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Lanci A, Merlo B, Grandis A, Mariella J, Castagnetti C, Iacono E. Gross and histological examination of Wharton's Jelly in the equine umbilical cord. Theriogenology 2023; 209:184-192. [PMID: 37421877 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Wharton's jelly (WJ) is fundamental for the well-being of the fetus, binding to the umbilical vessels and protecting them from twisting and compression. Gross and microscopic studies have been undertaken on the umbilical cord (UC) of human placentae in both normal and high-risk pregnancies, however there is limited research on equine UC. The aim of this study was to describe microscopically and immunohistochemically the equine UC in normal pregnancies, with particular attention to WJ. Forty-seven healthy mares, with no complications during pregnancy, admitted to the hospital for attending delivery were enrolled. Clinical data was collected at foaling on foal health and placental characteristics. UC samples were collected from three sites (amniotic, allantoic and in the region of vein anastomosis) for histology. The thickness of different layers of arteries and veins and WJ in different UC portions were measured (μm). Wharton's Jelly was weighted (g) and its sections were stained with Masson's trichrome, orcein technique and silver impregnation. Immunohistochemistry was undertaken using antibodies raised-against collagen type I, V, VI and fibrillin. Forty-seven UCs, from 19 colt and 28 filly foals, were analyzed for WJ weight and 8/47 UCs were examined histologically. Warton's jelly was only found in the amniotic portion of the UC closest to the foal's abdomen. The weight of WJ (4.0 ± 3.3 g) did not vary between colts and fillies and it was not correlated with any of the clinical or UC parameters measured. The tunica media of arteries and veins was thicker in the amniotic portion of the UC, as described in human UCs in late pregnancy. This finding could be an adaptation to aid in resisting compression because of fetal movements and UC twisting. The umbilical vein was thicker than the umbilical arteries in the tunica media and tunica adventitia in the sections examined throughout the length of the cord. This preliminary study describes gross and histological WJ's structure in the equine species. However, further studies are required to better characterize UC's changes throughout pregnancy and in the presence of mare's or fetal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Di Conza G, Barbaro F, Zini N, Spaletta G, Remaggi G, Elviri L, Mosca S, Caravelli S, Mosca M, Toni R. Woven bone formation and mineralization by rat mesenchymal stromal cells imply increased expression of the intermediate filament desmin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1234569. [PMID: 37732119 PMCID: PMC10507407 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disordered and hypomineralized woven bone formation by dysfunctional mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) characterize delayed fracture healing and endocrine -metabolic bone disorders like fibrous dysplasia and Paget disease of bone. To shed light on molecular players in osteoblast differentiation, woven bone formation, and mineralization by MSCs we looked at the intermediate filament desmin (DES) during the skeletogenic commitment of rat bone marrow MSCs (rBMSCs), where its bone-related action remains elusive. Results Monolayer cultures of immunophenotypically- and morphologically - characterized, adult male rBMSCs showed co-localization of desmin (DES) with vimentin, F-actin, and runx2 in all cell morphotypes, each contributing to sparse and dense colonies. Proteomic analysis of these cells revealed a topologically-relevant interactome, focused on cytoskeletal and related enzymes//chaperone/signalling molecules linking DES to runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Osteogenic differentiation led to mineralized woven bone nodules confined to dense colonies, significantly smaller and more circular with respect to controls. It significantly increased also colony-forming efficiency and the number of DES-immunoreactive dense colonies, and immunostaining of co-localized DES/runx-2 and DES/ALP. These data confirmed pre-osteoblastic and osteoblastic differentiation, woven bone formation, and mineralization, supporting DES as a player in the molecular pathway leading to the osteogenic fate of rBMSCs. Conclusion Immunocytochemical and morphometric studies coupled with proteomic and bioinformatic analysis support the concept that DES may act as an upstream signal for the skeletogenic commitment of rBMSCs. Thus, we suggest that altered metabolism of osteoblasts, woven bone, and mineralization by dysfunctional BMSCs might early be revealed by changes in DES expression//levels. Non-union fractures and endocrine - metabolic bone disorders like fibrous dysplasia and Paget disease of bone might take advantage of this molecular evidence for their early diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Di Conza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), and Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Barbaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), and Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- Unit of Bologna, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Spaletta
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Remaggi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mosca
- Course on Disorders of the Locomotor System, Fellow Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Caravelli
- II Clinic of Orthopedic and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mosca
- II Clinic of Orthopedic and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Toni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), and Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Disorders Outpatient Clinic, Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies (OSTEONET) Unit, Galliera Medical Center (GMC), San Venanzio di Galliera, BO, Italy
- Section IV - Medical Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center - Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Stefańska K, Nemcova L, Blatkiewicz M, Pieńkowski W, Ruciński M, Zabel M, Mozdziak P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P, Kempisty B. Apoptosis Related Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation into Osteoblasts, Chondrocytes, Adipocytes and Neural-like Cells-Complete Transcriptomic Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10023. [PMID: 37373173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential, adhere to plastic, and express a specific set of surface markers-CD105, CD73, CD90. Although there are relatively well-established differentiation protocols for WJ-MSCs, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in their in vitro long-term culture and differentiation remain to be elucidated. In this study, the cells were isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords obtained from healthy full-term deliveries, cultivated in vitro, and differentiated towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. RNA samples were isolated after the differentiation regimen and analyzed using an RNA sequencing (RNAseq) assay, which led to the identification of differentially expressed genes belonging to apoptosis-related ontological groups. ZBTB16 and FOXO1 were upregulated in all differentiated groups as compared to controls, while TGFA was downregulated in all groups. In addition, several possible novel marker genes associated with the differentiation of WJ-MSCs were identified (e.g., SEPTIN4, ITPR1, CNR1, BEX2, CD14, EDNRB). The results of this study provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the long-term culture in vitro and four-lineage differentiation of WJ-MSCs, which is crucial to utilize WJ-MSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Cellivia 3 S.A., 61-623 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucie Nemcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pieńkowski
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Ruciński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Pala R, Cruciani S, Manca A, Garroni G, El Faqir MA, Lentini V, Capobianco G, Pantaleo A, Maioli M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior under Microgravity: From Stress Response to a Premature Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097753. [PMID: 37175460 PMCID: PMC10178040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells able to acquire different phenotypes under specific stimuli. Wharton's jelly is a tissue in the umbilical cord that contains mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with a high plasticity and differentiation potential. Their regeneration capability is compromised by cell damage and aging. The main cause of cell damage is oxidative stress coming from an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species. Microgravity represents a stressing condition able to induce ROS production, ultimately leading to different subcellular compartment damages. Here, we analyzed molecular programs of stemness (Oct-4; SOX2; Nanog), cell senescence, p19, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), p53, and stress response in WJ-MSCs exposed to microgravity. From our results, we can infer that a simulated microgravity environment is able to influence WJ-MSC behavior by modulating the expression of stress and stemness-related genes, cell proliferation regulators, and both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. Our results suggest a cellular adaptation addressed to survival occurring during the first hours of simulated microgravity, followed by a loss of stemness and proliferation capability, probably related to the appearance of a molecular program of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Pala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Garroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohammed Amine El Faqir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Veronica Lentini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming (CEDEBIOR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Placental Tissues as Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6751456. [PMID: 35496035 PMCID: PMC9050314 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6751456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Placental tissues encompass all the tissues which support fetal development, including the placenta, placental membrane, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid. Since the 1990s there has been renewed interest in the use of these tissues as a raw material for regenerative medicine applications. Placental tissues have been extensively studied for their potential contribution to tissue repair applications. Studies have attributed their efficacy in augmenting the healing process to the extracellular matrix scaffolds rich in collagens, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans, as well as the presence of cytokines within the tissues that have been shown to stimulate re-epithelialization, promote angiogenesis, and aid in the reduction of inflammation and scarring. The compositions and properties of all birth tissues give them the potential to be valuable biomaterials for the development of new regenerative therapies. Herein, the development and compositions of each of these tissues are reviewed, with focus on the structural and signaling components that are relevant to medical applications. This review also explores current configurations and recent innovations in the use of placental tissues as biomaterials in regenerative medicine.
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Kulus M, Sibiak R, Stefańska K, Zdun M, Wieczorkiewicz M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Jaśkowski JM, Bukowska D, Ratajczak K, Zabel M, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human and Animal Perinatal Tissues-Origins, Characteristics, Signaling Pathways, and Clinical Trials. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123278. [PMID: 34943786 PMCID: PMC8699543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are currently one of the most extensively researched fields due to their promising opportunity for use in regenerative medicine. There are many sources of MSCs, of which cells of perinatal origin appear to be an invaluable pool. Compared to embryonic stem cells, they are devoid of ethical conflicts because they are derived from tissues surrounding the fetus and can be safely recovered from medical waste after delivery. Additionally, perinatal MSCs exhibit better self-renewal and differentiation properties than those derived from adult tissues. It is important to consider the anatomy of perinatal tissues and the general description of MSCs, including their isolation, differentiation, and characterization of different types of perinatal MSCs from both animals and humans (placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid). Ultimately, signaling pathways are essential to consider regarding the clinical applications of MSCs. It is important to consider the origin of these cells, referring to the anatomical structure of the organs of origin, when describing the general and specific characteristics of the different types of MSCs as well as the pathways involved in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Rafał Sibiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (K.S.)
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Maciej Zdun
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Maria Wieczorkiewicz
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (H.P.-K.)
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.M.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Kornel Ratajczak
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (K.S.)
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Altunkaynak BZ, Yahyazadeh A. Stereological and Histological Assessment of the Umbilical Cord in New-Born Rat. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:108-113. [PMID: 34729350 PMCID: PMC8507517 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_14_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Umbilical cord plays a crucial role in the continuation of pregnancy by transferring nutrition and oxygen across the placenta to the fetus. We aimed to investigate the morphometrical and histological features of the umbilical cords in new-born rats. Materials and Methods The adult male and female rats were chosen for matting purpose in the present study. Briefly, ten adult Wistar albino rats (female, n = 5; male, n = 5) were randomly assigned into five groups of two animals (female, n = 1; male, n = 1). Immediately after parturition, two umbilical cords of new-born rats (0-day-old) from each group were randomly selected. Finally, ten umbilical cord samples were examined using the histological and stereological methods in the light and electron microscopes. Results The total numbers of Hofbauer cells and mesenchymal stromal cells was estimated statistically. We also calculated the mean volume of umbilical cords, arteries and veins, as well as arterial and venous lumens. Our histological findings also exhibited the histological features of Hofbauer cells, mesenchymal stromal cell cells, and blood vessels. Conclusion Our findings showed more detailed information about umbilical cord tissues and their components, and that may contribute to the diagnose of umbilical cord complications in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Yahyazadeh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
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Guenther R, Dreschers S, Maassen J, Reibert D, Skazik-Voogt C, Gutermuth A. The Treasury of Wharton's Jelly. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1627-1638. [PMID: 34647276 PMCID: PMC9209346 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Postnatal umbilical cord tissue contains valuable mesenchymal progenitor cells of various differentiation stages. While mesenchymal stem cells are plastic-adherent and tend to differentiate into myofibroblastic phenotypes, some round cells detach, float above the adherent cells, and build up cell aggregates, or form spheroids spontaneously. Very small luminescent cells are always involved as single cells or within collective forms and resemble the common well-known very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs). In this study, we investigated these VSELs-like cells in terms of their pluripotency phenotype and tri-lineage differentiation potential. Methods VSELs-like cells were isolated from cell-culture supernatants by a process that combines filtering, up concentration, and centrifugation. To determine their pluripotency character, we measured the expression of Nanog, Sox-2, Oct-4, SSEA-1, CXCR4, SSEA-4 on gene and protein level. In addition, the cultured cells derived from UC tissue were examined regarding their potential to differentiate into three germ layers. Result The VSELs-like cells express all of the pluripotency-associated markers we investigated and are able to differentiate into meso- endo- and ectodermal precursor cells. Conclusions Umbilical cord tissue hosts highly potent VSELs-like stem cells. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12015-021-10217-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Guenther
- Department for Applied Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstr. 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Dreschers
- Clinic for Gynaecology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessika Maassen
- Department for Applied Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstr. 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Reibert
- Department for Applied Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstr. 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Skazik-Voogt
- Department for Applied Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstr. 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Gutermuth
- Department for Applied Cell Biology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstr. 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Current Status on Canine Foetal Fluid and Adnexa Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082254. [PMID: 34438710 PMCID: PMC8388464 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective standards of care treatment guidelines have been developed for many canine diseases. However, a subpopulation of patients is partially or completely refractory to these protocols, so their owners seek novel therapies such as treatments with MSCs. Although in dogs, as with human medicine, the most studied MSCs sources have been bone marrow and adipose tissue, in recent years, many researchers have drawn attention towards alternative sources, such as foetal adnexa and fluid, since they possess many advantages over bone marrow and adipose tissue. Foetal adnexa and fluid could be considered as discarded material; therefore, sampling is non-invasive, inexpensive and free from ethical considerations. Furthermore, MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate and seem to present immune-modulatory properties that make them a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. The aim of the present review is to offer an update on the state of the art on canine MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid focusing on the findings in their clinical setting.
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Human Umbilical Cord: Information Mine in Sex-Specific Medicine. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010052. [PMID: 33451112 PMCID: PMC7828611 DOI: 10.3390/life11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological differences between sexes should be considered in all stages of research, as sexual dimorphism starts in utero leading to sex-specific fetal programming. In numerous biomedical fields, there is still a lack of stratification by sex despite primary cultured cells retaining memory of the sex and of the donor. The sex of donors in biological research must be known because variations in cells and cellular components can be used as endpoints, biomarkers and/or targets of pharmacological studies. This selective review focuses on the current findings regarding sex differences observed in the umbilical cord, a widely used source of research samples, both in the blood and in the circulating cells, as well as in the different cellular models obtainable from it. Moreover, an overview on sex differences in fetal programming is reported. As it emerges that the sex variable is still often forgotten in experimental models, we suggest that it should be mandatory to adopt sex-oriented research, because only awareness of these issues can lead to innovative research.
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Kao YH, Lin YC, Lee PH, Lin CW, Chen PH, Tai TS, Chang YC, Chou MH, Chang CY, Sun CK. Infusion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Regenerative Niche in Thioacetamide-Injured Mouse Liver. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:671-682. [PMID: 32880852 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether xenotransplantation of human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) reduces thioacetamide (TAA)-induced mouse liver fibrosis and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Recipient NOD/SCID mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA twice weekly for 6 weeks before initial administration of WJ-MSCs. Expression of regenerative and pro-fibrogenic markers in mouse fibrotic livers were monitored post cytotherapy. A hepatic stallate cell line HSC-T6 and isolated WJ-MSCs were used for in vitro adhesion, migration and mechanistic studies. RESULTS WJ-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cords by an explant method and characterized by flow cytometry. A single infusion of WJ-MSCs to TAA-treated mice significantly reduced collagen deposition and ameliorated liver fibrosis after 2-week therapy. In addition to enhanced expression of hepatic regenerative factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and PCNA proliferative marker, WJ-MSC therapy significantly blunted pro-fibrogenic signals, including Smad2, RhoA, ERK. Intriguingly, reduction of plasma fibronectin (pFN) in fibrotic livers was noted in MSC-treated mice. In vitro studies further demonstrated that suspending MSCs triggered pFN degradation, soluble pFN conversely retarded adhesion of suspending MSCs onto type I collagen-coated surface, whereas pFN coating enhanced WJ-MSC migration across mimicked wound bed. Moreover, pretreatment with soluble pFN and conditioned medium from MSCs with pFN strikingly attenuated the response of HSC-T6 cells to TGF-β1-stimulation in Smad2 phosphorylation and RhoA upregulation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that cytotherapy using WJ-MSCs may modulate hepatic pFN deposition for a better regenerative niche in the fibrotic livers and may constitute a useful anti-fibrogenic intervention in chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Chang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan. .,The School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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12
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Human Wharton's Jelly-Cellular Specificity, Stemness Potency, Animal Models, and Current Application in Human Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041102. [PMID: 32290584 PMCID: PMC7230974 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer a great promise for regenerative and reconstructive medicine, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Although embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, their utilization involves embryo destruction and is ethically controversial. Therefore, adult tissues that have emerged as an alternative source of stem cells and perinatal tissues, such as the umbilical cord, appear to be particularly attractive. Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous connective tissue contained in the umbilical cord, is abundant in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that express CD105, CD73, CD90, Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog among others, and have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and other lineages. Moreover, Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) do not express MHC-II and exhibit immunomodulatory properties, which makes them a good alternative for allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations in cellular therapies. Therefore, umbilical cord, especially Wharton's jelly, is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Debebe SK, Cahill LS, Kingdom JC, Whitehead CL, Chandran AR, Parks WT, Serghides L, Baschat A, Macgowan CK, Sled JG. Wharton's jelly area and its association with placental morphometry and pathology. Placenta 2020; 94:34-38. [PMID: 32421532 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wharton's jelly (WJ) is the mucoid connective tissue that surrounds the vessels in the human umbilical cord and provides protection from compression and torsion in response to fetal movement. WJ is known to be altered in the presence of pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. The present study examined associations between the cross-sectional area of WJ measured by ultrasound and postpartum placental pathology and morphometry. METHODS The area of WJ was measured by ultrasound in 156 eligible participants between 23 and 37 weeks' gestation. Morphometric assessment of fixed cord cross sections was conducted, together with assessment of the cord and placenta for specific pathologies using standard criteria. RESULTS From 156 participants, 123 ultrasound images met the data quality requirements and pathology reporting was completed for 99 placentas. 17 of the participants (14%) delivered a small for gestational age neonate and 32 of the 99 placentas examined (32%) had significant placental pathology findings. Area of WJ was associated with low birth weight (p = 0.002) and was associated with specific placental pathology (p = 0.01). WJ area was positively associated with placental dimensions such as width, length and surface area. DISCUSSION Decreased WJ area is associated with clinically-significant placental pathology and WJ area scales proportionally with placental size. These findings suggest that WJ area correlates with functional capacity of the placenta and thus merits further evaluation alongside currently-available tests of placental function in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Debebe
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmet Baschat
- Centre for Fetal Therapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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The Immunomodulatory Potential of Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3548917. [PMID: 31281372 PMCID: PMC6594275 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3548917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits attributed to mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in cell therapy applications are mainly attributed to the secretion of factors, which exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and stimulate angiogenesis. Despite the desirable features such as high proliferation levels, multipotency, and immune response regulation, there are important variables that must be considered. Although presenting similar morphological aspects, MSC collected from different tissues can form heterogeneous cellular populations and, therefore, manifest functional differences. Thus, the source of MSC should be a factor to be considered in the development of novel therapies. The following text presents an updated review of recent research outcomes related to Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (WJ-MSC), harvested from umbilical cords and considered novel and potential candidates for the development of cell-based approaches. This text highlights information on how WJ-MSC affect immune responses in comparison with other sources of MSC.
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15
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Obradovic H, Krstic J, Trivanovic D, Mojsilovic S, Okic I, Kukolj T, Ilic V, Jaukovic A, Terzic M, Bugarski D. Improving stemness and functional features of mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly of a human umbilical cord by mimicking the native, low oxygen stem cell niche. Placenta 2019; 82:25-34. [PMID: 31174623 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's Jelly of a human umbilical cord (WJ-MSCs) are a potential tool in regenerative medicine based on their availability, proliferative potential and differentiation capacity. Since their physiological niche contains low oxygen levels, we investigated whether cultivation of WJ-MSCs at 3% O2 affects their main features. METHODS WJ-MSCs were cultured under 21% and 3% O2. Proliferation rate was followed by short and long term proliferation assays, clonogenic capacity by CFU-F assay and cell cycle and death by flow cytometry. Differentiation capacity was investigated by histochemical staining after induced differentiation. Pluripotency and differentiation markers' expression was determined by RT-PCR. Migration capacity was followed by scratch assay and mobilization from collagen, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes by zymography. Specific inhibitors of MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were used to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Compared to standard 21% O2, cultivation of WJ-MSCs at 3% O2 did not influence their immunophenotype, while it modulated their differentiation process and enhanced their clonogenic and expansion capacity. 3% O2 induced transient change in cell cycle and prevented cell death. The expression of NANOG, OCT4A, OCT4B and SOX2 was increased at 3% O2. Both cultivation and preculturing of WJ-MSCs at 3% O2 increased their in vitro migratory capacity and enhanced the activity of proteolytic enzymes. ERK1/2 mediated WJ-MSCs' mobilization from collagen regardless of oxygen levels, while Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated during migration and mobilization at standard conditions. CONCLUSION Culturing of WJ-MSCs under 3% O2 should be considered a credible condition when investigating their properties and potential use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristina Obradovic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Krstic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Drenka Trivanovic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slavko Mojsilovic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Okic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Ilic
- Laboratory for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Jaukovic
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milan Terzic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, PO Box 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Differentiation potential of different regions-derived same donor human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells into functional smooth muscle-like cells. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:229-243. [PMID: 30945004 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the transdifferentiation potential of different region-derived same donor Wharton's jelly MSCs (WJMSCs) into functional smooth muscle-like cells (SMLCs). All regions showed baseline expression for early smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers (αSMA and SM22-α) whereas mid marker CALPONIN gradually reduced during in vitro culture expansion and late marker myosin heavy chain type-11 (MHY-11) was completely absent. Furthermore, WJMSCs were induced to SMLCs using DMEM containing 10% FBS supplemented with different concentrations/combinations of TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB under normoxia (20% O2) condition. Three treatment groups namely group A: 2.5 ng/ml TGF-β1, group B: 5 ng/ml PDGF-BB and group C: 2.5 ng/ml TGF-β1 + 5 ng/ml PDGF-BB were used for the induction of WJMSCs into SMLCs. Cells were evaluated for SMC-specific marker expression at different time intervals. Finally, selection of the SMC-specific highly potent region along with the most suitable treatment group was done on the basis of highest outcome in terms of SMC-specific marker expression and functional competence of transdifferentiated cells. Among all regions, baby region-derived WJMSCs (B-WJMSCs) exhibited highest SMC marker expression and functional ability. To mimic the in vivo physiological conditions, hypoxic conditions (3% O2) were used to evaluate the effect of low oxygen on the SMLC differentiation potential of selected WJMSCs using previously used same parameters. Annexin-V assay was performed to check the effect of cytokines and different oxygen concentrations, which revealed no significant differences. It was concluded that different induction conditions have different but positive effects on the functional SMLC differentiation ability of WJMSCs.
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Chillakuru S, Velichety SD, Rajagopalan V. Human umbilical cord and its vessels: a histomorphometric study in difference severity of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Anat Cell Biol 2019; 53:68-75. [PMID: 32274251 PMCID: PMC7118268 DOI: 10.5115/acb.19.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The umbilical cord (UC) is a platform for fetal nourishment and growth. The fetus, mother and placenta with UC form a triad, which contributes to pregnancy outcome. When pregnancy is complicated by a medical condition like hypertension, affects both maternal and fetal health. Being a fetal structure it can be used as a window to know the maternal dysfunctions and their impacts on fetal wellbeing. The present study is to explore the histomorphometric changes of the UC and its vessels involved in the development of hypertension during pregnancy. Sixty UCs were used and the following parameters, total UC area; total vessel area; jelly area; wall area, luminal area and wall thickness of umbilical arteries 1 and 2 and vein were studied using ImageJ software. From the results, the mean differences of above parameters of hypertensive UCs were found to be lesser than control and it was significantly higher in cases of severe preeclampsia (P≤0.05). From the present study, we conclude hypertensive cords and its vessels are associated with significant structural changes. Since it is a global health issue it is important to know the factors contributing it to diagnose and prevent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Chillakuru
- Department of Anatomy, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh and Research Scholar, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Subhadra Devi Velichety
- Department of Anatomy, Sri Padmavathi Women's Medical College, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Balzano F, Bellu E, Basoli V, Dei Giudici S, Santaniello S, Cruciani S, Facchin F, Oggiano A, Capobianco G, Dessole F, Ventura C, Dessole S, Maioli M. Lessons from human umbilical cord: gender differences in stem cells from Wharton's jelly. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 234:143-148. [PMID: 30690190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the molecular features of mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton Jelly (WJ-MSCs) of umbilical cord to predict their differentiation capacity. DESIGN Comparison of gene expression from mesenchymal stem cells of male and female umbilical cord SETTING: University hospital PATIENT (S): umbilical cords (n = 12, 6 males and 6 females) retrieved from spontaneous full-term vaginal delivery of healthy women INTERVENTION: we analyzed the expression of the stemness related genes C-MYC, OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG and of the epigenetic modulating gene DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). MEAN OUTCOME MEASURE WJ-MSCs were isolated by standard procedures and immunophenotypically characterized. Gene expression analysis of stemness related genes and the epigenetic modulating gene DNMT1 were performed by real-time PCR RESULTS: expression of the OCT4 and DNMT1 genes was significantly higher in WJ- MSCs isolated from male subjects, as compared to MSCs isolated from female-derived WJ. The resulting higher expression of OCT4 and DNMT1 in WJ-MSCs from males as compared with female WJ-MSCs for the first time identifies a specific relationship between stemness genes, an epigenetic modulator, and gender differences. CONCLUSION our findings disclose novel biomedical implications in WJ-MSCs related to the sex of the donor, thus providing additional cues to exploit their regenerative potential in allogenic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Balzano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Bellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Valentina Basoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems - Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Sara Santaniello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems - Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems - Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and experimental Sciences, Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Sassari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Dessole
- Department of Medical, Surgical and experimental Sciences, Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Sassari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems - Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Dessole
- Department of Medical, Surgical and experimental Sciences, Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Sassari, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems - Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming- CEDEBIOR, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Gauthier-Fisher A, Szaraz P, Librach CL. Pericytes in the Umbilical Cord. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:211-233. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ozkan S, Isildar B, Oncul M, Baslar Z, Kaleli S, Koyuturk M. Ultrastructural analysis of human umbilical cord derived MSCs at undifferentiated stage and during osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:199-210. [PMID: 29624114 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1453905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as an important tool for regenerative medicine and experimental treatments. Unveiling the ultrastructural changes during the differentiation of MSCs might help us to understand the nature of the process and to develop novel therapeutic approaches. For this purpose, human umbilical cord (hUC) was chosen as MSC source. In the first place, MSCs were isolated from sub-amniotic, intervascular and perivascular areas of hUC by enzymatic and tissue explant method to determine the most favorable region of hUC and technique for further processing. Therefore, microscopic and growth kinetics analyses showed that there was no clear difference in the morphologies and proliferation rates among the hUC-MSC groups. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD44 and CD90 MSC markers were highly expressed, while CD34 and CD45 hematopoietic stem cells markers were expressed at low degree. Because our preliminary results showed that there was no conspicuous superiority among the hUC-MSCs groups, whole UC was utilized as a source, and tissue explant method was applied to isolate MSCs for further differentiation analysis. At the 1st and 3rd week of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, ultrastructural analysis showed an increase in the number of secondary lysosomes in comparison with the undifferentiated status. Increase in the mitochondrial content was also detected at the 1st week of adipogenic differentiation. Consequently, ultrastructural changes including increase in the number of mitochondria and secondary lysosomes during the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation could be attributed to the switch in energy metabolism of the MSCs and increment in the lysosomal activity respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serbay Ozkan
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Basak Isildar
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mahmut Oncul
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Zafer Baslar
- c Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Semih Kaleli
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Meral Koyuturk
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Davies JE, Walker JT, Keating A. Concise Review: Wharton's Jelly: The Rich, but Enigmatic, Source of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1620-1630. [PMID: 28488282 PMCID: PMC5689772 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The umbilical cord has become an increasingly used source of mesenchymal stromal cells for preclinical and, more recently, clinical studies. Despite the increased activity, several aspects of this cell population have been under‐appreciated. Key issues are that consensus on the anatomical structures within the cord is lacking, and potentially different populations are identified as arising from a single source. To help address these points, we propose a histologically based nomenclature for cord structures and provide an analysis of their developmental origins and composition. Methods of cell isolation from Wharton's jelly are discussed and the immunophenotypic and clonal characteristics of the cells are evaluated. The perivascular origin of the cells is also addressed. Finally, clinical trials with umbilical cord cells are briefly reviewed. Interpreting the outcomes of the many clinical studies that have been undertaken with mesenchymal stromal cells from different tissue sources has been challenging, for many reasons. It is, therefore, particularly important that as umbilical cord cells are increasingly deployed therapeutically, we strive to better understand the derivation and functional characteristics of the cells from this important tissue source. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1620–1630
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John T Walker
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cell Therapy Program, Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Jain A, Sharma V, Baweja S, Sharma D, Jain R. Comparative histomophometric differences between umbilical cords from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Porphyromonas gingivalis within Placental Villous Mesenchyme and Umbilical Cord Stroma Is Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146157. [PMID: 26731111 PMCID: PMC4701427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a common oral pathobiont, is implicated in preterm birth. Our aim was to determine if the location of Pg within placental and/or umbilical cord sections was associated with a specific delivery diagnosis at preterm delivery (histologic chorioamnionitis, chorioamnionitis with funisitis, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia with HELLP-syndrome, small for gestational age). The prevalence and location of Pg within archived placental and umbilical cord specimens from preterm (25 to 32 weeks gestation) and term control cohorts were evaluated by immunofluorescent histology. Detection of Pg was performed blinded to pregnancy characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent effects of gestational age, being small for gestational age, specific preterm delivery diagnosis, antenatal steroids, and delivery mode, on the odds of having Pg in the preterm tissue. Within the preterm cohort, 49 of 97 (51%) placentas and 40 of 97 (41%) umbilical cord specimens were positive for Pg. Pg within the placenta was significantly associated with shorter gestation lengths (OR 0.63 (95%CI: 0.48–0.85; p = 0.002) per week) and delivery via caesarean section (OR 4.02 (95%CI: 1.15–14.04; p = 0.03), but not with histological chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia. However, the presence of Pg in the umbilical cord was significantly associated with preeclampsia: OR 6.73 (95%CI: 1.31–36.67; p = 0.02). In the term cohort, 2 of 35 (6%) placentas and no umbilical cord term specimens were positive for Pg. The location of Pg within the placenta was different between preterm and term groups in that Pg within the villous mesenchyme was only detected in the preterm cohort, whereas Pg associated with syncytiotrophoblasts was found in both preterm and term placentas. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of Pg within the villous stroma or umbilical cord may be an important determinant in Pg-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Cells as Therapeutic Agents. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:150609. [PMID: 26246808 PMCID: PMC4515303 DOI: 10.1155/2015/150609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the characteristics of SC, including UC-derived cells, are a dramatically discussed issue, this review will focus particularly on some controversial issues regarding clinical utility of cells isolated from UC tissue. UC-derived cells have several advantages compared to other types and sources of stem cells. The impact of UC topography on cell characteristics is briefly discussed. The necessity to adapt existing methods of cell isolation and culturing to GMP conditions is mentioned, as well as possible cryopreservation of this material. Light is shed on some future perspectives for UC-derived cells.
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Effectiveness of Wharton’s jelly stem cells in gastroschisis repair using the inner surface of the umbilical cord as a patch. ANNALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xps.0000469365.66626.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Iacono E, Rossi B, Merlo B. Stem cells from foetal adnexa and fluid in domestic animals: an update on their features and clinical application. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:353-64. [PMID: 25703812 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, stem cell research has emerged as an area of major interest for its potential in regenerative medicine applications. This is in constant need of new cell sources to conceive regenerative medicine approaches for diseases that are still without therapy. Scientists drew the attention towards alternative sources such as foetal adnexa and fluid, as these sources possess many advantages: first of all, cells can be extracted from discarded foetal material and it is non-invasive and inexpensive for the patient; secondly, abundant stem cells can be obtained; and finally, these stem cell sources are free from ethical considerations. Cells derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate. Many studies have demonstrated the differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo towards mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal cell types; in addition, the immune-modulatory properties make these cells a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. Naturally occurring diseases in domestic animals can be more ideal as disease model of human genetic and acquired diseases and could help to define the potential therapeutic use efficiency and safety of stem cells therapies. This review offers an update on the state of the art of characterization of domestic animals' MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid and on the latest findings in pre-clinical or clinical setting of the stem cell populations isolated from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
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Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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The assessment of the in vivo to in vitro cellular transition of human umbilical cord multipotent stromal cells. Placenta 2014; 36:232-9. [PMID: 25524058 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human umbilical cord stroma is a rich source of primitive multipotent stromal cells (hUC-MSCs). However, the methods for hUC-MSC isolation and propagation remain controversial and vary among laboratories. Our group previously demonstrated that two cell types emerge upon enzymatic isolation of hUC-MSCs, which subsequently undergo a transition towards a fibroblastoid phenotype in later passages. The aim of this study was to further analyse cultured hUC-MSCs by evaluating the cytoskeletal and cell adhesion proteins and by comparing the remodelling of those proteins in umbilical cord sections to determine the cell alterations due to enzymatic and explant methods. METHODS Tissue sections and cultured cells isolated by enzymatic or explant methods were analysed morphologically and by labelling cytokeratin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin profiles. RESULTS The present observations confirmed that wide, flat cells (type-1) share myofibroblastic features, appear exclusively in enzymatically isolated early cultures; gradually diminish or are replaced by fibroblastoid cells (type-2) in later passages. In contrast, the explant method does not result in the existence of type-1 cells in vitro. Among the tested CK subtypes, CK18 expression is upregulated, whereas CK19 expression is downregulated upon culturing after both protocols. Vimentin and α-SMA, as the major intermediate filaments of hUC-MSCs were found unaltered throughout the culturing period regardless of the cell isolation technique used. DISCUSSION The data presented confirm and further elucidate the previously observed phenotypic change in hUC-MSCs as illustrated by alterations in structural proteins during enzymatic isolation and subsequent culturing of cells compared with in situ equivalents.
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Xu M, Zhang B, Liu Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Shi R, Liao L, Liu N, Hu J, Wang J, Ning H, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chen H. The immunologic and hematopoietic profiles of mesenchymal stem cells derived from different sections of human umbilical cord. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:1056-65. [PMID: 25377438 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We compared immunologic and hematopoietic characteristics of MSCs derived from whole human umbilical cord (UC), as well as from different sections of UCs, including the amniotic membrane (AM), Wharton's jelly (WJ), and umbilical vessel (UV). Cell phenotypes were examined by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte transformation test and mixed lymphocyte reaction were performed to evaluate the immuno-modulatory activity of MSCs derived from UCs. The mRNA expression of cytokines was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hematopoietic function was studied by co-culturing MSCs with CD34(+) cells isolated from cord blood. Our results showed that MSCs separated from these four different sections including UC, WJ, UV, and AM had similar biological characteristics. All of the MSCs had multi-lineage differentiation ability and were able to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. The MSCs also inhibited the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in a dose-dependent manner. The relative mRNA expression of cytokines was examined, and the results showed that UCMSCs had higher interleukin-6 (IL6), IL11, stem cell factor, and FLT3 expression than MSCs derived from specific sections of UCs. CD34(+) cells had high propagation efficiencies when co-cultured with MSCs derived from different sections of UCs, among which UCMSCs are the most efficient feeding layer. Our study demonstrated that MSCs could be isolated from whole UC or specific sections of UC with similar immunomodulation and hematopoiesis supporting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuanlin Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongxia Sheng
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Li Liao
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiangwei Hu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Bellavia M, Altomare R, Cacciabaudo F, Santoro A, Allegra A, Concetta Gioviale M, Lo Monte AI. Towards an ideal source of mesenchymal stem cell isolation for possible therapeutic application in regenerative medicine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:356-60. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Hayward CJ, Fradette J, Morissette Martin P, Guignard R, Germain L, Auger FA. Using human umbilical cord cells for tissue engineering: a comparison with skin cells. Differentiation 2014; 87:172-81. [PMID: 24930038 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cells and Wharton׳s jelly cells (WJC) from the human umbilical cord have yet to be extensively studied in respect to their capacity to generate tissue-engineered substitutes for clinical applications. Our reconstruction strategy, based on the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering, allows the production of various types of living human tissues such as skin and cornea from a wide range of cell types originating from post-natal tissue sources. Here we placed epithelial cells and WJC from the umbilical cord in the context of a reconstructed skin substitute in combination with skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We compared the ability of the epithelial cells from both sources to generate a stratified, differentiated skin-like epithelium upon exposure to air when cultured on the two stromal cell types. Conversely, the ability of the WJC to behave as dermal fibroblasts, producing extracellular matrix and supporting the formation of a differentiated epithelium for both types of epithelial cells, was also investigated. Of the four types of constructs produced, the combination of WJC and keratinocytes was the most similar to skin engineered from dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. When cultured on dermal fibroblasts, the cord epithelial cells were able to differentiate in vitro into a stratified multilayered epithelium expressing molecules characteristic of keratinocyte differentiation after exposure to air, and maintaining the expression of keratins K18 and K19, typical of the umbilical cord epithelium. WJC were able to support the growth and differentiation of keratinocytes, especially at the early stages of air-liquid culture. In contrast, cord epithelial cells cultured on WJC did not form a differentiated epidermis when exposed to air. These results support the premise that the tissue from which cells originate can largely affect the properties and homoeostasis of reconstructed substitutes featuring both epithelial and stromal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Hayward
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Pascal Morissette Martin
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Rina Guignard
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - François A Auger
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Aile-R, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 1401, 18e Rue, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4; Axe Médecine Régénératrice-Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Paebst F, Piehler D, Brehm W, Heller S, Schroeck C, Tárnok A, Burk J. Comparative immunophenotyping of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: an approach toward a standardized definition. Cytometry A 2014; 85:678-87. [PMID: 24894974 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Horses are an approved large animal model for therapies of the musculoskeletal system. Especially for tendon disease where cell-based therapy is commonly used in equine patients, the translation of achieved results to human medicine would be a great accomplishment. Immunophenotyping of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) remains the last obstacle to meet the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) definition of human MSCs. Therefore, the surface antigen expression of CD 29, CD 44, CD 73, CD 90, CD 105, CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79α, and MHC II in equine MSCs from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and tendon tissue was analyzed using flow cytometry. Isolated cells from the different sources and donors varied in their expression pattern of MSC-defining antigens. In particular, CD 90 and 105 showed most heterogeneity. However, cells from all samples were robustly positive for CD 29 and CD 44, while being mostly negative for CD 73 and the exclusion markers CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79α and MHC II. Furthermore, it was evident that enzymes used for cell detachment after in vitro-culture affected the detection of antigen expression. These results emphasize the need of standardization of MSC isolation, culturing, and harvesting techniques. As the equine MSCs did not meet all criteria the ISCT defined for human MSCs, further investigations for a better characterization of the cell type should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Paebst
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Damasceno EB, de Lima PP. Wharton's jelly absence: a possible cause of stillbirth. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2013; 3:43-47. [PMID: 28584806 PMCID: PMC5453660 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2013.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The umbilical cord is a structure that provides vascular flow between the fetus and the placenta. It contains two arteries and one vein, which are surrounded and supported by gelatinous tissue known as Wharton’s jelly. There are many umbilical cord abnormalities that are related to the prognosis of fetus survival and birth weight. The authors report a case of umbilical cord constriction due to the localized absence of Wharton’s jelly, which was undiagnosed antenatally and had a fatal outcome. A review of the association between the absence of Wharton’s jelly and an unfavorable pregnancy outcome was undertaken.
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Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: phenotypic characterization and optimizing their therapeutic potential for clinical applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11692-712. [PMID: 23727936 PMCID: PMC3709752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly (WJ) is a gelatinous tissue within the umbilical cord that contains myofibroblast-like stromal cells. A unique cell population of WJ that has been suggested as displaying the stemness phenotype is the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Because MSCs' stemness and immune properties appear to be more robustly expressed and functional which are more comparable with fetal than adult-derived MSCs, MSCs harvested from the "young" WJ are considered much more proliferative, immunosuppressive, and even therapeutically active stem cells than those isolated from older, adult tissue sources such as the bone marrow or adipose. The present review discusses the phenotypic characteristics, therapeutic applications, and optimization of experimental protocols for WJ-derived stem cells. MSCs derived from WJ display promising transplantable features, including ease of sourcing, in vitro expandability, differentiation abilities, immune-evasion and immune-regulation capacities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that WJ-derived stem cells possess many potential advantages as transplantable cells for treatment of various diseases (e.g., cancer, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, nerve, cartilage and tendon injury). Additional studies are warranted to translate the use of WJ-derived stem cells for clinical applications.
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Ryu YJ, Seol HS, Cho TJ, Kwon TJ, Jang SJ, Cho J. Comparison of the Ultrastructural and Immunophenotypic Characteristics of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and in Situ Cells in Wharton’s Jelly. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:196-203. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.772268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tedner SG, Örtqvist AK, Almqvist C. Fetal growth and risk of childhood asthma and allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:1430-47. [PMID: 22994341 PMCID: PMC3564398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Early genetic and environmental factors have been discussed as potential causes for the high prevalence of asthma and allergic disease in the western world, and knowledge on fetal growth and its consequence on future health and disease development is emerging. Objective This review article is an attempt to summarize research on fetal growth and risk of asthma and allergic disease. Current knowledge and novel findings will be reviewed and open research questions identified, to give basic scientists, immunologists and clinicians an overview of an emerging research field. Methods PubMed-search on pre-defined terms and cross-references. Results Several studies have shown a correlation between low birth weight and/or gestational age and asthma and high birth weight and/or gestational age and atopy. The exact mechanism is not yet clear but both environmental and genetic factors seem to contribute to fetal growth. Some of these factors are confounders that can be adjusted for, and twin studies have been very helpful in this context. Suggested mechanisms behind fetal growth are often linked to the feto-maternal circulation, including the development of placenta and umbilical cord. However, the causal link between fetal growth restriction and subsequent asthma and allergic disease remains unexplained. New research regarding the catch-up growth following growth restriction has posited an alternative theory that diseases later on in life result from rapid catch-up growth rather than intrauterine growth restriction per se. Several studies have found a correlation between a rapid weight gain after birth and development of asthma or wheezing in childhood. Conclusion and clinical relevance Asthma and allergic disease are multifactorial. Several mechanisms seem to influence their development. Additional studies are needed before we fully understand the causal links between fetal growth and development of asthma and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Tedner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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The effects of particulate ambient air pollution on the murine umbilical cord and its vessels: A quantitative morphological and immunohistochemical study. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hayward CJ, Fradette J, Galbraith T, Rémy M, Guignard R, Gauvin R, Germain L, Auger FA. Harvesting the potential of the human umbilical cord: isolation and characterisation of four cell types for tissue engineering applications. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 197:37-54. [PMID: 22965075 DOI: 10.1159/000341254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human umbilical cord (UC) has attracted interest as a source of cells for many research applications. UC solid tissues contain four cell types: epithelial, stromal, smooth muscle and endothelial cells. We have developed a unique protocol for the sequential extraction of all four cell types from a single UC, allowing tissue reconstruction using multiple cell types from the same source. By combining perfusion, immersion and explant techniques, all four cell types have been successfully expanded in monolayer cultures. We have also characterised epithelial and Wharton's jelly cells (WJC) by immunolabelling of specific proteins. Epithelial cell yields averaged at 2.3 × 10(5) cells per centimetre UC, and the cells expressed an unusual combination of keratins typical of simple, mucous and stratified epithelia. Stromal cells in the Wharton's jelly expressed desmin, α-smooth muscle actin, elastin, keratins (K12, K16, K18 and K19), vimentin and collagens. Expression patterns in cultured cells resembled those found in situ except for basement membrane components and type III collagen. These stromal cells featured a sustained proliferation rate up to passage 12 after thawing. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) character of the WJC was confirmed by their expression of typical MSC surface markers and by adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays. To emphasise and demonstrate their potential for regenerative medicine, UC cell types were successfully used to produce human tissue-engineered constructs. Both bilayered stromal/epithelial and vascular substitutes were produced, establishing the versatility and importance of these cells for research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Hayward
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Qué., Canada
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Malik VS, Srivastava S, Rathee S, Nanda S, Chhabra S, Soni G. Different Etio-Pathogenesis in Intrauterine Growth Retardation in Developing Country: Histomorphometric Evidence. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2778(11)80019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Montemurro T, Andriolo G, Montelatici E, Weissmann G, Crisan M, Colnaghi MR, Rebulla P, Mosca F, Péault B, Lazzari L. Differentiation and migration properties of human foetal umbilical cord perivascular cells: potential for lung repair. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:796-808. [PMID: 20219017 PMCID: PMC3922668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been derived from different cultured human tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. Only recently it was suggested that MSC descended from perivascular cells, the latter being defined as CD146⁺ neuro-glial proteoglycan (NG)2⁺ platelet-derived growth factor-Rβ⁺ ALP⁺ CD34⁻ CD45⁻ von Willebrand factor (vWF)⁻ CD144⁻. Herein we studied the properties of perivascular cells from a novel source, the foetal human umbilical cord (HUC) collected from pre-term newborns. By immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry we show that pre-term/foetal HUCs contain more perivascular cells than their full-term counterparts (2.5%versus 0.15%). Moreover, foetal HUC perivascular cells (HUCPC) express the embryonic cell markers specific embryonic antigen-4, Runx1 and Oct-4 and can be cultured over the long term. To further confirm the MSC identity of these cultured perivascular cells, we also showed their expression at different passages of antigens that typify MSC. The multilineage differentiative capacity of HUCPC into osteogenic, adipogenic and myogenic cell lineages was demonstrated in culture. In the perspective of a therapeutic application in chronic lung disease of pre-term newborns, we demonstrated the in vitro ability of HUCPC to migrate towards an alveolar type II cell line damaged with bleomycin, an anti-cancer agent with known pulmonary toxicity. The secretory profile exhibited by foetal HUCPC in the migration assay suggested a paracrine effect that could be exploited in various clinical conditions including lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montemurro
- Cell Factory, Center of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
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mRNA and protein expression of FGF-1, FGF-2 and their receptors in the porcine umbilical cord during pregnancy. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:572-80. [PMID: 21478100 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are multifunctional proteins that, among other roles, regulate structural reorganization of uterine and placental vascular bed during pregnancy. Thus, we analyzed mRNA and protein expression and immunohistochemical localization of FGF-1 and FGF-2, and their receptors (FGFR-1 and FGFR-2) in the developing umbilical cord (UC) on days 40, 60, 75 and 90 of pregnancy and after the physiological delivery in the pig (day 114). qPCR analysis demonstrated an increase in FGF-1 and FGF-2 mRNA levels beginning on day 75 and on day 114 of pregnancy, respectively. In addition, significantly increased FGFR-1IIIc mRNA expression was also found on day 114. On the other hand, no significant changes in FGFR-2IIIb mRNA expression were observed. Western Blot analysis revealed a decrease in FGF-1 and FGFR-2 protein expression after day 40. Beside an increased protein expression of FGF-2 on day 60, no significant changes in FGFR-1 protein expression were detected. Immunohistochemical staining enabled detection of FGF-FGFR system, with different intensity of immunoreaction in endothelial and tunica media cells of the umbilical vessels and in allantoic duct and amniotic epithelium as well as in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, our results show that members of FGF-FGFR system are expressed specifically in UC structures. Furthermore their day of pregnancy-related expression suggest that they may be an important players during UC formation and development.
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Filiz AA, Rahime B, Keskin HL, Esra AK. Positive correlation between the quantity of Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord and birth weight. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50:33-6. [PMID: 21482372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the possible protective effects of Wharton's jelly (WJ) in umbilical cord and fetal growth by investigating the relationship between the amount of WJ and fetal birth weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study enrolled 299 women who delivered after an uneventful pregnancy. After separation of the placenta, a 5cm long section of umbilical cord was removed by scalpel. The weight of the cord section; the weight, volume, and density of its WJ; and the weight of the newborn and placenta were measured. RESULTS A significant positive correlation was found between WJ quantity, birth weight (p=0.002), and placental weight (p=0.003), whereas a significant negative correlation was observed for WJ density, fetal growth (p=0.035), and placental growth (p=0.002). WJ density was 1.63 ± 0.27g/mL. No significant correlation was found between the amount of WJ and weight gained during pregnancy (p=0.274) or maternal age (p=0.220). CONCLUSION As the amount of WJ increases, fetal weight increases. Accordingly, the amount of WJ might be a factor that influences fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avsar A Filiz
- Delivery Unit, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Corradetti B, Lange-Consiglio A, Barucca M, Cremonesi F, Bizzaro D. Size-sieved subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells from intervascular and perivascular equine umbilical cord matrix. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:330-42. [PMID: 21645152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Umbilical cord matrix (UCM) has been recently proposed as an alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize presumptive stem cells from intervascular and perivascular equine UCM and to obtain homogeneous subpopulations from both sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Umbilical cords were processed for retrieval of MSCs. Unsieved cells from intervascular and perivascular portions were evaluated for cell cycle analysis and for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Cells from each site were separated into larger and smaller sieved populations using multi-dishes with 8-μm pore transwell inserts. Each cell population was characterized in terms of renewal capability, specific marker expression and differentiation potential. Cryopreservation was performed on sieved cells only. RESULTS Cells from both areas expressed MSC and pluripotential specific markers and were able to differentiate into mesodermic and ectodermic lineages. The sieving procedure yielded two relatively homogeneous subpopulations with comparable characteristics. Surprisingly, after sieving, large intervascular and small perivascular cells were the most rapidly replicating cells [20.53 and 19.49 cell population doublings (PD) after 31 days respectively] and also showed higher fibroblast colony forming unit frequency. Unsieved cell populations were used as controls, and showed PD of 9.42(intervascular cells) and 8.54 (perivascular cells) after 31 days. CONCLUSIONS Here, cells from UCM represented an intermediate stage between pluripotent embryonic and adult stem cells. Size-sieving can be used to isolate more rapidly proliferating cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Corradetti
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics, Ancona, Italy
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44
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Korteweg C, Gu J. Immunoglobulin g (IgG) expression in human umbilical cord endothelial cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:474-88. [PMID: 21430258 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411400871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional views hold that immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the human umbilical cord is internalized by human umbilical endothelial cells for passive immunity. In this study, the protein and mRNA transcripts of IgG were found in the cytoplasm of human umbilical endothelial cells by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The essential enzymes for IgG synthesis and assembling, RAG1 (recombination activating gene 1), RAG2, and variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments for recombination of IgG, were also found in these cells by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. These results indicate that umbilical endothelial cells are capable of synthesizing IgG with properties similar to those of immune cells and that they may play additional roles besides lining the vessels and transporting IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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45
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Farias VA, Linares-Fernández JL, Peñalver JL, Payá Colmenero JA, Ferrón GO, Duran EL, Fernández RM, Olivares EG, O'Valle F, Puertas A, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Human umbilical cord stromal stem cell express CD10 and exert contractile properties. Placenta 2010; 32:86-95. [PMID: 21126763 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that human umbilical cord stromal stem cells (UCSSCs) are bio-equivalent to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, little is known about their tissue origin or in vivo functions, and data on their expansion properties are limited due to early senescence in the culture methods described to date. METHODS UC sections and cultured UCSSCs were analyzed with a panel of 12 antibodies. UCSSCs were grown in low-FCS containing medium at 5% or 21% oxygen and were assayed for their clonogenic properties, karyotype stability, expression of specific cellular markers, and multi-lineage potential. UCSSC contractile properties were evaluated by using collagen gel contraction assays under cytokine stimulus. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the UCSSCs were derived from the Wharton's jelly and not from the vascular smooth muscle sheath of the blood vessels. UCSSC growth properties were increased in a 5% oxygen atmosphere in comparison to normoxic culture conditions. In both culture conditions, UCSSCs were CD14-, CD34-, and CD45-negative while expressing high levels of CD73, CD90 and CD105 and maintaining their differentiation potentialities. UCSSCs expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and behaved as functional myofibroblasts when cellular contraction was challenged with appropriate stimuli. CONCLUSIONS UCSCs are mesenchymal stem cells that reside in the perivascular area of Wharton's jelly and are phenotypically and functionally related to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Farias
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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Chruściel M, Zięcik AJ, Andronowska A. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and its receptors in the umbilical cord in the course of pregnancy in the pig. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 46:434-43. [PMID: 20825582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The umbilical cord (UC) and the placenta are important organs through which respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and biologically active substances are exchanged between the maternal and the foetal system. A rapid placental vascularization observed in the second half of pig pregnancy is positively correlated with the mRNA expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that VEGF may have a stimulatory effect in the dynamically growing UC. To further understand the role of the VEGF-VEGFR system during UC development, mRNA and protein expression as well as the cellular localization of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in UC were examined on days 40, 60, 75 and 90 of pregnancy and after physiological delivery in the pig (day 114 of pregnancy). Real Time RT-PCR analysis showed an increase in the mRNA levels of VEGF120 and VEGF164 from day 90 of pregnancy. VEGFR-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased on day 75 of pregnancy. No significant changes in VEGFR-2 mRNA expression were detected. In turn, western blot analysis revealed an increase in VEGF-A protein expression on day 40, compared to the later days of pregnancy. A rapid increase in the VEGFR-1 protein level was noted on day 75 and 90 of gestation. No significant changes in VEGFR-2 protein expression were detected on any of the analysed days of pregnancy. Immunohistochemical staining enabled detection of VEGF-VEGFR system, in endothelial and tunica media cells of the umbilical vessels and in allantoic duct and amniotic epithelium on all analysed days of pregnancy. Positive reactions for VEGF-A and VEGFR-1, but not VEGFR-2, were also observed in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, this data shows that members of the VEGF-VEGFR system are temporally and spatially well localized for playing key roles during umbilical cord formation and its intensive growth observed after day 75 of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chruściel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Kocaefe Ç, Balcı D, Balcı Hayta B, Can A. Reprogramming of Human Umbilical Cord Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Myogenic Differentiation and Muscle Repair. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:512-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Goktas S, Pierre N, Abe K, Dmytryk J, McFetridge PS. Cellular Interactions and Biomechanical Properties of a Unique Vascular-Derived Scaffold for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:769-80. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Selda Goktas
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Nicolas Pierre
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Koki Abe
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - John Dmytryk
- Department of Periodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Peter S. McFetridge
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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Pappa KI, Anagnou NP. Novel sources of fetal stem cells: where do they fit on the developmental continuum? Regen Med 2009; 4:423-33. [PMID: 19438317 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent isolation of fetal stem cells from several sources either at the early stages of development or during the later trimesters of gestation, sharing similar growth kinetics and expressing pluripotency markers, provides strong support to the notion that these cells may be biologically closer to embryonic stem cells, actually representing intermediates between embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells, regarding proliferation rates and plasticity features, and thus able to confer an advantage over postnatal mesenchymal stem cells derived from conventional adult sources such as bone marrow. This conclusion has been strengthened by the different pattern of growth potential between the two stage-specific types of sources, as assessed by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. A series of recent studies regarding the numerous novel features of fetal stem cells has reignited our interest in the field of stem-cell biology and in the possibilities for the eventual repair of damaged organs and the generation of in vitro tissues on biomimetic scaffolds for transplantation. These studies, employing elegant approaches and novel technologies, have provided new insights regarding the nature and the potential of fetal stem cells derived from placenta, amniotic fluid, amnion or umbilical cord. In this update, we highlight the major progression that has occurred in fetal stem-cell biology and discuss the most important areas for future investigation in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi I Pappa
- First Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Greece.
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50
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Sarugaser R, Hanoun L, Keating A, Stanford WL, Davies JE. Human mesenchymal stem cells self-renew and differentiate according to a deterministic hierarchy. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6498. [PMID: 19652709 PMCID: PMC2714967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have been isolated from a variety of connective tissues, and are commonly called “mesenchymal stem cells” (MSCs). A stem cell is defined as having robust clonal self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. Accordingly, the term “MSC” has been criticised, as there is little data demonstrating self-renewal of definitive single-cell-derived (SCD) clonal populations from a mesenchymal cell source. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that a tractable MPC population, human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), was capable of multilineage differentiation in vitro and, more importantly, contributed to rapid connective tissue healing in vivo by producing bone, cartilage and fibrous stroma. Furthermore, HUCPVCs exhibit a high clonogenic frequency, allowing us to isolate definitive SCD parent and daughter clones from mixed gender suspensions as determined by Y-chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization. Conclusions/Significance Analysis of the multilineage differentiation capacity of SCD parent clones and daughter clones enabled us to formulate a new hierarchical schema for MSC self-renewal and differentiation in which a self-renewing multipotent MSC gives rise to more restricted self-renewing progenitors that gradually lose differentiation potential until a state of complete restriction to the fibroblast is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sarugaser
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorraine Hanoun
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E. Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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