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Kluczka J. Chitosan: Structural and Chemical Modification, Properties, and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:554. [PMID: 38203726 PMCID: PMC10779193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a polymer of natural origins that possesses many favourable properties [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kluczka
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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2
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Larrañaga A, Bello-Álvarez C, Lizundia E. Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Effects of Chitin Nanofibrils Isolated from Fungi. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5737-5748. [PMID: 37988418 PMCID: PMC10716858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal nanochitin can assist the transition from the linear fossil-based economy to a circular biobased economy given its environmental benefits over conventional crustacean-nanochitin. Its real-world implementation requires carefully assessing its toxicity so that unwanted human health and environmental issues are avoided. Accordingly, the cytotoxicity and inflammatory effects of chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) from white mushroom is assessed. ChNFs are few nanometers in diameter, with a 75.8% N-acetylation degree, a crystallinity of 59.1%, and present a 44:56 chitin/glucan weight ratio. Studies are conducted for aqueous colloidal ChNF dispersions (0-5 mg·mL-1) and free-standing films having physically entangled ChNFs. Aqueous dispersions of chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) isolated via hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of α-chitin powder are also evaluated for comparison. Cytotoxicity studies conducted in human fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells) and murine brain microglia (BV-2 cells) reveal a comparatively safer behavior over related biobased nanomaterials. However, a strong inflammatory response was observed when BV-2 cells were cultured in the presence of colloidal ChNFs. These novel cytotoxicity and inflammatory studies shed light on the potential of fungal ChNFs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Larrañaga
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao. University of the
Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Carlos Bello-Álvarez
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao. University of the
Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life
Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering
Projects. University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero
Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Edif. Martina Casiano, Pl. 3 Parque
Científico UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain
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3
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Lauster T, Mauel A, Herrmann K, Veitengruber V, Song Q, Senker J, Retsch M. From Chitosan to Chitin: Bio-Inspired Thin Films for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206616. [PMID: 36793085 PMCID: PMC10104647 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Passive radiative daytime cooling is an emerging technology contributing to carbon-neutral heat management. Optically engineered materials with distinct absorption and emission properties in the solar and mid-infrared range are at the heart of this technology. Owing to their low emissive power of about 100 W m-2 during daytime, substantial areas need to be covered with passive cooling materials or coatings to achieve a sizeable effect on global warming. Consequently, biocompatible materials are urgently needed to develop suitable coatings with no adverse environmental impact. It is shown how chitosan films with different thicknesses can be produced from slightly acidic aqueous solutions. The conversion to their insoluble form chitin in the solid state is demonstrated and the conversion is monitored with infrared (IR) and NMR spectroscopy. In combination with a reflective backing material, the films show below-ambient temperature cooling capabilities with a suitable emissivity in the mid-IR region and low solar absorption of 3.1-6.9%, depending on the film thickness. This work highlights the potential of chitosan and chitin as widely available biocompatible polymers for passive radiative cooling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lauster
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Anika Mauel
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR CenterUniversity of Bayreuth95447Universitätsstraße 30BayreuthGermany
| | - Kai Herrmann
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Viktoria Veitengruber
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Qimeng Song
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR CenterUniversity of Bayreuth95447Universitätsstraße 30BayreuthGermany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Department of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry IBavarian Polymer InstituteBayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt)University of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
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4
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Denis JP, Gagnon J. Determination of the degree of quaternization of N,N,N-trimethylchitosan by CP-MAS 13C NMR. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108736. [PMID: 36634516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is used in several fields such as medicine, environment and advanced functional materials. The N-alkylation of chitosan into N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMC) allows to improve some properties. The current quantification methods of the degree of quaternization (DQ) like titration and 1H NMR spectroscopy require the solubilization of TMC. In this study, a solid-state 13C NMR quantification method was developed for insoluble TMCs. For this purpose, four TMC derivatives acting as reference were synthesized and their degrees of quaternization, N,N-dimethylation (DD) and acetylation (DA) were determined in solution by 1H NMR. CP-MAS 13C NMR spectra of those derivatives were deconvolved with Lorentz functions. Several ratios of the 13C NMR peak areas were correlated with the degrees of substitution obtained in 1H NMR. The best quantification method of DQ involved the correlation of the carbon signal of methyl groups. The method was also applied for the determination of the DD and DA of TMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Denis
- Département de Biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gagnon
- Département de Biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
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5
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Xue T, Wang W, Yang Z, Wang F, Yang L, Li J, Gan H, Gu R, Wu Z, Dou G, Meng Z. Accurate Determination of the Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan Using UPLC-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158810. [PMID: 35955947 PMCID: PMC9369293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mole fraction of deacetylated monomeric units in chitosan (CS) molecules is referred to as CS's degree of deacetylation (DD). In this study, 35 characteristic ions of CS were detected using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The relative response intensity of 35 characteristic ion pairs using a single charge in nine CS samples with varying DDs was analyzed using 30 analytical methods. There was a good linear relationship between the relative response intensity of the characteristic ion pairs determined using ultrahigh performance (UP) LC-MS/MS and the DD of CS. The UPLC-MS/MS method for determining the DD of CS was unaffected by the sample concentration. The detection instrument has a wide range of application parameters with different voltages, high temperatures, and gas flow conditions. This study established a detection method for the DD of CS with high sensitivity, fast analysis, accuracy, stability, and durability.
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Dutta J, Priyanka. A facile approach for the determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan using acid-base titration. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09924. [PMID: 35855986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc. have been already used for the determination of degree of deacetylation (DD) of chitosan. These techniques involve the interpretation of spectral data apart from sample preparation for obtaining DD of chitosan. In addition, inaccurate interpretation of data sometimes misleads researchers to get an exact value of DD of chitosan. Among them, NMR is an excellent technique for the estimation of DD of chitosan but expensive and not found easily in every research laboratory. On the other hand, titrimetric methods have been employed by many researchers for determining the DD of chitosan but these existing methods involve many complex calculations, which do not always give accurate results. Moreover, few of the acid-base titration methods are little complicated for execution. Therefore, in this present study, we adopted a very handy and simple acid-base titration method with a new approach and proposed a new equation facilitating the ease of calculation that is not reported elsewhere for the determination of DD value by observing the net volume of NaOH consumed for the complete neutralization of protonated amino groups (-NH3+) of chitosan describing the novelty of the work. All the DD values (77.04 ± 1.36; 81.71 ± 1.73; 91.68 ± 1.42 for CS1, CS2, and CS3 respectively) obtained for various chitosan samples were in good agreement with the reported DD values (>75%, >80%, and >85% for CS1, CS2, and CS3 respectively) mentioned in the specifications of chitosan samples supplied by the manufacturer. Finally, the experimental DD values were further validated with the DD values (77.39%, 81.64%, and 90.5% for CS1, CS2, and CS3 respectively) obtained from the interpretation of 13C-NMR spectral data and all the experimental DD values were consistent with the DD values as calculated based on NMR spectra. The acid-base titration method with a new approach reported in this article for the determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan provides an accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability. In addition, the reported method with a new approach is very convenient as compared to other existing methods to determine the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. The newly introduced equation to estimate degree of deacetylation of chitosan is very simple and convenient. The DD values of chitosan obtained by the acid-base titration method are perfectly validated based on 13C-NMR data.
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7
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Huan J, Shen J, Wang B, Mao Z, Wu Y, Sui X. High yield production of chitin nanocrystals via hydrochloric acid vapor pre-treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022; 641:128567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Magnani C, Fazilati M, Kádár R, Idström A, Evenäs L, Raquez JM, Lo Re G. Green Topochemical Esterification Effects on the Supramolecular Structure of Chitin Nanocrystals: Implications for Highly Stable Pickering Emulsions. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2022; 5:4731-4743. [PMID: 35492439 PMCID: PMC9039965 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In nature, chitin is organized in hierarchical structures composed of nanoscale building blocks that show outstanding mechanical and optical properties attractive for nanomaterial design. For applications that benefit from a maximized interface such as nanocomposites and Pickering emulsions, individualized chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) are of interest. However, when extracted in water suspension, their individualization is affected by ChNC self-assembly, requiring a large amount of water (above 90%) for ChNC transport and stock, which limits their widespread use. To master their individualization upon drying and after regeneration, we herein report a waterborne topochemical one-pot acid hydrolysis/Fischer esterification to extract ChNCs from chitin and simultaneously decorate their surface with lactate or butyrate moieties. Controlled reaction conditions were designed to obtain nanocrystals of a comparable aspect ratio of about 30 and a degree of modification of about 30% of the ChNC surface, under the rationale to assess the only effect of the topochemistry on ChNC supramolecular organization. The rheological analysis coupled with polarized light imaging shows how the nematic structuring is hindered by both surface ester moieties. The increased viscosity and elasticity of the modified ChNC colloids indicate a gel-like phase, where typical ChNC clusters of liquid crystalline phases are disrupted. Pickering emulsions have been prepared from lyophilized nanocrystals as a proof of concept. Our results demonstrate that only the emulsions stabilized by the modified ChNCs have excellent stability over time, highlighting that their individualization can be regenerated from the dry state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magnani
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation
and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mina Fazilati
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science IMS, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science IMS, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Idström
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation
and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science IMS, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Vaithanomsat P, Boonlum N, Trakunjae C, Apiwatanapiwat W, Janchai P, Boondaeng A, Phalinphattharakit K, Nimitkeatkai H, Jarerat A. Functionality of Yeast β-Glucan Recovered from Kluyveromyces marxianus by Alkaline and Enzymatic Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1582. [PMID: 35458332 PMCID: PMC9025640 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan (BG), one of the most abundant polysaccharides containing glucose monomers linked by β-glycosidic linkages, is prevalent in yeast biomass that needs to be recovered to obtain this valuable polymer. This study aimed to apply alkaline and enzymatic processes for the recovery of BG from the yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus TISTR 5925. For this purpose, the yeast was cultivated to produce the maximum yield of raw material (yeast cells). The effective recovery of BG was then established using either an alkaline or an enzymatic process. BG recovery of 35.45% was obtained by using 1 M NaOH at 90 °C for 1 h, and of 81.15% from 1% (w/v) hydrolytic protease enzyme at 55 °C for 5 h. However, BG recovered by the alkaline process was purer than that obtained by the enzymatic process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the purity, the functional groups, and the linkages of BG obtained from different recovery systems and different raw materials. The results of this study suggest that an alkaline process could be an effective approach for the solubilization and recovery of considerable purity of BG from the yeast cells. In addition, the obtained BG had comparable functional properties with commercially available BG. This study reveals the effectiveness of both chemical and biological recovery of BG obtained from yeast as a potential polymeric material.
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Huet G, Hadad C, González-Domínguez JM, Courty M, Jamali A, Cailleu D, van Nhien AN. IL versus DES: Impact on chitin pretreatment to afford high quality and highly functionalizable chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118332. [PMID: 34294342 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is mainly extracted from crustaceans, but this resource is seasonally dependent and can represent a major drawback to satisfy the traceability criterion for high valuable applications. Insect resources are valuable alternatives due to their lower mineral content. However, the deacetylation of chitin into chitosan is still an expensive process. Therefore, we herein compare the impact of both DES/IL-pretreatments on the efficiency of the chemical deacetylation of chitin carried out over two insect sources (Bombyx eri, BE and Hermetia illucens, HI) and shrimp shells (S). The results showed that chitosans obtained from IL-pretreated chitins from BE larva, present lower acetylation degrees (13-17%) than DES-pretreated samples (18-27%). A selective N-acylation reaction with oleic acid has also been performed on the purest and most deacetylated chitosans leading to high substitution degrees (up to 27%). The overall approach validates the proper chitin source and processing methodology to achieve high quality and highly functionalizable chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Huet
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Caroline Hadad
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Jose M González-Domínguez
- Group of Carbon Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Instituto de Carboquímica, ICB-CSIC, C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matthieu Courty
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, HUB de l'Energie, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Arash Jamali
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, HUB de l'Energie, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Cailleu
- Plateforme analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences Bâtiment Serres-Transfert Rue Dallery, Passage du sourire d'Avril, 80039 AMIENS Cedex 1, France
| | - Albert Nguyen van Nhien
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
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11
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Chen A, Pan F, Zhang T, Yu C, Xiao Y, Li S, Xu H, Xu X, Han M, Xu Z. Characterization of chitin-glucan complex from Tremella fuciformis fermentation residue and evaluation of its antibacterial performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:649-55. [PMID: 34118291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Submerged fermentation of fungi is an efficient way to obtain extracellular polysaccharides, however, in this process, excess discarded biomass is produced. In this study, Tremella fuciformis mycelia were reused as the raw material to isolate a novel fungal chitin-glucan complex (CGC-TFM) using alkaline extraction. Characteristic analysis revealed that the CGC-TFM consisted of glucosamine/acetylglucosamine and glucose (GlcN:Glc = 26:74 mol%), indicating a reference to the β polymorphism of chitin-glucan complex, with the molecular weight and crystallinity index of 256 ± 3.0 kDa and 54.25 ± 1.04%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that the chitin portion of the CGC-TFM exhibited a typical β configuration and N-acetylation degree of 70.52 ± 2.09%. Furthermore, the CGC-TFM exhibited good thermal stability and effective Escherichia coli inhibition ability, indicating that it could be applied as a potential food packaging material.
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12
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Tsurkan MV, Voronkina A, Khrunyk Y, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Ehrlich H. Progress in chitin analytics. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Tang D, Qian J, Wang N, Shu J. Determining the degree of acetylation of chitin/chitosan using a SSNMR 13C method on the basis of cross polarization reciprocity relation. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108168. [PMID: 33049653 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The degree of acetylation (DA) is an essential parameter for chitin and its derivatives, which determines the chemical and physical properties of the polymers. As a consequene, fast and accurate technique to determine DA is widely required when developing the relating materials. Herein, an improved quantitative SSNMR method of rQCPZRC, based on the cross polarization reciprocity relation, was discussed and employed for DA testing. Three chitin/chitosan samples were chosen to evaluate the performance of rQCPZRC. In comparison with quantitative DP and optimized contact time CP methods, rQCPZRC is revealed as an accurate and reliable DA testing method with relative percentage errors of less than 5%. Moreover, the experimental time of rQCPZRC for each sample is 5.5 h, notably shorter than DP of 36-85 h. Thus, our work suggests rQCPZRC as a tool for DA testing, which is capable to accomplish with high accuracy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Jianying Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
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Huang J, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Cai J. Distinctive Viewpoint on the Rapid Dissolution Mechanism of α-Chitin in Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide–Urea Solution at Low Temperatures. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-Based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Cai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-Based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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15
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Singh A, Benjakul S, Huda N, Xu C, Wu P. Preparation and characterization of squid pen chitooligosaccharide–epigallocatechin gallate conjugates and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33196-33204. [PMID: 35515026 PMCID: PMC9056682 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) at various concentrations were used for the preparation of COS–EGCG conjugates. The highest total phenolic content (TPC), representing the amount of EGCG conjugated, was obtained for 1 wt% COS together with EGCG at 0.5 wt% (C1-E0.5-conjugate) or 1.0 wt% (C1-E1.0-conjugate) (66.83 and 69.22 mg EGCG per g sample, respectively) (p < 0.05). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities (DRSA and ARSA, respectively) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of all the samples showed similar trends with TPC. The C1-E0.5-conjugate had higher DRSA, ARSA, FRAP and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values than COS (p < 0.05). Similarly, the antimicrobial activity of COS increased when conjugated with EGCG (p < 0.05). FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analyses confirmed the successful grafting of EGCG with COS. Therefore, 1 wt% COS and 0.5 wt% EGCG were used for the production of a conjugate with augmented antioxidant activity, which could be used to retard lipid oxidation of fatty foods. Chitooligosaccharide from squid pen showed increases in both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities via conjugation with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar Singh
- The International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation
- Faculty of Agro-Industry
- Prince of Songkla University
- Hat Yai
- Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- The International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation
- Faculty of Agro-Industry
- Prince of Songkla University
- Hat Yai
- Thailand
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah
- Kota Kinabalu
- 88400 Malaysia
| | - Changan Xu
- Technical Innovation Centre for Utilization Marine Biological Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- Ministry of Natural Resources
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Peng Wu
- Technical Innovation Centre for Utilization Marine Biological Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- Ministry of Natural Resources
- Xiamen
- China
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Huet G, Hadad C, Husson E, Laclef S, Lambertyn V, Araya Farias M, Jamali A, Courty M, Alayoubi R, Gosselin I, Sarazin C, Van Nhien AN. Straightforward extraction and selective bioconversion of high purity chitin from Bombyx eri larva: Toward an integrated insect biorefinery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 228:115382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hadiyanto H, Christwardana M, Suzery M, Sutanto H, Nilamsari AM, Yunanda A. Effects of Carrageenan and Chitosan as Coating Materials on the Thermal Degradation of Microencapsulated Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp. International Journal of Food Engineering 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2018-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhycocyanin is a natural substance that can be used as an antioxidant and food colorant. The quality of phycocyanin deteriorates when it is exposed to heat, and such deterioration is evidenced by decreases in its antioxidant activity and color. Encapsulation, which introduces a coating material over a substance of interest, has been applied to prevent changes in substance quality. The objective of the present research is to evaluate the kinetics of thermal degradation of phycocyanin coated with carrageenan or chitosan. Encapsulated phycocyanin samples were exposed to temperatures of 40, 50, or 60 °C for 90 min, and kinetics of the resulting degradation was evaluated to determine changes in sample quality. The results showed that the thermal degradation of encapsulated phycocyanin at 40–60 °C follows first-order reaction kinetics with reaction rate constants (k) of 4.67–9.17 × 10–5 s-1 and 3.83–7.67 × 10–5 s-1 for carrageenan and chitosan, respectively, and that the k of encapsulated phycocyanin is slower than that obtained from samples without the coating materials (control). Encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 68.66 % and 76.45 %, as well as loading capacities of 45.28 % and 49.16 %, were, respectively, obtained for carrageenan and chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Hadiyanto
- Diponegoro University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
- Master Program of Environmental Science, Diponegoro University, Jl Imam Bardjo, SH, Semarang50275, Indonesia
- Diponegoro University, Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE), Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Marcelinus Christwardana
- Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jl. Raya Puspitek, Serpong, 15314South Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Meiny Suzery
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Department of Chemistry, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH-TembalangSemarang, Indonesia
- Diponegoro University, Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE), Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Heri Sutanto
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Department of Physics, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH-TembalangSemarang, Indonesia
- Diponegoro University, Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (C-BIORE), Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Munti Nilamsari
- Diponegoro University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Argino Yunanda
- Diponegoro University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jl Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275Semarang, Indonesia
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18
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Reichhardt C, Joubert LM, Clemons KV, Stevens DA, Cegelski L. Integration of electron microscopy and solid-state NMR analysis for new views and compositional parameters of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S239-S244. [PMID: 30816969 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The general ability and tendency of bacteria and fungi to assemble into bacterial communities, termed biofilms, poses unique challenges to the treatment of human infections. Fungal biofilms, in particular, are associated with enhanced virulence in vivo and decreased sensitivity to antifungals. Much attention has been given to the complex cell wall structures in fungal organisms, yet beyond the cell surface, Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi assemble a self-secreted extracellular matrix that is the hallmark of the biofilm lifestyle, protecting and changing the environment of resident members. Elucidation of the chemical and molecular detail of the extracellular matrix is crucial to understanding how its structure contributes to persistence and antifungal resistance in the host. We present a summary of integrated analyses of A. fumigatus biofilm architecture, including hyphae and the extracellular matrix, by scanning electron microscopy and A. fumigatus matrix composition by new top-down solid-state NMR approaches coupled with biochemical analysis. This combined methodology will be invaluable in formulating quantitative and chemical comparisons of A. fumigatus isolates that differ in virulence and are more or less resistant to antifungals. Ultimately, knowledge of the chemical and molecular requirements for matrix formation and function will drive the identification and development of new strategies to interfere with biofilm formation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Reichhardt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karl V Clemons
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California USA
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Nasef SM, Khozemy EE, Mahmoud GA. Characterization and in vitro drug release properties of chitosan/acrylamide/gold nanocomposite prepared by gamma irradiation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1493685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M. Nasef
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab E. Khozemy
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Mahmoud
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Kumar A, Kumar D, George N, Sharma P, Gupta N. A process for complete biodegradation of shrimp waste by a novel marine isolate Paenibacillus sp. AD with simultaneous production of chitinase and chitin oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:263-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Kaya M, Salaberria AM, Mujtaba M, Labidi J, Baran T, Mulercikas P, Duman F. An inclusive physicochemical comparison of natural and synthetic chitin films. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:1062-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Perrone M, Lopalco A, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Laquintana V, Douglas J, Franco M, Liberati E, Russo V, Tongiani S, Denora N, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Preactivated thiolated glycogen as mucoadhesive polymer for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:161-169. [PMID: 28610879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize a novel thiolated glycogen, so-named S-preactivated thiolated glycogen, as a mucosal drug delivery systems and the assessment of its mucoadhesive properties. In this regard, glycogen-cysteine and glycogen-cysteine-2-mercaptonicotinic acid conjugates were synthesized. Glycogen was activated by an oxidative ring opening with sodium periodate resulting in reactive aldehyde groups to which cysteine was bound via reductive amination. The obtained thiolated polymer displayed 2203.09±200μmol thiol groups per gram polymer. In a second step, the thiol moieties of thiolated glycogen were protected by disulfide bond formation with the thiolated aromatic residue 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (2MNA). In vitro screening of mucoadhesive properties was performed on porcine intestinal mucosa using different methods. In particular, in terms of rheology investigations of mucus/polymer mixtures, the S-preactivated thiolated glycogen showed a 4.7-fold increase in dynamic viscosity over a time period of 5h, in comparison to mucus/Simulated Intestinal Fluid control. The S-preactivated polymer remained attached on freshly excised porcine mucosa for 45h. Analogous results were obtained with tensile studies demonstrating a 2.7-fold increase in maximum detachment force and 3.1- fold increase in total work of adhesion for the S-preactivated polymer compared to unmodified glycogen. Moreover, water-uptake studies showed an over 4h continuing weight gain for the S-preactivated polymer, whereas disintegration took place for the unmodified polymer within the first hour. Furthermore, even in the highest tested concentration of 2mg/ml the new conjugates did not show any cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cell monolayer using an MTT assay. According to these results, S-preactivated glycogen represents a promising type of mucoadhesive polymers useful for the development of various mucosal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Justin Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ramasamy P, Subhapradha N, Thinesh T, Selvin J, Selvan KM, Shanmugam V, Shanmugam A. Characterization of bioactive chitosan and sulfated chitosan from Doryteuthis singhalensis (Ortmann, 1891). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:682-691. [PMID: 28284937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan was extracted from the pen of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis and characterized using FT-IR, NMR, CHN, SEM and DSC analysis. Purified chitosan was sulfated with chlorosulfonic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide and the added sulfate group was confirmed with FT-IR analysis. The molecular weight and degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan was found 226.6kDa and 83.76% respectively. Chitosan exhibited potent antioxidant activity evidenced by reducing power, chelating ability on ferrous ions and scavenging activity on DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The anticoagulant assay using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) showed chitosan as a strong anticoagulant. The results of this study showed possibility of using D. singhalensis pen as a non-conventional source of natural antioxidants and anticoagulant which can be incorporated in functional food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasiyappazham Ramasamy
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India; Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.
| | - Namasivayam Subhapradha
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Thangadurai Thinesh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Kanagaraj Muthamizh Selvan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Vairamani Shanmugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India; Government College of Education, Vellore 632 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annaian Shanmugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India
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25
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Bellich B, D'Agostino I, Semeraro S, Gamini A, Cesàro A. "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" of Chitosans. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E99. [PMID: 27196916 PMCID: PMC4882573 DOI: 10.3390/md14050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to emphasize the fact that while consistent interest has been paid to the industrial use of chitosan, minor attention has been devoted to spread the knowledge of a good characterization of its physico-chemical properties. Therefore, the paper attempts to critically comment on the conflicting experimental results, highlighting the facts, the myths and the controversies. The goal is to indicate how to take advantage of chitosan versatility, to learn how to manage its variability and show how to properly tackle some unexpected undesirable features. In the sections of the paper various issues that relate chitosan properties to some basic features and to advanced solutions and applications are presented. The introduction outlines some historical pioneering works, where the chemistry of chitosan was originally explored. Thereafter, particular reference is made to analytical purity, characterization and chain modifications. The macromolecular characterization is mostly related to molecular weight and to degree of acetylation, but also refers to the conformational and rheological properties and solution stability. Then, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan in relation with its solubility is reviewed. A section is dedicated to the formulation of chitosan biomaterials, from gel to nanobeads, exploring their innovative application as active carrier nanoparticles. Finally, the toxicity issue of chitosan as a polymer and as a constructed nanomaterial is briefly commented in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellich
- Laboratory of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ilenia D'Agostino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy. ilenia.d'
| | - Sabrina Semeraro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Amelia Gamini
- Laboratory of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Attilio Cesàro
- Laboratory of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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26
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Hafsa J, Smach MA, Charfeddine B, Limem K, Majdoub H, Rouatbi S. Antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties of chitin and chitosan extracted from Parapenaeus Longirostris shrimp shell waste. Ann Pharm Fr 2015; 74:27-33. [PMID: 26687000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chitosan, the linear polymer, is produced by alkali deacetylation of chitin (CHI). Recently chitin and chitosan were attracted marked interest due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, chitin was extracted from shrimp shell (Parapenaeus longirostris) and chitosan was deacetylated by classical and ultrasound-assisted method. The identification of functional groups and the determination of degree of deacetylation of chitin (CHI), classical deacetylated chitosan (CDC) and ultrasound-assisted deacetylated chitosan (UDC) were carried through Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy. Their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity were also investigated. RESULTS The degree of deacetylation of CHI, CDC and UDC is 33.64%, 73.68% and 83.55%, respectively. Results showed that CHI, CDC and UDC exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against (S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia) and (C. albicans and C. parapsilosis). The scavenging ability of CHI, CDC and UDC on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals is ranging from 4.71% to 21.25%, 11.45% to 32.78% and 18.27% to 44.17%, respectively, at the concentrations of 0.25 to 1mg/mL. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation with thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances is ranging from 11.7% to 51.63%, 17.24% to 63.52% and 29.31% to 77.39%, respectively, at varying concentrations of 0.25 to 1mg/mL. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of CHI, CDC and UDC is correlated with their degree of deacetylation. The results indicate the possibility of exploiting chitin and chitosan as antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hafsa
- University of Sousse, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - M A Smach
- University of Sousse, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - B Charfeddine
- University of Sousse, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - K Limem
- University of Sousse, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - H Majdoub
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of interfaces and advanced materials, Faculty of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - S Rouatbi
- University of Sousse, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
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Wu J, Zhang K, Girouard N, Meredith JC. Facile Route to Produce Chitin Nanofibers as Precursors for Flexible and Transparent Gas Barrier Materials. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4614-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501416q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kuang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Natalie Girouard
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - J. Carson Meredith
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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28
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Liu J, Wen XY, Lu JF, Kan J, Jin CH. Free radical mediated grafting of chitosan with caffeic and ferulic acids: Structures and antioxidant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Ramasamy P, Subhapradha N, Shanmugam V, Shanmugam A. Extraction, characterization and antioxidant property of chitosan from cuttlebone Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle 1885). Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 64:202-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saralegi A, Fernandes SCM, Alonso-Varona A, Palomares T, Foster EJ, Weder C, Eceiza A, Corcuera MA. Shape-Memory Bionanocomposites Based on Chitin Nanocrystals and Thermoplastic Polyurethane with a Highly Crystalline Soft Segment. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4475-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Saralegi
- ‘Materials
+ Technologies’ Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- ‘Materials
+ Technologies’ Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Varona
- Department
of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B Sarriena, s/n, 48940, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Teodoro Palomares
- Department
of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B Sarriena, s/n, 48940, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Route de l′Ancienne Papeterie, CH-1723 Marly, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Route de l′Ancienne Papeterie, CH-1723 Marly, Switzerland
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- ‘Materials
+ Technologies’ Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Corcuera
- ‘Materials
+ Technologies’ Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Liu J, Lu JF, Kan J, Jin CH. Synthesis of chitosan-gallic acid conjugate: Structure characterization and in vitro anti-diabetic potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:321-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fričová O, Koval'aková M. Solid-State 13 C CP MAS NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Detection of (1 → 3, 1 → 6)- β -D-Glucan in Products Prepared from Pleurotus ostreatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:1-4. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/248164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 13C CP/MAS NMR solid-state NMR technique was used to detect the presence of β-D-glucan and trace compounds in samples prepared from dried, naturally grown oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and commercially available products of dried, specially cultivated oyster mushroom and β-D-glucan isolated from this mushroom. The NMR spectra of all samples displayed signals typical for (1→3, 1→6)-β-D-glucan; however, signals which could be assigned to other trace compounds—(1→3)-α-glucan, chitin, and proteins—were also observed in the spectra. The amount of trace compounds was negligible in the commercially available products.
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Abstract
Chitosan, copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine is mainly derived from chitin, which is present in cell walls of crustaceans and some other microorganisms, such as fungi. Chitosan is emerging as an important biopolymer having a broad range of applications in different fields. On a commercial scale, chitosan is mainly obtained from crustacean shells rather than from the fungal sources. The methods used for extraction of chitosan are laden with many disadvantages. Alternative options of producing chitosan from fungal biomass exist, in fact with superior physico-chemical properties. Researchers around the globe are attempting to commercialize chitosan production and extraction from fungal sources. Chitosan extracted from fungal sources has the potential to completely replace crustacean-derived chitosan. In this context, the present review discusses the potential of fungal biomass resulting from various biotechnological industries or grown on negative/low cost agricultural and industrial wastes and their by-products as an inexpensive source of chitosan. Biologically derived fungal chitosan offers promising advantages over the chitosan obtained from crustacean shells with respect to different physico-chemical attributes. The different aspects of fungal chitosan extraction methods and various parameters having an effect on the yield of chitosan are discussed in detail. This review also deals with essential attributes of chitosan for high value-added applications in different fields.
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Boccafoschi F, Mosca C, Cannas M. Cardiovascular biomaterials: when the inflammatory response helps to efficiently restore tissue functionality? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:253-67. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; “A. Avogadro” 28100 Novara Italy
| | - C. Mosca
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; “A. Avogadro” 28100 Novara Italy
| | - M. Cannas
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; “A. Avogadro” 28100 Novara Italy
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Gentile P, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Chiono V, Ferretti C, Baino F, Tonda-Turo C, Vitale-Brovarone C, Pashkuleva I, Reis RL, Ciardelli G. Bioactive glass/polymer composite scaffolds mimicking bone tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2654-67. [PMID: 22615261 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the preparation and characterization of scaffolds with mechanical and functional properties able to regenerate bone. Porous scaffolds made of chitosan/gelatin (POL) blends containing different amounts of a bioactive glass (CEL2), as inorganic material stimulating biomineralization, were fabricated by freeze-drying. Foams with different compositions (CEL2/POL 0/100; 40/60; 70/30 wt %/wt) were prepared. Samples were crosslinked using genipin (GP) to improve mechanical strength and thermal stability. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of their stability in water, chemical structure, morphology, bioactivity, and mechanical behavior. Moreover, MG63 osteoblast-like cells and periosteal-derived stem cells were used to assess their biocompatibility. CEL2/POL samples showed interconnected pores having an average diameter ranging from 179 ± 5 μm for CEL2/POL 0/100 to 136 ± 5 μm for CEL2/POL 70/30. GP-crosslinking and the increase of CEL2 amount stabilized the composites to water solution (shown by swelling tests). In addition, the SBF soaking experiment showed a good bioactivity of the scaffold with 30 and 70 wt % CEL2. The compressive modulus increased by increasing CEL2 amount up to 2.1 ± 0.1 MPa for CEL2/POL 70/30. Dynamical mechanical analysis has evidenced that composite scaffolds at low frequencies showed an increase of storage and loss modulus with increasing frequency; furthermore, a drop of E' and E″ at 1 Hz was observed, and for higher frequencies both moduli increased again. Cells displayed a good ability to interact with the different tested scaffolds which did not modify cell metabolic activity at the analyzed points. MTT test proved only a slight difference between the two cytotypes analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Gentile
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Tishchenko G, Šimůnek J, Brus J, Netopilík M, Pekárek M, Walterová Z, Koppová I, Lenfeld J. Low-molecular-weight chitosans: Preparation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
In tissue engineering applications or even in 3D cell cultures, the biological cross talk between cells and the scaffold is controlled by the material properties and scaffold characteristics. In order to induce cell adhesion, proliferation, and activation, materials used for the fabrication of scaffolds must possess requirements such as intrinsic biocompatibility and proper chemistry to induce molecular biorecognition from cells. Materials, scaffold mechanical properties and degradation kinetics should be adapted to the specific tissue engineering application to guarantee the required mechanical functions and to accomplish the rate of the new-tissue formation. For scaffolds, pore distribution, exposed surface area, and porosity play a major role, whose amount and distribution influence the penetration and the rate of penetration of cells within the scaffold volume, the architecture of the produced extracellular matrix, and for tissue engineering applications, the final effectiveness of the regenerative process. Depending on the fabrication process, scaffolds with different architecture can be obtained, with random or tailored pore distribution. In the recent years, rapid prototyping computer-controlled techniques have been applied to the fabrication of scaffolds with ordered geometry. This chapter reviews the principal polymeric materials that are used for the fabrication of scaffolds and the scaffold fabrication processes, with examples of properties and selected applications.
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Borodavka TV, Kulik TV, Palyanytsya BB. Application of temperature programmed desorption mass spectrometry for the determination of the deacetylation degree of chitosan. J Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810130113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Souza KVD, Zamora PG, Zawadzki SF. Esferas de quitosana/Fe na degradação do corante Azul QR-19 por processos foto-Fenton utilizando luz artificial ou solar. Polímeros 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282010005000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A contaminação dos recursos hídricos é um dos maiores problemas ambientais da atualidade. Dentre as várias fontes poluidoras, destacam-se as indústrias têxteis, por serem fontes geradoras de grandes volumes de efluentes, muitas vezes tratados de maneira ineficiente. A principal causa do grande impacto ambiental decorrente deste descarte é a presença dos corantes, tais como os compostos do tipo azo, que podem gerar subprodutos de caráter carcinogênico e/ou mutagênico, ou como os de base antraquinona, que são muito resistentes à degradação natural e portanto persistem no efluente por um longo tempo. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na utilização de processos foto-Fenton assistidos por luz artificial e solar, utilizando ferro imobilizado em esferas de quitosana reticulada com glutaraldeído, para promover a degradação do corante reativo Azul QR-19, de base antraquinona, em solução aquosa. As esferas obtidas apresentaram tamanho regular com diâmetro de 4,0 mm. Os resultados demonstraram 90% de descoloração do sistema em 180minutos e redução de 60% do teor de carbono orgânico total (COT), para o sistema foto-Fenton utilizando luz artificial. Para o sistema fotoassistido com luz solar, a descoloração foi integralmente obtida em 120 minutos com 70% de redução do teor de COT. Foi observado que o ferro permaneceu na matriz após o tratamento, possibilitando sua reutilização.
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Kumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P. Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1567-636. [PMID: 20559489 PMCID: PMC2885081 DOI: 10.3390/md8051567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Two of the main reasons for this are firstly the unique chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of chitin and chitosan, and secondly the unlimited supply of raw materials for their production. These polymers exhibit widely differing physicochemical properties depending on the chitin source and the conditions of chitosan production. The presence of reactive functional groups as well as the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers enables them to undergo diverse chemical modifications. A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques. This review focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Anna Bychowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Jorg Thöming
- UFT-Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail:
(J.T.)
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
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Sajomsang W, Gonil P. Preparation and characterization of α-chitin from cicada sloughs. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2010; 30:357-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fleuri LF, Sato HH, Garcia JS, Franco TT. Elucidação parcial da estrutura de aminoglucanooligossacarídeos (AGO's) produzidos enzimaticamente. Polímeros 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282009000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O presente trabalho visou a aplicação da enzima quitinolítica purificada da linhagem Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191 e da preparação comercial de papaína na hidrólise da quitina coloidal. A quitina coloidal foi caracterizada quanto ao grau de desacetilação e apresentou GD de 14% por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. A quitinase purificada hidrolisou a quitina coloidal liberando di-N-acetilquitobiose, enquanto que a preparação comercial de papaína atuando sobre o mesmo substrato formou di-N-acetilquitobiose e tri-N-acetilquitotriose. A estrutura química dos aminoglucanooligossacarídeos foi elucidada por espectrometria de massa.
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de Britto D, Forato LA, Assis OB. Determination of the average degree of quaternization of N,N,N-trimethylchitosan by solid state 13C NMR. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hein S, Ng C, Stevens WF, Wang K. Selection of a practical assay for the determination of the entire range of acetyl content in chitin and chitosan: UV spectrophotometry with phosphoric acid as solvent. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 86B:558-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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da Silva RMP, Mano JF, Reis RL. Straightforward Determination of the Degree of N
-Acetylation of Chitosan by Means of First-Derivative UV Spectrophotometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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