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Mantsch JR. Corticotropin releasing factor and drug seeking in substance use disorders: Preclinical evidence and translational limitations. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 4:100038. [PMID: 36531188 PMCID: PMC9757758 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been an enigmatic target for the development of medications aimed at treating stress-related disorders. Despite a large body of evidence from preclinical studies in rodents demonstrating that CRF receptor antagonists prevent stressor-induced drug seeking, medications targeting the CRF-R1 have failed in clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the abundant findings from preclinical rodent studies suggesting that CRF signaling is involved in stressor-induced relapse. The scientific literature that has defined the receptors, mechanisms and neurocircuits through which CRF contributes to stressor-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following self-administration and conditioned place preference in rodents is reviewed. Evidence that CRF signaling is recruited with repeated drug use in a manner that heightens susceptibility to stressor-induced drug seeking in rodents is presented. Factors that may determine the influence of CRF signaling in substance use disorders, including developmental windows, biological sex, and genetics are examined. Finally, we discuss the translational failure of medications targeting CRF signaling as interventions for substance use disorders and other stress-related conditions. We conclude that new perspectives and research directions are needed to unravel the mysterious role of CRF in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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Chen Y, Li X, Meng S, Huang S, Chang S, Shi J. Identification of Functional CircRNA–miRNA–mRNA Regulatory Network in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Neurons of Patients With Cocaine Use Disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:839233. [PMID: 35493321 PMCID: PMC9048414 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.839233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory network to regulate the expression of target genes by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs), and therefore play an essential role in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including cocaine use disorder. However, the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs as ceRNAs in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of patients with cocaine use disorder remain to be determined. In this study, an expression profiling for dlPFC in 19 patients with cocaine use disorder and 17 controls from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets was used for the differentially expressed circRNAs analysis and the differentially expressed mRNAs analysis. Several tools were used to predict the miRNAs targeted by the circRNAs and the miRNAs targeted mRNAs, which then overlapped with the cocaine-associated differentially expressed mRNAs to determine the functional roles of circRNAs. Functional analysis for the obtained mRNAs was performed via Gene Ontology (GO) in Metascape database. Integrated bioinformatics analysis was conducted to further characterize the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network and identify the functions of distinct circRNAs. We found a total of 41 differentially expressed circRNAs, and 98 miRNAs were targeted by these circRNAs. The overlapped mRNAs targeted by the miRNAs and the differentially expressed mRNAs constructed a circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulation network including 24 circRNAs, 43 miRNAs, and 82 mRNAs in the dlPFC of patients with cocaine use disorder. Functional analysis indicated the regulation network mainly participated in cell response-related, receptor signaling-related, protein modification-related and axonogenesis-related pathways, which might be involved with cocaine use disorder. Additionally, we determined four hub genes (HSP90AA1, HSPA1B, YWHAG, and RAB8A) from the protein–protein interaction network and constructed a circRNA–miRNA-hub gene subnetwork based on the four hub genes. In conclusion, our findings provide a deeper understanding of the circRNAs-related ceRNAs regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology of Dapping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Suhua Chang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Suhua Chang,
| | - Jie Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Shi,
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Parisi A, Landicho HL, Hudak J, Leknes S, Froeliger B, Garland EL. Emotional distress and pain catastrophizing predict cue-elicited opioid craving among chronic pain patients on long-term opioid therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109361. [PMID: 35278786 PMCID: PMC9466292 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who use illicit substances exhibit cue-elicited craving and autonomic cue-reactivity when exposed to cues associated with past drug use. However, little is known about this phenomenon among chronic pain patients on long-term opioid therapy (LTOT). Negative cognitive-emotional reactivity in general (e.g., distress) and cognitive-emotional reactivity specific to pain (e.g., pain catastrophizing) might drive cue-reactivity independent of pain severity. Here we examined emotional distress and pain catastrophizing as predictors of cue-reactivity among a sample of chronic pain patients receiving LTOT. We also tested whether associations between distress, catastrophizing, and cue-reactivity differed as a function of opioid misuse status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients receiving LTOT (N = 243) were classified as exhibiting aberrant behavior consistent with opioid misuse (MISUSE+, n = 145) or as using opioids as prescribed (MISUSE-, n = 97). Participants completed assessments of pain catastrophizing and emotional distress and then participated in an opioid cue-reactivity task one week later. Cue-elicited opioid craving and autonomic cue-reactivity were measured with craving ratings and high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV), respectively. RESULTS Distress and catastrophizing predicted cue-elicited craving and HRV, whereas pain severity did not. Misuser status moderated the relationship between emotional distress and self-reported craving, such that higher levels of distress predicted craving among the MISUSE+ group, but not among the MISUSE- group. No moderating effects were found for catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that although opioids are prescribed for analgesia, the exacerbating influence of negative cognitive-emotional reactivity, both in general and specific to pain, on cue-elicited opioid craving extends beyond the effects of pain severity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parisi
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, USA; College of Social Work, University of Utah, USA
| | - Hannah Louise Landicho
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, USA; College of Social Work, University of Utah, USA
| | - Justin Hudak
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, USA; College of Social Work, University of Utah, USA
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
| | - Eric L. Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, USA; College of Social Work, University of Utah, USA
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Nicolas C, Hofford RS, Dugast E, Lardeux V, Belujon P, Solinas M, Bardo MT, Thiriet N. Prevention of relapse to methamphetamine self-administration by environmental enrichment: involvement of glucocorticoid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1009-1018. [PMID: 33768375 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In rodents, environmental enrichment (EE) produces both preventive and curative effects on drug addiction, and this effect is believed to depend at least in part on EE's actions on the stress system. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether exposure to EE during abstinence reduces methamphetamine seeking after extended self-administration. In addition, we investigated whether these effects are associated with alterations in the levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the brain and whether administration of GR antagonists blocks methamphetamine relapse. METHODS We allowed rats to self-administer methamphetamine for twenty 14-h sessions. After 3 weeks of abstinence either in standard (SE) or EE conditions, we measured methamphetamine seeking in a single 3-h session. Then, we used western blot techniques to measure GR levels in several brain areas. Finally, in an independent group of rats, after methamphetamine self-administration and abstinence in SE, we administered the GR antagonist mifepristone, and we investigated methamphetamine seeking. RESULTS Exposure to EE reduced methamphetamine seeking and reversed methamphetamine-induced increases in GR levels in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus. In addition, EE decreased GR levels in the amygdala in drug-naive animals, but this effect was prevented by previous exposure to methamphetamine. Administration of mifepristone significantly decreased methamphetamine seeking. CONCLUSIONS The anti-craving effects of EE are paralleled by restoration of methamphetamine-induced dysregulation of GR in the hippocampus. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the effect of EE on methamphetamine relapse is at least in part mediated by EE's action on the brain stress system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Nicolas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Rebecca S Hofford
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Emilie Dugast
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Virginie Lardeux
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pauline Belujon
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
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Robinson JD, Cui Y, Karam-Hage M, Kypriotakis G, Versace F, Ait-Daoud Tiouririne N, Anthenelli RM, Cinciripini PM. Topiramate decreases the salience of motivationally relevant visual cues among smokers with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:384-395. [PMID: 35037278 PMCID: PMC8920769 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is preliminary evidence that the anticonvulsant topiramate increases the likelihood of both smoking and alcohol abstinence among smokers with alcohol use disorder (AUD), but its therapeutic mechanism has not been determined. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to evaluate topiramate's effect on the salience of drug-related, emotional, and neutral pictorial cues to identify whether one of its potential therapeutic mechanisms involves reduction of the salience of motivationally relevant cues. METHODS Participants enrolled in a multisite clinical trial treating smokers with AUD were randomly assigned to receive placebo, low-dose topiramate (up to 125 mg/day), or high-dose topiramate (up to 250 mg/day), along with brief behavioral compliance enhancement treatment. A subsample (n = 101) completed ERP assessments at baseline (1 week pre-medication) and week 5 (5 weeks on medication; 1 week pre-quit). We assessed the salience of pleasant, unpleasant, cigarette-related, alcohol-related, and neutral pictorial cues using the late positive potential (LPP) ERP component and measured self-reported substance use, reinforcement, craving, and withdrawal. RESULTS Five weeks of high-dose topiramate treatment decreased LPP amplitudes in response to both emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and drug-related cues (alcohol and cigarette), but not to neutral cues. However, results showed that the LPPs were not significant mediators of the relationship between topiramate dose and post-quit measures of substance use, reinforcement, craving, or withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that high-dose topiramate (up to 250 mg/day) decreases the motivational salience of both drug-related and emotional cues among smokers with AUD. However, the nonsignificant mediation analyses preclude any firm conclusions about whether this effect represents one of topiramate's therapeutic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maher Karam-Hage
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud Tiouririne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert M. Anthenelli
- Pacific Treatment and Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Wang K, Zeng R. Photoinduced Fe-Catalyzed Bromination and Iodination of Unstrained Cyclic Alcohols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00709f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a photoinduced iron catalysis for the efficient C─C bond cleavage and bromination or iodination of unstrained tertiary cycloalkanols with NBS/NIS. The reaction features good functional group tolerance and...
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Efficacy of a Voluntary Self-exclusion Reinstatement Tutorial for Problem Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:1245-1262. [PMID: 33486640 PMCID: PMC7825392 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-09998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary self-exclusion programs allow gamblers to voluntarily be denied access to gambling venues for an agreed upon period. Many people who self-exclude decide to return to gambling venues after the exclusion period has ended, however people who reinstate may be at risk for the recurrence of gambling problems. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of a tutorial created with the intent of reducing the risk of harm to those who reinstate. People who wished to be reinstated were asked to complete a survey on gambling related issues and then watch the tutorial video. An online video-based tutorial designed to reduce gambling related harm and to provide information about treatment services was developed. The control group (N = 131) consisted of people who reinstated in the year prior to the implementation of the online tutorial. The experimental intervention group (N = 104) were those who reinstated after the implementation of the online tutorial. There was a significant decrease in gambling and problem gambling comparing pre-exclusion to during exclusion in both the experimental and control group. Furthermore, this drop in gambling problem was sustained for 6-months and 12-months after reinstatement. However, no main effect or interaction was found that supported the efficacy of the tutorial. Self-exclusion by itself was associated with a sustained reduction in problem gambling. There was no significant evidence that the educational tutorial had any additional impact on the reinstatement process.
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Zhang S, Zhornitsky S, Wang W, Dhingra I, Le TM, Li CSR. Cue-elicited functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray and tonic cocaine craving. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108240. [PMID: 32853997 PMCID: PMC7606798 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withdrawal from chronic cocaine use leads to anxiety and dysphoria that may perpetuate habitual drug use. The pain circuit is widely implicated in the processing and manifestations of negative emotions. Numerous studies have focused on characterizing reward circuit dysfunction but relatively little is known about the pain circuit response during cocaine withdrawal. METHODS Here we examined the activity and connectivity of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a hub of the pain circuit, during cocaine cue exposure in 52 recently abstinent cocaine dependent participants (CD, 42 men). Imaging data were processed with published routines, and the results were evaluated at a corrected threshold. RESULTS CD showed higher activation of the PAG and connectivity of the PAG with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during cocaine as compared to neutral cue exposure. PAG-vmPFC connectivity was positively and negatively correlated with tonic cocaine craving, as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire, in male and female CD, respectively, and the sex difference was confirmed by a slope test. Granger causality analyses showed that the PAG Granger caused vmPFC time series in men and the reverse was true in women, substantiating sex differences in the directional interactions of the PAG and vmPFC. CONCLUSION The findings provide the first evidence in humans implicating the PAG circuit in cocaine withdrawal and cocaine craving and advance our understanding of the role of the pain circuit and negative reinforcement in sustaining habitual drug use in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thang M. Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chiang-shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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Park J, Sung JY, Kim DK, Kong ID, Hughes TL, Kim N. Genetic association of human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1) with Internet gaming addiction in Korean male adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:396. [PMID: 30572854 PMCID: PMC6302290 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of people with Internet gaming addiction (IGA) is increasing around the world. IGA is known to be associated with personal characteristics, psychosocial factors, and physiological factors. However, few studies have examined the genetic factors related to IGA. This study aimed to investigate the association between IGA and stress-related genetic variants. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 230 male high school students in a South Korean city. We selected five stress-related candidate genes: DAT1, DRD4, NET8, CHRNA4, and CRHR1. The DAT1 and DRD4 genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction, and the NET8, CHRNA4, and CRHR1 genes were genotyped by pyrosequencing analysis. We performed a Chi-square test to examine the relationship of these five candidate genes to IGA. RESULTS Having the AA genotype and the A allele of the CRHR1 gene (rs28364027) was associated with higher odds of belonging to the IGA participant group (p = .016 and p = .021, respectively) than to the non-IGA group. By contrast, the DAT1, DRD4, NET8, and CHRNA4 gene polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the IGA group and control group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that polymorphism of the CRHR1 gene may play an important role in IGA susceptibility in the Korean adolescent male population. These findings provide a justification and foundation for further investigation of genetic factors related to IGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Park
- College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Sung
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Nahyun Kim
- College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Guterstam J, Jayaram-Lindström N, Berrebi J, Petrovic P, Ingvar M, Fransson P, Franck J. Cue reactivity and opioid blockade in amphetamine dependence: A randomized, controlled fMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:91-97. [PMID: 30096639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid antagonist, naltrexone, has been shown to reduce the risk of relapse in amphetamine dependence, but the mechanisms behind this effect are not well understood. We aimed to investigate if naltrexone attenuates cue reactivity and craving in amphetamine dependence. METHODS Forty men with severe, intravenous amphetamine dependence were randomized to one dose of naltrexone (50 mg) or placebo. In a BOLD fMRI cue reactivity paradigm, they were exposed to drug-related and neutral films and gave subjective ratings of craving after each film. Twenty-nine patients left data of sufficient quality to be included in the final analysis. RESULTS The drug-related films elicited strong subjective craving and BOLD activations of the striatum, cingulate cortex, and occipito-temporal visual attention networks. Longer history of amphetamine use was associated with greater activations of the prefrontal cortex. Naltrexone as compared to placebo had no significant effects on brain activations or subjective ratings. CONCLUSION Patients with severe stimulant use disorder exhibit strong neural cue reactivity, the patterns of which are modulated by duration of drug use. In this sample, we found no evidence for any effects of naltrexone on cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joar Guterstam
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Berrebi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Franck
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Wang R, Berger AL, McLaughlin RJ, Fuchs RA. Role of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanisms in cocaine memory enhancement. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:349-358. [PMID: 28549664 PMCID: PMC5526334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a critical site for the reconsolidation of labile contextual cocaine memories following retrieval-induced reactivation/destabilization. Here, we examined whether glucocorticoid receptors (GR), which are abundant in the BLA, mediate this phenomenon. Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context, followed by extinction training in a different context. Rats were then briefly exposed to the cocaine-paired context (to elicit memory reactivation and reconsolidation) or their home cages (no reactivation control). Exposure to the cocaine-paired context elicited greater serum corticosterone concentrations than home cage stay. Interestingly, the GR antagonist, mifepristone (3-10 ng/hemisphere), administered into the BLA after memory reactivation produced a further, dose-dependent increase in serum corticosterone concentrations during the putative time of cocaine-memory reconsolidation but produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve on subsequent cocaine-seeking behavior 72 h later. This effect was anatomically selective, dependent on memory reactivation (i.e., not observed after home cage exposure), and did not reflect protracted hyperactivity. However, the effect was also observed when mifepristone was administered after novelty stress that mimics drug context-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation without explicit memory reactivation. Together, these findings suggest that, similar to explicit memory retrieval, a stressful event is sufficient to destabilize cocaine memories and permit their manipulation. Furthermore, BLA GR stimulation exerts inhibitory feedback upon HPA axis activation and thus suppresses cocaine-memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stringfield
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Higginbotham
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Wang
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A L Berger
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R J McLaughlin
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R A Fuchs
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA.
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de Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Evers EA, Stiers P, Toennes SW, Witteman J, van Dalen W, Ramaekers JG. Brain reactivity to alcohol and cannabis marketing during sobriety and intoxication. Addict Biol 2017; 22:823-832. [PMID: 26769333 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non-drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single-category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non-drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eef L. Theunissen
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kim P. C. Kuypers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. Evers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stiers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stefan W. Toennes
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt; Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Wim van Dalen
- Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy (STAP); Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Wehring HJ, Heishman SJ, McMahon RP, Liu F, Feldman S, Raley H, Weiner E, Kelly DL. Antipsychotic Treatment and Tobacco Craving in People With Schizophrenia. J Dual Diagn 2017; 13:36-42. [PMID: 28166471 PMCID: PMC5379991 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2017.1288946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotine dependence is high in schizophrenia, and craving is known to impact relapse during quit attempts. METHODS We compared tobacco craving in smokers with schizophrenia treated with different antipsychotics. RESULTS Mean craving scores were lowest in participants receiving first-generation antipsychotics, although these differences were not statistically significant. Craving with clozapine was not lower than with other antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to determine whether differences in craving exist between antipsychotic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Wehring
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- b National Institute of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Robert P McMahon
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Fang Liu
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Stephanie Feldman
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Heather Raley
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Elaine Weiner
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Fuchs RA. Requisite Role of Basolateral Amygdala Glucocorticoid Receptor Stimulation in Drug Context-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw073. [PMID: 27521756 PMCID: PMC5203759 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cocaine-associated stimuli triggers a robust rise in circulating glucocorticoid levels. Glucocorticoid receptors are richly expressed in the basolateral amygdala, a brain region that controls the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior upon exposure to a previously cocaine-paired environmental context. In the present study, we investigated whether glucocorticoid receptor stimulation in the basolateral amygdala is integral to drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine in a rat model of drug relapse. METHODS Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context and were then given daily extinction training sessions in a different context. At test, the rats received bilateral glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 3 or 10ng/hemisphere) or vehicle microinfusions into either the basolateral amygdala or the overlying posterior caudate-putamen (anatomical control region). Immediately thereafter, drug-seeking behavior (i.e., nonreinforced lever presses) was assessed in the previously cocaine-paired context and locomotor activity was assessed in a novel context. RESULTS Intra-basolateral amygdala, but not intra-posterior caudate-putamen, mifepristone dose-dependently attenuated drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle, such that responding was similar to that observed in the extinction context. In contrast, mifepristone treatment did not alter locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptor stimulation is necessary for drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Stringfield
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Jessica A Higginbotham
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Rita A Fuchs
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield).
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Magnitude and duration of cue-induced craving for marijuana in volunteers with cannabis use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:143-9. [PMID: 27436749 PMCID: PMC5113710 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluate magnitude and duration of subjective and physiologic responses to neutral and marijuana (MJ)-related cues in cannabis dependent volunteers. METHODS 33 volunteers (17 male) who met DSM-IV criteria for Cannabis Abuse or Dependence were exposed to neutral (first) then MJ-related visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile cues. Mood, drug craving and physiology were assessed at baseline, post-neutral, post-MJ and 15-min post MJ cue exposure to determine magnitude of cue- responses. For a subset of participants (n=15; 9 male), measures of craving and physiology were collected also at 30-, 90-, and 150-min post-MJ cue to examine duration of cue-effects. RESULTS In cue-response magnitude analyses, visual analog scale (VAS) items craving for, urge to use, and desire to smoke MJ, Total and Compulsivity subscale scores of the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire, anxiety ratings, and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were significantly elevated following MJ vs. neutral cue exposure. In cue-response duration analyses, desire and urge to use MJ remained significantly elevated at 30-, 90- and 150-min post MJ-cue exposure, relative to baseline and neutral cues. CONCLUSIONS Presentation of polysensory MJ cues increased MJ craving, anxiety and diastolic BP relative to baseline and neutral cues. MJ craving remained elevated up to 150-min after MJ cue presentation. This finding confirms that carry-over effects from drug cue presentation must be considered in cue reactivity studies.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine dependence is a public health problem characterised by recidivism and a host of medical and psychosocial complications. Cocaine dependence remains a disorder for which no pharmacological treatment of proven efficacy exists. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and the acceptability of antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. SEARCH METHODS This review is an update of a previous Cochrane review published in 2007. We searched up to 15 July 2015 in Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialised Register (searched in CRSLive); the Cochrane Library (including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL and Web of Science. All searches included non-English language literature. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials with focus on the use of any antipsychotic medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included 14 studies (719 participants). The antipsychotic drugs studied were risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, lamotrigine, aripiprazol, haloperidol and reserpine. Comparing any antipsychotic drugs versus placebo, we found that antipsychotics reduced dropout: eight studies, 397 participants, risk ratio (RR) 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.97), moderate quality of evidence. We found no significant differences for any of the other primary outcomes considered: number of participants using cocaine during the treatment, two studies, 91 participants: RR 1.02 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.62); continuous abstinence, three studies, 139 participants: RR 1.30 (95% CI 0.73 to 2.32); side effects, six studies, 291 participants: RR 1.01 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.10); and craving, four studies, 240 participants: RR 0.13 (-1.08 to 1.35). For all of these comparisons we rated the quality of evidence as low.Comparisons of single drug versus placebo or versus another drug are conducted in few trials with small sample sizes, limiting the reliability of the results. Among these comparisons, only quetiapine seemed to outperform placebo in reducing cocaine use, measured by grams per week: mean difference (MD) -0.54 (95% CI -0.92 to -0.16), by US dollars spent per week: MD -53.80 (95% CI -97.85 to -9.75), and by craving: MD -1.23 (95% CI -2.19 to -0.27), but results came from one study with 60 participants.The major limitations of the studies were the high risk of attrition bias (40% of the included studies) and low quality of reporting, mainly for the risk of selection bias, performance and detection bias, that we rated as being at unclear risk for 75% to 80% of the studies. Furthermore, most of the included studies did not report results on important outcomes such as side effects, or use of cocaine during treatment and craving, which prevented the possibility of including them in statistical synthesis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS At present, there is no evidence supporting the clinical use of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of cocaine dependence, although results come from only 14 trials, with small sample sizes and moderate to low quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca I Indave
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)LisboaPortugal
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- Lazio Regional Health ServiceDepartment of EpidemiologyVia Cristoforo Colombo, 112RomeItaly00154
| | - Pier Paolo Pani
- Health District 8 (ASL 8) CagliariSocial‐Health DivisionVia Romagna 17CagliariSardiniaItaly09128
| | - Laura Amato
- Lazio Regional Health ServiceDepartment of EpidemiologyVia Cristoforo Colombo, 112RomeItaly00154
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Robinson MJF, Fischer AM, Ahuja A, Lesser EN, Maniates H. Roles of "Wanting" and "Liking" in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 27:105-136. [PMID: 26407959 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The motivation to seek out and consume rewards has evolutionarily been driven by the urge to fulfill physiological needs. However in a modern society dominated more by plenty than scarcity, we tend to think of motivation as fueled by the search for pleasure. Here, we argue that two separate but interconnected subcortical and unconscious processes direct motivation: "wanting" and "liking." These two psychological and neuronal processes and their related brain structures typically work together, but can become dissociated, particularly in cases of addiction. In drug addiction, for example, repeated consumption of addictive drugs sensitizes the mesolimbic dopamine system, the primary component of the "wanting" system, resulting in excessive "wanting" for drugs and their cues. This sensitizing process is long-lasting and occurs independently of the "liking" system, which typically remains unchanged or may develop a blunted pleasure response to the drug. The result is excessive drug-taking despite minimal pleasure and intense cue-triggered craving that may promote relapse long after detoxification. Here, we describe the roles of "liking" and "wanting" in general motivation and review recent evidence for a dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" in drug addiction, known as the incentive sensitization theory (Robinson and Berridge 1993). We also make the case that sensitization of the "wanting" system and the resulting dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" occurs in both gambling disorder and food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J F Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.
| | - A M Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - A Ahuja
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - E N Lesser
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - H Maniates
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Judd Hall, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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Cunningham JJ, Orr E, Lothian BC, Morgen J, Brebner K. Effects of fendiline on cocaine-seeking behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4401-10. [PMID: 26345344 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCC) and GABAB receptors are both possible targets in the development of new pharmacological compounds for cocaine addiction. Drugs that target either receptor attenuate a wide range of cocaine-seeking behaviors in the rat. However, there is no current human-approved pharmacotherapeutic intervention for psychostimulant addiction. OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of a human-approved LTCC blocker, fendiline, on cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. The effects of combining fendiline with the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen on cocaine self-administration were also tested. METHODS Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, and the effects of fendiline pretreatment (vehicle, 1.78, 3.16, 5.62 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)) were tested on progressive ratio responding and cue- and drug-induced reinstatement. The effects of baclofen (vehicle, 0.56, 1.78, 3.16, 5.62 mg/kg, IP) combined with fendiline (5.62 mg/kg, IP) were tested on progressive ratio responding. Control experiments measured locomotor activity and lever pressing for food in rats that received both baclofen and fendiline prior to the test session. RESULTS Acute injections of fendiline prior to cue- or drug-induced reinstatement significantly attenuated lever-pressing behavior (p < 0.05). Fendiline and baclofen, but not fendiline alone, not only significantly attenuated breakpoints, but also impaired general motor behavior and naturalistic reinforcement (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the LTCC blocker fendiline may represent a novel pharmacotherapeutic intervention to prevent reinstatement to cocaine seeking. Also, co-administration of fendiline and baclofen not only can attenuate the motivation to take cocaine, but also impairs general motor behavior and naturalistic reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A1, Canada.
| | - Erin Orr
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Blvd., Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Barbara C Lothian
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Blvd., Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Morgen
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Blvd., Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Karen Brebner
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Blvd., Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
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Lundahl LH, Greenwald MK. Effect of oral THC pretreatment on marijuana cue-induced responses in cannabis dependent volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:187-93. [PMID: 25725933 PMCID: PMC10369174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study tested whether oral Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC: 0-, 10-, and 20-mg) pretreatment would attenuate polysensory cue-induced craving for marijuana. METHODS Cannabis dependent participants (7 males and 7 females, who smoked on average 5.4 ± 1.1 blunts daily) completed 3 experimental sessions (oral THC pretreatment dose; counterbalanced order) using a placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design. During each session, participants completed a baseline evaluation and were first exposed to neutral cues then marijuana cues while physiological measures and subjective ratings of mood, craving, and drug effect were recorded. RESULTS Following placebo oral THC pretreatment, marijuana (vs. neutral) cues significantly increased ratings of marijuana craving (desire and urge to use, Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ)-Compulsivity scale), anxious mood and feeling hungry. Males also reported feeling more "Down" during marijuana cues relative to females. Pretreatment with oral THC (10-mg and/or 20-mg vs. placebo) significantly attenuated marijuana cue-induced increases in craving and anxiety but not hunger. Oral THC attenuation of the cue-induced increase in MCQ-Compulsivity ratings was observed in females only. Oral THC produced statistically (but not clinically) significant increases in heart rate and decreases in diastolic blood pressure, independent of cues. CONCLUSIONS These marijuana-cue findings replicate earlier results and further demonstrate that oral THC can attenuate selected effects during marijuana multi-cue exposure, and that some of these effects may be sex-related. Results of this study suggest oral THC may be effective for reducing marijuana cue-elicited (conditioned) effects. Further study is needed to determine whether females may selectively benefit from oral THC for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie H Lundahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Mark K Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Taepavarapruk P, Butts KA, Phillips AG. Dopamine and glutamate interaction mediates reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior by stimulation of the ventral subiculum. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu008. [PMID: 25539503 PMCID: PMC4368862 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by recurrent episodes of relapse to drug-seeking/-taking behaviors. The ventral subiculum, the primary output of the hippocampus, plays a critical role in mediating drug-seeking behavior. METHODS A d-amphetamine intravenous self-administration rat model was employed along with focal electrical stimulation of the ventral subiculum (20 Hz/200 pulses) to examine its role in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens was measured by in vivo microdialysis and subsequent HPLC-ED analyses. Pharmacological antagonism of dopamine and ionotropic glutamate receptors locally within the nucleus accumbens was employed to assess the role of glutamate and dopamine in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by stimulation of the ventral subiculum. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior following extinction of d-amphetamine self-administration by rats was induced by electrical stimulation in the ventral subiculum but not the cortex. This reinstatement was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and was disrupted by microinfusion of a dopamine D1 or D2 antagonist into the nucleus accumbens. Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate or non- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors had no effect on the reinstatement induced by ventral subiculum stimulation, whereas co-infusion of D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists at formerly ineffective doses prevented drug-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that dopamine/glutamate interactions within the ventral striatum related to memory processes are involved in relapse to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornnarin Taepavarapruk
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips)
| | - Kelly A Butts
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips)
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips).
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Ray S, Pandina R, Bates ME. Memory for drug-related visual stimuli in young adult, cocaine-dependent polydrug users. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:170-5. [PMID: 24588421 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.875552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) memory associations with drugs have been examined primarily using verbal cues. However, drug seeking, drug use behaviors, and relapse in chronic cocaine and other drug users are frequently triggered by viewing substance-related visual cues in the environment. We thus examined implicit and explicit memory for drug picture cues to understand the relative extent to which conscious and unconscious memory facilitation of visual drug cues occurs during cocaine dependence. METHODS Memory for drug-related and neutral picture cues was assessed in 14 inpatient cocaine-dependent polydrug users and a comparison group of 21 young adults with limited drug experience (n = 35). Participants completed picture cue exposure, free recall and recognition tasks to assess explicit memory, and a repetition priming task to assess implicit memory. RESULTS Drug cues, compared to neutral cues, were better explicitly recalled and implicitly primed, and especially so in the cocaine group. In contrast, neutral cues were better explicitly recognized, and especially in the control group. CONCLUSION Certain forms of explicit and implicit memory for drug cues were enhanced in cocaine users compared to controls when memory was tested a short time following cue exposure. Enhanced unconscious memory processing of drug cues in chronic cocaine users may be a behavioral manifestation of heightened drug cue salience that supports drug seeking and taking. There may be value in expanding intervention techniques to utilize cocaine users' implicit memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Ray
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , USA
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Pyszczynski AD, Shahan TA. Examination of the role of dopamine D₂ and adrenergic α₂ receptors in resurgence of food seeking. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:122-8. [PMID: 24914462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence refers to the reappearance of an extinguished operant behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is also subsequently discontinued. Resurgence has been noted as a source of relapse to problem behavior following interventions involving alternative reinforcement, and has also been recently used as an animal model of relapse to drug seeking induced by reinforcement loss. Existing information about the neuropharmacology of resurgence is scarce, but suggests overlap between relapse observed in the resurgence model and relapse observed in reinstatement and renewal models. In the present experiment rats earned food pellets for pressing a target lever in Phase I. In Phase II lever pressing no longer produced food, but food was delivered for an alterative nose poke response. Finally in Phase III, neither response produced food deliveries. Prior to these Phase III sessions, separate groups of rats were injected with 0, 50, or 100 μg/kg of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride or 0, 20, or 40 μg/kg of α 2 agonist clonidine. Both doses of raclopride were effective in blocking resurgence, but there was evidence that the higher dose did so via motor rather than motivational impairment. Only the higher dose of clonidine blocked resurgence, but did so with no evidence of motor impairment. Raclopride significantly impacted extinction of the alternative poke at both doses tested, whereas clonidine had no effect at either dose. The results of the present study provide additional information about the neuropharmacology of resurgence, as well as additional evidence of overlap between resurgence, reinstatement, and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Timothy A Shahan
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Matsumoto RR, Nguyen L, Kaushal N, Robson MJ. Sigma (σ) receptors as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate psychostimulant effects. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:323-86. [PMID: 24484982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many psychostimulants, including cocaine and methamphetamine, interact with sigma (σ) receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations. The potential therapeutic relevance of this interaction is underscored by the ability to selectively target σ receptors to mitigate many behavioral and physiological effects of psychostimulants in animal and cell-based model systems. This chapter begins with an overview of these enigmatic proteins. Provocative preclinical data showing that σ ligands modulate an array of cocaine and methamphetamine effects are summarized, along with emerging areas of research. Together, the literature suggests targeting of σ receptors as an innovative option for combating undesired actions of psychostimulants through both neuronal and glial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae R Matsumoto
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Linda Nguyen
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Robson
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Solecki W, Wickham RJ, Behrens S, Wang J, Zwerling B, Mason GF, Addy NA. Differential role of ventral tegmental area acetylcholine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in cocaine-seeking. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:9-18. [PMID: 23850572 PMCID: PMC3865076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drug-associated cues evokes drug-seeking behavior and is regarded as a major cause of relapse. Cues evoke burst firing of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons and phasic DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Cholinergic and glutamatergic input to the VTA is suggested to gate phasic DA activity. However, the role of VTA cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors in regulating phasic dopamine release and cue-induced drug-seeking in cocaine experienced subjects is not known. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we found that VTA inactivation strongly inhibited, while VTA stimulation promoted, cocaine-seeking behavior during early withdrawal. Blockade of phasic activated D1 receptors in the NAc core also strongly inhibited cue-induced cocaine-seeking--suggesting an important role of phasic DA activity in the VTA to NAc core circuit. Next, we examined the role of VTA acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in regulating both NAc core phasic DA release and cue-induced cocaine-seeking. In cocaine naïve subjects, VTA infusion of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antagonist mecamylamine, the muscarinic AChR antagonist scopolamine, or the NMDAR antagonist AP-5, led to robust attenuation of phasic DA release in the NAc core. During early cocaine withdrawal, VTA infusion of AP-5 had limited effects on NAc phasic DA release and cue-induced cocaine-seeking while VTA infusion of mecamylamine or scopolamine robustly inhibited both phasic DA release and cocaine-seeking. The results demonstrate that VTA AChRs, but not NMDARs, strongly regulate cue-induced cocaine-seeking and phasic DA release during early cocaine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Solecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert J Wickham
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shay Behrens
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Hubei, PR China
| | - Blake Zwerling
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Leyton M, Vezina P. Striatal ups and downs: their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1999-2014. [PMID: 23333263 PMCID: PMC3743927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to addictive behaviors has been related to both increases and decreases in striatal function. Both profiles have been reported in humans as well as in animal models. Yet, the mechanisms underlying these opposing effects and the manner in which they relate to the behavioral development and expression of addiction remain unclear. In the present review of human studies, we describe a number of factors that could influence whether striatal hyper- or hypo-function is observed and propose a model that integrates the influence of these opposite responses on the expression of addiction related behaviors. Central to this model is the role played by the presence versus absence of addiction related cues and their ability to regulate responding to abused drugs and other rewards. Striatal function and incentive motivational states are increased in the presence of these cues and decreased in their absence. Alternations between these states might account for the progressive narrowing of interests as addictions develop and point to relevant processes to target in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1 Canada.
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Abstract
Drug self-administration procedures in laboratory settings allow us to closely model drug-taking behavior in real-world settings. This review provides an overview of many of the common self-administration methods used in human laboratory research. Typically, self-administration studies provide a quantifiable measure of the reinforcing effect of a drug, which is believed to be predictive of its potential for abuse. Several adaptations of the self-administration paradigm exist, the simplest of which allows participants free access to the drug under investigation. Free-access procedures allow investigators to observe patterns of drug self-administration and drug effects in a controlled setting. Allowing participants to choose between two simultaneously available reinforcers (choice procedures) is another well-established method of assessing the reinforcing effects of a drug. Offering a choice between two reinforcers (e.g. two different doses of the same drug, two different drugs, or drug and nondrug reinforcers) provides researchers with a point of comparison (e.g. between a drug of known abuse potential and a novel drug). When combined with other endpoints, such as subjective effects ratings, physiological responses, and cognitive performance, human self-administration paradigms have contributed significantly to our understanding of the factors that contribute to, maintain, and alter drug-taking behavior including: craving, positive subjective effects, toxicity, drug interactions and abstinence. This area of research has also begun to incorporate other techniques such as imaging and genetics to further understand the multifaceted nature of substance abuse. The present paper summarizes the different self-administration techniques that are commonly used today and the application of other procedures that may complement interpretation of the drug self-administration findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Division on Substance Abuse, New York Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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Fotros A, Casey KF, Larcher K, Verhaeghe JAJ, Cox SML, Gravel P, Reader AJ, Dagher A, Benkelfat C, Leyton M. Cocaine cue-induced dopamine release in amygdala and hippocampus: a high-resolution PET [¹⁸F]fallypride study in cocaine dependent participants. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1780-8. [PMID: 23546387 PMCID: PMC3717549 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug-related cues are potent triggers for relapse in people with cocaine dependence. Dopamine (DA) release within a limbic network of striatum, amygdala and hippocampus has been implicated in animal studies, but in humans it has only been possible to measure effects in the striatum. The objective here was to measure drug cue-induced DA release in the amygdala and hippocampus using high-resolution PET with [(18)F]fallypride. Twelve cocaine-dependent volunteers (mean age: 39.6 ± 8.0 years; years of cocaine use: 15.9 ± 7.4) underwent two [(18)F]fallypride high-resolution research tomography-PET scans, one with exposure to neutral cues and one with cocaine cues. [(18)F]Fallypride non-displaceable-binding potential (BPND) values were derived for five regions of interest (ROI; amygdala, hippocampus, ventral limbic striatum, associative striatum, and sensorimotor striatum). Subjective responses to the cues were measured with visual analog scales and grouped using principal component analysis. Drug cue exposure significantly decreased BPND values in all five ROI in subjects who had a high-, but not low-, craving response (limbic striatum: p=0.019, associative striatum: p=0.008, sensorimotor striatum: p=0.004, amygdala: p=0.040, and right hippocampus: p=0.025). Individual differences in the cue-induced craving response predicted the magnitude of [(18)F]fallypride responses within the striatum (ventral limbic: r=0.581, p=0.048; associative: r=0.589, p=0.044; sensorimotor: r=0.675, p=0.016). To our knowledge this study provides the first evidence of drug cue-induced DA release in the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. The preferential induction of DA release among high-craving responders suggests that these aspects of the limbic reward network might contribute to drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryandokht Fotros
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin F Casey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvia ML Cox
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Gravel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew J Reader
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1, Tel: +514 398 5804, Fax: +514 398 4866, E-mail:
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Graf EN, Wheeler RA, Baker DA, Ebben AL, Hill JE, McReynolds JR, Robble MA, Vranjkovic O, Wheeler DS, Mantsch JR, Gasser PJ. Corticosterone acts in the nucleus accumbens to enhance dopamine signaling and potentiate reinstatement of cocaine seeking. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11800-10. [PMID: 23864669 PMCID: PMC3713722 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1969-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events are important contributors to relapse in recovering cocaine addicts, but the mechanisms by which they influence motivational systems are poorly understood. Studies suggest that stress may "set the stage" for relapse by increasing the sensitivity of brain reward circuits to drug-associated stimuli. We examined the effects of stress and corticosterone on behavioral and neurochemical responses of rats to a cocaine prime after cocaine self-administration and extinction. Exposure of rats to acute electric footshock stress did not by itself reinstate drug-seeking behavior but potentiated reinstatement in response to a subthreshold dose of cocaine. This effect of stress was not observed in adrenalectomized animals, and was reproduced in nonstressed animals by administration of corticosterone at a dose that reproduced stress-induced plasma levels. Pretreatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 did not block the corticosterone effect. Corticosterone potentiated cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and pharmacological blockade of NAc dopamine receptors blocked corticosterone-induced potentiation of reinstatement. Intra-accumbens administration of corticosterone reproduced the behavioral effects of stress and systemic corticosterone. Corticosterone treatment acutely decreased NAc dopamine clearance measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, suggesting that inhibition of uptake₂-mediated dopamine clearance may underlie corticosterone effects. Consistent with this hypothesis, intra-accumbens administration of the uptake₂ inhibitor normetanephrine potentiated cocaine-induced reinstatement. Expression of organic cation transporter 3, a corticosterone-sensitive uptake₂ transporter, was detected on NAc neurons. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which stress hormones can rapidly regulate dopamine signaling and contribute to the impact of stress on drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N. Graf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Robert A. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Amanda L. Ebben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Jonathan E. Hill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Jayme R. McReynolds
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Mykel A. Robble
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Oliver Vranjkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Daniel S. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - John R. Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
| | - Paul J. Gasser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881
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Álvarez Y, Pérez-Mañá C, Torrens M, Farré M. Antipsychotic drugs in cocaine dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat 2013; 45:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous amine with unexpected mechanism of action: new vistas of therapeutic application. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:1-12. [PMID: 23719903 PMCID: PMC3889699 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the effects of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and its derivative, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), endogenous substances imbued with high pharmacological potential and broad spectrum of action in brain. 1MeTIQ has gained special interest as a neuroprotectant, and its ability to antagonize the behavioral syndrome produced by well-known neurotoxins (e.g., MPTP; rotenone). This review is thus focused on mechanisms of action of 1MeTIQ in behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular studies in rodents; also, effects of TIQ and 1MeTIQ on dopamine metabolism; and neuroprotective properties of TIQ and 1MeTIQ in vitro and in vivo. Finally, antiaddictive properties of 1MeTIQ will be described in cocaine self-administered rats. Findings implicate TIQ and especially its methyl derivative 1MeTIQ in unique and complex mechanisms of neuroprotection in various neurodegenerative illnesses of the central nervous system. We believe that MAO inhibition, free radicals scavenging properties, and antagonism to the glutamatergic system may play an essential role in neuroprotection. In addition, the results strongly support the view that 1MeTIQ has a considerable potential as a drug for combating substance abuse, through the attenuation of craving.
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Jobes ML, Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Phillips KA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL. Clonidine blocks stress-induced craving in cocaine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:83-8. [PMID: 21399902 PMCID: PMC3401928 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reactivity to stressors and environmental cues, a putative cause of relapse in addiction, may be a useful target for relapse-prevention medication. In rodents, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists such as clonidine block stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, but not drug cue-induced reinstatement. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to test the effect of clonidine on stress- and cue-induced craving in human cocaine users. METHODS Healthy, non-treatment-seeking cocaine users (n = 59) were randomly assigned to three groups receiving clonidine 0, 0.1, or 0.2 mg orally under double-blind conditions. In a single test session, each participant received clonidine or placebo followed 3 h later by exposure to two pairs of standardized auditory-imagery scripts (neutral/stress and neutral/drug). Subjective measures of craving were collected. RESULTS Subjective responsivity ("crave cocaine" Visual Analog Scale) to stress scripts was significantly attenuated in the 0.1- and 0.2-mg clonidine groups; for drug-cue scripts, this attenuation occurred only in the 0.2-mg group. Other subjective measures of craving showed similar patterns of effects but Dose × Script interactions were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Clonidine was effective in reducing stress-induced (and, at a higher dose, cue-induced) craving in a pattern consistent with preclinical findings, although this was significant on only one of several measures. Our results, though modest and preliminary, converge with other evidence to suggest that alpha-2 adrenergic agonists may help prevent relapse in drug abusers experiencing stress or situations that remind them of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Jobes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Smith RJ, Aston-Jones G. α(2) Adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonists prevent cue-induced cocaine seeking. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:712-719. [PMID: 21783176 PMCID: PMC3186828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-associated cues can elicit stress-like responses in addicted individuals, indicating that cue- and stress-induced drug relapse may share some neural mechanisms. It is unknown whether α(2) adrenergic receptor agonists, which are known to attenuate stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in rats, also reduce cue-induced reinstatement. METHODS Rats were tested for reinstatement of drug seeking following cocaine self-administration and extinction. We first evaluated the effects of clonidine, an agonist at α(2) and imidazoline-1 (I(1)) receptors, on relapse to cocaine seeking. To explore possible mechanisms of clonidine's effects, we then tested more specific α(2) or I(1) agonists, postsynaptic adrenergic receptor (α(1) and β) antagonists, and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonists. RESULTS We found that clonidine, and the more selective α(2) agonists UK-14,304 and guanfacine, decreased cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. The specific I(1) receptor agonist moxonidine reduced cue-induced as well as cocaine-induced reinstatement. Clonidine or moxonidine effects on cue-induced reinstatement were reversed by the selective α(2) receptor antagonist RS-79948, indicating a role for α(2) receptors. Prazosin and propranolol, antagonists at the α(1) and β receptor, respectively, reduced cue-induced reinstatement only when administered in combination. Finally, the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist CP-154,526 reduced cue-induced reinstatement, as previously observed for stress-induced reinstatement, indicating possible overlap between stress and cue mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that α(2) and I(1) receptor agonists are novel therapeutic options for prevention of cue-induced cocaine relapse. Given that α(2) receptor stimulation is associated with sedation in humans, the I(1) agonist moxonidine seems to have substantial potential for treating addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Smith
- Correspondence: 173 Ashley Ave., 403 BSB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,
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Graf EN, Hoks MA, Baumgardner J, Sierra J, Vranjkovic O, Bohr C, Baker DA, Mantsch JR. Adrenal activity during repeated long-access cocaine self-administration is required for later CRF-Induced and CRF-dependent stressor-induced reinstatement in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1444-54. [PMID: 21412222 PMCID: PMC3096813 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological processes that contribute to the establishment and expression of stress-induced regulation of cocaine use in addicted individuals is important for the development of new and better treatment approaches. It has been previously shown that rats self-administering cocaine under long-access conditions (6 h daily) display heightened susceptibility to the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking by a stressor, electric footshock, or i.c.v. administration of the stressor-responsive neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). This study tested the hypothesis that adrenal responsiveness during earlier long-access cocaine self-administration (SA) is necessary for the establishment of later CRF-dependent stress-induced reinstatement. Reinstatement by footshock, but not a cocaine challenge (10 mg/kg, i.p.) following long-access SA, was blocked by i.c.v. administration of the CRF receptor antagonist, α-helical CRF(9-41) (10 μg). Elimination of SA-induced adrenal responses through surgical adrenalectomy and diurnal corticosterone replacement (ADX/C) before 14 days of SA under long-access conditions had minimal impact on cocaine SA, but blocked later footshock-induced reinstatement. By contrast, ADX/C after SA, but before extinction and reinstatement testing, failed to reduce footshock-induced reinstatement. Likewise, ADX/C before 14 days long-access SA prevented later reinstatement by i.c.v. CRF (0.5 or 1.0 μg). However, significant CRF-induced reinstatement was observed when rats underwent ADX/C following SA, but before extinction and reinstatement testing, although a modest but statistically nonsignificant reduction in sensitivity to CRF's reinstating effects was observed. Taken together, these findings suggest that adrenal-dependent neuroadaptations in CRF responsiveness underlie the increased susceptibility to stress-induced relapse that emerges with repeated cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Graf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Hoks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jean Baumgardner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jose Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Oliver Vranjkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Colin Bohr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Abstract
Recent interest in the development of medications for treatment of cannabis-use disorders indicates the need for laboratory models to evaluate potential compounds prior to undertaking clinical trials. To investigate whether a cue-reactivity paradigm could induce marijuana craving in cannabis-dependent adults, 16 (eight female) cannabis-dependent and 16 (eight female) cannabis-naïve participants were exposed to neutral and marijuana-related cues, and subsequent changes in mood, self-reported craving, and physiologic function were assessed. Significant Group X cue interactions were found on all three VAS craving indices as well as on the Compulsivity scale of the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire-Brief Form (MCQ-BF). Cannabis-dependent individuals responded to marijuana-related cues with significantly increased reports of marijuana craving compared to neutral cue exposure, although there were no cue-induced changes in any of the physiological measures. There were no significant gender differences on any of the measures. These results indicate that marijuana craving can be induced and assessed in cannabis-dependent, healthy adults within a laboratory setting, and support the need for further research of the cue reactivity paradigm in the development of medications to treat cannabis-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie H Lundahl
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 2761 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, MI 48207, USA.
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Important role of 3-methoxytyramine in the inhibition of cocaine sensitization by 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: an in vivo microdialysis study. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:983-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Anselme P. The uncertainty processing theory of motivation. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:291-310. [PMID: 20035799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most theories describe motivation using basic terminology (drive, 'wanting', goal, pleasure, etc.) that fails to inform well about the psychological mechanisms controlling its expression. This leads to a conception of motivation as a mere psychological state 'emerging' from neurophysiological substrates. However, the involvement of motivation in a large number of behavioural parameters (triggering, intensity, duration, and directedness) and cognitive abilities (learning, memory, decision, etc.) suggest that it should be viewed as an information processing system. The uncertainty processing theory (UPT) presented here suggests that motivation is the set of cognitive processes allowing organisms to extract information from the environment by reducing uncertainty about the occurrence of psychologically significant events. This processing of information is shown to naturally result in the highlighting of specific stimuli. The UPT attempts to solve three major problems: (i) how motivations can affect behaviour and cognition so widely, (ii) how motivational specificity for objects and events can result from nonspecific neuropharmacological causal factors (such as mesolimbic dopamine), and (iii) how motivational interactions can be conceived in psychological terms, irrespective of their biological correlates. The UPT is in keeping with the conceptual tradition of the incentive salience hypothesis while trying to overcome the shortcomings inherent to this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Anselme
- Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives et Comportementales, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Shi J, Jun W, Zhao LY, Xue YX, Zhang XY, Kosten TR, Lu L. Effect of rapamycin on cue-induced drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Valproate treatment and cocaine cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:144-50. [PMID: 19375250 PMCID: PMC2712872 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on prior clinical trials indicating that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-based anticonvulsant medications reduce drug craving in cocaine dependent study participants, we tested the effects of valproate treatment on cue-induced cocaine craving. Crack cocaine dependent individuals (N=20) were tested in a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, crossover study design. Valproate treatment was titrated up to 1500 mg/day by Day 6 of treatment, cue testing was completed on Day 8 of treatment, and all study participants underwent a washout period of 5 days between active and placebo medication treatment periods. Testing included both cocaine and neutral cue exposure sessions, presented in a random and counterbalanced order. Main effects of cue exposure were found for subjective ratings of "desire to use cocaine now", the cocaine craving index, cocaine-like high, and cocaine withdrawal. Treatment interaction effects were found with "desire to use cocaine now", which underwent a greater increase following cocaine cue exposure in the valproate condition. Main effects of medication treatment were found, in which lower blood pressure and heart rate, and higher plasma cortisol levels, were associated with valproate treatment. Valproate treatment was also associated, at a trend level, with higher pre-test cocaine craving levels. The results demonstrate that cocaine cue reactivity is a robust phenomena across two assessment sessions, but fail to support the use of valproate as a means of reducing spontaneous and cue-induced cocaine craving. The use of valproate as a treatment for cocaine dependence is not supported.
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Topp L, Lovibond PF, Mattick RP. Cue reactivity in dependent amphetamine users: can monistic conditioning theories advance our understanding of reactivity? Drug Alcohol Rev 2009; 17:277-88. [PMID: 16203494 DOI: 10.1080/09595239800187111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight dependent injecting amphetamine users (AUs) and 48 controls were exposed to an amphetamine-related video and three affective control videos, and their amphetamine-related responses (amphetamine symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, and for AUs, "positive" and "negative" craving, based on the desire for positive and negative reinforcement, respectively) were recorded after each one. Both groups responded to the amphetamine video with increased withdrawal symptoms relative to control videos, suggesting that drug-related cues have significant unconditioned aversive properties. Between-group differences in amphetamine symptoms were evident only after the amphetamine video, supporting a conditioned drug agonistic model of cue reactivity. Among AUs, both positive and negative craving increased significantly after the amphetamine video, providing prima facie evidence for both conditioned withdrawal and conditioned drug agonistic accounts of cue reactivity. However, the lack of consistent and strong correlations between the two types of craving and the affective states hypothesized to induce such craving cannot be accommodated by the dominant models of the role of conditioning in maintaining addictive behaviours. This suggests a need to build upon theories of cue reactivity which predict conditioned responses to be either drug-like or drug-opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Topp
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Bernardi RE, Lewis JR, Lattal KM, Berger SP. Modafinil reinstates a cocaine conditioned place preference following extinction in rats. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:250-3. [PMID: 19482046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined whether modafinil would reinstate an extinguished cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). Following extinction of a cocaine CPP, rats were administered modafinil (128 mg/kg), cocaine (5 mg/kg) or vehicle and given a 60-min reinstatement test. While the effect of cocaine was transient, modafinil robustly reinstated a cocaine CPP following extinction, suggesting that modafinil may induce relapse or increase the vulnerability of addicts to the reinforcing effects of environmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick E Bernardi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Ren ZY, Zhang XL, Liu Y, Zhao LY, Shi J, Bao Y, Zhang XY, Kosten TR, Lu L. Diurnal variation in cue-induced responses among protracted abstinent heroin users. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:468-72. [PMID: 18809427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The physiological and psychological responses to drug cue exposure have been assessed in substance abusers. However, there is no study to demonstrate whether the responses to drug cue exposure are diurnal dependence. The present study was to examine whether there was a variation in drug-related cue reactivity across the diurnal cycle among recently abstinent opiate addicts. METHODS Four groups of 20 abstinent heroin dependent patients (n=80) were exposed to both neutral and drug-related videos at four separate times during the day: 8:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 h. Physiological and psychological responses, including heart rate, blood pressure, heroin craving, and subjective anxiety were assessed before and after each cue exposure. RESULTS Drug cue significantly increased craving ratings compared to neutral cues across all the four separate times of day. Drug cue-induced craving was greater in the morning (8:00 am) than noon (12:00 pm), but was similar to evening assessments (8 pm). Drug cues also significantly increased anxiety, which positively correlated with cue-induced craving. Drug cues increased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, which were not correlated with cue-induced craving or anxiety. However, no time effects were found on the three physiological measures. CONCLUSIONS Cue-induced craving could be profoundly affected by the time points of cue exposure, using cue-reactivity paradigm. The relative sensitivity of morning and evening assessments of drug craving suggests a need for replication and further research on mechanisms contributing to these diurnal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Ren
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Reid MS, Flammino F, Howard B, Nilsen D, Prichep LS. Cocaine cue versus cocaine dosing in humans: evidence for distinct neurophysiological response profiles. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:155-64. [PMID: 18674556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Subjective, physiological and electroencephalographic (EEG) profiles were studied in cocaine dependent study participants in response to cocaine cue exposure or a dose of smoked cocaine. Both stimuli increased subjective ratings of cocaine high and craving, enhanced negative affect, and boosted plasma ACTH and skin conductance levels. However, cocaine dose produced a greater increase in high and a more prolonged increase in plasma ACTH, while cocaine cue produced a decline in skin temperature. Both stimuli produced increases in absolute theta, alpha and beta EEG power over the prefrontal cortex. However, interhemispheric EEG coherence over the prefrontal cortex decreased during cocaine cue exposure but increased following cocaine dose. Moreover, correlation analysis of subjective, physiological and EEG responding to cocaine cue and dose revealed distinct profiles. Delta and theta activity were associated with negative affect during cocaine cue exposure, but were associated with cocaine craving and reward following cocaine dosing. In both conditions, alpha activity was marker for anxiousness but not high. These data demonstrate similar subjective, physiological responding in clinical laboratory states of cocaine craving and reward. However, differences in EEG response profiles, and their relationship to function, indicate distinct neurophysiological mediators of cocaine craving and reward within the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Reid
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Conditioned cues and the expression of stimulant sensitization in animals and humans. Neuropharmacology 2008; 56 Suppl 1:160-8. [PMID: 18657553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated intermittent exposure to psychostimulants can lead to long-lasting sensitization of the drugs' behavioral and biochemical effects. Such findings have figured importantly in recent theories of drug addiction proposing that sensitized nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) overflow in particular acts in concert with other alterations in the neurochemistry of this nucleus to promote drug seeking and self-administration. Yet, experiments in rodents, non-human primates and humans have not always detected behavioral or biochemical sensitization following drug exposure, bringing into doubt the utility of this model. In an effort to reconcile apparent discrepancies in the literature, this review assesses conditions that might affect the expression of sensitization during testing. Specifically, the role played by conditioned cues is reviewed. A number of reports strongly support a potent and critical role for conditioned stimuli in the expression of sensitization. Findings suggest that stimuli associated either with the presence or absence of drug can respectively facilitate or inhibit sensitized responding. It is concluded that the presence or absence of such stimuli during testing for sensitization in animal and human studies could significantly affect the results obtained. It is necessary to consider this possibility especially when interpreting the results of studies that fail to observe sensitized responding.
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Barrett SP, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Brunelle C, Young SN, Leyton M. The role of dopamine in alcohol self-administration in humans: individual differences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:439-47. [PMID: 18367384 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify dopamine's role in alcohol self-administration in a heterogeneous sample of drinkers using acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD). METHODS Sixteen men with variable drinking histories were characterized on their ethanol-induced cardiac response, a marker previously proposed to index dopamine system reactivity and vulnerability to alcohol abuse. During separate sessions participants were administered (i) a nutritionally balanced (BAL) amino acid (AA) mixture, (ii) a mixture lacking the dopamine precursors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and (iii) APTD followed by the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA. Five hours after AA administration, participants could earn units of alcohol using a progressive ratio breakpoint task. RESULTS Alcohol self-administration was reduced in the APTD and APTD+L-DOPA conditions relative to the BAL condition. In both cases the changes were predicted by ethanol-induced cardiac change. CONCLUSIONS The motivation to drink is likely regulated by more than one neurobiological mechanism. Individual differences in cardiac responsivity to ethanol might provide a peripheral marker of responsiveness to pharmacological manipulations of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Barrett
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Pharmacothérapies actuelles et immunothérapie dans l’addiction à la cocaïne. Presse Med 2008; 37:689-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
In animal models considerable evidence suggests that increased motivation to seek and ingest drugs of abuse are related to conditioned and sensitized activations of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Direct evidence for these phenomena in humans, though, is sparse. However, recent studies support the following. First, the acute administration of drugs of abuse across pharmacological classes increases extracellular DA levels within the human ventral striatum. Second, individual differences in the magnitude of this response correlate with rewarding effects of the drugs and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Third, transiently diminishing DA transmission in humans decreases drug craving, the propensity to preferentially respond to reward-paired stimuli, and the ability to sustain responding for future drug reward. Finally, very recent studies suggest that repeated exposure to stimulant drugs, either on the street or in the laboratory, can lead to conditioned and sensitized behavioral responses and DA release. In contrast to these findings, though, in individuals with a long history of substance abuse, drug-induced DA release is decreased. This diminished DA release could reflect two different phenomena. First, it is possible that drug withdrawal related decrements in DA cell function persist longer than previously suspected. Second, drug-paired stimuli may gain marked conditioned control over the release of DA and the expression of sensitization leading to reduced DA release when drug-related cues are absent. Based on these observations a two-factor hypothesis of the role of DA in drug abuse is proposed. In the presence of drug cues, conditioned and sensitized DA release would occur leading to focused drug-seeking behavior. In comparison, in the absence of drug-related stimuli DA function would be reduced, diminishing the ability of individuals to sustain goal-directed behavior and long-term objectives. This conditioned control of the expression of sensitized DA release could aggravate susceptibility to relapse, narrow the range of interests and perturb decision-making, accounting for a wide range of addiction related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA H3A 1A1.
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Chu H, Jin G, Friedman E, Zhen X. Recent Development in Studies of Tetrahydroprotoberberines: Mechanism in Antinociception and Drug Addiction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:491-9. [PMID: 17710533 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) are compounds isolated from Chinese herbs that possess a unique pharmacological profile as D2 dopamine receptor antagonists and D1 receptor agonists. l-Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) and l-stepholidine (SPD), members of the THPB family, were shown to have potential clinical use in the treatment of pain. However, their mechanism of action is not clear. In the past decades, Chinese scientists have made a great deal of effort to explore the mechanisms by which the THPBs and its analogues elicit antinociception and their potential utility in treating drug abuse. It is now clear that the antinociception produced by l-THP is related to inhibition of D(2) dopamine receptors. The present review focuses on the recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of l-THP- and l-SPD-mediated antinociception and the sequel of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Chu
- State Key laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rm# 2-315, Shanghai 201203, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine dependence is a public health problem characterized by recidivism and a host of medical and psychosocial complications. Cocaine dependence remains a disorder for which no pharmacological treatment of proven efficacy exists, although considerable advances in the neurobiology of this addiction could guide future medication development OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and the acceptability of antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the following sources: MEDLINE (1966 to October 2006), EMBASE (1980 to October 2006), CINAHL (1982 to October 2006), Cochrane Drug and Alcohol Group Specialised Register (October 2006). We also searched the reference lists of trials, the main electronic sources of ongoing trials (National Research Register, meta-Register of Controlled Trials; Clinical Trials.gov) and conference proceedings likely to contain trials relevant to the review. All searches included also non-English language literature. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials with focus on the use of any antipsychotic medication for cocaine dependence DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently evaluated the papers, extracted data, rated methodological quality MAIN RESULTS Seven small studies were included (293 participants): the antipsychotic drugs studied were risperidone, olanzapine and haloperidol. No significant differences were found for any of the efficacy measures comparing any antipsychotic with placebo. Risperidone was found to be superior to placebo in diminishing the number of dropouts, four studies, 178 participants, Relative Risk (RR) 0.77 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.98). Most of the included studies did not report useful results on important outcomes such as side effects, use of cocaine during treatment and craving. The results on olanzapine and haloperidol come from studies too small to give conclusive results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although caution is needed when assessing results from a limited number of small clinical trials there is no current evidence, at the present , supporting the clinical use of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Furthermore, most of the included studies did not report useful results on important outcomes such as side effects, use of cocaine during the treatment and craving. Aiming to answer the urgent demand of clinicians, patients, families, and the community as a whole for an adequate treatment for cocaine dependence, larger randomised investigations should be designed investigating relevant outcomes and reporting data to allow comparison of results between studies. Moreover some efforts should be done also to investigate the efficacy of other type medications, like anticonvulsant, currently used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amato
- ASL RM/E, Deparment of Epidemiology, Via di Santa Costanza 53, Rome, Lazio, Italy, 00198.
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Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Welfeld K, Booij L, Diksic M, Benkelfat C. Conditioned dopamine release in humans: a positron emission tomography [11C]raclopride study with amphetamine. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3998-4003. [PMID: 17428975 PMCID: PMC6672545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4370-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in laboratory rodents suggest that previously neutral stimuli repeatedly paired with the administration of drugs of abuse can acquire the ability to increase striatal dopamine release. This conditioned neurochemical response is believed to prompt drug seeking in animals and has been hypothesized to contribute to drug craving and relapse in substance abusers. In the present study, we used positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride to investigate whether amphetamine-predictive stimuli can elicit striatal dopamine release in humans. Nine healthy male volunteers received a capsule containing amphetamine tablets (0.3 mg/kg) on three separate occasions approximately every other day (mean +/- SD, 2.25 +/- 1.13 d apart) in the same environment (scanner suite). At least 2 weeks later, the amphetamine was switched to a placebo of identical appearance and given in the same environmental context. [11C]Raclopride binding to dopamine D(2/3) receptors was assessed after exposure to the first amphetamine-containing pill, after placebo administration, and during a control (no pill) scan. Relative to the control scan, amphetamine administration decreased [11C]raclopride binding potential by 22% in the ventral striatum and 11% in the putamen. Placebo also decreased [11C]raclopride binding potential in the ventral striatum and did so with the same amplitude as amphetamine (23%). These results suggest that cues associated with amphetamine increase dopamine transmission, providing evidence that this system is involved in reward prediction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.
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Fox HC, Bergquist KL, Hong KI, Sinha R. Stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:395-403. [PMID: 17295723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that exposure to stress/negative affect and to alcohol cues can each increase alcohol craving and relapse susceptibility in alcohol-dependent individuals. However, whether the emotional and physiological states associated with stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving are comparable has not been well studied. Therefore, this study examined the craving, emotional, and physiological responses to stress and to alcohol cues in treatment-engaged, 4-week abstinent, alcohol-dependent individuals using analogous stress and alcohol cue imagery methods. METHOD Twenty treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent participants (18 males/2 females) were exposed to a brief 5-minute guided imagery procedure that involved imagining a recent personal stressful situation, a personal alcohol cue-related situation, and a neutral-relaxing situation, 1 imagery per session presented in random order. Alcohol craving, anxiety and emotion rating scales, cardiovascular measures, and salivary cortisol were compared across the 3 conditions. RESULTS Exposure to stress and to alcohol cues each produced significant increases in alcohol craving, anxiety, and negative emotions and decreases in positive emotions. Stress-induced alcohol craving was significantly correlated with increases in sadness, anger, and anxiety ratings, but alcohol cue-induced craving was associated with decreases in positive affect (joy and neutral relaxed state) and increases in anxiety and fear ratings. Furthermore, stress increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses, but significant increases in salivary cortisol were only observed in the alcohol cue condition. CONCLUSIONS Although both stress and alcohol cues produce increases in anxiety associated with alcohol craving, each produced a dissociable psychobiological state involving subjective emotional, cardiovascular, and cortisol responses. These data could have significant implications for understanding the specific psychobiology associated with stress or alcohol cue exposure and their potential effects on alcohol relapse susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.
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