Smad-2 in chondrocytes were analyzed using RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Safranin O staining revealed that T-2 toxin treatment modulated the expression of articular cartilage matrix. On the other hand, T-2 toxin treatment sharply increased the expression of MMP-13, TGF-βRI, and TGF-βRII in the rat cartilages. Interestingly, blocking the TGF-βRs-smad 2 signaling pathway using GW788388 abrogated the effect of T-2 toxin on upregulating MMP-13 expression. The expression of MMP-13 in chondrocytes induced with T-2 toxin is regulated via the TGF-βRs signaling pathway. As such, inhibiting the expression of TGF-βRs is a potential KBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China.,School of Nursing, Health Science Center, RINGGOLDID: 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China.,Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan 'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ying He
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China
| | - Yinan Liu
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China
| | - Ge Mi
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, 12480Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R China
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7
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Zhang HY, Wang YL, Zhou XQ, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Mi HF, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Feng L. Zearalenone induces immuno-compromised status via TOR/NF/κB pathway and aggravates the spread of Aeromonas hydrophila to grass carp gut (Ctenopharyngodon idella). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112786. [PMID: 34555717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of immuno-compromised status in animals with zearalenone (ZEA) exposure may be a critical contributor to associated mucosal (gastrointestinal tract) diseases. However, it is difficult to assess the associated risks with limited reference data. This study comprehensively discussed the effects of ZEA on intestinal immune components, cytokines and molecular mechanism of juvenile grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Specifically, the fish were fed six graded levels of dietary ZEA (0-2507 μg kg-1 diet) for 70 d. The results pointed out that the average residual amount of ZEA in the intestines increased with dose level after ZEA feeding. We further performed an infection assay using A. hydrophila. After 14 d, ZEA groups increased enteritis morbidity rate compared with controls. The acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LZ) activities and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content were significantly decreased in three intestinal segments. Furthermore, ZEA could reduce the transcription of β-defensin-1, Hepcidin, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A/2B (LEAP-2A/2B) and Mucin-2. We next confirmed the loss of these immune components accompanied by the invasion of the intestinal barrier by bacteria, as indicated by activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the expression of downstream cytokines. Notably, the phosphorylated target of rapamycin (TOR) plays an important role in regulating these genes, thus indicating a possible target caused by ZEA. In summary, the extensive inhibition of immune components by ZEA promotes the spread of pathogens, which may increase the possibility of intestinal mucosa exposure and the risk of transforming disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China; Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Research Institute, Chengdu 600438, China
| | - Hai-Feng Mi
- Tongwei Research Institute, Chengdu 600438, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
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8
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Kumari R, Jaiswal H, Chowdhury T, Ghosh A. Antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticle based colorimetric assay for the detection and quantification of aflatoxin B1 in wheat grains. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a most potent carcinogenic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus. As a food safety concern, development of a rapid, cost effective, sensitive and easy to use method for the detection of aflatoxin is of prime requirement. In this study, AFB1 was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and AFB1-BSA conjugate was purified by HPLC. Purification was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The polyclonal antibody was raised against AFB1-BSA conjugate in rabbit and purified by protein A sepharose and BSA sepharose affinity columns. Iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesised by co-precipitation method and their surface was functionalised with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). Size of APTES conjugated MNPs was determined by electron microscopy, and characterised by several biophysical techniques. The purified anti-AFB1 antibody was conjugated with surface functionalised MNPs and the conjugation was confirmed by determining the sizes of free and antibody conjugated MNPs by field emission scanning electron microscope where increase of particle sizes from 10-20 to 40-50 nm was observed due to antibody conjugation. Anti-AFB1 antibody conjugated MNPs were used for capturing AFB1 from the aflatoxin spiked wheat grains with a recovery percentage of more than 80% and used effectively five times. The captured AFB1 was then quantified by a sensitive colorimetric assay where colourless AFB1 was first converted into coumaric acid by NaOH. Subsequently, coumaric acid reacted with 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (DBQC) to a green-coloured indophenol product which was quantified spectrophotometrically. AFB1 contamination as low as 2 μg/kg in wheat grains was detected by the developed technique suggesting its potential application for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of aflatoxins present in feed and food materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - H. Jaiswal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - T. Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - A.K. Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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9
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Tyska D, Mallmann A, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Near-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for rapid screening of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour and its applicability in the industry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1958-1968. [PMID: 34334116 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and efficiency of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) by using dispersive NIR and Fourier Transform NIR to analyse 267 samples of Brazilian wheat flour contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). For this, Partial Least-squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis-Linear Discriminant Analysis (PC-LDA) were used as discriminatory methods. Next, the samples were classified according to the maximum tolerated limits (MTL) for DON in Brazil, 750 μg kg-1, and two groups were established for the calibration set: category A (≤450 μg kg-1), non-contaminated or below the MTL; and category B (>450 μg kg-1), contaminated or above the MTL. Validation samples through PLS-DA showed correct classification rates in the range of 85-87.5% and presented a 10-15% error; for PC-LDA, the hit rate was over 85% with an error of 10-15%. The present findings demonstrate that NIR is an excellent alternative method to classify wheat flour samples according to DON content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
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Payros D, Garofalo M, Pierron A, Soler-Vasco L, Al-Ayoubi C, Maruo VM, Alassane-Kpembi I, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Les mycotoxines en alimentation humaine : un défi pour la recherche. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Wang S, Wu K, Xue D, Zhang C, Rajput SA, Qi D. Mechanism of deoxynivalenol mediated gastrointestinal toxicity: Insights from mitochondrial dysfunction. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112214. [PMID: 33930483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin predominantly produced by Fusarium genus, and widely contaminates cereals and associated products all over the world. The intestinal toxicity of DON is well established. However, intestinal homeostasis involves mitochondria, which has rarely been considered in the context of DON exposure. We summarize the recent knowledge on mitochondria as a key player in maintaining intestinal homeostasis based on their functions in cellular energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, apoptosis, intestinal immune responses, and orchestrated bidirectional cross-talk with gut microbe. In addition, we discuss the pivotal roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestinal toxicity of DON and highlight promising mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics for DON-induced intestinal injury. Recent studies support that the intestinal toxicity of DON is attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction as a critical factor. Mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by failure in respiratory capacities and ROS overproduction has been demonstrated in intestinal cells exposed to DON. Perturbation of mitochondrial respiration leading to ROS accumulation is implicated in the early initiation of apoptosis. DON-induced intestinal inflammatory response is tightly linked to the mitochondrial ROS, whereas immunosuppression is intimately associated with mitophagy inhibition. DON perturbs the orchestrated bidirectional cross-talk between gut microbe and host mitochondria, which may be involved in DON-induced intestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Dongfang Xue
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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12
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Garai E, Risa A, Varga E, Cserháti M, Kriszt B, Urbányi B, Csenki Z. Evaluation of the Multimycotoxin-Degrading Efficiency of Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 Strain with the Three-Step Zebrafish Microinjection Method. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020724. [PMID: 33450918 PMCID: PMC7828439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multimycotoxin-degrading efficiency of the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was investigated with a previously developed three-step method. NI1 bacterial metabolites, single and combined mycotoxins and their NI1 degradation products, were injected into one cell stage zebrafish embryos in the same doses. Toxic and interaction effects were supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of toxin concentrations. Results showed that the NI1 strain was able to degrade mycotoxins and their mixtures in different proportions, where a higher ratio of mycotoxins were reduced in combination than single ones. The NI1 strain reduced the toxic effects of mycotoxins and mixtures, except for the AFB1+T-2 mixture. Degradation products of the AFB1+T-2 mixture by the NI1 strain were more toxic than the initial AFB1+T-2 mixture, while the analytical results showed very high degradation, which means that the NI1 strain degraded this mixture to toxic degradation products. The NI1 strain was able to detoxify the AFB1, ZEN, T-2 toxins and mixtures (except for AFB1+T-2 mixture) during the degradation experiments, which means that the NI1 strain degraded these to non-toxic degradation products. The results demonstrate that single exposures of mycotoxins were very toxic. The combined exposure of mycotoxins had synergistic effects, except for ZEN+T-2 and AFB1+ZEN +T-2, whose mixtures had very strong antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Garai
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Anita Risa
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Emese Varga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Mátyás Cserháti
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Has Different Impacts on Intestinal Barrier and Stem Cells by Its Route of Exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100610. [PMID: 32987679 PMCID: PMC7598581 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The different effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on intestinal barrier and stem cells by its route of exposure remain less known. We explored the toxic effects of DON on intestinal barrier functions and stem cells after DON microinjection (luminal exposure) or addition to a culture medium (basolateral exposure) using three-dimensional mouse intestinal organoids (enteroids). The influx test using fluorescein-labeled dextran showed that basolateral DON exposure (1 micromolar (µM) disrupted intestinal barrier functions in enteroids compared with luminal DON exposure at the same concentration. Moreover, an immunofluorescence experiment of intestinal epithelial proteins, such as E-cadherin, claudin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin, exhibited that only basolateral DON exposure broke down intestinal epithelial integrity. A time-lapse analysis using enteroids from leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) transgenic mice and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay indicated that only the basolateral DON exposure, but not luminal DON exposure, suppressed Lgr5+ stem cell count and proliferative cell ratio, respectively. These results revealed that basolateral DON exposure has larger impacts on intestinal barrier function and stem cells than luminal DON exposure. This is the first report that DON had different impacts on intestinal stem cells depending on the administration route. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis showed different expression of genes among enteroids after basolateral and luminal DON exposure.
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14
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Zha A, Cui Z, Qi M, Liao S, Yin J, Tan B, Liao P. Baicalin-Copper Complex Modulates Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Responses, and Hormone Secretion in DON-Challenged Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091535. [PMID: 32878107 PMCID: PMC7552336 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin contaminant in the agriculture industry worldwide. Copper is very efficacious in promoting growth performance and improving feed remuneration, and baicalin may alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in humans and animals. We speculated that the combined effect of baicalin and copper would have some effect in DON-challenged piglets. The present study examined the effects of a baicalin-copper complex on inflammatory responses, hormone secretion, and gut microbiota in DON challenged piglets. These findings provide new application prospects in piglets involving the combination of baicalin and copper. Abstract The present experiment assessed the inflammatory responses, hormone secretion, and gut microbiota of weanling piglets administered baicalin-copper complex (BCU) or deoxynivalenol (DON) supplementation diets. Twenty-eight piglets were randomly assigned to four groups: control diet (Con group), a 4 mg DON/kg diet (DON group), a 5 g BCU/kg diet (BCU group), a 5 g BCU + 4 mg DON/kg diet (DBCU group). After 14 days, the results showed that dietary BCU supplementation remarkably increased the relative abundance of Clostrium bornimense and decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the DBCU group (p < 0.05). BCU decreased the serum concentration of IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IgA in DON treated piglets (p < 0.05), and promoted the serum concentration of IL-1β, IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA, IL-6, IgM, and TNFα in normal piglets (p < 0.05). BCU increased the concentrations of serum IGF1, insulin, NPY, GLP-1, and GH, and decreased the concentrations of serum somatostatin in no DON treated piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary BCU supplementation significantly promoted the secretion of somatostatin, and inhibited the secretion of leptin in piglets challenged with DON (p < 0.05). BCU regulated the expression of food intake-related genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary of piglets. Collectively, dietary BCU supplementation alleviated inflammatory responses and regulated the secretion of appetite-regulating hormones and growth-axis hormones in DON challenged piglets, which was closely linked to changes of intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zha
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Zhijuan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Simeng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China;
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-8461-9703; Fax: +86-731-8461-2685
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15
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Mishra S, Divakar A, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Sharma D, Asthana S, Chaturvedi S, Wahajuddin M, Kumar S, Rath SK. N-acetyl-cysteine in combination with celecoxib inhibits Deoxynivalenol induced skin tumor initiation via induction of autophagic pathways in swiss mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:70-82. [PMID: 32561319 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin which naturally contaminates small grain, cereals intended for human and animal consumption. Investigations for dermal toxicity of DON has been needed and highlighted by WHO. Previous studies on dermal toxicity suggest that DON has DNA damaging potential leading to skin tumor initiation in mice skin. However, considering its toxicological manifestations arising after dermal exposure, strategies for its prevention/protection are barely available in literatute. Collectively, our study demonstrated that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), precursor of glutathione, significantly alters the genotoxic potential of DON. Further NAC in combination with Celecoxib (CXB) inhibits tumor growth by altering antioxidant status and increasing autophagy in DON initiated Swiss mice. Despite the broad spectrum use of CXB, its use is limited by the concerns about its adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Serum parameters and histology analysis revealed that CXB (2 mg) when applied topically for 24 weeks did not impart any cardiovascular toxicity which could be because skin permeation potential of CXB was quite low when analyzed through HPLC analysis. Although the anticancer effects of CXB and NAC have been studied, however, the combination of NAC and CXB has yet not been explored for any cancer treatment. Therefore our observations provide additional insights into the therapeutic effects of combinatorial treatment of CXB and NAC against skin tumor prevention. This approach might form a novel alternative strategy for skin cancer treatment as well as skin associated toxicities caused by mycotoxins such as DON. This combinatorial approach can overcome the limitations associated with the use of CXB for long term as topical application of the same seems to be safe in comparison to the oral mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Mishra
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Divakar
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divyansh Sharma
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somya Asthana
- Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Chaturvedi
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadan Kumar
- Immunotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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16
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Qualifying the T-2 Toxin-Degrading Properties of Seven Microbes with Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection Method. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070460. [PMID: 32708466 PMCID: PMC7405011 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency of seven bacterial strains were investigated with zebrafish microinjection method in three steps ((1) determination of mycotoxin toxicity baseline, (2) examination of bacterial metabolites toxicity, (3) identification of degradation products toxicity). Toxicity of T-2 was used as a baseline of toxic effects, bacterial metabolites of strains as control of bacterial toxicity and degradation products of toxin as control of biodegradation were injected into one-cell stage embryos in the same experiment. The results of in vivo tests were checked and supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of T-2 concentration of samples. Results showed that the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was the only one of the seven tested (R. gordoniae AK38, R. ruber N361, R. coprophilus N774, R. rhodochrous NI2, R. globerulus N58, Gordonia paraffinivorans NZS14), which was appropriated to criteria all aspects (bacterial and degradation metabolites of strains caused lower toxicity effects than T-2, and strains were able to degrade T-2 mycotoxin). Bacterial and degradation metabolites of the NI1 strain caused slight lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish embryos at 72- and 120-h postinjection. Results demonstrated that the three-step zebrafish microinjection method is well-suited to the determination and classification of different bacterial strains by their mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency.
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17
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Park SH, Moon Y. Enterocyte-Based Bioassay via Quantitative Combination of Proinflammatory Sentinels Specific to 8-keto-trichothecenes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1530. [PMID: 32765531 PMCID: PMC7378738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B 8-keto-trichothecenes are muco-active mycotoxins that exist as inevitable contaminants in cereal-based foodstuffs. Gut-associated inflammation is an early frontline response during human and animal exposure to these mycotoxins. Despite various tools for chemical identification, optimized biomonitoring of sentinel response-associated biomarkers is required to assess the specific proinflammatory actions of 8-keto-trichothecenes in the gut epithelial barrier. In the present study, intoxication with 8-keto-trichothecenes in human intestinal epithelial cells was found to trigger early response gene 1 product (EGR-1) that plays crucial roles in proinflammatory chemokine induction. In contrast, epithelial exposure to 8-keto-trichothecenes resulted in downregulated expression of nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 protein, a key transcription factor, during general inflammatory responses in the gut. Based on the early molecular patterns of expression, the inflammation-inducing activity of 8-keto-trichothecenes was quantified using intestinal epithelial cells with dual reporters for EGR-1 and p65 proteins. EGR-1-responsive elements were linked to luciferase reporter while p65 promoter was bound to secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter. In response to conventional inflammagens such as endotoxins and cytokines such as TNF-α, both luciferase and SEAP activity were elevated in a dose-dependent manner. However, as expected from the mechanistic evaluation, 8-keto-trichothecene-exposed dual reporters of luciferase and SEAP displayed contrasting expression patterns. Furthermore, 8-keto-trichothecene-elevated EGR-1-responsive luciferase activity was improved by deficiency of PSMA3, an α-type subunit of the 20S proteasome core complex for ubiquitin-dependent EGR-1 degradation. This molecular event-based dual biomonitoring in epithelial cells is a promising supplementary tool for detecting typical molecular inflammatory pathways in response to 8-keto-trichothecenes in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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18
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Ruan F, Chen JG, Chen L, Lin XT, Zhou Y, Zhu KJ, Guo YT, Tan AJ. Food Poisoning Caused by Deoxynivalenol at a School in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China, in 2019. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:429-433. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ruan
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jian Gang Chen
- Department of Physicochemical Laboratory, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin tian Lin
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ke jing Zhu
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Tong Guo
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ai Jun Tan
- Department of Emergency Response and Management, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
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19
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Sarron E, Pérot M, Barbezier N, Delayre-Orthez C, Gay-Quéheillard J, Anton PM. Early exposure to food contaminants reshapes maturation of the human brain-gut-microbiota axis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3145-3169. [PMID: 32684732 PMCID: PMC7336325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood growth and development is conditioned by the consecutive events belonging to perinatal programming. This critical window of life will be very sensitive to any event altering programming of the main body functions. Programming of gut function, which is starting right after conception, relates to a very well-established series of cellular and molecular events associating all types of cells present in this organ, including neurons, endocrine and immune cells. At birth, this machinery continues to settle with the establishment of extra connection between enteric and other systemic systems and is partially under the control of gut microbiota activity, itself being under the densification and the diversification of microorganisms’ population. As thus, any environmental factor interfering on this pre-established program may have a strong incidence on body functions. For all these reasons, pregnant women, fetuses and infants will be particularly susceptible to environmental factors and especially food contaminants. In this review, we will summarize the actual understanding of the consequences of repeated low-level exposure to major food contaminants on gut homeostasis settlement and on brain/gut axis communication considering the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota during the fetal and postnatal stages and the presumed consequences of these food toxicants on the individuals especially in relation with the risks of developing later in life non-communicable chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sarron
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Maxime Pérot
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Nicolas Barbezier
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Carine Delayre-Orthez
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard
- Périnatalité et risques Toxiques, UMR-I-01, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Pauline M Anton
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
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20
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Oliveira M, Vasconcelos V. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Fish Feed and Its Effects: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E160. [PMID: 32143380 PMCID: PMC7150860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based ingredients have been successfully replacing fishmeal in finished fish feeds. However, using crops in feeds results in an increased risk of contamination by fungi and mycotoxins and a higher incidence of mycotoxicosis in fish. This might decrease aquaculture's productivity as mycotoxicosis generally result in decreased body weight, growth impairment and higher rates of disease and mortality in fish. Additionally, some mycotoxins might accumulate in the fish musculature. As such, fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain, threatening food security and public health as mycotoxins are important genotoxins, carcinogens and immunosuppressors to humans. In this work we aim to provide a review on the most important mycotoxins found in crops and in finished fish feed, i.e., aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. We present their effects on the health of fish and humans and their regulations in the European Union. Although work has been performed in mycotoxin research ever since the 1960s, a lot of information is still lacking regarding its effects. However, it is noticed that in order to use crops in aquafeed production, efforts should be made in order to monitor its contamination by mycotoxinogenic fungi and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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21
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Hu Z, Sun Y, Chen J, Zhao Y, Qiao H, Chen R, Wen X, Deng Y, Wen J. Deoxynivalenol globally affects the selection of 3' splice sites in human cells by suppressing the splicing factors, U2AF1 and SF1. RNA Biol 2020; 17:584-595. [PMID: 31992135 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1719750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant mycotoxins and has adverse effects on several biological processes, posing risks of protein synthesis-disrupting effects and ribotoxic response. Therefore, chronic exposure to DON would fundamentally reshape the global expression pattern. Whether DON causes toxic effects on mRNA splicing, a fundamental biological process, remains unclear. In this study, we found that administration of the relative low dosage of DON dramatically changed the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in HepG2 cells. The overall number of transcripts with aberrant selection of 3' splice sites was significantly increased in DON-exposed HepG2 cells. This effect was further confirmed in two other human cell lines, HEK293 and Caco-2, suggesting that this DON-induced alteration in splicing patterns was universal in human cells. Among these DON-induced changes in alternative splicing, the expression levels of two related splicing factors, SF1 and U2AF1, which are essential for 3' splice site recognitions, were strongly suppressed. Overexpression of either of the two splicing factors strongly alleviated the DON-induced aberrant selection of 3' splice sites. Moreover, SF1 was required for human cell proliferation in DON exposure, and the restoration of SF1 expression partially reinstated the proliferation potential for DON-treated cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that DON, even at a low dosage, has great potential to change gene expression globally by affecting not only protein synthesis but also mRNA processing in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsheng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jiongjie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Han Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xianhui Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
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22
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Divakar A, Kumar Rath S. Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade: a survey. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1346-1374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1571479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Mishra
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Divakar
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Han X, Xu W, Li F, Xu J. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone, in Chinese feedstuffs collected in 2013 and 2014. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 357 feedstuff samples, including cottonseed meal plus soybean meal (CSM), wheat bran (WB) and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) collected from 14 provinces in China in 2013 and 2014 were analysed for the co-occurrence of mycotoxins, including 4 aflatoxins, 7 trichothecenes, and zearalenone (ZEA), by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most prevalent mycotoxin found in Chinese feedstuffs, followed by ZEA and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It was found that out of 357 samples, 27 (7.6%), 11 (3.1%) and 5 (1.4%) samples were positive for DON, ZEA and AFB1 at levels exceeding the Chinese regulatory limit of 1000 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg for DON, ZEA, and AFB1, respectively. DON, ZEA, and AFB1 levels ranged from 1,005.5 to 2,893.1 μg/kg, 510.8 to 4,845.9 μg/kg, and 53.9 to 72.9 μg/kg, respectively. These samples were more easily co-contaminated by other mycotoxins, such as DON, ZEA, AFB1, AFB2, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-ADON. CSM was more easily contaminated by aflatoxins than WB and DDGS, and WB was more easily contaminated by DON and ZEA. Besides, 339 samples (95.0%, 339/357) were contaminated by at least two mycotoxins, and 16 samples (4.5%, 16/357) were only contaminated by one mycotoxin, and 2 samples (0.6%, 2/357) were not contaminated by any mycotoxin studied. There were 30, 66, and 66 different mycotoxin combination types in CSM, WB, and DDGS, respectively, but DON+3-ADON+15- ADON+ZEA was the most frequent mycotoxin combination, with a frequency of 13.16% (5/38) in CSM, 17.29% (23/133) in WB, and 18.8% (35/186) in DDGS. These results indicate that mycotoxin co-occurrence is very common in Chinese feedstuffs, and it is very important to conduct multi-mycotoxin monitoring in Chinese feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Nanli 7#Panjiayuan, Chaoyang, Beijing 100021, China P.R
| | - W. Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Nanli 7#Panjiayuan, Chaoyang, Beijing 100021, China P.R
| | - F. Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Nanli 7#Panjiayuan, Chaoyang, Beijing 100021, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Nanli 7#Panjiayuan, Chaoyang, Beijing 100021, China P.R
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24
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Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye S. Aflatoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:709-721. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1548429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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25
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Gummadidala PM, Omebeyinje MH, Burch JA, Chakraborty P, Biswas PK, Banerjee K, Wang Q, Jesmin R, Mitra C, Moeller PD, Scott GI, Chanda A. Complementary feeding may pose a risk of simultaneous exposures to aflatoxin M1 and deoxynivalenol in Indian infants and toddlers: Lessons from a mini-survey of food samples obtained from Kolkata, India. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Siruguri V. Journey from food toxins to food safety: Transition over a century in service of nation. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:488-495. [PMID: 30666975 PMCID: PMC6366254 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1692_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of lathyrism in 1926, the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) at Hyderabad, India, has made tremendous contributions in the field of food toxins/food safety for the benefit of the people. The present article highlights the Institute's work on various food toxins/foodborne diseases since its inception and discusses the important contributions made in the context of public health protection that formed the basis for several national policies on their prevention and control. The investigations on food toxins, in the initial decades, were limited to the description of lathyrism and its endemicity. Subsequently, the horizon was broadened to include the problem of mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis, which had received global attention and variety of other disease outbreaks investigations leading to total food safety transition in the forthcoming decades. Important contributions in epidemiological investigations, reproduction of the disease in experimental animals, surveillance and monitoring studies, development of methods for detection of food toxins and contaminants, evolving strategies for prevention and control and developing the concept of risk assessment and risk management for addressing food safety issues in the country are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi Siruguri
- Food Toxicology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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27
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Del Favero G, Woelflingseder L, Braun D, Puntscher H, Kütt ML, Dellafiora L, Warth B, Pahlke G, Dall’Asta C, Adam G, Marko D. Response of intestinal HT-29 cells to the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its sulfated conjugates. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:424-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Del Favero G, Woelflingseder L, Janker L, Neuditschko B, Seriani S, Gallina P, Sbaizero O, Gerner C, Marko D. Deoxynivalenol induces structural alterations in epidermoid carcinoma cells A431 and impairs the response to biomechanical stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11351. [PMID: 30054545 PMCID: PMC6063857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology together with the capability to respond to surrounding stimuli are key elements governing the spatial interaction of living cells with the environment. In this respect, biomechanical stimulation can trigger significant physiological cascades that can potentially modulate toxicity. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. and it was used to explore the delicate interaction between biomechanical stimulation and cytotoxicity in A431 cells. In fact, in addition of being a food contaminant, DON is a relevant toxin for several organ systems. The combination between biomechanical stimulation and the mycotoxin revealed how DON can impair crucial functions affecting cellular morphology, tubulin and lysosomes at concentrations even below those known to be cytotoxic in routine toxicity studies. Sub-toxic concentrations of DON (0.1-1 μM) impaired the capability of A431 cells to respond to a biomechanical stimulation that normally sustains trophic effects in these cells. Moreover, the effects of DON (0.1-10 μM) were partially modulated by the application of uniaxial stretching (0.5 Hz, 24 h, 15% deformation). Ultimately, proteomic analysis revealed the potential of DON to alter several proteins necessary for cell adhesion and cytoskeletal modulation suggesting a molecular link between biomechanics and the cytotoxic potential of the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Seriani
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Robotik und Mechatronik Zentrum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Paolo Gallina
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Baines R, Manning L, Soon J. Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Baines
- School of Agriculture, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Manning
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Soon
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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30
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Du Z, Kim KH, Kim J, Moon Y. Fungal Deoxynivalenol-Induced Enterocyte Distress Is Attenuated by Adulterated Adlay: In Vitro Evidences for Mucoactive Counteraction. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29527203 PMCID: PMC5829524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adlay is a cereal crop that has long been used as traditional herbal medicine and as a highly nourishing food. However, deoxynivalenol (DON), the most prevalent trichothecene mycotoxin worldwide, frequently spoils grains, including adlay, via fungal infection. On the basis of an assumption that the actions of DON in the gut could be modified by adlay consumption, we simulated the impacts of co-exposure in enterocytes and investigated the effectiveness of treatment with adlay for reducing the risk of DON-induced inflammation and epithelia barrier injury. In particular, adlay suppressed DON-induced pro-inflammatory signals such as mitogen-activated kinase transduction and the epidermal growth factor receptor-linked pathway. In addition to regulation of pro-inflammatory responses, adlay treatment interfered with DON-induced disruption of the epithelial barrier. Mechanistically, adlay could boost the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and cytosolic translocation of human antigen R (HuR) protein, which played critical roles in the epithelial restitution, resulting in protection against disruption of enterocyte barrier integrity. Notably, DON abrogated the Ras homolog gene family member A GTPase-mediated actin cytoskeletal network, which was diminished by adlay treatment in PKC and HuR-dependent ways. Taken together, this study provides evidences for adlay-based attenuation of trichothecene-induced gut distress, implicating potential use of a new gut protector against enteropathogenic insults in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Du
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Ki Hyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea.,Program of Intelligent Food Health Sciences and Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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31
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Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Deoxynivalenol, gut microbiota and immunotoxicity: A potential approach? Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:342-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007-2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:43-58. [PMID: 28799776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Misihairabgwi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine , University of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia. P. Bag 13301, Windhoek , Namibia
| | - C N Ezekiel
- b Department of Microbiology , Babcock University, Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - M Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
| | - G S Shephard
- d Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology , Cape Peninsula University of Technology , PO Box 1906, Bellville , South Africa
| | - R Krska
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
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33
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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34
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Turner PC, Solfrizzo M, Gost A, Gambacorta L, Olsen M, Wallin S, Kotova N. Comparison of Data from a Single-Analyte and a Multianalyte Method for Determination of Urinary Total Deoxynivalenol in Human Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7115-7120. [PMID: 28318271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure is estimated by the combined measures of urinary DON and DON-glucuronides. In this study, data from single-mycotoxin (SM) and a multimycotoxin (MM) methods were compared for 256 Swedish adult urine samples. Both methods included β-glucuronidase predigestion, immunoaffinity enrichment, and LC-MS/MS. However, the specific reagents, apparatus, and conditions were not identical in part because the MM method measures additional mycotoxins. DON was detected in 88 and 63% of samples using the SM and MM methods, respectively, with the following mean and median concentrations: SM, mean = 5.0 ng/mL, SD = 7.4, range of positives = 0.5-60.2 ng/mL, median = 2.5 ng/mL, IQR = 1.0-5.5 ng/mL; MM, mean = 4.4 ng/mL, SD = 12.9, range of positives = 0.5-135.2 ng/mL, median = 0.8 ng/mL, IQR = 0.3-3.5. Linear regression showed a significant, albeit modest, correlation between the two measures (p = 0.0001, r = 0.591). The differences observed may reflect subtle handling differences in DON extraction and quantitation between the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) of the National Research Council (CNR) , Bari, Italy
| | - Allison Gost
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) of the National Research Council (CNR) , Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Olsen
- The National Food Agency , Box 622, SE 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Wallin
- The National Food Agency , Box 622, SE 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Kotova
- The National Food Agency , Box 622, SE 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are regulated in foods and feeds because of carcinogenic (aflatoxin), immunotoxic (deoxynivalenol), or environmental estrogenic (zearalenone) properties. In addition to having tumorigenic properties, many mycotoxins are antinutritional factors that cause unthrifty growth and immune suppression in young animals. In the developed world, human exposure, and particularly exposure of children, to dietary mycotoxins is virtually nonexistent because of regulatory standards. In developing countries, monitoring and enforcement of standards is rare, and mycotoxin-susceptible foods are often the primary staples in rather undiversified diets. In sub-Saharan Africa, people are exposed to unsafe levels of various mycotoxins, often in mixtures, and the consequences in terms of public health burden have been ignored. This paper presents information on the health effects that have been attributed to mycotoxin exposure from the medical research literature and data on existing mycotoxin levels in maize in West and Central Africa. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in its Maize Integrated Pest Management Project, has recognized mycotoxins as one of the most important constraints to the goal of improving human health and well-being through agriculture. An overview of various research and development activities at the Institute is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. F. Cardwell
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria
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36
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Moat J, Rizoulis A, Fox G, Upton M. Domestic shower hose biofilms contain fungal species capable of causing opportunistic infection. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:727-737. [PMID: 27740540 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic environment can be a source of pathogenic bacteria. We show here that domestic shower hoses may harbour potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Well-developed biofilms were physically removed from the internal surface of shower hoses collected in four locations in England and Scotland. Amplicon pyrosequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA targets revealed the presence of common aquatic and environmental bacteria, including members of the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. These bacteria are associated with infections in immunocompromised hosts and are widely reported in shower systems and as causes of water-acquired infection. More importantly, this study represents the first detailed analysis of fungal populations in shower systems and revealed the presence of sequences related to Exophiala mesophila, Fusarium fujikuroi and Malassezia restricta. These organisms can be associated with the environment and healthy skin, but also with infection in compromised and immuno-competent hosts and occurrence of dandruff. Domestic showering may result in exposure to aerosols of bacteria and fungi that are potentially pathogenic and toxigenic. It may be prudent to limit development of these biofilms by the use of disinfectants, or regular replacement of hoses, where immuno-compromised persons are present.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
- Biofilms/growth & development
- England
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Fungi/physiology
- Opportunistic Infections/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- Scotland
- Water Microbiology
- Water Supply
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moat
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Current address: AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Rumford Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Athanasios Rizoulis
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Graeme Fox
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail:
| | - Mathew Upton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH. Assessment of deoxynivalenol exposure among Bangladeshi and German adults by a biomarker-based approach. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Male D, Wu W, Mitchell NJ, Bursian S, Pestka JJ, Wu F. Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:178-85. [PMID: 27292944 PMCID: PMC4930881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins commonly co-contaminate cereal products. They cause immunosuppression, anorexia, and emesis in multiple species. Dietary exposure to such toxins often occurs in mixtures. Hence, if it were possible to determine their relative toxicities and assign toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) to each trichothecene, risk management and regulation of these mycotoxins could become more comprehensive and simple. We used a mink emesis model to compare the toxicities of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin. These toxins were administered to mink via gavage and intraperitoneal injection. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmark dose software was used to determine benchmark doses for each trichothecene. The relative potencies of each of these toxins were calculated as the ratios of their benchmark doses to that of DON. Our results showed that mink were more sensitive to orally administered toxins than to toxins administered by IP. T-2 and HT-2 toxins caused the greatest emetic responses, followed by FX, and then by DON, its acetylated derivatives, and NIV. Although these results provide key information on comparative toxicities, there is still a need for more animal based studies focusing on various endpoints and combined effects of trichothecenes before TEFs can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Male
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nicole J Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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39
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Murray MH, Hill J, Whyte P, St Clair CC. Urban Compost Attracts Coyotes, Contains Toxins, and may Promote Disease in Urban-Adapted Wildlife. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:285-292. [PMID: 27106524 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic food is often concentrated in cities where it can attract wildlife, promote conflict with people, and potentially spread disease. Although these associations are well-documented for conventional garbage, they are unexplored for many seemingly innocuous and even environmentally friendly attractants such as piles of compost. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that municipal piles of compost are underappreciated and potentially important contributors to a recent rise in encounters with urban-adapted wildlife by attracting wildlife and promoting the spread of wildlife disease. We used remote cameras to compare visitation rates to compost piles and urban natural areas by coyotes (Canis latrans). For each site type, we assessed photographs for evidence of ectoparasites, screened scats for endoparasites, and sampled compost for harmful mycotoxins. At compost piles, visitation rates were eight times more frequent, coyotes with visible parasitic infections were 4.5 times more common, scats were 10 times more likely to contain tapeworm eggs, and mycotoxins were detected in 86% of piles and often at concentrations higher than legal limits for animal feed. Greater securement of compost waste in cities may reduce encounters with animals, susceptibility to and spread of disease, and rates of human-wildlife conflict for coyotes and other urban-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Jesse Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Whyte
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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40
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Sabillón L, Bianchini A. From Field to Table: A Review on the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Wheat-Based Products. Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-06-15-0126-rw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sabillón
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Andréia Bianchini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
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41
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century. BIOLOGY OF MICROFUNGI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Lewczuk B, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Gajęcka M, Targońska K, Ziółkowska N, Prusik M, Gajęcki M. Histological structure of duodenum in gilts receiving low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:157-66. [PMID: 26679981 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), produced by microfungi of the Fusarium family, are among the most commonly occurring mycotoxins. They are considered important factors affecting human and animal health as well as livestock productivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low doses of these mycotoxins on the histological structure of the pig duodenum. The study was performed on 72 gilts, with initial weights of approximately 25kg, divided into 4 equal groups. Group I received per os ZEN (40μg/kg BW), group II-DON (12μg/kg BW), group III-ZEN (40μg/kg BW) and DON (12μg/kg BW), and group IV-vehicle. The pigs were killed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of the treatment, and the duodenum samples were prepared for histological investigations. The slides were digitalized and subjected to morphometrical analysis. The treatment with DON and ZEN did not change the architecture of the mucosa or the ratio between goblet and adsorptive cells in the epithelium. The administration of DON induced an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the mucosal epithelium. Both mycotoxins, administered alone or together, increased the quantity of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages with black-brown granules in the lamina propria. The time-courses of changes in the number of defense system cells evoked by DON and ZEN were different. In conclusion, dietary exposure to low doses of Fusarium mycotoxins should be considered an important risk factor for subclinical inflammation in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Lewczuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Przybylska-Gornowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Targońska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziółkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Prusik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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Saint-Cyr MJ, Perrin-Guyomard A, Manceau J, Houée P, Delmas JM, Rolland JG, Laurentie M. Risk Assessment of Deoxynivalenol by Revisiting Its Bioavailability in Pig and Rat Models to Establish Which Is More Suitable. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5167-81. [PMID: 26633505 PMCID: PMC4690123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its toxic properties, high stability, and prevalence, the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the food chain is a major threat to food safety and therefore a health risk for both humans and animals. In this study, experiments were carried out with sows and female rats to examine the kinetics of DON after intravenous and oral administration at 100 µg/kg of body weight. After intravenous administration of DON in pigs, a two-compartment model with rapid initial distribution (0.030 ± 0.019 h) followed by a slower terminal elimination phase (1.53 ± 0.54 h) was fitted to the concentration profile of DON in pig plasma. In rats, a short elimination half-life (0.46 h) and a clearance of 2.59 L/h/kg were estimated by sparse sampling non-compartmental analysis. Following oral exposure, DON was rapidly absorbed and reached maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 42.07 ± 8.48 and 10.44 ± 5.87 µg/L plasma after (tmax) 1.44 ± 0.52 and 0.17 h in pigs and rats, respectively. The mean bioavailability of DON was 70.5% ± 25.6% for pigs and 47.3% for rats. In the framework of DON risk assessment, these two animal models could be useful in an exposure scenario in two different ways because of their different bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimmy Saint-Cyr
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jacqueline Manceau
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Paméla Houée
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Delmas
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Analysis of Residues and Contaminants Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Guy Rolland
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
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Gong Y, Shirima C, Srey C, Kimanya M, Routledge M. Deoxynivalenol and fumonisin exposure in children and adults in a family study in rural Tanzania. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between child and parent exposure and excretion of deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), were compared in rural Tanzania. Morning urine samples from matched child-mother-father in 50 families of the Iringa district were collected and analysed for urinary DON and FB1 using LC-MS methods. Maize intake was obtained using a seven-day food frequency questionnaire and a duplicate diet method. The urinary DON geometric means were 15.4, 45.0 and 42.0 ng/ml in children, mothers and fathers, respectively, and the urinary FB1 were 0.62, 1.25 and 1.38 ng/ml, respectively. Children had significantly lower levels of urinary DON and FB1 than their parents (P<0.001 and P=0.009, respectively) but the difference became non-significant when corrected for creatinine concentration. Both DON and FB1 were detected in urine samples from all adults and >96% of the children, respectively and were positively correlated between the child and the mother (P=0.007 and 0.02, respectively). DON or FB1 biomarkers were not correlated with maize intake. Children who were fully weaned had 3-fold higher urinary DON than those on partial breastfeeding (P=0.002). In adults, maize brew (a local produced beer) showed a strong positive correlation with both urinary DON and FB1 levels (P<0.001). The ratio of daily urinary excretion of DON between children and adult, based on assumed urine volume, was 1:2.26, but the excretion of FB1 was similar between children and adults. The study showed that DON and FB1 exposure are prevalent in rural Tanzania. Further study is required to determine the mechanism for the lower excretion of DON in children compared to adults. There is a good correlation between child and mother’s exposure levels to DON and FB1. Increased exposure risk through maize brew in adults is highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.Y. Gong
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
- LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - C.P. Shirima
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - C. Srey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
- LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - M.E. Kimanya
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - M.N. Routledge
- LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Wallin S, Gambacorta L, Kotova N, Warensjö Lemming E, Nälsén C, Solfrizzo M, Olsen M. Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Raiola A, Tenore GC, Manyes L, Meca G, Ritieni A. Risk analysis of main mycotoxins occurring in food for children: An overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:169-80. [PMID: 26327433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi contaminating the food chain that are toxic to animals and humans. Children up to 12 years old are recognized as a potentially vulnerable subgroup with respect to consumption of these contaminants. Apart from having a higher exposure per kg body weight, they have a different physiology from that of adults. Therefore they may be more sensitive to neurotoxic, endocrine and immunological effects. For these reasons, a specific and up-to-date risk analysis for this category is of great interest. In this review, an accurate analysis of the main mycotoxins occurring in food intended for children (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and fumonisins) is presented. In particular, known mechanisms of toxicity and levels of exposure and bioaccessibility in children are shown. In addition, recent discoveries about the strategies of mycotoxins managing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Universitá 100, 80055, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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48
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Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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50
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Multimycotoxin analysis of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Garten) from Ethiopia. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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