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Wang Z, Fan X, Li Z, Guo L, Ren Y, Li Q. Comparative analysis for immune response of coelomic fluid from coelom and polian vesicle in Apostichopus japonicus to Vibrio splendidus infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 4:100074. [PMID: 36618076 PMCID: PMC9811217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polian vesicle and coelom of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were full of coelomic fluid in which many types of coelomocytes with different functions were suspended. Our previous work has indicated the differences of coelomocytes between two sites mainly in subtype proportion, non-specific immune enzymes activities and several immune-related genes expression levels in healthy A. japonicus. However, the functional similarities and differences of coelomic fluid in two sites including the coelom and polian vesicle after pathogenic infection still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes of the total coelomocyte density (TCD) and differential coelomocyte density (DCD) after pathogen infection by Vibrio splendidus in coelom and polian vesicle. After infected by V. splendidus, the TCD in the coelom and polian vesicle rapidly declined at 12 h, and then the TCD in the coelom showed a stably ascending trend, while the TCD in the polian vesicle reached a peak at 24 h post infection (hpi), and then showed a continuously decline trend from 24 hpi to 72 hpi followed by a slow elevation until recovering the normal level from 72 hpi to 96 hpi. Then the activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the response of cell-free coelomic fluid to V. splendidus infection. The activities of ACP, AKP and CAT showed similar trends in the coelom and polian vesicle. The SOD activity significantly increased in the polian vesicle, whereas it exhibited a decreasing trend in the coelom. Finally, the expression profiles of nine immune-related genes including Aj-MyD88, Aj-IRAK4, Aj-i-Lys, Aj-Rel, Aj-p50, Aj-DMBT1, Aj-CDC, Aj-Rrp15 and Aj-Fibrinogen C were detected after V. splendidus challenge. The results suggested all the detected genes were significantly up-regulated both in the coelom and polian vesicle, and the expression levels of these genes in two sites shared similar trends except Aj-MyD88 and Aj-DMBT1. This research provides a new insight into the differentially immune roles of coelomic fluid and coelomocytes in polian vesicle and coelom response to bacterial infections and supplements comprehensive resources for better understanding the innate immune response of A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Wang
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xuyuan Fan
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Liyuan Guo
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China,School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China,Corresponding author.
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Barela Hudgell MA, Grayfer L, Smith LC. Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, undergo dynamic changes in response to immune challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940852. [PMID: 36119116 PMCID: PMC9471872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has seven described populations of distinct coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid that are defined by morphology, size, and for some types, by known functions. Of these subtypes, the large phagocytes are thought to be key to the sea urchin cellular innate immune response. The concentration of total coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid increases in response to pathogen challenge. However, there is no quantitative analysis of how the respective coelomocyte populations change over time in response to immune challenge. Accordingly, coelomocytes collected from immunoquiescent, healthy sea urchins were evaluated by flow cytometry for responses to injury and to challenge with either heat-killed Vibrio diazotrophicus, zymosan A, or artificial coelomic fluid, which served as the vehicle control. Responses to the initial injury of coelomic fluid collection or to injection of V. diazotrophicus show significant increases in the concentration of large phagocytes, small phagocytes, and red spherule cells after one day. Responses to zymosan A show decreases in the concentration of large phagocytes and increases in the concentration of small phagocytes. In contrast, responses to injections of vehicle result in decreased concentration of large phagocytes. When these changes in coelomocytes are evaluated based on proportions rather than concentration, the respective coelomocyte proportions are generally maintained in response to injection with V. diazotrophicus and vehicle. However, this is not observed in response to zymosan A and this lack of correspondence between proportions and concentrations may be an outcome of clearing these large particles by the large phagocytes. Variations in coelomocyte populations are also noted for individual sea urchins evaluated at different times for their responses to immune challenge compared to the vehicle. Together, these results demonstrate that the cell populations in sea urchin immune cell populations undergo dynamic changes in vivo in response to distinct immune stimuli and to injury and that these changes are driven by the responses of the large phagocyte populations.
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Work TM, Millard E, Mariani DB, Weatherby TM, Rameyer RA, Dagenais J, Breeden R, Beale AM. Cytology reveals diverse cell morphotypes and cellin-cell interactions in normal collector sea urchins Tripneustes gratilla. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:63-73. [PMID: 33210613 DOI: 10.3354/dao03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms such as sea urchins are important in marine ecosystems, particularly as grazers, and unhealthy sea urchins can have important ecological implications. For instance, unexplained mortalities of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean were followed by algal overgrowth and subsequent collapse of coral reef ecosystems. Unfortunately, few tools exist to evaluate echinoderm health, making management of mortalities or other health issues problematic. Hematology is often used to assess health in many animal groups, including invertebrates, but is seldom applied to echinoderms. We used a standard gravitometric technique to concentrate fixed coelomocytes from the collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla onto microscope slides, permitting staining and enumeration. Using Romanowsky stain and electron microscopy to visualize cell details, we found that urchin cells could be partitioned into different morphotypes. Specifically, we enumerated phagocytes, phagocytes with perinuclear cytoplasmic dots, vibratile cells, colorless spherule cells, red spherule cells, and red spherule cells with pink granules. We also saw cell-in-cell interactions characterized by phagocytes apparently phagocytizing mainly the motile cells including red spherule cells, colorless spherule cells, and vibratile cells disproportionate to underlying populations of circulating cells. Cell-in-cell interactions were seen in 71% of sea urchins, but comprised <1% of circulating cells. Finally, about 40% of sea urchins had circulating phagocytes that were apparently phagocytizing spicules. The coelomic fluid collection and slide preparation methods described here are simple, field portable, and might be a useful complementary tool for assessing health of other marine invertebrates, revealing heretofore unknown physiological phenomena in this animal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
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Smith LC, Hawley TS, Henson JH, Majeske AJ, Oren M, Rosental B. Methods for collection, handling, and analysis of sea urchin coelomocytes. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 150:357-389. [PMID: 30777184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sea urchin coelomocytes can be collected in large numbers from adult sea urchins of the species, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, which typically has 12-40mL of coelomic fluid. Coelomocytes are used for analysis of immune reactions and immune gene expression in addition to basic functions of cells, in particular for understanding structure and modifications of the cytoskeleton in phagocytes. The methods described here include coelomocyte isolation, blocking the clotting reaction, establishing and maintaining primary cultures, separation of different types of coelomocytes into fractions, processing live coelomocytes for light microscopy, fixation and staining for light and electron microscopy, analysis of coelomocyte populations by flow cytometry, and sorting single cells for more detailed follow-up analyses including transcriptomics or genomic characteristics. These methods are provided to make working with coelomocytes accessible to researchers who are unfamiliar with these cells and perhaps to aid others who have worked extensively with invertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Teresa S Hawley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John H Henson
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Audrey J Majeske
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Matan Oren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- Stem Cell Institute, School of Medicine, and the Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Vazzana M, Celi M, Chiaramonte M, Inguglia L, Russo D, Ferrantelli V, Battaglia D, Arizza V. Cytotoxic activity of Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) coelomocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:334-341. [PMID: 29138098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of marine invertebrates, in particular that of holothurians, still requires further study. Our research showed that coelomocyte cells contained in the coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber, Holothuria tubulosa, are able to lyse, in vitro, red blood cells in rabbits and sheep. A plaque-forming assay showed spherule cells to be the effector cells, able to release cytotoxic molecules after xenogenic cell contact. The coelomocyte lysate supernatant, analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis overlay technique, using rabbit and sheep erythrocytes, showed two different haemolytic protein patterns: one calcium dependent and the other calcium independent. The fractions of each pattern were resolved on a polyacrylamide gel and calcium-dependent and independent coelomocyte lysate patterns were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Chiaramonte
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Inguglia
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Debora Russo
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dominique Battaglia
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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Li C, Blencke HM, Haug T, Jørgensen Ø, Stensvåg K. Expression of antimicrobial peptides in coelomocytes and embryos of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:106-113. [PMID: 24239709 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a crucial role in innate immunity. We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of the AMPs, strongylocins 1 and 2, and centrocin 1, from coelomocyte extracts of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Here we show that these AMPs were expressed in phagocytes. In addition, transcripts of strongylocin 1 were detected in vibratile cells and/or colorless spherule cells, while transcripts of strongylocin 2 were found in red spherule cells. Results from immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry studies showed that centrocin 1 was produced by phagocytes and stored in granular vesicles. Co-localization of centrocin 1 and phagocytosed bacteria suggests that the granular vesicles containing centrocin 1 may be involved in the formation of phagolysosomes. We also analyzed the temporal and spatial expression of AMPs throughout larval development. Strongylocins were expressed in the early pluteus stage, while centrocin 1 was expressed in the mid pluteus stage. The spatial expression pattern showed that centrocin 1 was mainly located in blastocoelar cells (BCs) around the stomach and the esophagus. In addition, a few patrolling BCs were detected in some larval arms. Together, these results suggest that AMPs are expressed in different types of coelomocytes and that centrocin 1 is involved in response against bacteria. Furthermore, the expression of AMPs in larval pluteus stage, especially in BCs, indicates that AMPs and BCs are engaged in the larval immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hans-Matti Blencke
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tor Haug
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Klara Stensvåg
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Majeske AJ, Bayne CJ, Smith LC. Aggregation of sea urchin phagocytes is augmented in vitro by lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61419. [PMID: 23613847 PMCID: PMC3629189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of protocols and media for culturing immune cells from marine invertebrates has not kept pace with advancements in mammalian immune cell culture, the latter having been driven by the need to understand the causes of and develop therapies for human and animal diseases. However, expansion of the aquaculture industry and the diseases that threaten these systems creates the need to develop cell and tissue culture methods for marine invertebrates. Such methods will enable us to better understand the causes of disease outbreaks and to develop means to avoid and remedy epidemics. We report a method for the short-term culture of phagocytes from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, by modifying an approach previously used to culture cells from another sea urchin species. The viability of cultured phagocytes from the purple sea urchin decreases from 91.6% to 57% over six days and phagocyte morphology changes from single cells to aggregates leading to the formation of syncytia-like structures. This process is accelerated in the presence of lipopolysaccharide suggesting that phagocytes are capable of detecting this molecular pattern in culture conditions. Sea urchin immune response proteins, called Sp185/333, are expressed on the surface of a subset of phagocytes and have been associated with syncytia-like structures. We evaluated their expression in cultured phagocytes to determine their possible role in cell aggregation and in the formation of syncytia-like structures. Between 0 and 3 hr, syncytia-like structures were observed in cultures when only ∼10% of the cells were positive for Sp185/333 proteins. At 24 hr, ∼90% of the nuclei were Sp185/333-positive when all of the phagocytes had aggregated into syncytia-like structures. Consequently, we conclude that the Sp185/333 proteins do not have a major role in initiating the aggregation of cultured phagocytes, however the Sp185/333 proteins are associated with the clustered nuclei within the syncytia-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J. Majeske
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Bayne
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - L. Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhong L, Zhang F, Chang Y. Gene cloning and function analysis of complement B factor-2 of Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:504-513. [PMID: 22728118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a homologue of complement B factor (AjBf-2, GenBank ID: JN634069.1) was cloned and characterized from Apostichopus japonicus by using bioinformatics methods and molecular biotechnologies including homology cloning and RACE. The full-length cDNA of AjBf-2 was composed of 3261bp. The sequence shows 268bp in the 5'UT region, 395bp in the 3'UT region, and 2595 bp in the open reading frame. AjBf-2 gene encodes 865 amino acids. The deduced amino acids sequence and domain structure of AjBf-2 gene show significant similarity to the vertebrate Bf/C2 family protein. AjBf-2 is a mosaic protein. It has a deduced molecular mass of 96.8 kDa, with a conserved site for a D factor. AjBf-2 is composed of five short consensus repeats, a von Willebrand Factor domain, a serine protease domain and an Mg2+ binding site. It has eight consensus recognition sites for N-linked glycosylation and four cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites. Phylogenetic analysis of AjBf-2 compared with other species Bf shows that A. japonicus has a close evolutionary relationship with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicaud. It can be speculated that Bf in invertebrate is the ancestor of Bf in vertebrate. The result of RT-PCR shows that the AjBf-2 gene is expressed in every tested tissue of A. japonicus, and is especially high in the coelomocyte and the body wall. The expression tendency in coelomocyte and the body wall are approximately the same. After LPS induction, the expression of AjBf-2 gene peaks at 12 h in coelomocyte and 3 h in the body wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Heishijiao Street No. 52, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Smith LC, Ghosh J, Buckley KM, Clow LA, Dheilly NM, Haug T, Henson JH, Li C, Lun CM, Majeske AJ, Matranga V, Nair SV, Rast JP, Raftos DA, Roth M, Sacchi S, Schrankel CS, Stensvåg K. Echinoderm Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:260-301. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Brockton V, Henson JH, Raftos DA, Majeske AJ, Kim YO, Smith LC. Localization and diversity of 185/333 proteins from the purple sea urchin--unexpected protein-size range and protein expression in a new coelomocyte type. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:339-48. [PMID: 18198192 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.012096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm proposes that the innate immune systems of invertebrates are much more complex than previously thought. The highly diverse 185/333 gene family in the purple sea urchin encodes a family of closely related proteins of varying length and sequence composition. Subsets of small phagocytes and polygonal cells express 185/333 proteins with localization on the surface of the small phagocytes and within perinuclear vesicles in both cell types. In short-term cultures, coelomocytes form small aggregates that progress to syncytia that are thought to be equivalent to encapsulation in vivo. These aggregates were found to be enriched for 185/333-positive (185/333(+)) small phagocytes. In response to lipopolysaccharide challenge, coelomocytes transiently increased, including frequencies of both 185/333(+) and 185/333-negative (185/333(-)) small phagocytes and 185/333(+) polygonal cells. The 185/333 proteins were present in a broad array of sizes, most of which were larger than that predicted from the cDNAs. Recombinant 185/333 proteins expressed in bacteria and insect cells were also larger than expected, suggesting that the proteins dimerize and multimerize. The diversity of the 185/333 proteins, their expression in response to immune challenge, and their cellular localization suggests this protein family and the small phagocytes have an important immunological role in the sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brockton
- George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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11
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Arizza V, Giaramita FT, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Parrinello N. Cell cooperation in coelomocyte cytotoxic activity of Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:389-94. [PMID: 17329136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The coelomic fluid from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus contains several coelomocyte types including amoebocytes and uncoloured spherulocytes involved in immune defences. In the present paper, we show a Ca(2+)-dependent cytotoxic activity for the unfractionated coelomocytes assayed in vitro, with rabbit erythrocytes and the K562 tumour cell line. In a plaque-forming assay, whole coelomocyte preparations as well as density gradient separated coelomocyte populations revealed that cell populations enriched in uncoloured spherulocytes, exerted high cytotoxic activity by releasing lysins in the presence of amoebocytes. This cooperative effect could be dependent on soluble factors released by amoebocytes. With regard to this, we show that an enhanced cytotoxic activity was found by adding the supernatant from sonicated amoebocytes or hemocyte culture medium into spherulocyte preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Gross PS, Al-Sharif WZ, Clow LA, Smith LC. Echinoderm immunity and the evolution of the complement system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:429-442. [PMID: 10426433 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of inflammatory responses in humans has its roots in the comparative approach to immunology. In the late 1900s, research on echinoderms provided the initial evidence for the importance of phagocytic cells in reactions to foreign material. Studies of allograft rejection kinetics have shown that echinoderms have a non-adaptive, activation type of immune response. Coelomocytes mediate the cellular responses to immune challenges through phagocytosis, encapsulation, cytotoxicity, and the production of antimicrobial agents. In addition, a variety of humoral factors found in the coelomic fluid, including lectins, agglutinins, and lysins, are important in host defense against pathogens and other foreign substances. Recently, a simple complement system has been identified in the purple sea urchin that is homologous to the alternative pathway in vertebrates. The sea urchin [corrected] homologue of C3, is inducible by challenge with lipopolysaccharide, which is known to activate coelomocytes. Complement components have been identified in all vertebrate classes, and now have been characterized in protochordates and echinoderms indicating the primordial nature of the complement system. Because it is thought that the complement system evolved from a few primordial genes by gene duplication and divergence, the origin of this system appears to have occurred within the common ancestor of the deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Smith LC, Harrington MG, Britten RJ, Davidson EH. The sea urchin profilin gene is specifically expressed in mesenchyme cells during gastrulation. Dev Biol 1994; 164:463-74. [PMID: 8045349 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eggs and embryos of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) contain profilin that is partly supplied from maternal sources and partly produced by the gastrula. The maternal profilin protein content is about 13 microM and it persists in the embryo at least through gastrulation. Transcript quantitation from probe excess titrations show that very few profilin gene transcripts are present in the embryo during cleavage, but that they increase at the onset of gastrulation. By in situ hybridization, the newly synthesized profilin transcripts are localized in mesenchyme cells. Profilin gene expression increases when mesenchyme cells initiate migration and filopodial extension and retraction. We show that there are three isoforms of maternal profilin protein produced from the single copy gene during oogenesis. However, the blastula stage embryo only produces the major isoform, whereas the acidic isoform is produced in the early stages of gastrulation and the basic isoform appears by the end of gastrulation. Based on transcript prevalence and protein production rates, our calculations indicate that the amount of new protein produced in the mesenchyme cells in 12 hr is at maximum < 2% of that supplied from maternal sources. Because of the large amount of maternally supplied profilin present in the egg and embryo, we suggest that it may be used in the cytokinetic processes of cleavage. Alternatively, because of the small amount of embryonically produced profilin, we suggest that it may function in the cytoskeletal shape changes required for filopodial extension and motility in the mesenchyme cells during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Smith
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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14
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Płytycz B, Seljelid R. Bacterial clearance by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 17:283-289. [PMID: 8325439 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(93)90047-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Płytycz
- Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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